born July 22, 1864 Barrio Talaga, Tanawan Batangas to Inocencio Mabini, Dionisia Maranan
It was immediately before the proclamation of independence that a young man was brought before
Aguinaldo as his adviser. He was Apolinario Mabini. Born of very poor parents, Inocencio Mabini and
Dionisia Maranan, in Talaga, Tanawan, Batangas. Mabini studied in a school in Tanawan, then
conducted by a certain Simplicio Avelino. Much later, he transferred to a school conducted by the
famous pedagogue, Father Valerio Malabanan. He continued his studies at the San Juan de Letran and
at the University of Sto. Tomas where he received his law degree in 1894.
His dream to defend the poor led him to forsake the priesthood, which his mother wanted him to take.
Early in 1896, he contracted an illness, probably infantile paralysis, that led to the paralysis of his lower
limbs. When the revolution broke out the same year, the Spanish authorities, suspecting that he was
somehow involved in the disturbance, arrested him. The fact, however, that he could not move his lower
limbs showed the Spaniards that they had made a mistake. He was released and sent to the San Juan
de Dios Hospital.
Mabini, it must be noted, was not entirely free from nationalistic association, for he was a member of
Rizal's La Liga Filipina and worked secretly for the introduction of reforms in the administration of
government. In 1898, while vacationing in Los Baos, Aguinaldo sent for him. It took hundreds of men
taking turns at carrying the hammock he was in to bring Mabini to Kawit. Aguinaldo, upon seeing
Mabini's physical condition, thought that he must have made a mistake in calling for him to help him in
his work. What could a man in such a condition do to help him?
But when Mabini spoke, Aguinaldo's doubts vanished. There was firmness in the sick man's voice, and
Aguinaldo decided to make him his trusted adviser. From then on, it was Mabini who stood behind
Aguinaldo. Envious enemies called him the "Dark Chamber of the President", but his admirers called him
the "Brains of the Revolution".
Born of a poor family, Apolinario Mabini was always studious. He was always sad and silent and liked to
sit alone to meditate.
Mabini studied at San Juan de Letran where he got his Bachelor of Arts degree and Professor of Latin.
He also finished Law. He was a spokesman of the Congress, and a notary public.
In early 1896, he contracted a severe fever which paralyzed him for the rest of his life. He was later
called the Sublime Paralytic.
Mabini was most active in the revolution in 1898, when he became the chief adviser of Gen. Aguinaldo
during the revolution. He drafted decrees and proposed a constitution for the Philippine Republic. He
made the plans for the revolutionary government.
In 1899, he was captured by the Americans but was later set free. In 1901, he was exiled to Guam but
returned to the Philippines in 1903 after agreeing to take an oath of allegiance to the US. He took his
oath on February 26, 1903 before the Collector of Customs.
Family
Like fellow Philippine revolutionaries Jose Rizal and Andres Bonifacio, lawyer Apolinario
Mabini, the first prime minister of the Philippines, did not live to see his 40th birthday. He
suffered from paraplegia (paralysis of the legs), but Mabini had a powerful intellect, and was
known during his short life as the "Brains of the Revolution" and also the "Conscience of the
Revolution."
Early Life:
Apolinario Mabini y Maranan was born on July 22 or 23, 1864 in Talaga, Tanauwan,
Batangas, about 70 km (43.5 miles) south of Manila.
His parents were very poor; father Inocencio Mabini was a peasant farmer, and mother
Dionisia Maranan supplemented their farm income as a vendor at the local market.
Apolinario was the second of their eight children.
As a child, Apolinario was remarkably clever and studious. Despite his family's poverty, the
boy studied at a school in Tanawan under the tutelage of Simplicio Avelino, working as a
houseboy and tailor's assistant to earn his room and board. He then transferred to a school
run by the famed educator Fray Valerio Malabanan.
At the age of 17, in 1881, Mabini won a partial scholarship to Manila's Colegio de San Juan
de Letran.
He once again had to work all through school, teaching Latin to younger students at three
different schools in the area. Apolinario earned his Bachelors degree and official
recognition as a Professor of Latin in 1887, and went on to study law at the University of
Santo Tomas.
Apolinario Mabini went into the legal profession in order to defend poor people. He himself
had faced discrimination from fellow students and professors, who picked on him for his
shabby clothing before they realized how brilliant he was.
It took him six years to complete his law degree, since he worked long hours as a law clerk
and a court transcriptionist in addition to his studies. Mabini earned his law degree in 1894,
at the age of thirty.
Political Activities:
While at school, Mabini supported the Reform Movement, which was a conservative group
mainly made up of middle and upper class Filipinos calling for changes to Spanish colonial
rule, rather than outright Philippine independence. It included the intellectual, author, and
physician Jose Rizal. In September of 1894, Mabini helped establish the reformist Cuerpo
de Comprimisarios, the "Body of Compromisers," which sought to negotiate better treatment
from Spanish officials.
Pro-independence activists, mostly from the lower classes, instead joined the more
radical Katipunanmovement, which was established by Andres Bonifacio. Katipunan
advocated armed revolution against Spain.
In 1895, Mabini was admitted to the bar, and worked as a newly-minted lawyer in the
Adriano law offices in Manila. He also served as the secretary of the Cuerpo de
Comprimisarios.
Early in 1896, Apolinario Mabini contracted polio, which left his legs paralyzed. Ironically,
this disability saved his life that autumn - the colonial police arrested Mabini in October of
1896 for his work with the reform movement. He was still under house arrest at the San
Juan de Dios Hospital on December 30 of that year, when the colonial government
summarily executed Jose Rizal. Mabini's polio likely kept him from the same fate.
Between his medical condition and his imprisonment, Apolinario Mabini was not able to
participate in the opening days of the Philippine Revolution. His experiences, and the
execution of Rizal, radicalized Mabini, however, and he turned his keen intellect to the
issues of revolution and independence.
