:

3
:

. 2014-2015

:
: C20/25, : 500C
:
:
g =2.0 kN/m2
: g =1.5 kN/m2

( )
: :
q = 5.0 kN/m2
: q = 2.5 kN/m2
: c = 3.0 cm

3:

1.

1:
( )

l1 = 2.00 m

( : l1 = 2.00m + 0.30/2 = 2.15 m )

l1 = 2.00 m

2:
: 1 2 ( o)
4.90 + 0.30/3 +0.30/2 = 5.15 m

l2x = min

= 5.15 m
4.90 1.05 = 5.15 m

4.10 + 0.30/3 +0.30/3 = 4.30 m

l2y = min

= 4.30 m
4.10 1.05 = 4.30 m

3:
2.00 + 0.30/3 +0.30/2 = 2.25 m

l3x = min

= 2.10 m
2.00 1.05 = 2.10 m

4.10 + 0.30/3 +0.30/3 = 4.30 m

l3y = min

= 4.30 m
4.10 1.05 = 4.30 m

3:

2.

2:

2x

5.15
1.20 2
4.30

4.30
2.05 2
2.10

2y

3:

3y
3x

3.

:
2: 4-
-

0.80 5.15m
0.137m
30
30

1.0 4.30m
/ : d 8
0.143m
30
30

/ : d

2x

( , =0.80 )
( , =1.00 )

d min(d x , d y ) d min(0.137m,0.143m) d 0.137m

3: 2-
2-:
-

/ : d

3x

30

0.80 2.10m
0.056m
30

( , =0.80 )

1:
-

/ (): d

1x

30

2.40 2.00m
0.16m
30

( , =2.40 )

: ( )
,
.

1, 2 3. d 1: d 0.16m

3:

L= 10 mm
1
1
h d c L h 16cm 3cm 1.0cm 19.5cm h 20cm
2
2

1 cm

c
d1

4.

:
:
: g.. = 0.20m 25kN/m3

g = 2.0 kN/m2
g = 1.5 kN/m2
g.. = 5.0 kN/m2

g.= 8.5 kN/m2

1:
2, 3:

q = 5.0 kN/m2
q = 2.5 kN/m2

( ):
1:

pd = 1.35g + 1.50q = 1.358.5

2, 3: pd = 1.35g + 1.50q = 1.358.5

kN
m

kN
m

+1.505.0

+1.502.5

kN
m

kN
m

19

kN
m2

=15.2

kN
m2

3:

5.

Pd=19kN/m2

mSd=38kNm/m

[Md]

3 (2-)
Pd=15.2kN/m2

mSd=-8.4kNm/m

[md]
mfd=4.7kNm/m

3:

 2 (4-)

Pd=15.2kN/m2

Pieper-Martens.

1 2, 2 :
1:

3:

( 3)

: ( )

l2y =4.30 m : .
Pieper-Martens lx :
) 2 : lx = 4.30 m

ly = 5.15 m

) lx
3
) (Local system of coordinates) 2,
lx = 4.30 m
(
4.30m):
2y
2x

5.15
1.20 f x 22.0
4.30

f y 29.8 S y 10.1

(kNm/m):

m fx,d

pd
fx

2
x

m fy,d

pd
fy

2
x

mSy,d

pd
Sy

2
x

15.2kN / m2 4.32 m2
12.8kNm / m
22

15.2kN / m2 4.32 m2
9.4kNm / m
29.8

15.2kN / m2 4.32 m2
27.8kNm / m
10.1

( )

3:

 ( f S ):
2-3

mSy=-27.8kNm/m
mS= -38kNm/m
mSy= -8.4kNm/m

mfy=9.4kNm/m

mf=4.7kNm/m

2
2-3 ( 6):

0.75min (mS,2 , mS,3) = 0,75 min (-27.8 , -8.4) = -20.9kNm

mSd =min

27.8 8.4
18.1kNm
2

mSd = -20.9 kNm

3:

6.
: 8, 10, 12. , s:
(mm)
8
10
12

As (cm2)
0.50
0.79
1.13

(
).
:
h = 20cm, c = 3cm
d 10
d = h - L/2 c = 20cm 1,0 3 = 16.5 cm d = 16.5 cm

6.1

As
1.5

b d 1000

As,min = 1.5 b d = 0.0015 100cm 16.5cm = 2.5cm2/m

:
( ( ))

, s, :
1.5d = 1.5 16.5cm = 24.7 cm

max s = min

max s = 20 cm

20 cm

min = 8 mm

8/20

3:

