Supplemental Manual
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Supplemental Manual
ii
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Supplemental Manual
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Supplemental Manual
SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
This manual is intended to supplement the Fatigue, Joint Can and the SACS IV manuals.
The manual addresses new features in these modules for the SACS 5.2 Service Pack 2
Release.
Only the main sections that effected by the new features are included in the supplemental
manual.
1-3
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SECTION 2
Fatigue
2-1
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2.0 FATIGUE
Fatigue is a post-processing program and requires one or more SACS common solution
files as part of its input data. For a discussion on creating the appropriate SACS common
solution files, see the previous section. In addition, certain other information is required
and the user must select from various options available to execute a fatigue analysis. The
following sections detail the information required and options available for executing
Spectral, direct deterministic or interpolated deterministic fatigue analysis.
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FTOPT
20.0
2.0
SK
2-3
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Supplemental Manual
The following indicates that 3 additional solution files are to be used for a total of 4
solution files.
1
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FTOPT 3 20.0
2.0
SK
Note: Designate more than 9 additional solution files (10 total) using the letters A for
10 additional (11 total), B for 11 additional (12 total), C for 12 additional (13 total),
D for 13 additional (14 total), E for 14 additional (15 total) and F for 15 additional
(16 total).
2.1.1.2 Checking Grouted Piles
Enter G in column 6 of the FTOPT line if an effective thickness is to be used when
calculating fatigue damage for grouted legs. The effective thickness can be determined by
specifying 1, 2, 3 ,4 or 5 in column 70 on the FTOPT2 line as follows:
Option 1, selected by inputting 1, the effective thickness is based on the moment of
inertia of the cross section of the element as follows:
teff =
4
DLeg ( DLeg
I comp
64 1/ 4
I comp =
64
4
4
4
4
[( DLeg
+ DPile
) (d Leg
+ d Pile
)]
where: dLeg and dPile are the inside diameter of the leg and pile, respectively.
When using option 2, the program uses an effective thickness based on the moment of
inertias of the outer tube and the inner tube walls as follows:
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y
Leg
y
Leg
NA
Pile
Pile
where: tLeg and tPile are wall thickness of leg and pile, respectively.
By default, the chord effective thickness limit expressed as a factor of the actual chord
thickness is 1.75. Enter the limit in columns 71-74 on the FTOPT2 line.
Option 5 selected by inputting 5, the effective thickness on recommendations in
accordance to the Errata and Supplement 2, API RP2A- WSD 21st Edition.
2.1.1.3 Norsok Axial Stress Linear Variation
Enter L in column 75 of the FTOPT2 line if the axial stress at the points between the
crown and saddle are to be determined using a linear variation as stipulated by Norsok
Standards.
2.1.2 In-line Connection Option
By default, in-line connections, or joints with no braces, are checked as part of the
standard fatigue check.
Fatigue damage can be calculated at points of cross-section changes on segmented tubular
members (i.e. where no joint exists) by entering TI in columns 68-69 on the FTOPT2
line.
Note: The Fatigue program calculates SCFs using API cone SCF criteria
for cone/cylinder intersections when they are defined as internal segments
(not end segments). If the cone is located at either end of the member, a
default SCF of 5.0 is used.
The sample below stipulates that change in cross sections for segmented tubular members
are to be checked as in-line connections.
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FTOPT
20.0
2.0
SK
FTOPT2
TI
A report containing the ranges that certain SCF parameters are valid may be output by
inputting VC in columns 14-15 on the FTOPT2 input line.
Plate summary reports may be generated in either plate order, where plate names are listed
in ascending order, life order, where members are listed in ascending fatigue life order, or
by both plate order and life order, by specifying PO, LO or PL in columns 18-19,
respectively.
The following requests summary reports with connections listed in damage order. The
SCF validity report is also requested.
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FTOPT
FTOPT2
20.0
PT
2.0
SM
SK
VC
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2.1.3.1 Overriding Joint Report Options
The report print options for individual joints or groups of joints may be overridden using
the JNTSEL input line. The print level, SM, FL, PC or DG is designated in columns
11-12. If a range of joints is specified, R is entered in column 15. The individual joint
names or joint ranges to be overridden are stipulated in columns 16-75.
If the joints specified are to be removed from the analysis report, RM is entered in
columns 8-9. Any report option specified in columns 11-12 is ignored.
The report level for a joint may also be overridden using the JNTOVR line. Enter either
SM, FL, PC or DG in columns 29-30 for a summary, full print with stress and
damage, full print with damage and percent of total damage, or diagnostic print,
respectively.
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FTOPT
20.0
2.0
SK
EX 50 .125
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Enter WS in columns 26-27 to invoke wave spreading or AP to invoke wave
spreading with response function averaging (API energy approach).
If the structure is symmetrical about the XZ plane and transfer function data was
developed for 0 through 180 degree approach directions only, enter XZ in columns 2829. Likewise, if the structure is symmetrical about the YZ plane , and the transfer
function data was developed for 90 through -90 degree approach directions only, enter
YZ in columns 30-31.
The wave spreading is assumed to be defined by the distribution cos()n. The power of
the cosine distribution, n, is designated in columns 32-36.
Note: When using wave spreading, transfer functions must be developed
using the same waves (i.e. Height and period) for each direction.
SCF =
sin
(4.0 + 0.67 )
K a Q
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Supplemental Manual
where:
for 0.6
1.0
Q =
0.3
For in-line connections or segmented tubular section changes, the default SCF method is
designated in columns 51-53 on the FTOPT2 line. The following in-line SCF options are
available:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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7. USR - user defined SCFs. Requires SCF and/or SCF2 input line.
For Norsok in-line SCF methods, the percent out of roundness and maximum out of
roundness are specified on the FTOPT3 line in columns 8-12 and 13-17, respectively.
The options for the EFT SCF calculations can be assigned on the EFTOPT input
line when the validity ranged do not meet the requirements as discussed in API
RP2A WSD Supplement 2. This line should be defined after the FTOPT2 line in the
fatigue input file. To calculate the SCFs based upon the actual geometric parameters
ACT should be entered in columns 8-10 of the EFTOPT input line. To use the
limiting geometric parameters LIN should be entered. To use the maximum SCFs
from the ACT and LIN options then MAX should be entered in columns 8-10 of
the EFTOPT line. The short can reduction may be turned off by entering NSC on
columns 11-13 of the EFTOPT input line.