In April of 1898, he penned a manifesto on the Spanish-American War, presciently warning
other Philippine revolutionary leaders that Spain would likely cede the Philippines to the US
if it lost the war. He urged them to continue to fight for independence, whether from Spain
or the US. This paper brought him to the attention of General Emilio Aguinaldo, who had
ordered the execution of Andres Bonifacio the previous year, and had been driven into exile
in Hong Kong by the Spanish.
The Americans hoped to use Aguinaldo against the Spanish in the Philippines, so brought
him back from his exile on May 19, 1898. Once ashore, Aguinaldo ordered his men to bring
the author of the war manifesto to him; they had to carry the disabled Mabini over the
mountains in a stretcher to Cavite. Mabini reached Aguinaldo's camp on June 12, 1898,
and soon became one of the general's primary advisers. That same day, Aguinaldo
declared the Philippines' independence, with himself as dictator.
of Foreign Affairs and President of the Council of Secretaries. Mabini also exercised
significant influence over the drafting of the first constitution for the Philippine Republic.
At War Again:
On January 2, 1899, Mabini was appointed prime minister and foreign minister of the new
government. He began negotiations with the United States on March 6, over the
Philippines' fate now that the US had defeated Spain. The two sides were already engaged
in hostilities, but had not declared war on one another. Mabini sought to negotiate
autonomy for the Philippines, as well as a ceasefire. US negotiators refused the ceasefire
condition, or a proposed armistice. In frustration, Mabini threw his support behind the war
effort, and on May 7, he resigned from Aguinaldo's government.
Aguinaldo declared war on the United States on June 2, 1899. The revolutionary
government at Cavite had to flee; once again Mabini was carried in a hammock, this time to
Nueva Ecija, 192 km (119 miles) to the north. He was captured by the Americans on
December 10, 1899, and was made a prisoner of war in Manila until the following
September.
On January 5, 1901, Mabini published a scathing newspaper article titled "El Simil de
Alejandro" (The Resemblance of Alejandro), which stated that "Man, whether or not he
wishes, will work and strive for those rights with which Nature has endowed him, because
these rights are the only ones which can satisfy the demands of his own being. To tell a
man to be quiet when a necessity not fulfilled is shaking all the fibers of his being is
tantamount to asking a hungry man to be filled while taking the food which he needs." The
Americans immediately re-arrested him, and when he refused to swear fealty to the US,
sent him into exile in Guam.
During his long exile, Apolinario Mabini wrote La Revolucion Filipina, a memoirs. Worn
down and sickly, fearing that he would die in exile, Mabini finally agreed to take the oath of
allegiance to the US.
Final Days:
On February 26, 1903, Mabini returned to the Philippines. American officials offered him a
plush government position as a reward for agreeing to take the fealty oath, but Mabini
refused. He released the following statement: "After two long years I am returning, so to
speak, completely disoriented and, what is worse, almost overcome by disease and
sufferings. Nevertheless, I hope, after some time of rest and study, still to be of some use,
unless I have returned to the Islands for the sold purpose of dying."
Sadly, his words were prophetic. Mabini continued to speak and write in support of
Philippine independence over the next several months. He fell ill with cholera, which was
rampant in the country after years of war, and died on May 13, 1903. Apolinario Mabini was
only 38 years old.
Achievements
Apolinario M. Mabini
President
Emilio Aguinaldo
Deputy
Pedro Paterno
Preceded by
Position established
Position established
In office
December 11, 1899 April 1, 1901
Preceded by
Apolinario Mabini
Personal details
Born
Died
Profession
Lawyer
Signature
Apolinario Mabini y Maranan (July 23, 1864 May 13, 1903) was a Filipino revolutionary
leader, educator, lawyer, and statesman who served as the first Prime Minister of the
Philippines, serving first under the Revolutionary Government, and then under the First
Philippine Republic.
Mabini performed all his revolutionary and governmental activities despite having lost the
use of both his legs to Polio shortly before the Philippine Revolution of 1896.
Mabini's role in Philippine history saw him confronting first Spanish Colonial Rule in the
opening days of the Philippine Revolution, and then American colonial rule in the days of
the PhilippineAmerican War. The latter saw Mabini captured and exiled to Guam by
American colonial authorities, allowed to return only two months before his eventual death
in May, 1903.
Mabini was born on July 23, 1864[1] in Barangay Talaga in Tanauan, Batangas.[2] He was the
second of eight children of Dionisia Maranan, a vendor in the Tanauan market, and
Inocencio Mabini, an unlettered peasant.[3]
Mabini began informal studies under the guidance of his mother, as well as Maestro Agustin
Santiesteban III, his Mentor from Davao. Because he demonstrated uncommon intelligence,
he was transferred to a regular school owned by Simplicio Avelino, where he worked as a
houseboy, and also took odd jobs from a local tailor - all in exchange for free board and
lodging. He later transferred to a school conducted by the Fray Valerio Malabanan, whose
fame as an educator merited a mention in Jos Rizal's novel El Filibusterismo.[2][3]
In 1881 Mabini received a scholarship to go to the Colegio de San Juan de Letran in Manila.