 (cm2) 1.
8/20 :

As 0.50cm 2
2

2.5cm /m = As,min
s
0.20m

2.5cm2/m : 8/20
8/20 < As,min, As,min ,
min = 8 mm max s = 20 cm

6.2 ( )
:

2, x-x
f,d = 9.4 kNm/m
d =

Md
bd 2 fcd

9.4kNm
1m 0.1652 m2 (20/1.5)MPa

9.4 103 MNm

1m 0.1652 m2 (20/1.5) MN / m2

0.026 = 0.026

As f yd

0.026
bd f cd

As b d

fcd
20 /1.5MPa
0.026 100cm 16.5cm
1.32cm2 / m 2.50cm2 / m As,min
f yd
500 /1.15MPa

As,min : 8/20

2, y-y
f,d = 12.8 kNm
d =

Md
bd 2 fcd

12.8kNm

12.8 10 3 MNm

1m 0.1652 m2 (20/1.5) MPa 1m 0.165 2 m2 (20/1.5) MN / m2

0.035 = 0.036

3:

As f yd

0.036
bd f cd

As b d

fcd
20 /1.5MPa
0.036 100cm 16.5cm
1.82cm2 / m 2.50cm2 / m As,min
f yd
500 /1.15MPa

As,min : 8/20

3, x-x
fx,d = 4.7 kNm/m
d = 9.4 kNm/m
kNm/m :
As,min : 8/20

> 4.7 kNm/m , fx,d = 4.7

= 2.50 cm2/m

(
1).

:
, As,min,

:
As,min = 2.5cm2/m

As f yd s 1 f yd 2.5cm2 1
500 /1.15

0.049 d 0.048

bd fcd b d fcd 100cm 16.5cm 20 /1.5

Md
2

bd f cd

0.048 M d 0.048 b d 2 fcd 0.048 1m 0.1652 m2

M d 0.048 b d 2 fcd 0.048 1m 0.1652 m2

20
103 kN / m2 17.42kNm / m
1.5

20
103 kN / m2 17.42kNm / m M d 17.42kNm
1.5

d 17.42 kNm 8/20

10

3:

6.3 ( )
:

1 ( 1-2)
Sx,d = - 38 kNm
d =

Md
bd 2 fcd

38kNm

38 103 MNm

1m 0.1652 m2 (20/1.5) MPa 1m 0.165 2 m2 (20/1.5) MN / m2

0.105 = 0.113

f
As f yd
20 /1.5MPa
5.72cm2 / m

0.113 As b d cd 0.113 100cm 16.5cm

f
500
/1.15
MPa
bd fcd
yd

2: 8/40 =

: 5.72cm2 1.25cm2 = 4.47 cm2/m

8:

10:

0.50cm2
1.25cm2
0.40m

As
As
0.50cm2
4.47cm2 / m s

0.11m 8/11 ()
s
4.47cm2 / m 4.47cm2 / m

As
As
0.79cm2
4.47cm2 / m s

0.177m 10 /17( )
s
4.47cm2 / m 4.47cm2 / m

8/10

2-3
Sx,d = - 20.09 kNm
d =

Md
bd 2 fcd

20.09kNm

20.09 10 3 MNm

1m 0.1652 m2 (20/1.5) MPa 1m 0.165 2 m2 (20/1.5) MN / m2

0.055 = 0.057

As f yd

0.057
bd f cd

As b d

fcd
20 /1.5MPa
0.057 100cm 16.5cm
2.88cm2 / m 2.5cm2 / m As,min
f yd
500 /1.15MPa

11

3:

 2: 8/40 =

0.50cm2
1.25cm2
0.40m

3: 8/40 =

0.50cm2
1.25cm2
0.40m

2.50cm2
: 2.88cm2 2.50cm2 = 0.38 cm2/m
8:

As
As
0.50cm2
0.38cm2 / m s

1.31m!! 8/131 ()
s
0.38cm2 / m 0.38cm2 / m

8/80 (

As 0.50cm2

0.62cm2 / m 0.38cm2 / m
s
0.80m

( 20,
).

8/10

. 8/80
8/20
8/20

[]

=0
1

12

3:

6.4

(
).