The following designates that Efthymiou Model C options is the default method to
calculate SCFs for tubular connections. In-line connection SCFs will be determined
using American Welding Society recommendations.
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FTOPT
20.0
2.0
SK
EFT
FTOPT2
AWS
TI
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JNTOVR
105
UEG
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SCFSEL
ALK
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The following specifies that Alpha-Kellog SCFs are to be used for tubular connections by
default. The values calculated by the program shall not exceed 5. nor be less than 2.
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FTOPT
20.0
2.0
MXMNSK
ALK
Note:
The SCF limit features should not be used when the DNV SCF option is
selected.
The overall SCF for tubular members may be specified in columns 6-10. If an overall
value is specified, any values entered in columns 36-75 are overridden. The SCF to be
used for wide flanges, compact wide flanges, prismatic sections, boxes and/or plate
elements are designated in columns 11-15, 16-20, 21-25, 26-30 and 31-35, respectively.
The SCFs to be used for angle, tee and channel type sections may be stipulated on the
SCF2 input line in columns 6-10, 11-15 and 16-20, respectively.
For tubular elements, detailed stress concentration factors may be specified for axial and
bending loads and for the brace or chord. The brace side SCF for axial loads in the crown
and saddle may be designated independently in columns 36-40 and 41-45, respectively.
The brace SCFs for in-plane and out-of-plane bending are specified in columns 46-50
and 51-55, respectively. The chord side SCF for axial loads in the crown and saddle may
also be designated independently in columns 56-60 and 61-65, respectively. The chord
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75, respectively.
The following designates that user defined default SCF values are to be used. 4.0 is to be
used for all wide flange, box, tee, angle and channel sections. For tubular sections, the
values for both brace and chord axial load crown and saddle are 3.0 and 3.5. The defaults
(5.0) are applicable for bending.
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FTOPT
SCF
SCF2
20.0
4.0
2.0
4.0
4.0
MXMNSK
4.0
3.0
3.5
USR
3.0 3.5
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The user may specify S-N data or select a curve included in the program.
2.3.1 Default S-N Curve
Numerous S-N curves including ones recommended by AWS, Norwegian Standards,
British Standards and API are built into the program. The user may also define the
relationship between allowable cycles and stress range by specifying a user defined
curve.
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2.3.1.1 Intrinsic Curves
Several S-N curves are intrinsic or built into the program. The default S-N curve option is
designated in columns 33-35 on the FTOPT input line. The following S-N options are
available:
1. AWS - American Welding Society X-X Curve
2. API - API X Curve
3. APP - API X' (X Prime) Curve
4. AXX - API thickness dependent X Curve
5. AXP - API thickness dependent X' (X Prime) Curve
6. NS3 - Norwegian Standards (NS3472E) including material thickness variations
(requires SNT1 input line)
7. Baa - British Standard (BS6235) curves where aa is as follows:
C for C curve
D for D curve E for E curve F for F curve
F2 for F2 curve G for G curve W for W curve
8. HTP - HSE T Prime curve with thickness correction only
9. HPP - HSE P curve with thickness correction only
10. TTP - HSE T Prime for tubular and P curve for other sections (with thickness
correction only)
11. USR - User defined S-N curve using S-N input line
12. xxx - Advanced user defined curve using SN-USR line where xxx is the label
supplied on the SN-USR line.
13. Nbb - Norsok standards where bb ia as follows:
B1 for B1 curve B2 for B2 curve C for C curve C1 for C1
C2 for C2 curve D for D curve
E for E curve F for F curve
F1 for F1 curve F3 for F3 curve
G for G curve W1 for W1
W2 for W2 curve T for T curve
14. API-RP2A WSD Supplement 2 as follows:
WJT for welded joint with no weld improvement.
WJ1 for welded joint with weld profile as described in section 11.1.3.d
of API- RP2A WSD 21 Edition.
WJ2' for welded joint with weld toe burr grind.
WJ3' for welded joint with hammer peening
CJT for cast joint
st
Enter the mudline elevation and water depth in columns (54-67) of the FTOPT2
line for the HSE T prime, P and API RP2A 21 supplement 2 'WJ_' S-N curves.
Note: Typically, brace, chord and in-line connections are adjusted when
selecting thickness dependent S-N criteria. However, for APP or APX
options, thickness dependency is considered for braces only (i.e. chord
and in-line connections are not adjusted for thickness).
The following designates that the API X Prime curve is to be used as the default S-N
curve.
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FTOPT
20.0
2.0
APP
SK
EFT
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JNTOVR
105 API
UEG
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( 1- 5)
COMMENTARY
THE FATIGUE PROGRAM PERFORMS AN EVALUATION OF THE TOTAL
ENVIRONMENTAL FATIGUE DAMAGE FOR THE LIFE OF A STRUCTURE
USING THE S-N PALMGREN-MINER ACCUMULATED DAMAGE METHOD OR THE
PARIS EQUATION CRACK GROWTH METHOD. AN APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS
BASED ON PUNCHING SHEAR (AS SHOWN IN THE API-RP2A) CAN BE
PERFORMED USING THE JOINT CAN PROGRAM.
( 6 )
( 7 )
( 8-14)
(15-21)
(22-28)
(29-30)
OVERALL PARAMETERS
GROUT
PILE
(33-35)
ENTER THE SOURCE OF THE S-N (STRESS RANGE VERSUS CYCLES) CURVE:
AWS
API
APP
USR
NS3'
AXX
AXP
BC,
POST
FILES
DESIGN
LIFE
E
TIME
PERIOD
LIFE
SAFETY
FACTOR
REDESIGN
CHORD
OPTION
BRACE
OPTION
8-14
DEFAULT
15-21
22-28
1.0
1.0
ENGLISH
YEARS
YEARS
METRIC
YEARS
YEARS
29
30
(36-37)
(38-39)
GENERAL OPTIONS
REPORT
OPTIONS
S-N
OR
CRACK
FTOPT
1-5
(31-32)
ENTER FTOPT.