An anecdote about his stay there says that a professor there decided to pick on him
because his shabby clothing clearly showed he was poor. Mabini amazed the professor by
answering a series of very difficult questions with ease. His studies at Letran were
periodically interrupted by a chronic lack of funds, and he earned money for his board and
lodging by teaching children.[3]
Law Studies
Mabini's mother had wanted him to take up the priesthood, but his desire to defend the poor
made him decide to take up Law instead.[2]A year after receiving his Bachilles en Artes with
highest honors and the title Professor of Latin from Letran, he moved on to theUniversity of
Santo Tomas, where he received his law degree in 1894. [2][3]
Comparing Mabini's generation of Filipino intellectuals to the previous one of Jose Rizal and
the other members of the propagandista movement, Journalist and National Artist of the
Philippines for Literature Nick Joaquin describes Mabini's generation as the next iteration in
the evolution of Filipino intellectual development: [4]
Europe had been a necessary catalyst for the generation of Rizal. By the time of
Mabini, the Filipino intellectual had advanced beyond the need for enlightenment
abroad[....] The very point of Mabinis accomplishment is that all his schooling, all his
training, was done right here in his own country. The argument of Rizals generation
was that Filipinos were not yet ready for self-government because they had too little
education and could not aspire for more in their own country. The evidence of
Mabinis generation was that it could handle the affairs of government with only the
education it had acquired locally. It no longer needed Europe; it had imbibed all it
needed of Europe.[4]
Mabini joined the Guild of Lawyers after graduation, but he did not choose to practice
law in a professional capacity. He did not set up his own law office, and instead
continued to work in the office of a notary public. [4]
Instead, Mabini put his knowledge of law to much use during the days of the Philippine
Revolution and the Filipino-American war. Joaquin notes that all his contributions to
Philippine history somehow involved the law:
"His was a legal mind. He was interested in law as an idea, as an ideal[...] whenever
he appears in our history he is arguing a question of legality." [4]
Mabini was struck by polio in 1895, and the disease gradually incapacitated him until
January 1896, when he finally lost the use of both his lower limbs. [5]
Apolinario Mabini was appointed prime minister and was also foreign minister of the
newly independent dictatorial government ofAguinaldo on January 2, 1899.
Eventually, the government declared the first Philippine republic in appropriate
ceremonies on January 23, 1899. Mabini then led the first cabinet of the republic.
Mabini found himself in the center of the most critical period in the new country's
history, grappling with problems until then unimagined. Most notable of these were
his negotiations with Americans, which began on March 6, 1899. The United
States and the Philippine Republic were embroiled in extremely contentious and
eventually violent confrontations. During the negotiations for peace, Americans
proffered Mabini autonomy for Aguinaldo's new government, but the talks failed
because Mabinis conditions included aceasefire, which was rejected. Mabini
negotiated once again, seeking for an armistice instead, but the talks failed yet
again. Eventually, feeling that the Americans were not negotiating 'bona fide,' he
forswore the Americans and supported war. He resigned from government on May
7, 1899.
Mabini returned home to the Philippines in Feb. 1903 after agreeing to take the
oath of allegiance to the United States[12]:547 on February 26, 1903 before the
Collector of Customs. On the day he sailed, he issued this statement to the
press:
To the chagrin of the American colonial officials, however, Mabini resumed his
work of agitating for independence for the Philippines soon after he was back
home from exile.[16][not in citation given]
Death
Not long after his return, Mabini died of cholera in Manila on May 13, 1903 at the
age of 38.[12]:547
Historical Remembrance
Mabini's complex contributions to Philippine History are often distilled into two
historical monikers - "Brains of the Revolution", and "Sublime Paralytic."
Contemporary historians such as Ambeth Ocampo point out, though, that these
two monikers are reductionist and simplistic, and "do not do justice to the heros
life and legacy."[17][18]
shares with Emilio Jacinto, who served in a similar capacity for the earlier
revolutionary movement, the Katipunan.[19]
"Sublime Paralytic"
Mabini is also famous for having achieved all this despite having lost the use of
both his legs to Polio just prior to the Philippine revolution.[20] This has made
Mabini one of the Philippines' most visually iconic national heroes, such that he
is often referred to as "The Sublime Paralytic" (Tagalog:"Dakilang Lumpo").
Contemporary historians,[who?] however, point out that the title obscures Mabini's
many achievements.
In the later editions, Mabini's disease - an important plot point - was changed to
an undefined liver ailment. The ailing Mabini takes pride in the fact that his
symptoms are definitely not those of syphilis, despite the rumors spread by his
detractors in the Philippine Revolutionary government.
The news of Rizal's deportation shocked and surprised the people, for Rizal to them was the symbol of freedom.
That night of July 7, 1892, Andres Bonifacio, Valentin Diaz, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, Deodato Arellano and
a few others, met secretly at a house on Azcarraga (now Claro M. Recto Avenue), near Elcano Street, Tondo,
and decided to form a new association called Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalang na Katipunan nang manga Anak
ng Bayan or Katipunan for short. The men gathered around a flickering table lamp, performed the ancient blood
compact, and signed their membership papers with their own blood. It was agreed to win more members to the
society by means of the triangle method in which an original member would take in two new members who did
not know each other, but knew only the original member who took them in. Thus, original member A, for
instance, would take in new members B and C. Both B and C knew A, but B and C did not know each other. Also
agreed upon during the meeting was the payment of an entrance fee of one real fuerte(twenty-five centavos) and
a monthly due of a media real (about twelve centavos).
