URBAN PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT

PAREB CRES - January 8, 2016

By: Realtor ARTURO M. LAWA, CPV, REB, REA
Municipal Mayor, Maasim, Sarangani Province, 2010-2013
SP Member, Sarangani Province, 2004-2010

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Our Outline for Review

1. Introduction
2. History of Land Use Planning in the
Philippines
3. Legal Basis for Planning
4. National Framework for Physical Planning
5. Land Use Planning Concepts
6. Planning mandates of LGUs
7. Local Planning Structure
8. Planning Process
9. End

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Introduction:

PLANNING has long been recognized in the Philippines as a

vital force for government to attain its national vision within a
prescribed period and eventually realize the all-time goal of an
improved quality of life for all its citizens.

Two separate and distinct yet related and complementary

processes and outputs in the standard planning procedures:

1. Socio-Economic Planning - to yield a national

development plan
2. Physical or Land Use Planning - to turn out a physical
framework or human settlements plan as it was popularly
labeled in 1970s through the mid 1980s.

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Introduction:

Socio-Economic Planning
It is the guidelines for local government
administration to include analysis of the
organizations fiscal management and regulatory
controls.
Under the Local Government Code of 1991, it should
be treated not only as one of the planning sectors but
as an integrating system for social and
economic allocation of resources.
It is the guide and program for action to
actualize the vision of
national development.

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Introduction:

Physical or Land Use Planning

It is the proper management of land resource so
that people can benefit from its continued use.
It involves determining what activities a given piece
of land can support without causing damage to the
land itself in order that it can be used by the
next generations.
Further, it is concerned with seeing to it that land is
indeed used in
a way that suits its capability for the benefit of
all who have a
claim to its use.

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HISTORY OF LAND USE PLANNING IN THE PHILS.

The History of Land Use Planning
Socio-economic planning antedates nearly 400 years
from the Spanish to the US regime when only physical
aspect as major emphasis and environment as its end
in view.

1935 the National Economic Commission (NEC) was

created under Commonwealth Act No. 02 on which the
economic planning was started to be focused for
national policies by the national government through the
responsible functions of the Presidential Economic Staff.

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LEGAL BASIS FOR PLANNING

1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
- Art. I Declaration of the entire archipelago, with all the islands and
waters embraced
therein as our National Territory.
- Art. II, Sec. 5 Protection of property and promotion of general
welfare for the
enjoyment by all people of the blessing of democracy.
- Art. II, Sec. 21 Promotion of comprehensive rural development and
agrarian reform.
- Art. XII, Sec. 9 Establishment of an independent economic and
planning agency which
shall implement continuing integrated and coordinated
programs and policies for
national development.
RA 7160 (1991) the LGC, provides that LGUs shall continue to prepare
their CLUP through Zoning Ordinance to be enacted by the local legislative
council which is the basis for future use of land resources and
reclassification of agricultural lands into non-agricultural use.

NATIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR

PHYSICAL PLANNING (NFPP)

The NFPP for Year 2001-2030

The National Land Use Committee (NLUC) formulated the The National
Framework for Physical Planning (NFPP), Y2001-2030 to overcome

growth
constraints, notably the scarcity of land due to population growth and
increasing social and economic activity.

It consulted the academe, private sector, NGOs and other stakeholders

during
plan formulation.

Vision of NFPP
The vision of national development is anchored on sustainable
development and
growth with social equity.
It is development that will be sustainable to all generations of Filipinos,
such
that the use of the countrys land and other physical resources yields
the
greatest economic benefits to both the present and future generations.

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NATIONAL FRAMEWORK ON
PHYSICAL PLANNING (NFPP)

The NFPP follows the following

Principles:
Food Security using the countrys resources to provide
sufficient and affordable foods through local production
and importation
Environmental Sustainability observing environmental
standards and natural resources management, and
promoting a balance between the demand for land and
preserving ecosystems;
Rational Urban Development encouraging sustainable city
and town growth while complementing rural development;
Spatial Integration linking production and consumption
areas to achieve physical and economic integration
through infrastructures;
More.

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NATIONAL FRAMEWORK ON
PHYSICAL PLANNING (NFPP)
Equal Access ensuring equal distribution of physical
resources and providing equal opportunity in using and
acquiring them;
Private-Public Partnership encouraging shared
responsibility between government and private sector
in developing and managing physical resources;
People Empowerment encouraging ordinary citizens to
participate in physical planning;
Recognizing the rights of Indigenous Peoples ensuring
Indigenous Peoples rights to develop and manage lands
within their ancestral domain; and
Market Orientation leveraging the market economy in
physical planning.

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LAND USE PLANNING CONCEPTS

LAND USE PLANNING CONCEPTS

Land - is that solid portion of the earths surface that
rises above
the water base.
-all uses, improvements and developments, both
natural and
man-made, found on, below or above the
ground.
-any part of the earths surface which can be
owned as property,
and everything annexed to it,
whether by nature or by the
hand of man.
-a Real Estate

LAND USE PLANNING CONCEPTS

Land is viewed as a shared natural resource, much

like air and water found therein, to be conserved
and cared for with due regard for its effect on
society as a whole and for the conditions in which it
will be passed on to future generations.
Land is also viewed as a property - a private
commodity which can be owned, used, bought or
sold for personal comfort and profit.

