Advanced Engineering Mathematics II

Solved Sample Problems

Series Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations

1.1
Obtain the solution of the following differential equation in terms of Maclaurin series
dy
d2 y
+x y =0
2
dx
dx
Answer:
P
n
Let f (x) =
n=0 An x to obtain
(2A2 A0 )x0 +

[(n + 2)(n + 1)An+2 + nAn An ]xn = 0

n=1

From the first coefficient A0 is an arbitrary constant; then for n = 1 with A1 arbitrary
constant, A3 = 0. For n 1
An+2 =

(n 1)
An
(n + 2)(n + 1)

Must now consider two cases: n even and n odd. The general solution is
f (x) = A1 x + A0 [1 + x2 /2 x4 /24 + x6 /240 + ...]

1.2
Use the method of Frobenius to obtain a general solution of the following differential equation
valid near x = 0
x

dy
d2 y
+ 2 + xy = 0
2
dx
dx
1

Hints * In the result of introducing the series representation for y into the xy term, make
a dummy index change from n to n 1.
* In the result of introducing the series representation for y into the 2y 0 and into the xy 00
terms, make a dummy index change from n to n + 1.
* Investigate the behavior of the recurrence relationship for the smaller root s2 first.
Answer:
P
n+s
Let y = f (x) =
. Thus
n=0 An x
xf (x) = x

X
n=0

An x

n+s

n=0

An x

n+s+1

X
n=1

An1 xn+s

where instead of the dummy index n, the dummy n 1 was used.

Similarly
2

X
X
dy
= 2f (x)0 = 2
(n + s)An xn+s1 = 2
(n + 1 + s)An+1 xn+s
dx
n=0
n=1

Where the dummy index has been changed from n to n + 1 in order to have x raised to the
power n + s in the sum.
Finally,
x

X
X
d2 y
00
n+s1
=
xf
(x)
=
(n
+
s

1)(n
+
s)A
x
=
(n + s)(n + 1 + s)An+1 xn+s
n
2
dx
n=0
n=1

Where the dummy index has also been changed from n to n + 1.

Now, substituting the above into the original ODE yields

(n + s)(n + 1 + s)An+1 xn+s +

n=1

X
n=1

2(n + 1 + s)An+1 xn+s +

X
n=1

An1 xn+s = 0

And division by xn+s yields the general recurrence relationship

(n + 1 + s)(n + s)An+1 +

n=1

X
n=1

2(n + 1 + s)An+1 +

X
n=1

An1 = 0

The indicial equation is now obtained from the above with n = 1 and it is
s(s 1)A0 + 2sA0 = 0
Assuming A0 is arbitrary but 6= 0 one obtains the roots s1 = 0 and s2 = 1. Since s1 s2 = 1
we must expect either no solution or a complete one for s2 = 1 and of course, one solution
for s1 = 0.
Now, when n = 0 the recurrence relation becomes
(1 + s)sA1 + 2(1 + s)A1 = A1 (1 + s)(s + 2) = 0
2

which is always true when s = 1, regardless of the value of A1 , therefore A1 is also arbitrary
and we necessarily have a complete solution.
With n 1
1
An1
An+1 = (1)
(n + 1 + s)(n + 2 + s)
which yields, for s = 1,
An+1 = (1)

1
An1
n(n + 1)

Specifically, for n = 1,
1
A2 = (1) A0
2
for n = 2
1
A3 = (1) A1
6
for n = 3
A4 = (1)

1
1
1
A2 = (1) (1) A0
12
12
2

for n = 4
1
1
1
A3 = (1) (1) A1
20
20
6
The recurrence relationship can finally be represented by the following two equations in
more compact form
A5 = (1)

A2l = (1)l

1
A0 ,
(2l)!

l0

and
A2l+1 = (1)l

1
A1 ,
(2l + 1)!

l0

Therefore, the general solution (corresponding to s = 1) is

y(x) = x1

X
n=0

An xn = x1 [A0 + A1 x + A2 x2 + ...] =

1
1
= x1 [A0 + A1 x A0 x2 A1 x3 + ..] =
2
6
1
1
1
1 4
x + ...] =
= A0 [x1 x + x3 + ...] + A1 [1 x2 +
2
24
6
120
cos(x)
sin(x)
+ A1
= A0
x
x
3