LINE
LABEL
COMMENTARY
COLUMNS
31-32
33-35
SM
USR
2-20
FATIGUE
ANALYSIS
MEMBER
PLATE
36-37
38-39
40------------------------------------------80
COMMENTARY
THE FATIGUE PROGRAM PERFORMS AN EVALUATION OF THE TOTAL
ENVIRONMENTAL FATIGUE DAMAGE FOR THE LIFE OF A STRUCTURE
USING THE S-N PALMGREN-MINER ACCUMULATED DAMAGE METHOD OR THE
PARIS EQUATION CRACK GROWTH METHOD. AN APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS
BASED ON PUNCHING SHEAR (AS SHOWN IN THE API-RP2A) CAN BE
PERFORMED USING THE JOINT CAN PROGRAM.
( 1-39)
(40-41)
(42-43)
(44-45)
(46-47)
(49-50)
(51-53)
(54-59)
GENERAL OPTIONS
LINE
LABEL
COMMENTARY
COLUMNS
SCF
LIMITS
MAX
MIN
NONTUBE
SKIP
OPTION
40-41
42-43
44-45
(60-65)
(66-71)
( 74 )
( 75 )
(76-77)
(78-80)
REDESIGN
OPTION
46-47
49-50
THICKNESS
STEPS
ALLOWED
THICKNESS
STEP
SCF PARAMETERS
MINIMUM>D
T>RATIO
MINIMUM
GAP
K
FACTOR
OPTION
SCF
LENGTH
OPTION
LOAD
PATH
SCF
OPTION
SCF
OPTION
74
75
76-77
78-80
FTOPT
1-5
6 ---------------------------------39
DEFAULT
51-53
100
54-59
.125IN
60-65
20.0
66-71
-1000.IN
ENGLISH
IN
IN
METRIC
CM
CM
2-21
PSH
COLUMNS
COMMENTARY
GENERAL
( 1- 6)
ENTER FTOPT2'.
( 8- 9)
COMMENTARY
(22-23)
(24-25)
(26-27)
SELECT ONE
WS FOR
AP FOR
NOTE: THIS
(28-29)
(10-11)
(12-13)
(14-15)
(16-17)
(30-31)
(18-19)
(32-36)
(37-80)
(20-21)
REPORT OPTIONS
LINE
LABEL
MEMBER
DETAIL
REPORT
BER
Y
REPORT
JOINT ORDER
MEMBER
SUMMARY
REPORT
LIFE ORDER
8-9
10-11
12-13
WAVE SPREADING
SPECTRUM UPDATE
SCF
PLATE
ANALYSIS
SACS
JOINT
WAVE
VALIDITY
SUMMARY
PLOT
OPTION
FILE
REDESIGN
SPREADING
RANGE
REPORT
RESULTS
PROGRESS
OPTION
CHECK
OPTION
SYMMETRY
PLANE
OPTION
SYMMETRY
COSINE
LOADING
POWER
OPTION
FTOPT2
1-6
DEFAULT
14-15
16-17
18-19
20-21
22-23
PO
24-25
26-27
28-29
30-31
MI
ENGLISH
METRIC
2-22
32-36
37 ------------------- 80
COLUMNS
COMMENTARY
GENERAL
( 8-36)
(37-43)
ENTER THE ELEVATION FOR THE LOWER LIMIT OF THE ZONE FOR THE
AXX AND AXP S-N DATA OPTIONS. SPLASH ZONE DEFINES THE
REGION WHERE NO ENDURANCE LIMIT IS ALLOWED.
(44-50)
(51-53)
SPLASH ZONE
LINE
LABEL
LOWER
LEVEL
UPPER
LEVEL
37 - 43
44 - 50
COMMENTARY
(54-67)
ENTER THE MUDLINE ELEVATION AND WATER DEPTH FOR THE HSE T
PRIME, P AND API RP2A 21 SUPPLEMENT 2 'WJ_' CURVES.
(68-69)
( 70 )
(71-74)
( 75 )
( 76 )
WATER LEVEL
INLINE
TUB.
SCF
MUDLINE
ELEV.
WATER
DEPTH
54 - 60
61 - 67
EFF. THICK
TUB
INLINE
CHECK
OPTION
RATIO
LIMIT
68 - 69
70
71 - 74
AXIAL
STRESS
OPTION
ACCUMULATE
DAMAGE
FTOPT2
1 - 6
8 -------------------------36
51 - 53
DEFAULT
ENGLISH
FT
FT
FT
FT
METRIC
2-23
75
76
COLUMNS
LINE
LABEL
EXCEED
VALID.
CHECK
OPTION
COMMENTARY
GENERAL
( 8-10)
(11-13)
SHORT
CHORD
CORRECT.
OPTION
LEAVE BLANK
EFTOPT
1
DEFAULT
10
11
13
14 ---------------------------------------- 80
ACT
2-24
COLUMNS
COMMENTARY
GENERAL
( 1- 6)
ENTER JNTOVR.
( 8-11)
(13-15)
( 17 )
(18-23)
LINE
LABEL
ENTER THE
A T W N -
COMMENTARY
(25-27)
(29-30)
(32-37)
(38-43)
JOINT
NAME
S-N
DATA
OPTION
8 - 11
13 - 15
EFFECTIVE
CHORD
LENGTH
CALCULATION
OPTION
EFFECTIVE
CHORD
LENGTH
SCF
OPTION
JOINT
PRINT
OPTION
CHORD
THICKNESS
OVERRIDE
SAFETY
FACTOR
OVERRIDE
32
38
LEAVE BLANK
JNTOVR
1 - 6
17
18 - 23
25 - 27
29 - 30
DEFAULT
ENGLISH
FT
IN
METRIC
CM
2-25
37
43
44 ----------- 80
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Section 3
Joint Can
3-1
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JCNOPT API EN
WELD
70.0
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Option 1, selected by inputting 1, the effective thickness is based on the moment of
teff =
4
Dleg ( Dleg
I comp
64
1/ 4
I comp =
64
4
4
4
4
[( Dleg
+ D pile
) (d leg
+ d pile
)]
where: dleg and dpile are the inside diameter of the leg and pile, respectively
Option 2 uses the moment of inertias of the walls instead of the composite section
y
Leg
y
Leg
NA
Pile
Pile
Option 3 uses the sum of the square root of the squares of the leg and pile thickness and
is selected by specifying 3 in column 33.