LAND USE PLANNING CONCEPTS

Why Plan?
Land is a finite resource but population
continues to grow year after year requiring more
land for housing and other urban uses,
agricultural areas for food production and more
forest for timber production and watershed
protection. Therefore, the need to allocate land
judiciously and discriminately

LAND USE PLANNING CONCEPTS

What is Land Use Planning?
Land Use Planning - is the systematic approach /
process for
identifying, classifying and locating urban land, which
is achieved by analyzing the socio-economic needs of
the population in consideration of the physical and natural
attributes of a city or municipality.

Source: National Urban Development and Housing Framework

LAND USE PLANNING CONCEPTS

Land Use Planning - refers to the rational and judicious approach of
allocating available land resources to different land using activities, (e.g.
agricultural, residential, industrial) and for different functions consistent
with the overall development vision/goal of a particular locality.
It entails the detailed process of determining the location and area of
land required for the implementation of social and economic
development, policies, plans, programs and projects.
It is based on consideration of physical planning standards, development
vision, goals and objective, analysis of actual and potential physical
conditions of land and development constraints and opportunities.
Source: Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board

LAND USE PLANNING CONCEPT

Land Use the use of the surface of the land by man, as surveyed
and mapped in a series of recognized categories, such as
agricultural, residential, commercial, industrial, institutional & etc.

Land capability the inherent capacity of land to perform/produce at

a given
level.

Land suitability the adaptability of the land for a specific kind

of use.

Land evaluation process of estimating the potential of the land

for one use or several alternative uses.

LAND USE PLANNING CONCEPT

Land

abuse the improper use of the land in a manner that destroys its
good quality and potential. It is the use that entirely disregards use capacity
and carrying capacity.

- Land Use Capacity refers to the relative ability of a unit of land

resource to produce a surplus of returns above the cost utilization.
- Carrying Capacity - refers to how much of a kind of use an area
can sustain without significant damage like soil compaction, soil erosion and
nutrient loss.

Land misuse the improper use of the land, i.e. when land is used in
contradiction to the proper or recommended uses or imposed by its
characteristics.

Land non-use or dis-use the act of letting the land lie idle, vacant and
unproductive.

LAND USE PLANNING CONCEPTS

Technical aspect - involves determining what activities
(agriculture use or construction) a given piece of land can
support without causing damage to the land itself in order
that it can be used across many generations without
jeopardizing it.
Political aspect - is concerned with the commitment of
decision makers and politicians to ensure that there is strict
compliance with the plan
and its implementation tools.

LAND USE PLAN

What is a LAND USE PLAN?
An essential component of the Comprehensive
Development Plan (CPD), it designates the future use or
reuse of the land and the structure built upon the land
within a given jurisdictions planning area and the
policies and reasoning used in arriving at the decisions in
the plan.

It projects public and private land uses in accordance with

the planned spatial organization of economic and social
activities and the traffic of goods and people.

Land Use Planning Concepts

What is a CLUP?
Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) - is a plan
document that embodies specific provisions for guiding and
regulating growth and development
of a city or municipality.
It is comprehensive because it considers all aspects of
development, such as demography, socio-economic and
environmental conditions, infrastructure and utilities,
and local administration, within the territorial jurisdiction.

Objectives of Land Use Planning

Objectives of Land Use Planning
1. To promote the efficient utilization, acquisition
and disposition of land as a limited resources. Making sure
there is enough for our future generations to use and enjoy while
addressing the needs of the present times

2. To influence, direct and harmonize decisions and activities

of the
public and the private sectors affecting the use, management
and disposition of lands;
3. Reconcile land use conflicts between and among individuals
and government agencies relating to present needs and anticipated
demands for land;

Objectives of Land Use Planning

4. Promote desirable and efficient patterns of land uses
and prevent premature and wasteful development and minimize
the cost of public facilities, services and infrastructure;
5. Protect and preserve valuable agricultural areas
consistent with the need to promote industrialization;

6. Maintain ecological balance thru control of

development in critical areas such as flood plains and
watershed areas;
7. Integrate programs and projects on land resources
development among land development agencies;

Objectives of Land Use Planning

8. Conserve areas of ecological, aesthetic and
historical values and maintain and protect natural open
areas and areas of significant views;
9. Promote and implement a shelter plan thru
Identification of sites
suitable for housing; and
10. Promote an efficient circulation system.

STEPS IN PLANNING PROCESS

The Planning Process utilizes the following Planning
Steps:
1. Data gathering;
2. Problem identification and situational analysis;
3. Goals / objectives formulation;
4. Generation of alternative spatial strategies;
5. Evaluation and selection of preferred strategy;
6. Formulation of the plan;
7. Adoption, review and approval; and
8. Implementation and monitoring

Two Divisions of Land Use Planning

1. General Land Use Planning - deals primarily with the
non-urban large
scale uses such as: croplands,
forests, pasture lands, mining/quarrying areas and
swamplands, with areas occupied by structures treated
collectively as built-upareas.

2. Urban Land Use Planning - concerned with the

location, intensity and amount of land development
required for the various space-using
functions such as
residential, commercial, industrial, institutional,
recreation and other activities found in the urban areas.

LAND USE
General Land Uses:
Four major categories:
- Built-up
- Agriculture
- Forest
- Special use

Urban Land Uses:

Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Institutional
Parks/playgrounds
Infrastructure/utilities
Etc.

