BASIC PRINCIPLES OF

ECOLOGY
CRESAR 2016|January 8,2016|Casa Luisa
Restaurant General Santos City
By: ENGR. WALDEMAR G. SOGUILON, REB/REA/EnP
PRC Licensed Real Estate Broker #0018562
PRC Licensed Real Estate Appraiser #004650
PRC Licensed Prof. Agricultural Engineer #0000603
PRC Licensed Environmental Planner # 0001152
PRC Certificate of Accreditation for Lecturer # 0135

BASIC ECOLOGICAL
UNDERSTANDING

Environment
Commonly perceived as the
immediate surroundings of
an individual.
Complex ecosystem which
deals with a network of
living and non-living things

BASIC ECOLOGICAL UNDERSTANDING

Ecology
Is the scientific study of the
interrelationships and
interdependencies of organism
(plants, animals) with their
environment.
Is the branch of biology that deals
with relationship of living things to
each other and to their environment.
Science of living environment.

BASIC ECOLOGICAL
UNDERSTANDING

Primarily concerns
with:

Population
Communities
Ecosystems

BASIC ECOLOGICAL UNDERSTANDING

Broader than and uses much

knowledge from other disciplines like
chemistry, physics, mathematics
and even computer science.
Comes from the Greek word Oikos
meaning house; coined by German
Scientist Ernest Haeckel.

Ecologist - the scientist who studies

these relationships.

SUBDIVISION OF
ECOLOGY

Autecology deals with the

study of the individual
organism, its life history,
behavior, characteristics and its
adaptation to the environment.
Synecology deals with the
study of groups of organisms
which are associated as a unit in
relation to its environment

DIFFERENT STAGES OF LEVEL OF

ORGANIZATION

Atom smallest unit of

particle of matter.
Molecule the basic chemical
unit that makes up the
parts of a cell
Organelle the parts of a cell
Cell the smallest unit of
living
things
Tissue group of similar cells

DIFFERENT STAGES OF LEVEL OF

ORGANIZATION

Organ group of differentiated

tissues doing the same work
System group of different
organs performing different
functions
Organism individual living
thing, either plant or animal
Population group of similar
organisms occupying a definite
area.

DIFFERENT STAGES OF LEVEL OF

ORGANIZATION

Community group of different

populations interacting with one
another
Ecosystem group of communities
interacting with their physical
factors.
Biosphere all the ecosystems on
earth with the physical
environment
Earth the planetary environment
of the Earth

THE PLANETARY ENVIRONMENT

a) Biosphere this layer on
the surface of the earth
where all living thing are
able to exist.
b) Atmosphere is the gas or
air that envelopes the
earth
c) Hydrosphere the bodies
of water
d) Lithosphere the rocks,

THE PLANETARY ENVIRONMENT

Earth is the only planet in the
solar system that is capable
of supporting life because of its
right distance from the sun,
the presence of oxygen and the
abundance of water.

INTERACTION IN AN
ECOSYSTEM/ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC
FACTORS
1.

2.

3.

Abiotic abiotic: interaction

relationship among physical factors
in the environment.
Biotic biotic: interaction
relationship among biotic factors in
the community
Biotic abiotic: relationship
between living and non-living things
in a community.

ABIOTIC FACTORS

Water
2. Soil
3. Sunlight
4. Temperature
1.

BIOTIC FACTORS
1.
2.
3.

Plants
Animals
Microorganisms

WATER

An
important
ecological
factor
An inorganic substance which
plays an important role in the
ecosystem
Brings about changes in the
life forms of plants and
animals;
Very irregularly distributed on
the earths surface

SOIL

Another important ecological

factor
Determines largely the
character of vegetation and
the types of animals that
maintain themselves upon it.
Complex inorganic material in
which plants are anchored.
Types : Sandy Clay, Loam, Silt

SUNLIGHT

An important physical
factor
The main source and
oldest of all energy
sources
The major factor in the
process of photosynthesis

TEMPERATURE

Increases vapor pressure

by increasing molecular
motion.
Directly proportional to
the intensity of light.