3.1.2.1 Effective Thickness Limit
A chord effective thickness limit expressed as a factor of the actual chord thickness may
be specified in columns 76-79 on the JCNOPT input line. The default limit is 1.75.
The following designates that option 1 is to be used for grouted elements and that the
effective thickness limit is 2.
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JCNOPT LRFDEN
2.0
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
AP21
Errata and Supplement 2 API RP2A WSD 21st Edition
API API 20th Edition
AP91 API 19th Edition
AP84 API 15th Edition
AP83 API 13th Edition Supplement
AP80 API 13th Edition
LG - Linear global analysis based on API 21st Edition Section 17 criteria
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JCNOPT LRFDEN
RSFAC 0.85 0.90 0.90 0.90
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JCNOPT FTG EN
LCSEL
FATIGUE 150.
15
API
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JCNOPT EQLREN
LCSEL
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JCNOPT MSL EN
CUR
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JCNOPT LLEWEN
LCSEL
AMOD
AMOD
DLOAD
1.7
1.7
END
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JCNOPT API EN
AID 0.125
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JCNOPT API EN
AID 0.125
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JCNOPT API EN
GMOD 50.0
AID 0.125
TTT SSS
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COLUMNS
COMMENTARY
THIS LINE IS USED TO SPECIFY THE TYPE OF ANALYSIS, CODE
CHECK, AND REDESIGN PARAMETERS TO BE USED.
(20-31)
( 32 )
( 8-11)
(12-13)
(14-19)
ANALYSIS PARAMETERS
LINE
LABEL
JOINT
CHECK UNITS
OPTION
YIELD
STRESS
MIN
GAP
MAX
GAP
14 - 19
20-25
26-31
-100
1000
( 33 )
COMMENTARY
ENTER THE MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM GAP ALLOWED FOR PUNCHING SHEAR
ANALYSIS OF K JOINTS (A NEGATIVE GAP INDICATES AN OVERLAP).
ENTER B FOR BRACE-ON-BRACE PUNCHING SHEAR ANALYSIS. THIS
OPTION IS REQUIRED IF OVERLAPPED BRACE CHECK IS DESIRED.
USE EFFECTIVE THICKNESS FOR GROUT. ENTER 1' FOR EFF THICK
BASED ON THE COMPOSITE SECTION MOMENT OF INERTIA, 2' IF
BASED ON MOMENT OF INERTIAS OF THE TWO WALLS OR 3' IF BASED
ON THE SRSS OF THE TWO THICKNESSES.
( 34 )
( 35 )
( 36 )
( 37 )
( 38 )
(39-40)
MSL OPTIONS
REDESIGN PARAMETERS
OUTPUT OPTIONS
EFF
BRACE
EFF.
SY
C
RECHORD
UNITY
LOAD
CHORD THICK
ON
ULT.
REDESIGN
THICK
DIAM JOINT
STRENGTH
SCF
THICK OVERRIDE OR
ASSESS
OPTIONS
CHECK
PATH
LOAD LIMIT
BRACE
OPTION
OPTION
INCREM INCREM CAN
ANALYSIS
REPORT
OPTION OPTION
M
OPTION
ID OD TC
LEVEL
REPORT
TRANS
OPTION
JCNOPT
1 - 6
8 - 11
12-13
DEFAULT*
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39 - 40
ID
41-45
46-50
56-57
0.125
0.5
FL
ENGLISH
KSI
IN
IN
IN
IN
METRIC(KN)
KN/SQ.CM
CM
CM
CM
CM
METRIC(KG)
KG/SQ.CM
CM
CM
CM
CM
3-12
58-61
62
- 63
64 - 65
66-67
68-69
76-79
1.75
COLUMNS
COMMENTARY
GENERAL
(41-45)
(46-50)
( 51 )
(54-55)
ENTER ONE
FL UC MX -
(56-57)
ENTER THE
FL UC MX RD -
(58-61)
(62-63)
ENTER PT IF
BE PRINTED.
ENTER PT IF
ENTER PT IF
ENTER PT TO
(64-65)
(66-67)
(68-69)
COMMENTARY
(76-79)
ENTER THE EFFECTIVE THICKNESS LIMIT FACTOR FOR THE CHORD FROM
GROUTED PILE EFFECTS. THIS FACTOR IS USED TO INCREASE THE
WALL THICKNESS OF THE LARGER (OUTSIDE) TUBE.
*NOTE: ALL DEFAULT LENGTH VALUES ARE IN ENGLISH UNITS (INCHES)
THESE VALUES WILL BE CONVERTED TO CMS WHEN USING METRIC UNITS
ANALYSIS PARAMETERS
LINE
LABEL
JOINT
CHECK UNITS
YIELD
OPTION
STRESS
MIN
GAP
MAX
GAP
20-25
26-31
MSL OPTIONS
REDESIGN PARAMETERS
OUTPUT OPTIONS
EFF
ALLOW
BRACE
EFF.
SY
C
REUNITY
CHORD THICK
LIMIT
ON
ULT
REDESIGN CHORD THICK
DIAM
UC
JOINT
STRENGTH LOAD
THICK OVERRIDE OR
ASSESS
CHECK
SCF LOAD LIMIT
BRACE
OPT
OPTION OPTION INCREM INCREM
ORDER CAN
ANALYSIS PATH
OPTION OPTION
M
OPTION
LEVEL
TRANS
OPTION
JCNOPT
1-6
8 - 11
12-13
14-19
DEFAULT*
-100 +1000
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39-40
41 - 45
46 - 50
ID
0.125
0.5
ENGLISH
KSI
IN
IN
IN
IN
METRICKN
KNCM2
CM
CM
CM
CM
METRICKG
KGCM2
CM
CM
CM
CM
3-13
51
54-55
56-57
FL
58-61
62 - 63
64-65 66-67
68-69
76-79
1.75
BRACE/CHORD OVERRIDE
COLUMNS
LINE
LABEL
COMMON
JOINT
CONNECTING
JOINT
COMMENTARY
GENERAL
( 8-11)
(13-16)
(18-24)
(25-31)
(32-38)
EFFECTIVE
CHORD LENGTH
CHORD
MEMBER
THICKNESS
CHORD
CAN
THICKNESS
25 ---- 31
32 ----- 38
BRCOVR
1 - 6
11
13
16
18
-----
24
DEFAULT
ENGLISH
FT
IN
IN
METRIC
CM
CM
3-14
39 ------------------------- 80
SACS
Supplemental Manual
SECTION 4
SACS IV
4-1
Release 6: Revision 1
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Supplemental Manual
Release 6: Revision 1
4-2
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Supplemental Manual
4.0 SACS IV
The SACS IV model file is the standard input for all types of analyses in the SACS
System. The user need generate only one structural model that can be used in any type of
analysis.