1.3
Apply Frobenius method to find the general solution of the equation:
Ly = x2

dy
d2 y
+ (x2 + x) y = 0
2
dx
dx

Here the indicial equation is s2 1 = 0 with solutions s1 = +1, s2 = 1 and a series solution
is assured for s1 . The recurrence formula is
(s + k 1)[(s + k + 1)Ak + Ak1 ] = 0
and for s = s1 = 1 this is
Ak =

Ak1
k+2

so that the associated solution is

1
1
1
x2
x3 + ...] =
y1 = xA0 [1 x +
3
34
345
ex 1 + x
= 2A0
x
Now for s = s2 = 1 the recurrence formula becomes
(k 2)(kAk + Ak1 ) = 0
which yields A1 = A0 when k = 1, 0 = 0 when k = 2 (i.e. A2 can be anything we want,
including zero) and Ak = Ak1 /k for k 3. With this, the solution associated with s = 1
becomes
y2 = A0

1x
x

Special Functions

2.1
Obtain the general solution of the following equation in terms of Bessel functions or, if
possible, in terms of elementary functions
x

d2 y
dy
3 + xy = 0
2
dx
dx

Answer:
4

As described in the class notes, the most general ODE satisfied by Bessel functions has
the form
x2

dy
d2 y
+ x(a + 2bxr ) + [c + dx2s b(1 a r)xr + b2 x2r ]y = 0
2
dx
dx

The given equation can be put in this form simply multiplying by x yielding the following
x2

dy
d2 y
3x + x2 y = 0
2
dx
dx

where a = 3, b = 0, c = 0, d = 1 and s = 1.
The solution now can be written down directly as
y(x) = x2 Zp (x) = x2 (c1 Jp (x) + c2 Yp (x))
with
s

1 1a 2
) c=2
(
p=
s
2
Alternatively, the compatible form above can be obtained directly from Bessels equation
X2

dY
d2 Y
+ (X 2 P 2 )Y = 0
+X
2
dX
dX

by using the transformed variables X = d1/2 xs /s = x, and Y = y/x2 and P = 2.

The solution to the above Bessels equation is
Y (X) = c1 JP (X) + c2 YP (X)
and using the original variables the desired solution is
y(x) = c1 x2 J2 (x) + c2 x2 Y2 (x)

Characteristic Functions

3.1
A uniform string is unrestrained from transverse motion at x = 0 while at x = L is attached
to a yielding support of modulus k, the ends of the string being constrained against appreciable movement parallel to the axis of rotation. Show that the nth critical speed n is given
by
n
n =
L

where cot(n ) = n and = T /kL.

Answer: Solve

d2 y
+ 2 y = 0
2
dx
T
subject to the free end condition at x = 0
y 0 (0) = 0
and, since a yielding support is nothing but an elastic spring which exerts a restoring force
proportional to its stretch, (i.e. T y 0 = ky),
T
Ly 0 (L) = Ly 0 (L) = y(L)
kL
at x = L.
Inspection shows that the functions

y1 (x) = cos(
and

x)
T

x)
T
both satisfy the ODE, therefore, the general solution is
y2 (x) = sin(

x) + c2 sin(
x)
y(x) = c1 y1 (x) + c2 y2 (x) = c1 cos(
T
T
The stated boundary conditions require that, c2 = 0 and that
r

L
T

be the roots of
cot() =

3.2
Determine the Fourier coefficients of the following expansion for 0 < x < ,
f (x) = x =

X
0

Answer:
Here
2
An =

Z
0

An sin(nx)

x sin(nx)dx =

n2
2
n

n = even
n = odd

3.3
Use the Maple system to investigate the problem of characteristic function representations.

Numerical Solution of Boundary Value Problems for

Ordinary Differential Equations

4.1
Use the linear shooting method with h = 0.1 to find the solution to the following boundary
value problem in x [1, 2]:
Find y satisfying
2
2
sin(ln x)
y 00 = y 0 + 2 y +
x
x
x2
and subject to
y(1) = 1
y(2) = 2
Answer:
The exact solution is (check!)
y(x) = 1.1392070132x

0.03920701320
0.3 sin(ln x) 0.1 cos(ln x)
x2

Numerical and analytical solutions are compared in the following table.