IMPORTANCE OF WATER:
a)
b)

c)

Helps in the germination

of seeds
Transport substances in
the body of plants and
animals
Aids in the erosion and
breaking of rocks

IMPORTANCE OF WATER:
e)

Comprises a large percent of

the body tissue of organism.
No organism will survive
without water
[ (75%) of the earths surface
is water
50% - 95% of the weight of any
functioning living system]

IMPORTANCE OF WATER:
d)

Is needed to support plant

tissues. Lack of water will
mean low pressure which
causes the cell to shrink.
Water is absorbed by plants
through the roots by osmosis
and
released
into
the
environment by transpiration

PLANT WATER
REQUIREMENTS:
1.

2.

Hydrophytes those plants

that thrive in places where the
amount
of
water
is
abundant. Fresh water plants
like lotus, water lettuce.
Halophytes plants thriving in
a place where the water
available contains much
dissolved salts ex. mangrove,
nipa, algae

PLANT WATER REQUIRMENTS:

3.

4.

Mesophytes

need
a
moderate supply of water for
their
substance. ex., Plants
bearing
flowers and fruits.
Xerophytes plants that can
tolerate where water supply is
very scanty; dry places like
deserts ex., Cacti, maguey

ECOSYSTEM

Commonly referred to as the

life support systems
Involve on interaction of the
communities and the nonliving environment

COMPONENTS OF THE
ECOSYSTEM

Non-living components
1. Inorganic Substances
2. Organic Compound
3. Climatic regimes

PLANT WATER REQUIRMENTS:

Trophophytes plants that
can adopt itself year after year
where
seasonal
changes
bring
marked changes in the
amount of available water from
the soil.
5.

COMPONENTS OF THE
ECOSYSTEM

Living Components
1. Producers
2. Consumers
3. Decomposers

COMPONENTS OF THE
ECOSYSTEM
Functional
Components
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Food Chain (Food Cycle)

Energy Flow
Diversity
Evolution
Ecosystem development
(ecological succession)
Control or cybernetics
Biogeochemical cycle

ECOSYSTEM CYCLES
1.

Water Cycle

ECOSYSTEM CYCLES
2.

Carbon Oxygen Cycle

ECOSYSTEM CYCLES
3.

Nitrogen Cycle

ECOSYSTEM CYCLES
4.

Phosphorous Cycle

ECOSYSTEM CYCLES
5. Sulfur Cycle

Atmospheric sulfur comes from several

sources, including volcanoes, the action
of soil microorganisms, and the
combustion of fossil fuels as coal, oil and
gas.
When fuel that contains sulfur is burned,
oxygen combines with the sulfur to form
oxides.
When the oxides of sulfur reach the
atmosphere, they combine with rain
water and form sulfuric acid which, in
turn, falls to the ground as acid
precipitation

Properties of Ecosystems
1.
2.
3.

4.

Productivity refers to the net growth

of biomass
Stability is the ability of ecosystems
to with stand minors forms of stresses
Sustainability ability of ecosystems
to with stand major forms of stresses,
e.g. droughts, pest disturbances
Equitability

disturbance
of
productivity among the beneficiaries.

PHILIPPINE AGENDA 21:

Conceptual Framework for Sustainable Development
Productivity

The 1987 World Commission on Environment and

Development (WCED) in its report Our Common Future
defined Sustainable Development as meeting the needs
of the present generation without compromising the
ability of the future generation to meet their own needs.

In the Philippine context, sustainable development is the

harmonious integration of a sound and viable economy,
responsible governance, social cohesion/ harmony and
ecological integrity to ensure that development, is a life
enhancing process. The ultimate aim of development now
and through future generation.

Principles of Sustainable
Development adhered to by the
PHILIPPINE AGENDA 21
Primacy of Developing Human Potential
Holistic science and appropriate
technology
Cultural, moral and spiritual sensitivity
Self-determination

National sovereignty
Gender sensitivity
Peace, order and national unity

Principles of Sustainable
Development adhered to by the
PHILIPPINE AGENDA 21
Participation democracy
Institutional viability
Viable, sound and broad based
economic development
Sustainable population
Ecological soundness
Biogeographical equity and community
based resources management
Global cooperation.