The model file can be generated by various SACS program modules. Precede, Data
Generator or a text editor is used to create the analysis options, model geometry and userdefined loading. Seastate or Wave Response is used to generate environmental loading
data resulting from wave, wind, current, dead weight and buoyancy. Launch, Flotation or
Tow is used to generate loads induced by a jacket launch, upending sequence or
transportation, respectively.
The model file is made up of the following:
1.
Analysis Options
2.
Post Processor Options
3.
Material and Section Property Data
4.
Element Data
5.
Joint Data
6.
Load Data
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
OPTIONS
EN
SD
Two analysis techniques for plate elements are supported, DKT (Discrete Kirchhoff
theory) and traditional plate beam-strip theory. By default, traditional plate beam-strip
theory is used. Enter DK in columns 36-37 to use the DKT method.
Release 6: Revision 1
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Supplemental Manual
Note:
For some structures, axial force has a significant effect on
the lateral stiffness of the elements. The P- option gives a first order
approximation of these effects. Using the P- option requires specifying
P- load cases (i.e. the load cases used to determine the axial force in
the member) using the LCSEL line with the PD option.
Two analysis techniques for solid elements are supported, traditional constant strain 3
degree-of-freedom solids and isoparametric 6 degree-of-freedom solids. By default,
constant strain 3 DOF solids are used. Enter 6 in column 71 to use the isoparametric 6
DOF solids.
Solid joint ordering has two options as well. By default, solids joints are ordered such
that flat planes in solid elements become solid faces. A more robust ordering scheme
which allows solid face warpage may be specified with an R in column 72.
The following is a brief discussion of the post processing options that may be specified in
the model file. The Post Users Manual addresses these features in detail.
4.2.1 Member Check Code
The code that member stresses are to be checked with respect to is specified on the
OPTIONS line in columns 25-26.
4.2.2 Member Check Locations
The locations at which to check non-segmented and segmented members are specified on
the OPTIONS line in columns 29-30 and 31-32 respectively.
For non-segmented members, the number of equal length pieces the member is to be
divided into should be stipulated. For segmented members, specify the number of pieces
each segment of the member is to be divided into. In either case, the member is checked
at the beginning and end of each piece.
4.2.3 Output Reports
The desired output reports are designated on the OPTIONS input line. For member
reports, when PT is entered in the appropriate columns, all members are reported unless
SK appears on the individual MEMBER line. When SE is specified for a member
detail report, only members with RP on the MEMBER line are reported.
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Supplemental Manual
4.2.4 Redesign Parameters
If automatic redesign is desired, the parameters are designated on the REDESIGN input
lines.
4.2.5 Hydrostatic Collapse Parameters
Hydrostatic collapse parameters are specified on the HYDRO input line. Full hydrostatic
check including actual member stresses due to axial forces, bending and hoop stress can
be performed by the Post program.
4.2.6 Grouping Elements by Unity Check Ratio
Elements with unity check ratios that fall within a defined range can be printed together
as a report group. Up to three ranges may be defined using the UCPART input line.
For example, all elements with unity check ratio greater than 1.00 can be reported in the
first report, elements with unity check ratio between 0.8 and 1.0 in the second and
elements with unity check ratio between 0.5 and 0.8 in the third report.
4.2.7 Allowable Stress/Material Factor
For API/AISC working stress analysis, the calculated allowable stresses for a load case
(or load combination) can be modified by specifying the load case name and the
appropriate allowable stress factor on the AMOD line.
For NPD analysis, the material factor used for all load cases is specified using the
AMOD line. Only one material factor may be specified and it must be designated for
the first load case in the model, although it will be used for all load cases.
For Danish code analysis, the factors m and E selected on the GRUP line can be
changed for all members by using the AMOD line. Only one factor may be specified
and it must be designated for the first load case in the model, and it will be used for all
load cases. This is useful for blast analysis.
4.2.8 Resistance Factors
The resistance factors indicated by API are used by default when selecting LRFD codes.
The user can specify that resistance factors indicated for AISC or API seismic codes are
to be used by entering C or S in column 40 on the OPTIONS line.
For example, the following line specifies that resistance factors indicated by AISC are to
be used.
1
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
OPTIONS
EN
SDLR
2 2
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SACS
Supplemental Manual
4.2.8.1 User-Defined Resistance Factors
The user can modify the resistance factors to be used for LFRD analyses using the
RFLRFD line. The resistance factors for yield, axial compression, axial tension, bending,
shear and hoop capacities for tubular and non-tubular members can be entered.
For example, the following line specifies that 1.0 is to be used for axial compression and
tension for both tubular and non-tubular members.
1
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
OPTIONS
EN
RFLRFD
1.0
SDLR
2 2
1.0
A
1.0
1.0
The CODE line can be used to modify the default Euro code check option, shear area
option, Gamma M0 value and the Gamma M1 value
The SPAN input line can be used to identify analytical beam elements that make up
physical members for serviceability and code check requirements by entering the joints in
order of occurrence in the span. Any number of members can be included in a continuous
line. Cantilever members can also be analyzed but must be specified by entering C in
column 14 of the SPAN line. Moment discontinuities and moment member end releases
are allowed along the continuous member, however, force end releases are not allowed.
Note: The beam element local x axes of all elements defined
in the SPAN line are required to be acting in the same
direction.
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Supplemental Manual
4.3 ELEMENT DATA
The SACS system allows the use of beam, plate, shell and/or solid elements in the model.
4.3.1 Members or Beam Elements
Beam elements are specified on MEMBER lines following the MEMBER header input
line. Beam elements are named by the joints to which they are connected. In addition to
the connecting joints, the property group label along with some optional property data are
specified on the MEMBER line. Member properties specified, such as flood condition,
K-factors, average joint thickness and density override data specified on the GRUP line.
The following defines member 101- 201 and assigns it to property group GL2.
1
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
MEMBER0 101 201 GL2
Note:
When an average joint thickness is entered, the member length
used for Euler buckling and hydrodynamic load generation is shorted by
the average joint thickness. Any existing loads are not affected nor
modified when an average joint thickness is specified.
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Supplemental Manual
The default orientation of the member local coordinate system can be overridden by
specifying a chord (beta) angle and/or a local Z-axis reference joint on the MEMBER
line. When a chord angle is input, the default local coordinate system is rotated about the
local X-axis by the angle specified following the right-hand rule. The Z-axis reference
joint is used with the local X-axis to define the local XZ plane. The local Z-axis is
defined such that it is perpendicular to the member and positive toward the reference
joint.
4.3.1.1.1 Member Internal Load and Stress Sign Convention
The sign convention used by the Post program module for reporting member internal
loads and stresses is dependent on the member local coordinate system as follows:
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4-8
SACS
Supplemental Manual
The figure below shows positive loads and moments along with positive stresses at the
member beginning and end.
My
Mx
Fby
Mx
Fbx
Vy
Fvz
Fbz
a
z
Fa
Fbz
Mz
Vy
Fvz
z
a
Vz
a
z
Fa
Vz
Mz
Fby
My
Fvy
Fbx
Fvy
POSITIVE Stresses
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
MEMBER0 101 201 GL2
000111
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Supplemental Manual
1
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
MEMBER1 203 301 T01
MEMBER OFFSETS
-60.73
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
MEMBER 101 201 T01
MEMBER 201 301 T01
5.0 5.0
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
MEMBER 101 201 T01
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SACS
Supplemental Manual
Note: Values specified on the MEMBER line override values specified on
the GRUP line.
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
MEMBER 101 501
T01
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Supplemental Manual
1
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
MEMBER 101 501 AT01
MEMB2
10.0
The brace type X or K is designated in column 15. The member local axis, Y or Z,
that lies in the plane of the X-brace or K-brace is entered in column 16. Enter the
reference member(s) that will be checked for tension in columns 17-32. The K-factor
and/or buckling length to be used for load cases where the member is part of an X-brace
or the chord of a K-brace is designated in columns 33-38 and 39-45, respectively.
Note: K-braces require two reference members while the second reference
member is optional for X-braces.
The following example defines parameters for members 101-109 and 105-109 which are
chord members of a K-brace whose local Y-axes lie in the brace plane. The diagonal or
K-brace members are 109-110 and 109-112. For load cases where chord members 101109 and 105-109 are in compression and members 109-110 and 109-112 are in tension, a
K-factor of 0.8 and a buckling length of 11.15 is to be used. For other load cases, the Kfactor and buckling length specified in the model file are to be used.
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Supplemental Manual
1
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
MEMBER 101 109 A
MEMB2
0.8
11.21
0.8
11.15
105
110
307
305
L=11.15
310
309
L=11.21
109
L=
101
112
L=
8.5
5
1
8.7
301
303
This example defines parameters for members 301-309 and 307-309 which are chord
members of an X-brace and members 303-309, 305-310 and 310-309 which make up the
two brace elements framing into the chord. The members local Y-axes lie in the plane of
the brace. For members 301-309 and 307-309, a K-factor of 0.9 and a buckling length of
8.71 is to be used for load cases where the member is in compression and the other pair
of members framing into the chord, 303-309 and 310-309, are in tension. For members
303-309, 305-310 and 310-309, a K-factor of 0.9 and a buckling length of 8.55 is to be
used for load cases where the member is in compression and members 301-309 and 307309 are in tension. For other load cases, the K-factor and buckling length specified in the
model file are to be used.
1
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
MEMBER 301 309 A
MEMB2
0.9
8.71
0.9
8.71
0.9
8.55
0.9
8.55
0.9
8.55
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Supplemental Manual
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
PLATE AAAA
PLATE AAAB
0.5
490.
Release 6: Revision 1
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Supplemental Manual
The following sample shows plate AAAA defined by group P01. Group P01 is a stiffened
plate group with W12X26 running along the local X axis at 100.0 spacing. W12X26 is a
section defined in the section library file.
1
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
PGRUP P01 1.0000 2039.0 0.2502532.0
W12X26 100.00XB
7.849
PLATE
PLATE AAAA
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Supplemental Manual
Ls if specified
C
D
B
B
The following input defines a corrugated plate AAAB with corrugations running in the
local X direction. The thickness of the plate is 0.25 and the spacing C is 12. The A and B
dimensions are 3 and 3, respectively. With the stiffener spacing unspecified on the
PGRUP line, the stiffener spacing defaults to the C dimension 12. A specification of T
or B for top or bottom stiffeners is unnecessary.
1
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
PSTIF
PSTIF CRG CORR01
3.0
3.0
12.0
0.25
PGRUP
PGRUP P01
29.0
36.0
CORR01
490.0
PLATE
PLATE AAAB
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Supplemental Manual
1
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
PLATE AAAB
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
PGRUP P01 1.0000 2039.0 0.2502532.0 10.0
7.849
7.849
Offsets defining the location of the plate edges are designated on the two PLATE
OFFSETS lines immediately following the PLATE input line. The first offset line
contains the offsets for the first two joints, and the second contains the offsets for the
third and fourth (optional) joint(s). The coordinate system that the offsets are defined
with respect to is designated in column 43 on the PLATE line. Enter 1 for global
coordinates or 2 for local coordinates.
The following defines plate AAAB with global X offset of 10.0 specified at each joint.
1
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
PLATE AAAB
PLATE OFFSETS
10.0
10.0
PLATE OFFSETS
10.0
10.0
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Supplemental Manual
4.3.2.7 Skipping from Output Reports
A plate may be eliminated from output reports by inputting SK in columns 31-32 on the
PLATE line. If SE is designated for element detail reports on the OPTIONS line, enter
RP in columns 31-32 to have the stress and unity check results reported for the
particular plate.