xi unum
uex
1.5 1.48115939 1.48115942

4.2
Use the linear finite difference method with h = 0.1 to find the solution to the following
boundary value problem in x [1, 2]:
Find y satisfying
2
2
sin(ln x)
y 00 = y 0 + 2 y +
x
x
x2
and subject to
y(1) = 1
7

y(2) = 2
Answer:
The exact solution is again
y(x) = 1.1392070132x

0.03920701320
0.3 sin(ln x) 0.1 cos(ln x)
x2

Numerical and analytical solutions are compared in the following table.

xi unum
uex
1.5 1.48112026 1.48115942

Vector Analysis and Differential Geometry

5.1
For each of the following vector functions F, determine whether = F has a solution and
determine it if it exists.
a) F = 2xyz 3 i (x2 z 3 + 2y)j + 3x2 yz 2 k
b) F = 2xyi + (x2 + 2yz)j + (y 2 + 1)k
Answer:
a) Here = F requires F = 0 which is not the case here, so no solution.
b) Here F = 0 so that
(x, y, z) = x2 y + y 2 z + z + c

5.2
Let F = yzi + xyj + xzk.
a) Compute the line integral of F from (0, 0, 0) to (1, 1, 1) along the path C consisting
first of the curve C1 defined by x = y 2 , z = 0in the x y plane from (0, 0, 0) to (1, 1, 0) and
then the line C2 , defined by x = 1, y = 1 perpendicular to the x y plane from (1, 1, 0) to
(1, 1, 1).
b) Repeat the calculation but now with C being the straight line x = y = z.
Answer:
a) Consider the first part of C, here dx = 2ydy and dz = 0 so that
Z
C1

F dr =

y 3 dy =

1
4

Now, for C2 , dx = dy = 0 and

Z
C2

F dr =

zdz =

1
2

Thus
Z

F dr =

Z
C1

F dr +

Z
C2

3
1 1
+ =
4 2
4

F dr =

b) In this case dx = dy = dz and

Z
C

F dr =

3z 2 dz = 1

In this case the line integral is path dependent.

5.3
Let F = xi + yj and compute the surface integral of F over the surface S of the hemisphere
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 with z 0.
Answer:
Here n = xi + yj + zk and ds = dxdy/z therefore
Z Z
S

F nds =

Z Z
D

(x2 + y 2 )

dxdy
z

where D is the projection of S on the x y plane (i.e. the unit circle). Therefore
Z Z
S

The final result

RR
S

F nds = 4

1x2

x2 + y 2

1 (x2 + y 2 )

dxdy

Fnds = 43 is most easily obtained by switching to polar coordinates.

5.4
For the system of coordinates u, , defined by
x = au sin cos
y = bu sin sin
z = cu cos
show that the element of volume is of the form
d = abcu2 sin dudd
Answer:
9

The element of volume in the u1 , u2 , u3 coordinate system is given by

d = (U1 U2 U3 )du1 du2 du3
Introducing u1 = u, u2 = , and u3 = and recalling that for i = 1, 2, 3
Ui =

r
ui

one has
x
y
z
+j
+k
=
u1
u1
u1
= ia sin cos + jb sin sin + kc cos
U1 = i

x
y
z
+j
+k
=
u2
u2
u2
= iau cos cos + jbu cos sin kcu sin
U2 = i

x
y
z
+j
+k
=
u3
u3
u3
= iau sin sin + jbu sin cos + k0
U3 = i

Therefore,




 x y z 
 x x x 
 u1 u1 u1 
 u1 u2 u3 
 x y z 
 y y y 
(x, y, z)
=|


|
=
U1 U2 U3 =  u

 u1 u2 u3  =
u
u
(u, , )
 x2 y2 z2 
 z z z 
 u u u 
 u u u 
1
2
3
3
3
3


 a sin cos au cos cos au sin sin 




 = abcu2 sin
=  b sin sin bu cos sin bu sin cos

 c cos cu sin 0


so that
d = abcu2 sin dudd

Extrema; Systems of Nonlinear Equations; Calculus

of Variations

6.1
Determine extrema for the function f (x, y) = 1 x2 y 2 at (x, y) = (0, 0).
10

Answer:
Here
fx = 2x = 0
and
fy = 2y = 0
Also
fxx = 2 = fyy < 0
and since fxy = 0,
2
fxx fyy = 4 > fxy

the point (0, 0) is a relative maximum.