.
3 (2-)
) : ( )
8/25

()

= 0.5cm2/0.25m= 2.0 cm2/m

max
20% As1 ( )* = 0.202.50cm2/m =0.08cm2/m
. 8/25
* ( , ).
: 2.50cm2 : 8/20

) :
(.. , )
8/20

()

= 0.5cm2/0.20m= 2.5 cm2/m

max
60% As1 ( )* = 0.602.50cm2/m = 1.50 cm2/m
3 : 8/20

2 ()
) : ** ( )
8/25

()

= 0,5cm2/0.25m= 2.0 cm2/m

8/25

max
20% As1 ( )* = 0,205,72cm2/m = 1,14cm2/m

** ( ,
)

13

3:

6.5
:

(45)
( ) (= h-2d1)

!
.
( )
: L 1/5
: L 1/3
:

,
. ( , ).

,
, (.
): 1, .12.

,
( )
: 1, .12.

(.. 10%).
( )
. ( )
1.10 L

L

()

, :
.

14

3:

6.5.1

15

3:

 1.

.
1, .
, ,
L= m,
, : .
( ).
, ,
(.. ).

.

( ) .
.
1/5 L , 1/3 L
.
1-1 ( - )
(), L,
.
1:
-

1 2
1
1
L = 5 1 = 5 5.20 = 1.04

8/10 (1) :

:
L = 2.15 m
1.04 m, 2.15 m, .
1.60 m =

1
1.04 2.15 1.60m
2

( c= 3 cm).

16

3:

 2:

: 8/20 (2): 8/40

( 1):
1) 2:
1

L = 5 1 = 5 5.20 = 1.04 :

2) 1:
1 ( c= 3 cm)
.
-

( 3):

1) 2:
1

L =max (3 1 , 3 2 ) = (3 5.20, 3 2.30) = (1.73,0.77) = 1.73

2) 3:
1

L =max (3 1 , 3 2 ) = (3 5.20, 3 2.30) = (1.73,0.77) = 1.73

: 8/20 2: 8/40
5 6.

8/80 (2) ( 3)

( 2) ( 3):
1

L =max (3 1 , 3 2 ) = (3 5.20, 3 2.30) = (1.73,0.77) = 1.73

3:

: 8/20 (3): 8/40

( 2):
1) 2:
1

L =max (3 1 , 3 2 ) = (3 5.20, 3 2.30) = (1.73,2.36) = 1.73

2) 3:
1

L =max (3 1 , 3 2 ) = (3 5.20, 3 2.30) = (1.73,2.36) = 1.73

-

( 7, ):
1
1
L = 5 2 = 5 2.30 = 0.46

(=0.30/2=0.15m)
= 0.03 m
: 0.46 + 0.15 - 0.03 = 0.58 m

17

3:

: 8/20 3: 8/40
6 7.

- ( )
) ( )
2:

: 8/20 (2): 8/40

( ):
1

L = 5 1 = 5 4.40 = 0.88 :

(=0.30/2=0.15m)
= 0.03 m
: 0.88 + 0.15 - 0.03 = 1.00 m

: 8/20 (2 ): 8/40
3 1.

) ( )
1:

(1): 8/25 ()

. L = 4.70 - 0.03 0.03 = 4.64 m
3:

(3): 8/25 ()

. L = 4.70 - 0.03 0.03 = 4.64 m

(3): 8/20 ()

(3 4):
1
1
L = 1 = 4.40 = 0.88
5

L = L + ( ) ( )
L = 0.88 + (0.30/2) 0.03 = 1.00 m

18

3:

7.
) :
/

Lx (m)

Ly (m)

h (cm)

(m3)

2.15

4.70

0.20

2.021

5.20

4.70

4.888

2.45

4.70

2.303
3
9.21 m

) 8 (0.395 kg/m):
/

(1)

(2)

8/10

8/25

8/40

8/80

8/40

2
3

8/40

.
(3)

L (m)

(4)

L (m)

(5)

(6)= (4 5)/s

4.70

48*

3.72

(8)= (6) (7)

178.6**

4.64

41.8

4.10

11

9.06

99.7

11

5.20

57.2

3.46

20.8

4.90

13

4.64

60.3

13

4.40

4.10

11

4.14

57.2
45.6

11

2.30

25.3

2.00

L
(7)

Ltot (m)

8/25

2.00

4.40

39.6

8/20

92=18

1.00

18.0

644.1

* : ( ) +1:
.. 2 = (2+1)
** = ( ) ( )
8:

Ltot 0.395 kg/m = 644.1 m 0.395 kg/m = 254.4 kg

()

B(kg )
3

V (m )

19

254.4kg
9.21m

27.6kg / m3

3: