Overall Steps

1.

Ingestion

2.

Secretion (of enzymes)

3.

Digestion

4.

Absorption

5.

Elimination

Mechanical Digestion
MasticationMastication chewing
Deglutination- swallowing
Peristalsis & Segmentation

Chemical Digestion
Enzymes work to digest
food by hydrolysis
The function with a
negative feedback loop
They are continually
being eliminated
The have specific pH
under which they function
Examples
amylase, slightly acidic
in saliva
pepsin, highly acidic
stomach

Chemical Digestion
Location
Mouth (Saliva)
Stomach (Gastric
juice)

Pancreatic juice

Intestinal Enzymes

Digestive juices and

Enzymes

Substance
Digested

Amylase

Starch
(polysaccharides)

Pepsin (protease)

Proteins

HCL

Proteins

Trypsin (protease)

Proteins

Lipases

Fats, lipids

Amylase

Starch

Peptidases

Peptides, proteins

Sucrase

Sucrose

Lactase

Lactose

Maltase

Maltose

Chemical Digestion
Location
Mouth (Saliva)
Stomach (Gastric
juice)

Pancreatic juice

Intestinal Enzymes

Digestive juices and

Enzymes

Substance
Digested

Amylase

Starch
(polysaccharides)

Pepsin (protease)

Proteins

HCL

Proteins

Trypsin (protease)

Proteins

Lipases

Fats, lipids

Amylase

Starch

Peptidases

Peptides, proteins

Sucrase

Sucrose

Lactase

Lactose

Maltase

Maltose

Macromolecule Digestion
Starches(carbohydrates)monosaccharides(glucose)

Proteins(polypeptides) amino acids

Lipids fatty acids, glycerols

Nutrient Digestion
Nutrients
include

Carbohydrates

Fats

Proteins

Vitamins

Minerals

include

are made of

are made using

include

include

Simple

Complex

such as

such as

Amino
acids

Fatty Acids
Sugars

Starches

Calcium

Glycerol
Fat-soluble

Watersoluble

Iron

Emulsification of Fats
Fats are insoluble in
water and must be
broken down into small
droplets, or emulsified
Lecithin and bile salts
found in bile both act
as emulsifying agents
Micelles,
Micelles tiny fat
droplets are formed
with lots of surface
area
Lipases from pancreatic
enzymes can then
breakdown fats

Micelle
(fat droplet in water)

Digestive Secretions
Saliva is mostly water
but also contains
digestive enzymes
Mucus is a mixture of
water and glycoproteins
Chief cells in stomach
secrete gastric
enzymes(pepsin)
Parietal cells secrete
HCL (activates pepsin)
and intrinsic factor into
the stomach
Enzyme Function
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AFbPHlhI13g

Absorption
Stomach
20% alcohol
Aspirin
Small Intestines
Ca, Mg, Fe
Glucose
Vitamins, Na, K, B12
80% alcohol
Fats
H2O
Colon
Na, K
H2O
Rectum
Elimination of feces

Elimination
Defecation is the process
of eliminating feces
Defection reflex is
triggered by a filling of the
rectum
Constipation results of
slow movement of feces
causes a high rate of
water absorption
Diarrhea is caused by a
rapid movement of stool
that does not allow for
absorption of water, can
be fatal is severe and
untreated

Page 788

Disorders of the Digestive System

Gastroenteritis- inflammation
of the stomach
Anorexia- chronic loss of
appetite
Emesis- vomiting

Nausea- unpleasant feeling

before vomiting
DiverticulosisDiverticulosis saclike
pouches in the intestines that
can become inflamed and
infected.

Disorders of the Digestive System

Ulcer- open wound or
sore in the stomach
or small intestine,
Caused by H. pylori
Irritable bowel
syndrome, IBS(spastic colon) stress
causes diarrhea or
constipation
Cirrhosis- when the
liver is damaged
faster than it can
regenerate it
develops scar tissue.