LAND USE CATEGORIES AND COLOR

CODING

LAND USE CATEGORIES AND

COLOR CODING

LAND SUPPLY

Land supply is the land area available within the city/municipality

for urban expansion. Basically, this is left after deducting the areas
considered for protection/preservation and conservation such as the
Network of Protected Agricultural Areas (NPAAs), National Integrated
Protected Areas System (NIPAs), existing built-up areas, etc.

Determination of Land Supply for Urban Expansion

Formula: Land Supply For Urban Expansion = TLA - (PCA + BU)

Where: TLA = total land area of city/municipality, in hectares

PCA = protection/preservation and conservation areas, in hec.
BU = built-up areas, in hectares

Determination of Land Supply

for Urban Expansion
Example:

Given:

Area (Has.)

a. Total Land Area (TLA) of City/Municipality - - - - - - -

50,000

b. Production and Protection Areas (PPA)

------1. NIPAS
(5,000)
2. NIPAAs
(15,000)
3. Environmentally Constrained Areas - (5,000)
4. Other Environmentally Critical Areas
Identified in Pres. Proc. No. 2146
- (10,000)

35,000

c. Existing Built-up Areas (BU)

----------------

10,000

d. Land Supply For Urban Expansion = a - (b + c)

= 50,000 - (35,000 + 10,000)
= 50,000 - 45,000
= 5,000 Has.

Classification of Urban Uses

Classification of Urban Uses
Residential -amount of land depends on the of which new households
are formed and on inmigration.
Commercial - category includes all types of wholesale, retail and service
activities serving areas larger than neighborhoods. Included in this
category are the ff:
-Major Central Business Districts in urbanized areas
-Minor Central Business District in less urbanized areas
-Highway Service Centers or Commercial Strips such as highway gas
stations, traveler's inn and restaurants
Industrial uses- includes manufacturing, refining, fabricating, assembly,
storage, parking and other incidental uses including food processing,
cottage industry, sawmills, rice mills, steel mills, chemical processing
plants, etc. -also included are the proposed industrial estates/subdivision.

Classification of Urban Uses

Institutional - covers the major public and semi-public uses

like
educational, cultural, religious, health, protective and
government services
Parks/Playgrounds and other Recreational Areas- the space
requirement may be computed with the use of space
standards based on population or area of the municipality or
city
Open Space- so called non-functional open spaces and
includes lands
reserved for greenbelts and buffer zones; and
other vacant lands reserved for specific or functional purposes

Constraints to Development
Constraints to Development
-identify different constraints such as soil conditions,
flooding, volcanic
eruptions, earthquakes, and other
natural condition.
-mapping guidelines- illustrates the physical obstacles to
development such as subsidence and flooding risk .
Land Use Related Problem
Evaluate the land use related problems such as flooding,
deforestation, conversion of prime agricultural lands,
pollution, incompatible uses, etc.

Formulation of
General Land Use Plan
Formulation of the General Land Use Plan
Land Capability Classification

- Indicates the suitability of areas for cultivation according to soil

conservation management requirements. Factors
considered in the
identification of land capability classes are soil erosion
potential/flooding and soil condition limitations.
- Soil condition includes its characteristics such as droughtness,
fertility, stoniness, salinity, alkalinity, acidity, depth, presence of
toxic substance, etc.
The degree of limitations ranges from no or slight limitations,
moderate, serious to severe, to very serious or very severe.

The Different Land Capability

Classes
1. Class A - very good land; can be cultivated safely, requiring only simple
but good farm management practices.
2. Class B - good land; can be cultivated safely, require easily applicable
conservation practices.
3. Class C - moderately good land, must be cultivated with caution; requires
careful management and complex conservation practices.
4. Class D - fairly good land; must be cultivated with extra caution; requires
careful management and complex conservation practices for safe cultivation. Most
suitable for pasture or forest.
5. Class L - level to nearly level; too stony or very wet for cultivation; limited to
pasture or forest with careful soil management.
6. Class M - steep land; very severely eroded; shallow; not for cultivation; limited
to pasture or forest with careful management.
7. Class X - level land; wet most of the time and cannot be economically
drained; suited for fishpond or recreation.
8. Class Y - very hilly and mountainous, barren and rugged; should be
reserved for recreation and wildlife or for reforestation.

Soil Suitability

Soil Suitability

A soil suitability study shall be conducted to determine

the appropriateness of agricultural lands for specific
crops. At present, the Bureau of Soils and Water
Management has prepared Crop Development and
Soil conservation Planning Guide Maps for various
crops.

Environmentally Critical Areas

Environmentally Critical Areas (ECA) -

Land
development should consider the limitations posed by the following
Hazards:

Weather and Water Related Hazards

Tropical cyclone winds
Tropical cyclone rains
Storm surge
Drought
Earthquake-induced Hazards
Ground shaking
Ground rupture (fault lines)
Liquefaction and lateral spreading
Landslides
Tsunami

Environmentally Critical Areas

Environmentally Critical Areas (ECA) Hazards:
Volcanic Hazards
Lava flow
Ash fall
Pyroclastic flows
Lahar
Edifice failure
Erosion Hazards
Soil erosion
River bank erosion
Coastal wave erosion

Environmentally Critical Areas

Environmentally Critical Areas covered by Pres. Proclamation No. 2146
- areas set aside as aesthetic potential tourist spots;
- areas of unique historic, archeological or scientific interest;
- areas which are traditionally occupied by indigenous people or tribes;
- areas classified as prime agricultural lands;
- recharge areas of aquifers;
- water bodies characterized by one or any combination of the following
conditions;
-tapped for domestic purposes
-within the controlled and/or protected areas declared by appropriate
authorities
-support wild life and fishery activities
-coral reef characterized by one or any combination of the ff. conditions:
- with 50% and above live coraline cover
-spawning and nursery grounds for fish
-act as natural breakwater of coastline

Livability - quality life of local citizens

Competitiveness - sustainability &
globalization of
local economy
Bankability - local government
capacity to be financially selfsustaining
Good Governance - quality
management of local
government affairs
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Land Use Pattern

Basic Urban Form Conceptual
Frameworks

Trend Extension
- Resembles the Dispersed Sheet urban form of
Kevin Lynch, which he described as having maximum flexibility, personal comfort,
independence and where local participation is
highly possible.
- Trend extension is the result of individuals
building
anywhere according to their own
preferences
and convenience with minimal government
intervention.
- Development is spread evenly over a wide
continuous tract, very accessible to open land.
- Dispersed Sheet and transport is designed as
continuous grid.
- No vivid or memorable image of the city and
costly provision of public service.

Land Use Pattern

Linear Urban Form

- a.k.a Ribbon or Strip Development
- characterized by concentration of development along
both sides of major transportation routes such as
roads, navigable rivers or other form of transport
network.
- generally start on a one-lot-deep into a grid system.
- also resembles what Kevin Lynch refers to
as the Urban Star which is characterized by
a strong urban core with secondary centers of
Strip/Linear Development
moderate densities, distributed along main
radials roads.
- very strong visual image.

Land Use Pattern

Multi-Nodal Urban Form

- re-directs development away from the urban
core or city center toward identified urban
growth areas or nodes.
-approximates Lynchs Galaxy form, which is
characterized by clusters of development
with each cluster having its own specialization.
- the major center provides specialized
facilities and services to its nodes and acts
as it external linkage to other centers of the
Galaxy Form
city or municipality. The nodes support the
major center as its captive market while
providing neighborhood facilities and services
to its area of influence.

Land Use Pattern

-Under the Centric and Nodal form, a number of additional
mixed-use growth areas will be developed outside the
Poblacion area existing center of development.
-Another related Nodal-Central type of development is Radial and
Circumferential. It shows a development channel fanning
out from a given center where points of activities are
interconnected by radial and circumferential road systems
which are potential development corridors.

Radial and Circumferential

Land Use Pattern

Concentric Urban Form

- this form reflects an outward expansion of urban
development from the city center/core induced by the
construction of new circumferential and radial roads.
- the form pattern matches the Core City of Kevin Lynch has
the unique characteristic of concentrating development
into one continuous body originating from the center
or core.
- aiming to maximize land use in the Poblacion or city center
to provide more open space outside, this urban form
redirects future development in and around the
Core City
Poblacion or city center, extending to the adjoining
barangays or barrios. As a result, the direction of
growth enlarges the urban core.

Land Use Pattern

Grid Form
- this system is made up of rectangular blocks defined by
parallel and intersecting streets. The simplicity of this layout
provides accessibility of plots and/or structures, but conflict
or movement could arise due to numerous intersections.

Grid Development

Land Use Pattern

As to Shapes

Radiocentric
Star

A large circle with radial

Radiocentric form with
corridors of intense development
spaces between the
emanating from the center.
outreaching corridors of

development.

Rectilinear

Ring

open

Land Use Pattern

As to Shapes
Linear
Sheet

Usually the result

vast urban area with
of natural
little or no articulation
topography which
restricts growth;
may also be a
transportation
spine.

Articulated Sheet

Branch
A sheet accented by

Land Use Pattern

As to Shapes

Constellation
A series of nearly equal sized cities in
close proximity

Satellite
Constellation of cities around a main
cluster

URBAN LAND USE MODELS

URBAN LAND USE MODELS

Urban Land Use Models
- Concentric Zone Model (Burgess)
- Sector Model (Hoyt)
- Multiple Nuclei Model (Harris & Ullman)
- Urban Realms Model (Vance; aka Pepperoni Pizza
Model)
d

CONCENTRIC-ZONE MODEL

The Concentric-Zone Model

- Proposed by Burgess - A sociologist at the
University of Chicago: 1925 book titled The City
- Based on a study of land use patterns and
social group dynamics in Chicago
- Geographically the City was visualized like 5 or
6 major rings, such as from a cross-section of a
tree.
- A model with five zones.

CONCENTRIC-ZONE MODEL
Model with five zones.
Zone 1 (Blue Zone)
-The central business district (CBD)
-Distinct pattern of income levels out to the commuters zone
-Extension of trolley lines had a lot to do with this pattern)

Zone 2 (Red Zone)

-Characterized by mixed pattern of industrial
and residential land use
-Rooming houses, small apartments, and tenements attract the
lowest income segment
-Often includes slums and skid rows, many squatters began here
-Usually called the transition zone

CONCENTRIC-ZONE MODEL
Zone 3 (Yellow Zone)
-The workingmens quarters
-Solid blue-collar, located close to factories of Zones 1 and 2
-More stable than the transition Zone around the CBD
-Often characterized by squatters neighborhood blocks of
immigrants who broke free from the rural life.
-Spreading outward because of pressure from transition zone and
because blue-collar workers demanded better housing.