6.2
Determine the shortest distance from the point (1, 0) to the parabola y 2 = 4x.
Answer:
The function to be minimized is
f (x, y) = (x 1)2 + y 2
while the constraint is
g(x, y) = y 2 4x = 0
The auxiliary function becomes
(x, y) = f (x, y) + g(x, y) = (x 1)2 + y 2 + (y 2 4x)
The necessary conditions for a minimum are then
x = 2(x 1) 4 = 0
y = 2y + 2y = 0
= g(x, y) = y 2 4x = 0
The only real solution to the above system is x = 0, y = 0 and = 1/2.
11

6.3
Consider the system of nonlinear equations
f1 (x1 , x2 ) = x1 + x2 3 = 0
f2 (x1 , x2 ) = x21 + x22 9 = 0
Let x0 = (1, 5) and use Newtons method to find the solution.
Answer:
Here
f1
x1
f2
x1

J=

f1
x2
f2
x2

1
1
2x1 2x2

From this, the linear system for the first correction is

1 1
2 10

s01
s02

3
17

with solution s01 = 13

, s02 = 11
, which gives x1 = (0.625, 3.625). Repeating the process
8
8
2
yields x = (0.092, 3.092). The actual solution is x = (0, 3).

6.4
Use Maple to find the solution of the following system of equations assuming the initial guess
x1 = 0.1, x2 = 0.1, x3 = 0.1.
1
=0
2
f2 (x) = x21 81(x2 + 0.1)2 + sin(x3 ) + 1.06 = 0
10 3
=0
f3 (x) = exp(x1 x2 ) + 20x3 +
3
f1 (x) = 3x1 cos(x2 x3 )

Answer:
The solution after 5 Newton iterations is x1 = 0.5, x2 = 0.00000002, x3 = 0.52359877.

6.5
Apply the calculus of variations to determine the function u(x) which minimizes the following
functional
Z

I(u) =

/2

[(

du 2
) u2 + +2xu]dx
dx
12

with
u(0) = u(/2) = 0
Answer:
Here the Euler equation is
d2 u
+u=x
dx2
the solution of which is
u = c1 cos(x) + c2 sin(x) + x
Incorporating the boundary conditions finally yields

u = x ( ) sin(x)
2
and the corresponding minimum value of I is
2

Imin = ( )(1 )
2
12

6.6
Find approximate solutions to the BVP consisting of finding u(x) that satisfyies
u00 + u + x = 0
subject to u(0) = u(1) = 0.
Use the following coordinate functions
i = xi (1 x)
for i = 1, 2, ..., N , to construct by linear combination the approximation
uN =

N
X
i=1

ai i = a1 1 + a2 2 + ... + aN N = a1 x(1 x) + a2 x2 (1 x) + ... + aN xN (1 x)

Then apply the Ritz method to construct approximate solutions of the equivalent variational
statement of the problem involving only one and two terms in the above series.
Answer:
The functional associated with the above problem and which is to be minimized is
Z

I(u) =

1
0

1
1
[ (u0 )2 u2 xu]dx
2
2
13

introducing the approximation u1 (x) u(x) given by

u1 = a1 x(1 x)
into the functional, carrying out the integration and then determining the value of a1 that
makes dI/da1 = 0 yields a1 = 5/18.
Introducing now the approximation u2 (x) u(x) given by
u2 = a1 x(1 x) + a2 x2 (1 x)
into the functional, carrying out the integration and then determining the values of a1 and
a2 that makes I/a1 = I/a2 = 0 yields a1 = 71/369 and a2 = 7/41.

7
7.1

Analytical Solutions of Partial Differential Equations

Elliptic Equation - Separation of Variables Method

Find the solution u(x, y) of the following problem in 0 x 1, and 0 y 2 using the
method of separation of variables. Write down the first three terms of the solution obtained.
2u 2u
+
=0
x2 y 2
subject to
u(x, 0) = x
at y = 0 for 0 x 1,
u(x, 2) = 0
at y = 2 for 0 x 1,
u(0, y) = 0
at x = 0 for 0 y 2, and
u(1, y) = 0
at x = 1 for 0 y 2.
Answer:
Assume u(x, y) = X(x)Y (y). Substituting into the PDE yields
Y 00
X 00
=
= 2
X
Y
14