HISTORY OF KATIPUNAN
GAT ANDRES BONIFACIO
SUPREMO OF KATIPUNAN
The Katipunan was a Philippine revolutionary society founded by Filipino anti-Spanish people
in Manila in
1892,
which
was
aimed
primarily
to
gain
independence
from Spainthrough revolution. The society was initiated by Filipino patriots Andrs
Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, and others on the night of July 7, when Filipino
writer Jos Rizal was sentenced to banished to Dapitan. Initially, Katipunan was a secret
organization until its discovery in 1896 that led to the outbreak of Philippine Revolution. The
word "katipunan"(literally means association) came from the root word "tipon", an
indigenous Tagalog word, meaning: "society" or "gather together".[3] Its official revolutionary
name
is Kataas-taasang,
Kagalang-galangang
Katipunan
ngg
mgg
Anak
ngg
Bayan[1] (English: Supreme
and
Venerable
Society
of
the
Children
of
the
Nation, Spanish: Suprema y venerable asociacin de los hijos del pueblo). Katipunan is also
known by its acronym, K.K.K.. Being a secret organization, its members are subjected to utmost
secrecy and are expected to abide with the rules established by the society.[3] Aspirant
applicants were given standard initiation rites to become members of the society. At first,
Katipunan was only open for male Filipinos; not later then, women were accepted in the
society. The Katipunan has its own publication, Ang Kalayaan (The Liberty) that had its first and
last print on March 1896. Revolutionary ideals and works flourished within the society, and
Philippine literature were expanded by its some prominent members. In planning the revolution,
Bonifacio contacted Rizal for its full-pledged support for the Katipunan in exchange of promising
Rizal's liberty from detainment by rescuing him. On May 1896, a delegation was sent to
the Emperor of Japan to solicit funds and military arms. Katipunan's existence was revealed to
the Spanish authorities after a member named Teodoro Patio confessed Katipunan's illegal
activities to his sister the mother portress of Mandaluyong Orphanage. Seven days after the
wrong turn of history, on August 26, 1896, Bonifacio and his men tore their cedlasduring the
infamous Cry of Balintawak that started Philippine Revolution
Andres Bonifacio had already known Rizal during his La Liga Filipina days,
although Rizal did not know Bonifacio personally Nevertheless, Bonifacio
so respected Rizals intelligence and talent that in June 1896, he sent Dr.
Pio Valenzuela to Dapitan to seek Rizals advice on the planned revolution.
Rizal told Valenzuela that the timing was not right for a revolution. The
people were not yet ready and they did not have enough weapons. He suggested that the
Katipunan obtain the support of wealthy and influential Filipinos first, in order to gain
financial assistance. He also recommended Antonio Luna as commander of its armed forces,
since Luna had much knowledge and expertise in military tactics.
Valenzuela returned to Manila on June 26 and relayed Rizals advice to Bonifacio, who
admitted that it would indeed be fatal for the Filipinos to fight without enough weapons.
However, there was no stopping the Revolution. Bonifacio ordered his men to prepare for
battle. He directed them to store enough food and other supplies. Battle plans were made
with the help of Emilio Jacinto. It was suggested that the revolutionary headquarters be
located near the seas or mountains to provide for an easy retreat, if necessary.
The Katipunan is Discovered
Rumors about a secret revolutionary society had long been in circulation, although no solid
evidence could be found to support them. The big break as far as the Spanish authorities
was concerned, came on August 19, 1896 when a KKK member, Teodoro Patio told his
sister Honoria about the existence of the Katipunan. Patio was a worker in the printing
press of Diario de Manila. Honoria was then living with nuns in a Mandaluyong orphanage.
The information upset Honoria so much that she told the orphanages Mother Superior, Sor
Teresa de Jesus, what her brother had revealed. Sor Teresa suggested they seek the advice
of Father Mariano Gil, the parish priest of Tondo.
Emilio Jacinto
Influence of the
Propaganda Movement
Further information:
La Liga Filipina and Propaganda Movement
A late 19th century photograph of leaders of the Propaganda Movement: Jos Rizal, Marcelo H.
del Pilar and Mariano Ponce.
founded the Katipunan in a house in Tondo, Manila.[5] He was assisted by his two
friends, Teodoro Plata (brother-in-law) andLadislao Diwa, plus Valentn
Daz and Deodato Arellano.[6] The Katipunan was founded along Azcarraga St.
(now Claro M. Recto Avenue) near Elcano St. in Tondo, Manila. Despite their
reservations about the peaceable reformation that Rizal espoused, they named
Rizal honorary president without his knowledge. The Katipunan, established as a
secret brotherhood organization, went under the name Kataas-taasang,
Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ngg mgg Anak ngg Bayan
(Supreme and Venerable
Society of the Children of the Nation)
The Katipunan had three aims, namely: to unite Filipinos into one solid nation: to
win Philippine independence by means of an armed conflict (or revolution); to
establish a communist republic after independence.
The rise of the Katipunan signalized the end of the crusade to secure
reforms from Spain by means of a peaceful campaign. ThePropaganda
Movement led by Rizal, del Pilar, Jaena and others had failed its mission; hence,
Bonifacio started the militant movement for independence.
Administration
The Katipunan was governed by the Supreme Council calledKataastaasang
Sanggunian or simply Sanggunian.[10] The first Supreme Council of the
Katipunan was formed around August 1892, a month followed after the founding
of the society. The Sanggunianas well as the Katipunan society was headed by
an elected president called Pangulo, only until 1895 when Bonifacio changed the
title name; followed by the secretary/secretaries called Kalihim; the treasurer
called Tagaingat-yaman and the fiscal Tagausig.[11] TheSanggunian also have its
councilors, called Kasanguni, which, the number may vary through presidencies.
Initially, the Supreme Council was headed by
Deodato Arellano, and the following as officials:
own spheres of influence, through triangle system in order to elevate their status
to Sangguniang Bayan. Every Balangaythat did not gain Sanggunian
Bayan status were dissolved and annexed by greater provincial or popular
councils.
The towns which supported the Katipunan cause were given symbolic names,
such as Magdiwang (To celebrate) for Noveleta;Magdalo (To come)
for Kawit; Magwagi (To win) for Naic;Magtagumpay (To succeed)
for Maragondon; Walangtinag (Never-diminished)
for Indang and Haligue (Aggregate) for Imusall are in the province of Cavite.[14]
Within the society functioned a secret chamber, which was presided over by
Bonifacio, Jacinto, and Dr. Po Valenzuela. This mysterious chamber passed
judgment upon those who had turned traitors to their oath and those accused of
certain offenses penalized by Katipunan laws. Every katipunero stood in a fearful
awe of this chamber. According to Jose P. Santos, throughout the existence of
the secret chamber, about five katipuneros were convicted and sentenced to die
be by the chamber. The death sentence was handed down in the figure of a cup
with a serpent coiled around it.