4.3.2.8 Plate Modeling Considerations
Unlike beam elements, flat plate elements are not closed form solutions. Therefore, there
are limitations to the geometry and mesh size that are necessary to generate accurate
stresses and deflections. The following suggestions are made for the use of flat plates in
the SACS system:
1. The aspect ratio (width versus height) for plate elements subjected to out-ofplane bending should be limited to 6 to 1 for three node plates and 3 to 1 for four
node plates. If the primary plate load is in the plane of the plate then the aspect
ratio can be increased to 10 to 1 for three node plates and 5 to 1 for four node
plates.
2. Interior angles within a plate should not exceed 180 degrees.
3. Four node plates are limited to 3 degrees of out-of-plane tolerance between the
four nodes such that the angle between the normals to any triangular portions of
the four node plate cannot exceed this value.
4. For detailed stresses, a mesh size of four nodes by four nodes will accurately
represent a flat plate for both stiffness and stress calculations. A coarser mesh
spacing will result in relatively accurate stiffness representation but stress
calculations may not represent local
stress variations within the plate.
5. Because four node plates are represented
internally by 4 three node plates, a 4
node plate is inherently more accurate
than a 3 node plate.
6. Plate stresses for traditional beam-strip
theory plates are only reported at the
Local Coordinate System
2x2 Mesh Integration
geometric center of the plate. Plate
stresses for DKT plates are reported at
the corner joints and the geometric
center. Plate stresses reported at the
geometric center of plates are
theoretically more accurate than those at
3x3 Mesh Integration
4x4 Mesh Integration
corner joints.
4.3.3 Shell Elements
The SACS program contains 6 node triangular, and 8 or 9 node rectangular isoparametric
shell elements. Shell elements can have constant thickness or thickness may be specified
at each node. Rigid link offsets can be modeled at each node to allow for connection
eccentricities.
Release 6: Revision 1
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Supplemental Manual
Material properties including modulus of elasticity, Poissons ratio, yield stress,
coefficient of thermal expansion and density are specified either on the SHLGRP line or
on the SHELL line itself. Shell thickness, if constant, may be specified either on the
SHLGRP line or on the SHELL line. For shells with varying thickness, the thickness at
each node is specified on the SHELL THICK line immediately following the SHELL line
defining the element.
4.3.3.1 Shell Local Coordinate System
For triangular shell elements, the local X-axis is defined from node one through node
three. The local Y-axis is perpendicular to the local X-axis and lies in the plane formed
by nodes one, three and five. The right-hand rule is used to determine the local Z-axis.
The local X-axis for a rectangular shell is defined by nodes one and three. The local Yaxis is perpendicular to the local X-axis and lies in the plane formed by nodes one, three
and seven. The local Z-axis is determined by the right-hand rule. A detailed discussion on
shell elements is located in the appendices.
4.3.3.2 Integration Points
The number of Gaussian Integration points along the element surface is specified either
on the SHLGRP line or on the SHELL line itself. The user specifies Fine, Medium or
Coarse integration corresponding to 13 points, 7 points or 3 points respectively for
triangular shells, or 4x4, 3x3 or 2x2 mesh respectively for rectangular shells. There are
also two integration points through the element thickness for both triangular and
rectangular shell elements.
3 Point Integration
7 Point Integration
13 Point Integration
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Supplemental Manual
4.3.3.4 Shell Element Report
If PT is designated in the element detail report field on the options line, the stress
details for a shell element may be skipped by inputting S on the SHLGRP or SHELL
line. If SE or is designated in the element detail report field on the options line, all
shell element details will be skipped.
4.3.4 Solid Elements
The SACS program contains 4 node tetrahedron, 5 node pyramid, 6 node wedge and 8
node brick solid finite element shapes. The elements are constant strain elements and do
not restrain rotation at the nodes. The solid name, connecting joints and material
properties including modulus of elasticity, Poissons ratio, yield stress, coefficient of
thermal expansion and density are stated either on the SLDGRP line or on the SOLID
line itself.
Being as these solid finite elements do not contain inherent rotational stiffness, the
rotational degrees of freedom for joints contained within only solid elements will be
constrained. SACS automatically generates the constraints of rotational degrees of
freedom for joints which are exclusively contained in solids. With the extra constraints on
solid joints, there will be extra reaction forces generated in the Post output for these
constrained degrees of freedom.
Inherent rotational degrees of freedom in solid elements may be modeled by specifying
6 in column 71 of the OPTIONS line. These elements are a condensation of higher
order isoparametric solid elements, with the rotational degrees of freedom being obtained
from mid-side node translational degrees of freedom.
Joint ordering in solid elements is free. As such, arbitrary joint order may be input with
the program determining solid faces. There are two options for joint ordering: (1) the
default method which requires flat solid faces and (2) a more robust scheme allowing
solid face warpage. The second scheme, which is specified with an R in column 72 of
the options line, has the additional feature of allowing the program to bypass joint
ordering for any solid when an N is specified in column 44 of the SOLID line (or
column 14 of the SLDGRP line). With the default joint ordering method an N specified
in column 44 of the SOLID line
(or column 14 of the SLDGRP
line) will mean that only 8 node
4
5
brick solid elements are not
reordered. The default joint
ordering for solids is shown in the
4
3
2
figure.
1
3
4 Node Tetrahedron
3
2
5 Node Pyramid
7
8
2 3
1
6
5
4
6 Node Wedge
1
8 Node Brick
Release 6: Revision 1
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Supplemental Manual
positive in the direction of node three. The right-hand rule is used to determine the local
Z-axis.
4.3.4.2 Solid Offsets
Solid offsets can be specified to account for eccentricities or element transitions on the
SOLID OFFSET line following the SOLID line defining the element.
Normally offsets are used to locate the element relative to the connecting joints using a
rigid link. Offsets can also be used to generate transitions between solid elements and
isoparametric shells, flat plates, and members. For example, if a four node face of a solid
element is connected to a beam or plate element, the solid face should be described using
only two joints lying at the center of the face. Two joints should be specified as the four
connecting joints (i.e. 101, 102, 102, 101). Offsets are then specified at each connecting
joint to offset the joints to the corners of the element. The resulting offset solid element
will form a full 6 degree of freedom transition connection between the elements.