The associated BVP for X is

X 00 + 2 X = 0
subject to
X(0) = X(1) = 0
The general solution
X(x) = A cos(x) + B sin(x)
and introducing the boundary conditions gives
Xn (x) = Bn sin(nx)
for n = 1, 2, ..... Now the associated BVP for Y is
Y 00 2 Y = 0
Since Y (0) 6= 0, the general solution is
Y (y) = C cosh([y 2]) + D sinh([y 2])
but since Y (2) = 0
Yn (y) = Dn sinh(n[y 2])
The desired solution then has the form

u(x, y) =

n=1

Xn (x)Yn (y) =

X
n=1

an sin(nx) sinh(n[y 2])

Finally the fourth boundary condition requires that

u(x, 0) = x =

[an sinh(2n)] sin(nx)

n=1

which is the Fourier sine series representation of x with Fourier coefficients

an sinh(2n) = 2

Z
0

x sin(nx)dx = 2

(1)n+1
n

Therefore the required solution is

u(x, y) =

(1)n

n=1

2
sin(nx) sinh(n[y 2])
n sinh(2n)
15

7.2

Parabolic Equation - Separation of Variables Method

Find the temperature distribution inside a slab of thickness L and thermal diffusivity
undergoing transient heat conduction. The initial temperature distribution of the slab is
T (x, 0) = f (x). The slab is quenched by forcing the temperature at its two surfaces x = 0
and x = L to become equal to zero (i.e. (T (0, t) = T (L, t) = 0; Dirichlet homogeneous
conditions) for t > 0.
Answer:
The mathematical statement of the heat equation for this problem is:
2 T (x, t)
T (x, t)
=
t
x2
subject to
T (0, t) = T (L, t) = 0
and
T (x, 0) = f (x)
for all x when t = 0.
Assume now a solution exists with the form
T (x, t) = X(x)(t)
Introducing the above assumption into the heat equation and rearranging yields
1 d
1 d2 X
=
2
X dx
dt
However since X(x) and (t), the left hand side of this equation is only a function of x
while the right hand side is a function only of t. For this to avoid being a contradiction (for
arbitrary values of x and t) both sides must be equal to a constant. For physical reasons the
required constant must be negative; let us call it 2 .
Therefore, the original PDE is transformed into the following two ODEs
1 d2 X
= 2
2
X dx
and
1 d
= 2
dt
General solutions to these equations are readily obtained and are
X(x) = A0 cos(x) + B 0 sin(x)
16

and
(t) = C exp( 2 t)
Substituting back into our original assumption yields
T (x, t) = X(x)(t) = [A cos(x) + B sin(x)] exp( 2 t)
where the constant C has been combined with A0 and B 0 to give A and B without lossing
any generality.
Now we introduce the boundary conditions. Since T (0, t) = 0, necessarily A = 0. Furthermore, since also T (L, t) = 0, then sin(L) = 0 (since B = 0 is an uninteresting trivial
solution.) and there is an infinite number of values of which satisfy this conditions, i.e.
n =

n
L

with n = 1, 2, 3, ....
Each value of yields an independent solution satisfying the heat equation as well as
the two boundary conditions. Therefore we have now an infinite number of independent
solutions Tn (x, t) for n = 1, 2, 3, ... given by
Tn (x, t) = [Bn sin(n x)] exp(n2 t)
Applying the principle of superposition yields a more general solution by linear combination, i.e.
T (x, t) =

X
n=1

Tn (x, t) =

[Bn sin(n x)] exp(n2 t) =

n=1

[Bn sin(

n=1

n
nx
)] exp(( )2 t)
L
L

The last step is to ensure the values of the constants Bn are chosen so as to satisfy the
initial condition, i.e.
T (x, 0) = f (x) =

X
n=1

Bn sin(

X
nx
nx
)=
)
Bn sin(
L
L
n=1

Note that this is the Fourier sine series representation of the function f (x).
A key property of the eigenfunctions is the orthonormality property expressed in the
case of the sin(n x) functions as
Z
0

mx
nx
) sin(
)dx =
sin(
L
L

0
, n 6= m
L/2 , n = m

Using the orthonormality property one can multiply the Fourier sine series representation
) and integrate from x = 0 to x = L to produce the result
of f (x) by sin( mx
L
2ZL
nx
)dx
f (x) sin(
Bn =
L 0
L
17

for n = 1, 2, 3, ....
Explicit expressions for the Bn s can be obtained for simple f (x)s, for instance if
(

x
, 0 x L2
L x , L2 x L

f (x) =
then

Bn =

4L
n2 2
n4L
2 2

, n = 1, 5, 9, ...
, n = 3, 7, 11, ...
, n = 2, 4, 6, ...