Zone 4 (Violet Zone)

-Middle class area of better housing
-Established city dwellers, many of whom moved outward with the
opening road network
-Commute to work in the CBD

CONCENTRIC-ZONE MODEL

Zone 5 (Brown Zone)

-Consists of higher-income families clustered
together in older
suburbs.
-Located either on the farthest extension of the
national hiway or
main road.
-Spacious lots and large houses.
-From here the rich pressed outward to avoid
congestion and
social heterogeneity caused by
expansion of Zone 4.

MODELS: Sectors (Hoyt) and Multi Centres (Harris and Ullman)

Multi Centres

Sector
2

4
1

33

3
5

3
3

4
3

1 CBD
2 Wholesale and light manufacturing
3 Low-class residential
4 Middle-class residential
5 High-class residential

69
6 Heavy manufacturing
7 Sub business district
8 Residential suburb
9 Industrial suburb

CClassic Industrial City 50s

Konx and Pinch 2000 Urban Social Geography

Industrial
19IIndustrial
City
City 1945-2000451975

The

The Post-Industrial City

REVIEW OF URBAN LAND USE MODELS

An IEC
project of:

Methods of Future Demand Projection

FAO Urban Land Distribution Formula
For less Urbanized Areas [Rural], the Food and Agriculture
Organization [FAO] came up with a range of distribution of the
various Urban Land Uses for every 1,000 urban population.

Settlement Development
Settlement is an area where concentrations of population
engage in economic, political, cultural, and other social
activities. They vary from small, agriculture-based villages
to metropolitan urban centers that accommodate million of
people that serve as industrial, market and administrative
centers.
Settlement Development focuses on the spatial
distribution of shelter, infrastructures and networks, and
services. It is also concerned with inter-relationships of
settlements as they develop and establish functional
linkages based on their respective resource endowments
and comparative advantage .

Settlement Development
The Primary concerns of Settlement Development are
to help ensure, for the present & future generation:
1. An effective integration of activities within and
among settlements, allowing efficient production and
movement of people and commodities through the provision of
appropriate land, infrastructure and facilities;
2. The access of population to housing, education,
health care, recreation, transportation and communication,
sanitation, and basic utilities such as water, power, waste
disposal and other facilities.

Production Land Use

Production Land Use refers to the direct and indirect utilization of
land resources, for crop production, fishery, livestock and poultry
production, timber production, agroforestry, mining, industry and
tourism.

Lands under this category include agricultural areas, coastal and

marine
zones, production forest, mineral lands, industrial and
tourism
development areas where productive activities could be
undertaken to
meet the countrys requirements for economic
growth.
The primary objective of planning for Production Land Use is to
determine the most efficient and equitable manner of utilizing
and managing land resources such that there is adequate and
accessible space for sustainable food production, forest and mineral
resource extraction, industry, and tourism, with the end in view of
meeting the material and other requirements of the population.

Protection Land Use

Protection Land Use refers to the rehabilitation,
conservation and management of sensitive/critical
ecosystems to preserve their
integrity, to allow degraded
resource to regenerate, and to protect
the human
population from environmental hazards.
Protection Land Use policy guidelines seek to achieve
environmental stability and ecological integrity; ensure
balance between resource use and the preservation of some
educational, cultural and historic significance and protect
people and man made structure from the ill effects of
natural hazards.
They cover the following protected areas: NIPAS, NonNIPAS and Hazard Prone Areas

Drivers of Land Use.

The Drivers of Land Use:
1. Natural Environment natural aspects of climate, slope,
insurmountable barriers, and the existence of drillable water aquifers.
2. Demographic factors effects of rural-migration and natural
population growth in the city, household size, the level of urbanization
in the country, and the rank of the city in the countrys urban hierarchy.
3. Economic Factors effect of level of economic development,
economic structure, land markets, differences in household income,
exposure to globalization, the level of foreign direct investment, the
degree of employment decentralization, level of development in real
estate finance markets, the level and effectiveness of property
taxation, and the presence of cycles of high inflation.
4. Transport System Factor new transport technologies, level of govt.
investments on roads, transportation costs vis--vis household income,
existence of city centers, existence of viable public transport.

Drivers of Land Use

The Drivers of Land Use:
5. Consumer preference preference for proximity to open
space, for singlefamily dwellings, or for home
ownership, preference for Urbanism as a way of life, for
proximity to other people and to urban amenities, or for
proximity to ones place of work.
6. Land Ownership The types of ownership have an
impact on spatial growth, land use efficiency and equity because
of differences due to legality of transfers and tax scales.
7. Policy, regulation and management effect on the
countrys legal
framework, effective planning agency of govt.

Model Infrastructure Land Use Plan

Preservation of Architectural Buildings

Slum Area - a worldwide problem

Land Use Renewal

Model Urban Land Use Plan

Sustainability Principles

Environmental Sustainability
In recent years typhoons are causing horrendous damage
in the Philipines. Thousands of lives have been lost and
devastated the environment.