Challenges of Implementing
PHILIPPINES AGENDA 21

Strengthening the roll of major

groups
Localization
Financing Means and Strategies
Information, education, and
communication
Monitoring and assessment

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (EM)

AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
ASSESSMENT (EIA)

What is Environmental
Impact Assessment (EIA)?
E I A is a systematic study of
the relationship between a
project and the environment.

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (EM)

AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
ASSESSMENT (EIA)

A tool for both planning and decision-making

A process whereby an estimate is made of
the environmental consequences which may
be expected to result from a proposed
development activity or project.
It determines what influence a project will
have on the environment and how the
environment will affect the project
Concerned with: identifying, predicting and
evaluating
the
potential
environmental
effects of public and private development
activities.

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (EM)

AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
ASSESSMENT (EIA)

What
is
Environmental
Management (EM)?
E M identifying all the practical
elements needed to implement a
proposed environmental strategy such as
the type of technical experts, cost and
timetable for the implementation and the
steps needed to resolve any conflicts that
arise during implementation.

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (EM)

AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
ASSESSMENT (EIA)

Make use of the information and

analysis provided by EIA and adds
an element of dynamism by
designing strategies to protect an
conserve the environment and by
focusing on the implementation of
such strategy.

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (EM)

AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
ASSESSMENT (EIA)

What
difference
between
and EM?

is
EIAs

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (EM) AND

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)

EIAs focused mainly on the

identification of existing or potential
environmental
problems.

Mainly a descriptive and planning

tool that is helpful in determining
actually what happens to the
environment

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (EM) AND

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)

EM emphasizes also identification

and use of environmental opportunities
A set of more dynamic action
oriented tools that assist in formulating,
implementing and monitoring strategies
to protect, enhance and conserve the
environment.

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP):

A section of the EIS that details the

prevention, mitigation, contingency
and monitoring measures to enhance
the positive impacts and minimize the
negative impacts of a proposed project
or undertaking.

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (EM) AND

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)

Major Objectives of EIA:

1.

2.
3.

Understand the likely consequences of

new projects on activities on the
environment;
Identifying measure which can
minimized these consequences;
Provides sufficient data for decision
making

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (EM) AND

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)

What are the legal

basis
for
an
Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA)?

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (EM) AND

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)

1.
.

Presidential Decree (PD) 1151,

issued 1977:
Mandates all agencies and
instrumentalities of the national
government including GOCCS. Or well
as private corporation firms and
entities to prepare Environmental
impact Statement EIS for any or
undertaking which significantly affects
the quality of the environment.

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (EM) AND

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)

2.
.

Presidential Decree 1586, Issued

1978:
Established the Environment Impact
Statement EIS system and Defines its
scope which covers Environmentally
Critical Project (ECP) and
Environmentally Critical Area (ECA).

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (EM) AND

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)

What is the EIS System?

The EIS System refers to the entire
process of organization, administration
and procedure institutionalized for the
purpose of assessing the significance of
effects of physical developments on the
quality of the environment.

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (EM) AND

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)

What are the

processes involved in
the EIS System?

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (EM) AND

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)

The Pre-study
Phase
a. Pre-Screening
b. Scoping

A.

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (EM) AND

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)

B.

The Study Phase

c. Site characterization &
Prediction of Impacts
d. Evaluation of Impacts and
Proposal of Alternatives/Options
e. Identification and assessment
of mitigating measures
f. Preparation of the EIS

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (EM) AND

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)

The Post Study Phase

C.

g.
h.
i.

Review of EIS
Granting of the Environment
Compliance Certificate (ECC)
Post auditing and monitoring

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (EM) AND

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)

What projects are

covered by the EIS
System?

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (EM) AND

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)

Environmentally Critical Project

(ECP)
-A project that has a high potential for
significant negative environmental
impact
A.

1.

Heavy Industries

Non-ferrous metal industries

Iron and steel units
Petroleum and petrochemical
industries, including oil and wild
gas

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (EM) AND

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
2.

3.

