NEUROSCIENCE REVIEW

1.) THE COMPONENTS OF CNS ARE THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD.
2.) THE PNS CONSISTS OF NERVES THAT CONNECT THE BRAIN AND
SPINAL CORD TO PERIPHERAL STRUCTURES
3.) NEURONS ARE LOCATED WITHIN BOTH THE CNS AND PNS AND
CONSIST OF CELL BODY, DENDRITES, AND AXONS.
4.) TYPES OF NEURONS
I.)
PSEUDOUNIPOLAR NUERON
II.)
BIPOLAR NEURONS
III.) MULTIPOLAR NUERONS
5.) THE NODES OF RANVIER FORMS SECONDARY TO DISCONTINUOUS
AXONAL MYELINATION AND RESULTS IN INCREASED IMPULSE
VELOCITY AND ENHANCED IMPULSE PROPAGATION.
6.) AXON ENDS ARE RIBOSOMES. THIS DISTIGUISHES THEM FROM
DENDRITES.
7.) ANTEROGRADE IS TRANSPORT FROM THE CELL BODY TOWARDS THE
TERMINALS WHILE RETROGRADE IS TRANSPORT FROM THE
TERMINALS TOWARD THE CELL BODY. ANTEROGRADE UTILIZES
KINESIN PROTEIN WHILE RETROGRADE UTILIZES PINOCYTOSIS OR
RECEPTOR MODERATED ENDOCYTOSIS.
8.) CONDUCTION VELOCITY DEPENDS ON THE DIRECT RELATIONSHIP
OF THE I.)
DIAMETER OF THE AXON
II.)
THICKNESS OF THE MYELIN SHEATH
III.) DISTANCE BETWEEN THE NODES OF RANVIER
9.) SYNAPSE CONSISTS OF:
I.)
PRESYNAPTIC CLEFT USUALLY PART OF AN AXON
II.)
SYNAPTIC CLEFT GAP BETWEEN NEURONS
III.) POSTSYNAPTIC REGION EFFECTOR STRUCTURE
10.) MUSCLE CELLS HAVE A SPECIALIZED SYNAPSE. THIS IS THE
MOTOR END PLATE (NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION)
11.) SENSORY NEURONS INCLUDE:
I.)
PHOTORECEPTORS (RETINA- RODS AND CONES, UNIQUE
AMONG SENSORY CELLS.
II.)
CHEMORECEPTORS (OLFACTORY & TASTE ARE THE
PRIMARY ONES. SECONDARY CHEMORECEPTOR IS LOCATED
IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND IS SENSITIVE TO:
A.) LOW BLOOD GLUCOSE
B.) LOW OXYGEN TENSION
C.)CHANGES IN BLOOD PH
III.) MECHANORECEPTORS (VESTIBULAR SYSTEM, AUDITORY
SYSTEM, SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM)
IV.) THERMORECEPTORS (SENSE CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE
OF SKIN AND VISCERA
V.)
NOCIRECEPTORS (TRANSDUCE PAINFUL (OR NOXIOUS)
STIMULI

12.) OLIGODENDROCYTES MYELINATE NERURONS IN THE CNS

(MYELINATE MULTIPLE (40) AXONS) AND SCHWANN CELLS
MYELINATE NEURONS IN THE PNS (1 SCHWANN CELL PER AXON).
13.) IN DEMYLINATING DISEASES, OLIGODENDROCYTES DEGENERATE
AND THE AREA IS REPLACED BY ASTROCYTE PLAQUES. EXAMPLES
INCLUDE:
I.)
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS)
II.)
TRANSVERSE MYELITIS
III.) DEVICS DISEASE
IV.) PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY
14.) THE DIVISIONS OF THE BRAIN ARE:
I.) RHOMBENCEPHALON
A.) MYELENCEPHALON (GIVES RISE TO MEDULLA
OBLANGATA)
B.) METENCEPHALON (GIVES RISE TO CEREBELLUM AND
PONS)
II.) TELENCEPHALON (GIVES RISE TO THE CEREBRAL
HEMISPHERES)
III.) DIENCEPHALON CONTAINS:
CHOROID PLEXUS (GENERATES CEREBROSPINAL FLUID)
PINEAL BODY (THIRD EYE),
THALAMUS
HYPOTHALAMUS
MAMILLARY BODY
HYPOPHYSIS (PITUATARY GLAND)
IV.) MESENCEPHALON (DOES NOT DIFFERENTIATE, MOST
PRIMITIVE BRAIN VESICLE)
15.) RAPID GROWTH OF TELECEPHALON GIVES RISE TO:
I.) FRONTAL LOBE
II.) TEMPORAL LOBE
III.) PARIETAL LOBE
IV.) OCCIPITAL LOBE
16.) THE PRIMARY FUNCTION OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS IS OLFACTION
17.) IN WERNICKES APHASIA (AKA RECEPTIVE APHASIA), PATIENT
CANNOT UNDERSTAND WHAT THEY HEAR, READ, WRITE, OR
EXPRESS COHERENT THOUGHTS.
18.) THE OCCIPITAL LOBE IS THE LOCATION OF THE BRAIN WHERE WE
SEE
19.) THE CORPUS CALLOSUM IS THE LARGEST AND MOST IMPORTANT
COMMISSURE AND LAST TO APPEAR (CONSISTS OF ROSTRUM,
GENU, BODY, AND SPLENIUM)