Global
warming
affects
availability
of food
and
Global warming
will affect
the availability
of fresh water
for human
fresh
water
consumption and for agriculture.
More
floods and droughts cause problems.
for human consumption and agriculture

Urban Planning in some Cities

Urban Planning in some Cities

An IEC project of:

PLANNING MANDATES OF LGUs

MANDATES FOR THE LOCAL LEVEL
RA 7160 (1991) the Local Government Code enacted during
Pres. C. Aquino regime, provides that LGUs shall continue to
prepare their CLUP through Zoning Ordinance which is the basis for
future use of land resources and reclassification of agricultural
lands into non-agricultural use in view of requirements for
additional areas for urban expansion.
EO 72 (1993) - In the Ramos regime, delineated the powers of
LGUs and HLURB in the formulation and implementation of CLUP
under a centralized framework of local governance.

Sec. 2 (a), RA 7160

Declaration of Policy.
That the territorial & political subdivisions of the
State shall enjoy genuine & meaningful local
autonomy to enable them to attain their fullest
development as self-reliant communities & make
them more effective partners in the attainment of
national goals.

Sec. 15, RA 7160

Political and Corporate Nature of LGUs.
Every LGU is a body politics & corporate
endowed with powers to be exercised by it in
conformity with law. As such, it shall exercise
powers as a political subdivision of the National
Government
and
as
a
corporate
entity
representing the inhabitants of its territory.

Section 16, RA 7160

General Welfare - Every LGU shall exercise the
powers expressly granted, those necessarily
implied therefrom, as well as powers necessary,
appropriate, or incidental for its efficient and
effective governance, and those which are
essential to the promotion of the general welfare.
Within their respective territorial jurisdictions, LGUs
shall ensure and support, among other things, the
preservation and enrichment of culture, promote health
and safety, enhance the right of the people to a
balanced ecology, encourage and support the
development of appropriate and self-reliant scientific
and technological capabilities, improve public morals,
enhance economic prosperity and social justice,
promote full employment among their residents,
maintain peace and order, and preserve the comfort

Sec. 20(c), RA 7160

The LGU shall, in conformity with existing laws, continue to

prepare their respective Comprehensive Land Use Plans
enacted through Zoning Ordinances which shall be the
primary and dominant bases for the future use of land
resources: Provided, That the requirements for food
production, human settlements, and industrial expansion
shall be taken into consideration in the preparation of such
plans.

Comprehensive Plans mandated in

LGC
Two (2) Comprehensive Plans mandated by
RA 7160:
1. Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) - to
manage the entire territory on behalf of the National
State (Sec. 20, c)
2. Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP) to promote the
general welfare of its inhabitants
(Sec.106)

Levels of Land Use Planning

I - City/Town Land Use Planning - is where the resultant CLUP or MLUP as the most
detailed plan. It is a long-term guide for the development of the local area. It
addresses multi-faceted concerns of all sectors of the city/municipal population and to
all areas within its geographic limits.

II - Provincial Land Use planning where Physical Framework Plan serves as a link
between national, regional and city or municipal land use plans. Policies enunciated
from top level can be translated to be more responsive to local conditions. Inversely,
policies at the city/municipal structures could be integrated into the Provincial Plan.

III - Regional Land Use planning is the process of translating the desired spatial
arrangement of land-using activities in the Region in order to effect a rational
distribution of the Regional population to protect and safeguard the integrity of the
physical environment.

IV - National level It defines the extent of protection lands and treats the remaining
part of the land as areas for production. Protection Lands are no-touch-no- go areas
while Production lands are those where productive activities, human settlements and
infrastructures can be located.

Levels of Land Use Planning

An IEC
project of:

LOCAL PLANNING
STRUCTURE

An IEC project of:

Components of the Local Planning Structure

POLITICAL

Local Sanggunian
Local Development
Council
Congressmans
Representative
Civil Society
Organizations

TECHNICAL
Local

Planning and
Development Office
LGU Department Heads
Local Special Bodies
LDC Sectoral/Functional
Committees
NGA Office Chiefs in the
locality
Private Sector
Representatives

Level of the Local Planning Structure

Political Component

Local
Sanggunian

Local Development
Council

Technical Component

LPDO, NGAs,
CSOs, Private
Sector

Sectoral &
Functional
Committees

Local
Special
Bodies

STRUCTURE OF THE LDC

LDC
In Plenary

Primary Functions

Executive
Committee

Secretariat

Sectoral or Functional
Committees
Social
Economic
Infrastructure
Environment and
Natural Resources
Institutional

LDC:
Formulate development plans and policies;
Formulate public investment programs;
Appraise and prioritize programs and projects;
Formulate investment incentives;
Coordinate, monitor and evaluate implementation of
development
programs and projects.
Barangay Development Councils:
Mobilize peoples participation in local development
functions;
Prepare barangay development plans;
Monitor and evaluate implementation of national or local
programs
and projects.
Executive Committee:
Represent the LDC when it is not in session;
Ensure that the LDC decisions are faithfully carried out and
act on
matters needing immediate attention by the LDC;
Formulate plans, policies and programs based on
principles and
priorities laid out by LDC.
Secretariat:
Provide technical support to the LDC;
Document proceedings;
Prepare reports;
Other support functions as may be necessary.
Sectoral or Functional Committee:
Assist the LDC in the performance of its functions;
Provide the LDC with data and information essential to the
formulation
of plans, programs and activities;
Define sectoral or functional objectives, set targets and

SUGGESTED SECTORAL COMMITTEE COMPOSITION

Sectoral Committee

Core Technical Working Group

(Must be there)

Expanded Technical Working

Group
(Nice to have around)

Full-Blown Sectoral
Committee
(The more the merrier)

1.

SOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT

MPDO Staff
SWDO
MHO
POSO
LDC Rep (brgy) LDC Rep (CSO)
District Supervisor
PTA
Federation
Sanggunian Rep

Police Chief
Fire Marshall
Local Civil Registrar
Population
Officer
PCUP
Nutrition Officer
Housing Board Rep
NSO
Manager GSIS/SSS

Sports Organizations
Labor
Groups
Religious Leaders
Senior
Citizens
Media Reps
YMCA/YWCA
Inner Wheel Club
School
Principals
Charitable Organizations

2.

ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT

PESO Agriculturist
Tourism Officer Coop Devt Officer
MPDO Staff
LDC Rep (brgy)
LDC Rep (CSO) Sanggunian Rep

Chambers of Commerce & Industry

DTI Representative
Trade Unions
Bank Managers Market Vendors
Sidewalk Vendors
Cooperatives
Transport Orgs

Lions Club
Jaycees
Rotary Club
Academe
Other interested groups and
individuals

3.

PHYSICAL/ LAND
USE
DEVELOPMENT

Municipal Engineer
Zoning
Officer
MPDO Staff
LDC Rep (brgy)
LDC Rep (CSO) Sanggunian Rep
Municipal Architect

Electric Coop Rep

Water District
Rep
Real Estate Developers Academe
Professional organizations
Telecommunications companies

Other interested groups and

individuals

4.

ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT

MPDO Staff
Sanggunian Rep
LDC Rep (brgy) LDC Rep (CSO)
General Services Head LG-ENRO

Sanitary Inspector
Academe
CENRO PENRO
FARMC Reps
BFAR Rep
Heads of private hospitals

Environmental Advocates
Other interested groups and
individuals

5.

INSTITUTIONAL
DEVELOPMENT

MPDO Staff
LDC Rep (brgy)
LDC Rep (CSO)
LGOO
Local Administrator Sanggunian Rep

HRDO
Treasurer
Budget Officer
Assessor
Academe

Religious groups
Good Governance advocates
Other interested groups and
individuals

CORE TECHNICAL WORKING GROUP composed of Local Government officials and functionaries whose tasks and responsibilities address the
concerns of the particular sector directly or indirectly.
NICE TO HAVE AROUND other LGU officials, national government agencies operating in the locality, and important non-government
organizations with functions and advocacies touching on the concerns of the particular sector. When added to the core TWG the
resulting body becomes the Expanded TWG.
THE MORE THE MERRIER other groups and individuals, mainly from non-government sectors, who have a stake in local development in
whatever capacity, enrich and enliven the full-blown committees deliberations with their varied views, agendas, and advocacies.

PLANNING PROCESS

An IEC project of:

PLANNING PROCESS
GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND TARGETS SETTING:
Planning as a general activity, may have one or many objectives.
The first step in the planning process, then, is to identify these purposes
which the planner seek to achieve, to order them in terms of their
importance, and to consider how far they are reconcilable each with the other
Three stages in the development of aims:
- goal formulation
- identification of objectives
- target setting
GOALS are essentially general and highly abstract; they tend to fall
into broad categories such as social, economic, and aesthetic. And they may
include qualities of the planning process itself, such as flexibility
Planning as a general activity, may have one objectives or many

PLANNING PROCESS
GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND TARGETS SETTING:
OBJECTIVES

-are defined in terms of actual programs capable of being carried

into action, though they fall short of detailed quantification.

-are turned into targets representing specific programs in which

criteria of performance are set against target dates.

PLANNING PROCESS
PLAN DESIGN: :
Plan Design, is also called Plan Formulation.
One point in the whole process, where the planner exercise a
power to synthesize disparate elements into a coherent plan.
Design, consists of two elements:
1. The choice of system models to represent the main elements
which the design should incorporate, and the running of these
models to give a number of coherent and realistic pictures of the
future state of the system through time.
2. The process of evaluation of the alternatives to give a preferred
or optimum solution.

PLANNING PROCESS
PLAN EVALUATION:
Evaluation conveys a connotation of economic criteria: evaluation,
crudely, represents the best plan for money.
- consists of any process, which seeks to order preferences.
Technique of Plan Evaluation The best known of these among the general public, Cost-Benefit
Analysis, is explicitly economic in its approach. It assumes that the best
plan will be the one which delivers the greatest quantity of economic
benefits at the lowest cost establishing a rate of economic return.

PLANNING PROCESS
IMPLEMENTING THE PLAN:
In the planning process, the whole exercise of modeling, evaluation
and selection is continuously repeated.
The objective is to have, in the one hand, a monitoring system,
which checks the response of the urban and regional system to the
various planning measure which are taken to control its progress.
On the other hand, the control system itself, which responds
flexibly and sensitively to the information controlled by the
monitoring system.

PLANNING PROCESS
IMPLEMENTING THE PLAN:
In practice, a tidy systems view of planning may go wrong in a
variety of ways:

1.
First, knowledge about the external environment of the
planning decision may increase rapidly, with unpredictable results.

2. Secondly, plans can go wrong because of the complex

interrelationships between different levels of the planning
system,
and between different elements in the planning situation.