Leaders
In 1892, after the Katipunan was founded, the members of the Supreme Council
consisted of Arellano as president, Bonifacio as comptroller, Diwa as fiscal, Plata
as secretary and Daz as treasurer.
In 1893, the Supreme Council comprised Ramon Basa as president, Bonifacio as
fiscal, Jos Turiano Santiago as secretary, Vicente Molina as treasurer
and Restituto Javier, Briccio Pantas, Teodoro Gonzales. Teodoro Gonzalez, Plata
and Diwa were councilors.[16] It was during Basa's term that the society
organized a women's auxiliary section. Two of its initial members were Gregoria
de Jesus, whom Bonifacio had just married, and Marina Dizon, daughter of Jos
Dizon. It was also in 1893 when Basa and Diwa organized the provincial council
of Cavite, which would later be the most successful council of the society.
The Filipino scholar Maximo Kalaw reports that Basa yielded the presidency to
Bonifacio, who was then called Supremo, in 1894 because of a dispute over the
usefulness of the initiation rites and Bonifacio's handling of the society's funds.
Moreover, Basa refused to induct his son into the organization.
It was also in 1894 when Emilio Jacinto, a nephew of Dizon who was studying
law at the University of Santo Tomas, joined the Katipunan. He intellectualized
the society's aims and formulated the principles of the society as embodied in its
primer, called Kartilla. It was written in Tagalog and all recruits were required to
commit it to heart before they were initiated. Jacinto would later be called
the Brains of the Katipunan.
At the same time, Jacinto also edited Kalayaan (Freedom), the society's official
organ, but only one edition of the paper was issued; a second was prepared but
never printed due to the discovery of the society. Kalayaan was published through
the printing press of the Spanish newspaper Diario de Manila. This printing press
and its workers would later play an important role in the outbreak of the
revolution.
In 1895, Jos Turiano Santiago, a close personal friend of Bonifacio, was
expelled because a coded message of the Katipunan fell into the hands of a
Spanish priest teaching at the University of Santo Tomas. Since the priest was a
friend of Santiago's sister, he and his half-brother Restituto Javier were
suspected of betrayal, but the two would remain loyal to the Katipunan and
Santiago would even join the Philippine revolutionary forces in the PhilippineAmerican War. Jacinto replaced Santiago as secretary.
In early 1895, Bonifacio called a meeting of the society and deposed Basa in an
election that installed Bonifacio as president, Jacinto as Fiscal, Santiago as
Members
A late 19th century photograph of an armed Filipino rebels, known as theKatipuneros.
Over the next four years, the Katipunan founders would recruit new members. By
the time the society was uncovered, the American writer James Le Roy estimated
the strength of the Katipunan at 100,000 to 400,000 members. Historian Teodoro
Agoncillo estimated that the membership had increased to around 30,000 by
1896. TheIlocano writer Isabelo de los Reyes estimated membership at 15,000 to
50,000.
Aside from Manila, the Katipunan also had sizeable chapters
inBatangas, Laguna, Cavite, Rizal, Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac andNueva Ecija.
There were also smaller chapters in Ilocos Sur, Ilocos Norte, Pangasinan and
the Bicol region. The Katipunan founders spent their free time recruiting
members. For example, Diwa, who was a clerk at a judicial court, was assigned
to the office of a justice of the peace in Pampanga. He initiated members in that
province as well as Bulacan, Tarlac and Nueva Ecija. Most of the Katipuneros
were plebeian although several wealthy patriots joined the society and submitted
themselves to the leadership of Bonifacio.
Katipunero (plural, mga Katipunero) is the demonym of a male member of the
Katipunan. Katipunera (plural, mga Katipunera) refers to female members.
Andrs Bonifacio y de Castro (November 30, 1863 May 10, 1897) was a Filipino
nationalist, revolutionary leader, and the first president of the Philippine archipelago which he
preferred naming Bansa ng Katagalugan or Tagalog Republic instead of Philippinesdue to its origin
was derived from the Spaniards. He is often called "the Father of the Philippine Revolution and
Filipino Nation". He was a founder and later Supremo ("supreme leader") of the Kataas-taasan,
Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan or simply and more popularly
called Katipunan, a movement which sought the independence of the Philippines from Spanish
colonial ruleand started the Philippine Revolution.[2][3] He is considered a de facto national hero of the
Philippines,[4] and is also considered by some Filipino historians to be the first President of the
Philippines (through the revolutionary government he established), but officially he is not recognized
as such.[5][6]
Bonifacio was born in Tondo, Manila, the son of Santiago Bonifacio, a native of Taguig, and Catalina
de Castro, a native of Iba, Zambales. He was the eldest of six children. His siblings
were Ciriaco, Procopio, Troadio, Esperidiona and Maxima. His father was a tailor who served in the
colonial government as a teniente mayor of Tondo, Manila, while his mother was a supervisor at a
cigarette factory in Manila and was a mestiza born of a Spanish father and a Filipino-Chinese
mother. As was custom, upon baptism he was named for the saint on whose feast he was
born, Andrew the Apostle.
Marriages[edit]
Bonifacio was married twice: first to a certain Monica of Palomar. She was Bonifacio's neighbor in
Tondo. Monica died of leprosy and they had no recorded children.
In 1892 Bonifacio, a 29-year-old widower, met the 18-year-old Gregoria de Jess, through his friend
Teodoro Plata who was his cousin. Gregoria, also called Oriang, was the daughter of a prominent
citizen and landowner from Caloocan. Gregoria's parents did not agree at first to their relationship as
Andres was a freemason and freemasons were then considered enemies of the Catholic church. Her
parents eventually gave in and Andrs and Gregoria were married through a Catholic ceremony
in Binondo Church in March 1893 or 1894. The couple also were married through Katipunan rites in
a friend's house in Sta. Cruz, Manila on the same day of their church wedding.