102
101
101
102
101
102
102
101
No offsets
with offsets
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Supplemental Manual
4.4 ADDITIONAL SACS IV INPUT LINES
Release 6: Revision 1
4-22
COLUMNS
COMMENTARY
GENERAL
( 1- 4)
( 6- 8)
( 9 )
LINE
LABEL
( 17 )
(18-23)
(10-16)
(24-29)
TAPER
OPTION
SECTION
LABEL
REDESIGN
CODE
10 - 16
17
GROUP
LABEL
COMMENTARY
TUBULAR
OUTSIDE
DIAMETER
TUBULAR
WALL
THICKNESS
SEE
COMMENTARY
SEE
COMMENTARY
(30-59)
(60-80)
GRUP
1 - 4
18
23
24
29
DEFAULT
ENGLISH
IN (KSI)
IN (KSI)
METRIC(KN)
CM (KN/SQ.CM)
CM (KN/SQ.CM)
METRIC(KG)
CM (KG/SQ.CM)
CM (KG/SQ.CM)
4-23
30 --------------- 59
60 ------------------- 80
COLUMNS
COMMENTARY
GENERAL
( 1- 4)
( 5-29)
( 30 )
(31-45)
( 46 )
( 47 )
ENTER
1'
2'
3'
4'
5'
6'
7'
LINE
LABEL
CM =
CM =
CM =
SAME
CM =
SAME
CM =
AISC/API/NORSOK
/
0.85 (PRIMARY)
/
0.85 (SECONDARY)
/
0.6 - 0.4(M1/M2)(PRI)/
AS 3'
(SEC)/
1.0 - 0.4(FA/FE)(PRI)/
AS 5'
(SEC)/
1.0
(PRI)/
GAP
ELEMENT
TYPE
CANADIAN
MOMENT
CM = 1.0
CM = .85
/
/
/
/
1984
EFF.
CM =
CM =
NPD
MOMENT
0.85
1.0
ELASTIC
PROPERTIES
COMMENTARY
(48-51)
(52-59)
(60-80)
WIDE
FLANGE
BOTTOM
UNBRACED
LENGTH
OPTION
MEMBER
CLASS
SEE
COMMENTARY
AVERAGE
JOINT
THICKNESS
OR
BOTTOM
UNBRACED
LENGTH
G
1000
SY
31 - 35
36 - 40
41 - 45
DEFAULT
11.6 ENGL
36.0 ENGL
ENGLISH
KSI
KSI
FT
METRIC(KN)
KN/SQ.CM
KN/SQ.CM
METRIC(KG)
KG/SQ.CM
KG/SQ.CM
K-FACTORS
KZ
GRUP
1 - 4
5 ------------------ 29
30
46
47
48 - 51
1'
4-24
52-55
1.0
56-59
1.0
60 ----------------- 80
COLUMNS
COMMENTARY
THE GRUP LINES DESCRIBE GROUPS OF MEMBERS HAVING IDENTICAL
STRUCTURAL, MATERIAL AND CODE CHECK PARAMETERS. MEMBERS WHOSE
CROSS SECTIONS VARY BETWEEN THE END JOINTS (SEGMENTED) CAN BE
DESCRIBED WITH UP TO TWENTY (20) DIFFERENT CROSS SECTION
TYPES. FOR THIS INPUT, THE MEMBER GROUP LABEL IS REPEATED FOR
EACH GRUP ENTRY THAT DEFINES THE CROSS SECTION AND SEGMENT
LENGTH FOR EACH SEGMENT. DATA IS ENTERED FROM JOINT A TO
JOINT B.
( 1- 4)
( 5-29)
(30-59)
(60-64)
(65-69)
COMMENTARY
THE INPUT IN THIS FIELD DEPENDS ON THE SECTION TYPE AS FOLLOWS:
(71-76)
(77-80)
ENTER THE SEGMENT LENGTH IF THE GROUP HAS MORE THAN ONE
SEGMENT. TWO METHODS ARE AVAILABLE:
(A) LENGTH SPECIFICATION. EACH SEGMENT LENGTH FROM 1 TO N
ARE ENTERED. ANY ONE SEGMENT LENGTH CAN BE LEFT BLANK
ALLOWING THE PROGRAM TO CALCULATE ITS LENGTH.
(B) FRACTIONAL SPECIFICATION. EACH SEGMENT LENGTH FROM 1 TO N
(BLANK)
- TUBULAR RING SPACING.
WF ,WFC,PLG - COMPRESSION FLANGE BRACE SPACING.
STIFFENED MEMBERS - UNBRACED LENGTH.
OTHERWISE, LEAVE BLANK.
LINE
LABEL
TUBULAR
RING
SPACING
TUBULAR
SHEAR AREA
MODIFIER
LOAD DATA
SEE
COMMENTARY
SEE
COMMENTARY
FLOODING
N-BUOYANT
F-FLOODED
60 ----- 64
65 ---- 69
70
WEIGHT
DENSITY
71 --- 76
SEGMENT
LENGTH
GRUP
1 - 4
5 ------------------ 29
30 ----------------------- 59
DEFAULT
77 - 80
490.0 ENGL
ENGLISH
FT
ABOVE
LB/CU.FT
FT
METRIC(KN)
ABOVE
TONNE/CU.M
METRIC(KG)
ABOVE
TONNE/CU.M
4-25
COLUMNS
CODE
CHECK
OPTION
LINE
LABEL
SHEAR
AREA
OPTION
COMMENTARY
GENERAL
( 7- 8)
(10-11)
(21-26)
(27-32)
GAMMA M0
VALUE
GAMMA M1
VALUE
LEAVE BLANK
CODE
1 - 5
DEFAULT
-EC
10
-ST
11
21 --1.1
26
27 ----
32
33 --------------------------------- 80
1.1
4-26
COMMENTARY
COLUMNS
GENERAL
LINE
LABEL
SPAN
ID
CANTILEVER
OPTION
( 6-13)
( 14 )
(17-75)
SPAN JOINTS
1ST
2ND
3RD
4TH
5TH
17 - 20
22 - 25
27 - 30
32 - 35
37 - 40
6TH
7TH
8TH
9TH
10TH
11TH
12TH
62 - 65
67 - 70
72 - 75
SPAN
1
----
13
14
4-27
42 - 45
47 - 50
52 - 55
57 - 60