20.) LOSS OF DOPAMINE AND PIGMENT LEADS TO PARKINSONS

21.) THE ANTERIOR COMMISSURE IS THE 1ST TO APPEAR
22.) THE HIPPOCAMPAL COMMISSURE IS 2ND TO APPEAR
23.) HOMEOBOX (HOX) GENES REGULATES DEVELOPMENT AND
DIVIDING BRAIN INTO SEGREGATED REGIONS
24.) SONIC HEDGEHOP GENE REGULATES VENTRAL PATTERNING
25.) MUTATIONS IN GENE MAY CAUSE HOLOPROSENCEPHALY AND
OTHER MIDLINE DEFECTS
26.) VENTRICULAR SYSTEM GENERATES, CIRCULATES, AND ABSORBS
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID.
27.) THE LATERAL VENTRICLES ARE FORMED BY CAVITIES OF THE
TELENCEPHALON
28.) 3RD VENTRICLE FORMED BY CAVITY OF DIENCEPHALON
29.) 4TH VENTRICLE FORMED BY CAVITY OF RHOMBENCEPHALON
30.) CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT OF SYLVIUS FORMED BY CAVITY OF THE
MESENCEPHALON
31.) HYDROCEPHALUS IS THE INCREASED AMOUNT OF
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
32.) SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS ARE SUNSET SIGN AND LOSS ON
CONSCIOUSNESS
33.) TREATMENTS INCLUDE A VP SHUNT OR RICKHAM RESERVOIR
34.) THE TYPES OF HYDROCEPHALUS ARE:
I.)
CONGENITAL - USUALLY A RESULT OF ATRESIA (FAILURE TO
FORM) OF THE CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT. CAN OCCUR AS A
RESULT OF AN ISOLATED EVENT, BE INHERITED, OR FROM
CNS DEFORMITIES
II.)
STENOSIS - USUALLY ASSOCIATED WITH INFECTION OR
INTRACEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE
35.) ASTROCYTOMAS ARE THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF GLIAL CELL
TUMOR
36.) ASTROCYTOMA GRADE 4 IS THE MOST GRAVE FORM. IT MAY BE
REFERRED TO AS GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME (GBM)
37.) EPENDYMOMAS ARE LOCATED IN THE 4TH VENTRICLE IN
CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS AND IN THE SPINAL CORD IN
ADULTS, ESPECIALLY AT THE CERVICAL REGION.
38.) LUNG CANCER AND PROSTATE CANCER ARE THE CANCERS THAT
COMMONLY METASTASIZE TO THE BRAIN IN MALES. IN FEMALES, IT
IS LUNG AND BREAST
39.) SATELLITE CELLS ARE ANALOGOUS TO ASTROCYTES. SCHWANN
CELLS ARE ANALOGOUS TO OLIGODENDROCYTES.
40.) SYMPTOMS ARE EXPERIENCED BY THE PATIENT AND SUBJECTIVE.
SIGNS ARE OBSERVED BY A HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONAL AND ARE
OBJECTIVE
41.) CNS NEURONS ARE NOT REGENERATED IN ADULTS. THE
EXCEPTION IS A SMALL NUMBER OF NEURAL STEM CELLS LOCATED
IN OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM.

Neurotransmitters Criteria
I.) Must be localized & present in the presynaptic synapse
ii.) Must be present within the neuron
iii.) Must be released from the presynaptic terminal upon stimulation
iv.) Action of a synthetic neurotransmitter analog must mimic the
natural neurotransmitter
9 NEUROTRANSMITTER GROUPS
1.) AMINO ACIDS (GABA, GLYCINE, GLUTAMATE, ASPARTATE,TAURINE,
ETC)
2.) BIOGENICAMINES(ACETYLCHOLINE,MONOAMINESCATECHOLAMINES,
SEROTONIN)
3.) NUCLEOTIDESANDNUCLESIDES(ADENOSINEANDATP)
4.) OTHERSMALLMOLECULARNEUROTRANSMITER(NITRICOXIDE)
5.) OPIOIDPEPTIDES(METHIONINEENKEPHALIN,LEUCINEENKEPHALIN,B
ENDORPHINS)
6.) POSTERIORPITUITARYPEPTIDES(ARGININEVASOPRESSIN,OXYTOCIN)
7.) TACHYKININS(SUBSTANCEP,KASSININ,NEUROKININA&B)
8.) GLUCAGONRELATEDPEPTIDES(VIP,GLUCAGON,SECRETIN,GHRH)
9.) PANCREATICPOLYPEPTIDERELATEDPEPTIDES(NEUROPEPTIDEGAMMA)
10.)