They had one son named Andrs, Jr., born on early 1896, who died of smallpox in infancy.
Katipunan[edit]
Main article: Katipunan
On the night of July 7, 1892, the day after Rizal's deportation was announced, Bonifacio and others
officially "founded" the Katipunan, or in full, Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang[7] Katipunan ng mga
Anak ng Bayan ("Highest and Most Respected Society of the Country's Children;" Bayan can also
denote community, people, and nation).[8] The secret society sought independence from Spain
through armed revolt.[9][10] It was influenced by Freemasonry through its rituals and organization, and
several members including Bonifacio were also Freemasons.[11] Within the society Bonifacio used the
pseudonym May pag-asa ("There is Hope").[2] Newly found documents though suggest that
Katipunan has already been existing as early as January 1892.[12][13][14]
For a time, Bonifacio worked with both the Katipunan and La Liga Filipina. La Liga eventually split
because some members like Bonifacio lost hope for peaceful reform and stopped their monetary aid.
[11]
The more conservative members, mostly wealthy members, who still believed in peaceful reforms
set up the Cuerpo de Compromisarios, which pledged continued support to the reformists in Spain.
The radicals were subsumed into the Katipunan.[9] From Manila, the Katipunan expanded to several
provinces, includingBatangas, Laguna, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, and Nueva Ecija.[15] Most of its
members, called Katipuneros, came from the lower and middle classes, and many of its local
leaders were prominent figures in their municipalities. [16] At first exclusively male, membership was
later extended to females, with Bonifacio's wife Gregoria de Jess as a leading member.[17]
From the beginning, Bonifacio was one of the chief Katipunan officers, although he did not become
its Supremo (supreme leader) or Presidente Supremo (Supreme President)[18]until 1895. He was the
third head of the Katipunan after Deodato Arellano and Romn Basa. Prior to this, he served as the
society's comptroller and then as its fiscal.[19][20] The society had its own laws, bureaucratic structure
and elective leadership. For each province involved, the Katipunan Supreme Council coordinated
with provincial councils in charge of public administration and military affairs, and with local councils
in charge of affairs on the district or barrio level.[6][21]
Within the society, Bonifacio developed a strong friendship with Emilio Jacinto, who served as his
adviser and confidant, as well as a member of the Supreme Council. Bonifacio adopted
Jacinto's Kartilya primer as the official teachings of the society in place of his own Decalogue, which
he judged as inferior. Bonifacio, Jacinto and Po Valenzuelacollaborated on the society's
organ, Kalayaan (Freedom), which had only one printed issue. Bonifacio wrote several pieces for the
paper, including the poem Pag-ibig sa Tinubang Lup (approx. "Love for One's Homeland[22]) under
the pseudonym Agapito Bagumbayan. The publication of Kalayaan in March 1896 led to a great
increase in the society's membership. The Katipunan movement spread throughout Luzon,
to Panay in the Visayas and even as far as Mindanao.[23] From less than 300 members in January
1896,[15] it had 30,000 to 40,000 by August 1896.[23]
The rapid increase in Katipunan activity drew the suspicion of the Spanish authorities. By early 1896,
Spanish intelligence was aware of the existence of a seditious secret society, and suspects were
kept under surveillance and arrests were made. On 3 May, Bonifacio held a general assembly
of Katipunan leaders in Pasig, where they debated when to start the revolution. While some officers,
especially Bonifacio, believed a revolution was inevitable, some members, especially Santiago
Alvarez and Emilio Aguinaldo both ofCavite, expressed reservations and disagreement regarding the
planned revolt due to lack of firearms. The consensus was to consult Jos Rizal in Dapitan before
launching armed action, so Bonifacio sent Po Valenzuela to Rizal. Rizal turned out to be against the
revolution, believing it to be premature, He recommended more preparation, but suggested that, in
the event the revolution did break out, they should seek the leadership of Antonio Luna, who was
widely regarded as a brilliant military leader.[24]
Philippine Revolution[edit]
Main article: Philippine Revolution
For this purpose, it is necessary for all towns to rise simultaneously and attack Manila at the same
time. Anybody who obstructs this sacred ideal of the people will be considered a traitor and an
enemy, except if he is ill; or is not physically fit, in which case he shall be tried according to the
regulations we have put in force. Mount of Liberty, 28 August 1896 ANDRS BONIFACIO [2][31]
On August 30, 1896, Bonifacio personally led an attack on San Juan del Monte to capture the town's
powder magazine and water station (which supplied Manila). The defending Spaniards,
outnumbered, fought a delaying battle until reinforcements arrived. Once reinforced, the Spaniards
drove Bonifacio's forces back with heavy casualties. Bonifacio and his troops regrouped near
Marikina, San Mateo and Montalban.[32] Elsewhere, fighting between rebels and Spanish forces
occurred in Mandaluyong, Sampaloc, Santa Ana,Pandacan, Pateros, Marikina, Caloocan,
[33]
Makati and Taguig.[32] The conventional view among Filipino historians is that the planned
general Katipunan offensive on Manila was aborted in favor of Bonifacio's attack on San Juan del
Monte,[32][34] which sparked a general state of rebellion in the area.[35] However, more recent studies
have advanced the view that the planned offensive did push through and the rebel attacks were
integrated; according to this view, Bonifacio's San Juan del Monte battle was only a part of a bigger
whole an unrecognized "Battle for Manila".[33][36] Despite his reverses, Bonifacio was not completely