4.

Resource Extractive Industries

Major mining and quarrying projects
Forestry projects: logging, major wood
processing, grazing
Fishery projects: dikes or fishpond
development
Infrastructure projects:
Major dams
Major power plants
Major reclamation
Major road and bridges
Golf courses

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (EM) AND

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)

Environmentally Critical Areas

(ECA)
-An area that is environmentally sensitive
1. National parks, watershed reserves
wildlife preserves and sanctuaries
2. Potential tourist spots
3. Habitat for any endangered or
threatened species of indigenous
Philippine wildlife (flora or fauna)
B.

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (EM) AND

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)

4.
5.
6.

7.

Unique historical, archaeological

scientific interest
Areas traditionally occupied by cultural
communities or tribes
Areas frequently visited and/or hardhit by natural calamities (flood,
typhoons, volcanic activities)
Areas with critical slopes (slopes 40%
or more)

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (EM) AND

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)

Prime agricultural lands

9. Recharge areas of aquifers
10. Water bodies characterized as:
tapped for domestic purposes,
protected areas, supportive of
wildlife & fisheries activities
11. Mangrove areas
12. Coral reefs
8.

Which government agency

implements the EIS system?

Pursuant to Executive Order 192, which

reorganized DENR, the Environmental
Management Bureau (EMB) is mandated
to implement the EIS system..

The Regional Offices are mandated to

implement the EIS System pursuant to
DAO series of 1992

What is the Environmental Compliance Certificate

(ECC)?

The ECC is a document issued by the DENR (the

Secretary or the RED) certifying that based on the
representations of the proponent and the preparers:

The proposed project on undertaking will not cause

any significant negative environmental impact.
The proponent has complied with all the requirements
of the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
The proponent is committed to implement both its
approved Environment Management Plan (EMP) and
any mitigating measures

Who issues and sign the ECCs?

a) For Environmentally Critical Project (ECP):
ECC are issued by EMB
Signed by the DENR Secretary
b) For Environmentally Critical Areas (ECA)
ECCs are issued by DENR Regional
Offices
Signed by the Regional Executive
Director (RED)

Can Project Be Implemented

Without an ECC?
If the projects fall within the
scope of the EIS System, it
cannot be implemented without
first securing an ECC
But projects that do not fall
within the purview of the EIS
System are exempted

What are the criterias for project to

be exempted from securing an ECC?
a) It has minimal discharge of waste ,
and the measurement of such waste
are relatively easy
b) It has a capitalization of not more
than Php. 500,000.00
c) It employs not more than 20 persons


But they should apply for Certificate of
Exemption from DENR.
Some projects may also be exempted by
the President for reasons of national
security and international commitment

Projects not Requiring an ECC

1. A project that is not an ECP or not
located within an ECA
2. ECPs or projects within ECAs
operational prior to 1982, except where
their operations are expanded in terms of
daily production capacity or area, or the
process is modified
3. Countryside business or barangay
entities
covered by Kalakalan 20 but
good
only for five years from date of
registration


Is there a penalty for not securing
an ECC?

Yes Presidential Decree (PD) No. 1586

provides the penalties for not securing
on ECC with the imposition of a fine not
to exceed Php. 500,000.00 and/ or the
issuance of a closure order.


What are the
procedures in
obtaining an ECC?

FLOW CHART FOR ECC

APPLICATION

Documents in the EIS SYSTEM

What are the types of documents in the EIS
System and what should they contain?
a. Project Description (PD)
a. This is required if a project is not an ECP
but shall be located in an ECA
b. It is essentially a brief description of the
project and contains the following:
i.
ii.
iii.

Description of sources of pollution

Control measures for such
Socio economic problems

b.

Environment Impact Statement (EIS)

a. A more detailed and in-depth analysis of the
environmental consequences of an ECP and
should contain the following:
i.
Description of existing environment;
ii.
Description of the various activities to
be undertaken for a particular subject
and environmental parameters
affected by the same
iii. Discussion of alternatives;
iv. Discussion of resources necessary;
v. Mitigating measures for unavoidable
impacts.