3. Thirdly, there is the fact that over time human values or at

least the values of those actively concerned tend to change.

PLANNING PROCESS

PROCEDURAL STEPS IN THE PLANNING PROCESS

1. Data collection and inventory of Socio Economic

Profile and Thematic Maps;
2. Inter and intra-area analysis of sectoral and
spatial area to have
summary of socio- economic
constraints and bottle necks, possible conflicts arising
from interest on and claims over land resource, demandsupply of lands for future urban expansion;
3. Setting goals and objectives which are statements
from the constituents through public consultation,
pronouncement of elected officials, national policies and
result of area analysis;

PROCEDURAL STEPS IN THE PLANNING PROCESS

4.
Generation of alternative spatial strategies in
various forms or
patterns of distributing the future
population over the city/town territory;
5. Evaluation and selection of preferred strategy
through techniques like cost-benefit analysis, planning
balance sheet, goal achievement matrix or simple
checklist of criteria;
6. Detailing of chosen strategy to form a spatial shape
that guide and
control location of infrastructure project,
direction and intensity of
urban development and
special action areas;

PROCEDURAL STEPS IN THE PLANNING PROCESS

7. Formulating policies and implementation tools to

guide the future development of various sections to
complete the preparation of the
plan;
8. Plan adoption and legitimization SB/SP enactment
into a Zoning Ordinance;
9. Implementation, monitoring or feedback is strictly
not part of the
planning process, but an essential link to
the next cycle of planning, revision, amendment or
replanning based on monitored results of implementation.

THE CLUP AND THE MANAGEMENT

OF LOCAL TERRITORIES

THE DEVELOPMENT SECTORS & SUB-SECTORS

SIMILARITIES OF PLANNING
PROCESSES

SECTORAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING PROCESS

VISION STATEMENT

SIMPLIFIED SECTORAL
PLANNING
PROCESS

VISION ELEMENT (BY SECTOR)

ELEMENT DESCRIPTORS

SUCCESS INDICATORS OF EACH

DESCRIPTOR
VISION REALITY GAP
CURRENT REALITY
SECTORAL GOALS

TIME/RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS

ECOLOGICAL
PROFILE
STATISTICAL
COMPENDIUM
DECISION ZONES
PROBLEM/ SOLUTION
MATRIX

SECTORAL OBJECTIVES AND

TARGETS

SECTORAL
STRATEGIES/POLICIES

CLUP POLICIES

SECTORAL
PROGRAMS/PROJECTS

PROPOSED NEW LEGISLATIONS

LDIP/AIP

ELA
(EXECUTIVE/LEGISLATIVE AGENDA)

LEGISLATIVE AGENDA

THE CLUP-CDP PROCESS FLOW

SIMPLIFIED PLANNING PROCESS

Elaboration of
Ends
Vision

Specification of
Means

C L U P
Physical Planning Goals

Element
Descriptors

Spatial Strategies
Location Principles

(what it takes
to close the
gap)

(what can be
reasonably
done in 3 yrs)

Sectoral
Goals

Sectoral
Objectives/
Targets

Protection
Production
Settlement
Infrastructure

Success
Indicators
VisionReality Gap
Current Reality
Ecological Profile
Statistical Compendium
Thematic Maps

C D P

Development
Policies
Strategies
Programs
Projects
Legislation

CLUP CDP ELA

Provl. Land Use Committee (PLUC)

Composition

PPDC

Provl. Agri

-Checks conformity with provincial plan

-If no Provl. Plan conforms with development thrust of province and
not in conflict with CLUP of adjacent cities and municipalities
NPAAAID/SAFDZ not converted for urban use
-Agri areas reclassified not economically feasible

(Network of Protected Areas for Agriculture and Agro-Industrial

Development (NPAAAD)
(Strategic Agri & Fishery Dev Zone (SAFDZ)
DENR

DAR

ECA and NIPAS protected

-Protection and production forests preserved
-No non-A&D used for urban expansion
-Agricultural lands covered by CARP
-Tenanted agricultural lands

Provl. Land Use Committee (PLUC)

Composition
DTI
delineated

- If identified RAICs, PAICs, CAICs, PICs, PIEs are

-If proposed industrial site is feasible
-If required utilities & facilities are adequate

DPWH
- If road network adequate for development
requirement for
CLUP
DOT
- If tourism areas in Tourism Master Plan
delineated
-checks feasibility of identified Tourism sites

Provl. Land Use Committee (PLUC)

Composition
DILG
format

- If programs and projects in required LDIP/AIP

-better local governance

NGO
-CLUP and identified programs and projects redound
to responsive needs of basic Sectors.

HLURB
- CLUP consistent with LGU dev potential resources
and
constraints for dev
-Space allocations are within prescribed standards
-Efficient/effective delivery of basic services
-Sustainable CLUP
-Programs and projects are responsive to LGU needs.

Regional Land Use Committee (RLUC) Composition

NEDA

- conforms with NPFP, RPFP (for PPFPs/CPLUPs)

-conforms with PPFP (for CLUPs)

HUDCC

-socialized housing sites identified/adequate

-indigenous materials
-housing projects/programs

DOST

-Innovative technologies

DOTC
-Adequacy of transportation/telecom for current and
future requirements
DA

-same as Provincial Agriculture

THANK YOU

An IEC