defeated and was still considered a threat. Further, the revolt had spread to the surrounding
provinces by the end of August.[33][36]
as tactician for rebel guerrillas and issued commands to areas other than his personal sector,
[6]
From September to October 1896, Bonifacio supervised the establishment of Katipunan mountain
and hill bases like Balara in Marikina, Pantayanin in Antipolo, Ugong in Pasig and Tungko in
Bulacan. Bonifacio appointing generals for these areas, or approving selections the troops
themselves made.[18]
On November 7, 1896 Bonifacio led an assault on San Mateo, Marikina and Montalban. The
Spanish were forced to retreat, leaving these areas to the rebels, except for the municipal hall of San
Mateo where some Spanish troops had barricaded. While Bonifacio's troops laid siege to the hall,
other Katipunan forces set up defensive lines along the nearby Langka (or Nangka) river against
Spanish reinforcements coming from the direction of Marikina. After three days, Spanish
counterattacks broke through the Langka river lines. The Spanish troops thus recaptured the rebel
positions and surprised Bonifacio in San Mateo, who ordered a general retreat to Balara. [18] They
were pursued, and Bonifacio was nearly killed shielding Emilio Jacinto from a Spanish bullet which
grazed his collar.[32]
In Balara, Bonifacio commissioned Julio Nakpil to compose a national anthem. Nakpil produced a
hymn called Marangal na Dalit ng Katagalugan ("Honorable Hymn of the Tagalogs") and became the
official national anthem during the entire period of the revolution until it was replaced years later by
another national anthem commissioned by the new Republica Filipina government that replaced the
Haring Bayang Katagalugan.[41]
Bonifacio in Cavite[edit]
There were two Katipunan provincial chapters in Cavite that became rival factions: the Magdalo,
headed by Emilio Aguinaldo's cousin Baldomero Aguinaldo, and the Magdiwang, headed by Mariano
lvarez, uncle of Bonifacio's wife. Leaders of both factions came from the upper class, in contrast to
Bonifacio, who came from the lower middle class. After initial successes, Emilio Aguinaldo issued a
manifesto in the name of the Magdalo ruling council which proclaimed a provisional and
revolutionary government despite the existence of the Katipunan government. Emilio Aguinaldo in
particular had won fame for victories in the province. [42] The Magdalo and Magdiwang clashed over
authority and jurisdiction and did not help each other in battle. Bonifacio, as the recognized overall
leader of the revolution, was invited by the Cavite leaders to mediate between them and unify their
efforts. After multiple letters were sent to Bonifacio urging him to come, in December 1896 he
traveled to Cavite accompanied by his wife, his brothers Procopio and Ciriaco, and some troops,
including Emilio Jacinto, Bonifacio's secretary and right-hand man. Jacinto was said to be against
Bonifacio's expedition to Cavite.
In Cavite, friction grew between Bonifacio and the Magdalo leaders. Apolinario Mabini, who later
served as Emilio Aguinaldo's adviser, writes that at this point the Magdaloleaders "already paid little
heed to his authority and orders."[39] Bonifacio was partial to the Magdiwang, perhaps due to his
kinship ties with Mariano lvarez,[43] or more importantly, due to their stronger recognition of his
authority.[44] When Aguinaldo and Edilberto Evangelista went to receive Bonifacio at Zapote, they
were irritated with what they regarded as his attitude of superiority. In his memoirs Aguinaldo wrote
that Bonifacio acted "as if he were a king".[45][46] Another time, Bonifacio ordered the arrest of
oneKatipunan general from Laguna surnamed Fernandez, who was accompanying
the Magdalo leaders in paying their respect to Bonifacio, for failing to support his attack in Manila,
but the other Magdalo leaders refused to surrender him. Townspeople
in Noveleta (a Magdiwang town) acclaimed Bonifacio as the ruler of the Philippines, to the chagrin of
theMagdalo leaders, (Bonifacio replied: "long live Philippine Liberty!"). [46] Aguinaldo disputed with
Bonifacio over strategic troop placements and blamed him for the capture of the town of Silang.
[45]
The Spanish, through Jesuit Superior Pio Pi, wrote to Aguinaldo about the possibility of peace
negotiations.[45] When Bonifacio found out, he and theMagdiwang council rejected the proposed
peace talks. Bonifacio was also angered that the Spanish considered Aguinaldo the "chief of the
rebellion" instead of him.[45] However, Aguinaldo continued to arrange negotiations which never took
place.[47] Bonifacio believed Aguinaldo was willing to surrender the revolution. [47]
Bonifacio was also subject to rumors that he had stolen Katipunan funds, his sister was the mistress
of a priest, and he was an agent provocateur paid by friars to foment unrest. Also circulated were
anonymous letters which told the people of Cavite not to idolize Bonifacio because he was a Mason,
a mere Manila employee, allegedly an atheist, and uneducated. According to these letters, Bonifacio
did not deserve the title of Supremo since only God was supreme. This last allegation was made
despite the fact that Supremowas meant to be used in conjunction with Presidente, i.e. Presidente
Supremo (Supreme President) to distinguish the president of the Katipunan Supreme Council from
council presidents of subordinate Katipunan chapters like the Magdalo and Magdiwang.[44] Bonifacio
suspected the rumor-mongering to be the work of the Magdalo leader Daniel Tirona. He confronted
Tirona, whose airy reply provoked Bonifacio to such anger that he drew a gun and would have shot
Tirona if others had not intervened.[48][49]
On December 31, Bonifacio and the Magdalo and Magdiwang leaders held a meeting in Imus,
ostensibly to determine the leadership of Cavite in order to end the rivalry between the two factions.