DENR- Dept. of Environment & Natural

Resources
EMB- Environmental Management Bureau of
the DENR
EMPAS- Environment Management &
Protective Areas Sector of the DENR
CENRO- Community Environment & Natural
Resources Officer of the DENR
PENRO- Provincial Environment & Natural
Resources Officer of the DENR
RED- Regional Executive Director of the DENR

PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS
This should be initiated by the proponent
to ensure that the publics concerns are
fully integrated into the EIA process.

PUBLIC HEARINGS
Required if:
1. The magnitude of the project is such
that a great number of the people are
affected
2. There is a mounting public opposition
against the proposed project
3. There is a written request for the
conduct of such public hearing from
any of the stakeholders.

CEASE & DESIST ORDER (CDO)

The EMB Director or the RED may issue a
CDO in order to prevent grave or
irreparable damage to the environment.
Said CDO shall take effect immediately.
An appeal or any motion seeking to lift
the CDO shall not stay its effectivity.

FINES, PENALTIES & SANCTIONS

1. For projects established or operating without an

ECC:
-Will be closed through the issuance of a CDO
-Fine: Not exceeding P50,000 per violation
2. Projects violating ECC conditions, the EMP
provisions or the DENR rukes & regulations:
-Will be closed through the issuance of a CDO
-Suspension or cancellation of the ECC
-Fine: Not exceeding P50,000 per violation
3. Misrepresentation in the EIS or other documents:
-Suspension or cancellation of the ECC
-Fine: Not exceeding P50,000 per violation
-Proponent or preparer responsible shall be solitarily
liable for the payment of the fine
-Withdrawal of the accreditation of the preparer

THE EL NIO AND LA NIA

PHENOMENON

La Nia:
A Spanish word for the little
girl
The extreme cooling of the
Central and Eastern Pacific
Often observed after an El
Nio event

THE EL NIO AND LA NIA

PHENOMENON

El Nio:
Every time Christmas approaches
in South America, the sea water
becomes warmer
The Peruvian fisherman describe
the warming of the sea water as
El Nio
A Spanish word for the little
boy

THE EL NIO AND LA NIA PHENOMENON

El Nio Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

An atmosphere disturbance and
recurrent ocean warming
This massive warming kills many sea
birds and fish by preventing nutrient-rich
cold water from rising to the surface
It is linked to Southern Oscillation (SO)
which is the relationship between
atmosphere pressure which affects the
wind over the Southeastern Pacific,
represented by the Indian Ocean, Tahiti
and Australia, represented by Darwin

THE EL NIO AND LA NIA PHENOMENON

First Occurence of El Nio

In 1500
A weather pattern that has
returned 28 times worldwide
the past century
It occurs once every 5 to 8
years but it comes earlier from
3 to 5 years

THE EL NIO AND LA NIA PHENOMENON

Global effects of El Nio

Besides the effect on marine water,
blackish water, and fishponds have
also been affected due to reduction
of rainfall and increase in solidity of
tidal water
It brings a host of planetary climate
changes altering high level winds,
and in some cases typhoons and
storms

NATIONAL GREENING PROGRAM

(NGP)
- a DENR project which aims to
plant 1.5 billion trees covering about
1.5 million hectares over a period of
six years, from 2011 2016

Rationale
Forestland 15,868,412 hectares
Actually Forested 6,840,000 hectares, only
23% of forestland
Reforestation Program (1961-2010/50years):
Total area reforested 1,939,749 hectares
only
Annual average : 38, 795 hectares
At an average of 38,000 hectares:
It will take 210 years/to reforest 8 million
hectares!!!?

NGP 2011 = 128,558 hectares

End of 2026 = forested area 8.37million
hectares
Deforested Area 7.43million hectares
10-year Financial Return on Investment:
- assuming, only 10% of the 1.5 billion
seedling survive.
- Each tree sold as were fuelwood @ P2,000
per cubic meter
- Potential Income P30billion

DENRs GUINESS WOLRD RECORD

breaking venture: Tree Volution
-2,294,629 trees

NGP = a poverty reduction program

- Food security program
- Environmental security
- Biodiversity conservation
- Climate change mitigation and
adaptation


LAWS OF THE GOVERNMENT ON
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Philippine Constitution;
the State shall protect and advance
the right of the people to a balanced
and beautiful ecology in accordance
with the rhythm and harmony of
nature

ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS OF THE

PHILIPPINES
All the 1987 bureaus concerned with environment
and natural resources are placed directly under the
DENR
1.
2.