Finally, the resulting Bn s can be substituted into the general solution above to give

T (x, t) =

X
n=1

Tn (x, t) =

X
2

n=1

f (x0 ) sin(

n2 2 t
nx0
nx
)dx0 ] sin(
) exp(
)
L
L
L2

and for the specific f (x) given above

T (x, t) =

1
9 2 t
2 t
x
3x
4L
)

exp(
) + ...]
[exp(
)
sin(
) sin(
2
2
2

L
L
9
L
L

Another important special case is when the initial temperature f (x) = Ti = constant.
The result in this case is
T (x, t) =

7.3

(2n + 1)x
n2 2 t
4Ti X
1
sin(
) exp(
)
n=0 (2n + 1)
L
L2

Parabolic Equation - Laplace Transform Method

Find the function T (x, t) in 0 x < satisfying

1 T
2T
=
2
x
t
and subject to
T (0, t) = f (t)
T (x , t) = 0
and
T (x, 0) = 0
18

using the Laplace Transform method.

Answer:
Taking Laplace transforms one gets
d2 T(x, s)
s
T(x, s) = 0
2
dx

T(0, s) = f(s)
T (x , s) = 0
The solution of this problem is

T (x, s) = f(s)ex s/ = f(s)

g (x, s) = L[f (t) g(x, t)]
Inversion then produces
T (x, t) = f (t) g(x, t) =

Z
0

f ( )g(x, t )d

Inversion of g(x, s) to get g(x, t) finally gives

T (x, t) =

x
4

=0

x2
f ( )
]d
exp[
(t )3/2
4(t )

If f (t) = T0 = constant, the solution is

q
T0
exp(x s/)
T (x, s) =
s

and inverting the transform yields

x
T (x, t) = T0 erf c( )
2 t

19

7.4

Parabolic Equation - Laplace Transform Method

Find a bounded solution u(r, t) of the following problem using the Laplace transform method.
u
2 u 1 u
=
+
r2
r r
t
subject to
u(r, 0) = 0
and
u(a, t) = u0
where t > 0, 0 < r < a with a = constant.
Answer:
Taking Laplace transforms of the terms in the given PDE yields
d2 u(r, s) 1 d
u(r, s)
= s
u(r, s)
+
dr2
r dr
This is a Bessel-type equation with general solution given by

u(r, s) = AJ0 (ir s) + BY0 (ir s)

Since we look for a bounded solution, necessarily B = 0. Now transformation of the boundary
condition at r = a yields
u0
u(a, s) =
s
and combining with the above gives
u0
1

A=
s J0 (ia s)
so that the solution for u(r, s) becomes

J0 (ir s)

u(r, s) = u0
sJ0 (ia s)

Finally, the inverse transformation gives

2

u(r, t) = u0 [1 2

X
en t/a J0 (n r/a)
n=1

where n are the roots of

J0 (n ) = 0

20

n J1 (n )

7.5

Hyperbolic Equation - Separation of Variables Method

For a freely vibrating square membrane of side l , supported along the boundary x = 0,
x = l, y = 0, y = l, obtain the deflection w(x, y, t) in the form
w=

X
X
m=1 n=1

sin(

ny
mx
) sin(
)[amn cos(mn t) + bmn sin(mn t)]
l
l

where

mn = m2 + n2

T
l2

Answer: The function w(x, y, t) must satisfy the wave equation

1 2w
2w 2w
+
= 2 2
x2
y 2
t
where 2 = T /.
Assume that wp = X(x)Y (y)(t) and substitute to get
1 1
1 00 1 00
X + Y = 2 00 = c2
X
Y

and
1 00
X = k 2
X
introducing the boundary conditions gives
m
x)
Xm (x) = bm sin(
l
and
n
Yn (x) = en sin( y)
l
and
2
c=
m + n2
l
so that
T 2
1 00
2
= 2 (m2 + n2 ) = mn

l
with solution
(t) = f cos mn t + g sin mn t
combining the above and relabeling the constants leads to the required expression.
21