The issue of whether the Katipunan should be replaced by a revolutionary government was brought
up by the Magdalo, and this eclipsed the rivalry issue. TheMagdalo argued that the Katipunan, as a
secret society, should have ceased to exist once the Revolution was underway. They also held that
Cavite should not be divided. Bonifacio and the Magdiwang contended that the Katipunan served as
their revolutionary government since it had its own constitution, laws, and provincial and municipal
governments. Edilberto Evangelista presented a draft constitution for the proposed government to
Bonifacio but he rejected it as it was too similar to the Spanish Maura Law. Upon the event of
restructuring, Bonifacio was given carte blanche to appoint a committee tasked with setting up a new
government; he would also be in charge of this committee. He tasked Emilio Aguinaldo to record the
minutes of the meeting and requested for it to establish this authority, but these were never done
and never provided.[50][51]
Tagalog Republic[edit]
Influenced by Freemasonry, the Katipunan had been organized with "its own laws, bureaucratic
structure and elective leadership".[52] For each province it involved, the Supreme Council coordinated
provincial councils[53] which were in charge of "public administration and military affairs on the supramunicipal or quasi-provincial level"[52] and local councils,[53] in charge of affairs "on the district
or barrio level".[52]
In the last days of August, the Katipunan members met in Caloocan and decided to start their
revolt[52] (the event was later called the "Cry of Balintawak" or "Cry of Pugad Lawin"; the exact
location and date are disputed). A day after the Cry, the Supreme Council of the Katipunan held
elections, with the following results:[52][53]
Position
Name
President / Supremo
Andrs Bonifacio
Secretary of War
Teodoro Plata
Secretary of State
Emilio Jacinto
Secretary of Justice
Briccio Pantas
Secretary of Finance
Enrique Pacheco
The above was divulged to the Spanish by the Katipunan member Po Valenzuela while in captivity.
[52][53]
Milagros C. Guererro and others have described Bonifacio as "effectively" the commander-in-chief of
the revolutionaries. They assert:
Supreme President
President of the Sovereign Nation, Founder of the Katipunan, Initiator of the Revolution
An 1897 power struggle in Cavite led to command of the revolution shifting to Emilio Aguinaldo at
the Tejeros Convention, where a new government was formed. Bonifacio was executed after he
refused to recognize the new government. The Aguinaldo-headed Philippine
Republic (Spanish:Repblica Filipina), usually considered the "First Philippine Republic", was
formally established in 1899, after a succession of revolutionary and dictatorial governments (e.g.
the Tejeros government, the Biak-na-Bato Republic) also headed by Aguinaldo.
the First Philippine Republic and also with Aguinaldo as President was inaugurated on January 23,
1899 as the Republica Filipina (Philippine Republic).[59] That later government is now considered to
be the first Republic of the Philippines, the present-day government of the Philippines being the fifth.
Bonifacio received the second-highest number of votes for President. Though it was suggested that
he be automatically be awarded the Vice Presidency, no one seconded the motion and elections
continued. Mariano Tras of the Magdalo (originally Magdiwang) was elected Vice President.
Bonifacio was the last to be elected, as Director of the Interior. Daniel Tirona, who had helped
distribute the ballots, protested Bonifacio's election to Director of the Interior on the grounds that the
position should not be occupied by a person without a lawyer's diploma. Tirona suggested a
prominent Cavite lawyer for the position. Hurt and angered, Bonifacio demanded an apology, since
the voters had agreed to respect the election results. Tirona ignored Bonifacio's demand for apology
which drove Bonifacio to draw his gun and again nearly shot Tirona, who hid among the people, but
he was restrained by Artemio Ricarte of the Magdiwang, who had been elected Captain-General.
[60]
As people left the room, Bonifacio declared: "I, as chairman of this assembly and as President of
the Supreme Council of the Katipunan, as all of you do not deny, declare this assembly dissolved,
and I annul all that has been approved and resolved."[60][61]
The next day, Aguinaldo surreptitiously took his oath of office as President in a chapel officiated by a
Catholic priest Cenon Villafranca who was under the authority of the Roman pope. [62]:109 According to
Gen. Santiago Alvarez, guards were posted outside with strict instructions not to let in any unwanted
partisan from the Magdiwang faction while the oath-taking took place. [63] Artemio Ricarte also took his
office "with great reluctance" and made a declaration that he found the Tejeros elections "dirty or
shady" and "not been in conformity with the true will of the people."[64] Meanwhile, Bonifacio met with
his remaining supporters and drew up the Acta de Tejeros (Act of Tejeros) wherein they gave their
reasons for not accepting the election results. Bonifacio alleged the election was fraudulent due to
cheating and accused Aguinaldo of treason due to his negotiations with the Spanish. [65] In their
memoirs Santiago lvarez (son of Mariano) and Gregoria de Jess both alleged that many ballots
were already filled out before being distributed, and Guillermo Masangkay contended there were
more ballots prepared than voters present. lvarez writes that Bonifacio had been warned by a
Cavite leader Diego Mojica of the rigged ballots before the votes were canvassed, but he had done
nothing.[18][66]
Aguinaldo later sent a delegation to Bonifacio to get him to cooperate, but the latter refused.
[67]
Bonifacio appointed Emilio Jacinto general of the rebel forces in Manila, Morong, Bulacan and
Nueva Ecija.[68] In Naik, Bonifacio met with Artemio Ricarte and others, including generals Po del
Pilar and Mariano Noriel of the Magdalo who had gone over to his side.[45] Bonifacio asserted his
leadership of the revolution with the Naik Military Agreement, a document which appointed Pio del
Pilar commander-in-chief of the revolutionary forces.[68] Bonifacio's meeting was interrupted by
Aguinaldo himself, and del Pilar and Noriel promptly returned to Aguinaldo's fold. [45] In late April
Aguinaldo fully assumed presidential office after consolidating his position among the Cavite elite
most of Bonifacio's Magdiwang supporters declaring allegiance to Aguinaldo.[69] Aguinaldo's
government then ordered the arrest of Bonifacio, who was then moving out of Cavite. [67][68]
Cry of BALINTAWAK
Cry of Balintawak
Monday 27 September 2004, by catseye
On 23 of August 1896, Bonifacio and his fellow katipuneros tore their cedulas (residence
certificate) during their revolution: "Long live the Philippines". This was marked as the
historic "Cry of Balintawak", which actually occurred in Pugadlawin. Thus it is also called
"Sigaw ng Pugadlawin".