3.

Lands Management Bureau (Formerly the

Bureau of lands)
Forest Management Bureau (Formerly Bureau of
Forest Development and Wood Industry
Development Authority)
Ecosystem Research Development Bureau
(Merger of the Forest Research Institute and the
national Mangrove Committee)

ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS OF THE

PHILIPPINES
4.

5.

6.

Environmental Management Bureau (Merger

of the National Environmental Council,
National
Pollution
Commission
and
Environmental Center of the Philippines
which was formerly under the Ministry of
Human Settlements)
Mines and Geo-Sciences Bureau (Merger of
the Bureau of mines and Geo-Science
Miniral Resources Development Board and
the Gold Mining Industry Development
Board)
Protect Areas and Wildlife Bureau (Formerly
Division of PAR)

GOVERNMENT LAWS ON
POLLUTION
Republic Act 6969, or the Toxic
Substances and Hazardous and
Nuclear Wastes Control Act of 1990,
which prohibits the importation,
storage, or transport of toxic of
nuclear wastes into or through the
Philippines.

GOVERNMENT LAWS ON
POLLUTION
RA 7586, or the National Integrated
Protected Areas System Law (NIPAS), which
aims for biodiversity conservation and
sustainable
development
against
a
backdrop of the rapid loss of forest cover
and other critical areas. The law integrates
natural
resources
management
and
protection of the plants and animals in
ecologically sensitive areas like national
parks,
game
refuges,
and
wildlife
sanctuaries throughout the country

GOVERNMENT LAWS ON
POLLUTION
House Bill 5668, or the Imposition of
Environmental Hazard Fee, which
penalizes all chemical, thermal and
industrial plants and factories found
to
be
violating
environmental
protection laws.

GOVERNMENT LAWS ON
POLLUTION
HB 8622, or the Act to Revise the
Philippine Environment Code, which
endorse emission and water pollution
charge
systems
by
promoting
cooperation
and
self-regulation
among industries and market-based
instruments.

GOVERNMENT LAWS ON
POLLUTION
House
Resolution
766,
or
the
investigation re-pollution of industrial
establishments
operating
without
wastes treatment facilities

GOVERNMENT LAWS ON
POLLUTION
R.A No. 9003 or the Solid Waste
Management Act of 2000, under the
garbage
segregation
scheme,
household and commercial wastes
should be classified into wet and dry
categories before they collected by
the garbage collectors.

GOVERNMENT LAWS ON
POLLUTION

DENR
Department
Administrative
Order 28, or the Interim Guidelines for
the
Importation
of
Recyclable
Materials
Containing
Hazardous
Substances.

GOVERNMENT LAWS ON
POLLUTION
DENR Administrative Order (DAO) No.
2000-18 on Chemical Control for
Ozone-depleting Substances.

GOVERNMENT LAWS ON
POLLUTION
RA 8749 or the Clean Air Act of 1999
which bans almost all forms of
garbage incineration and imposes
higher emission standards on oil
products to lower the amount of
pollution they generate.
RA 9275 Clean Water Act (2004) that
aims to protect the countrys water
bodies from pollution of land based
sources.

SUMMARIZING THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF

ECOLOGY
Balance of Nature
Nature are maintained by a set of general laws and
processes

Diversity
All forms of life are important in their own right

Interdependence
Everything is related to everything else

Change
Everything changes. Some changes enhance the natural
state of the environment, others degrade it

SUMMARIZING THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF

ECOLOGY
Pollution
Unwanted materials must go somewhere

Finiteness of Resources
Ours is a finite earth

Population Dynamics
Natural populations are subject to laws of control

Stewardship
Humans are part of nature: they must learn to take care of
it