(MONOVARIABLE FUNCTION)
!-niymny
TMnak;TMngeTVFatu f BIsMNMu E eTAsMNMu F CaGnuKmn_kalNaRKb;
Fatu x nsMNMu E manrUbPaB y y:ageRcInnsMNMu F .
eKkMnt;sresr f : E F
f : x y f x
EdnkMnt;nGnuKmn_ f
KWCasMNMunFatuedIm EdlmanrUbPaBtamGnuKmn_ f
eKkMnt;sresr D x E , y F / y f x .
]TahrN_ cUrrkEdnkMnt;nGnuKmn_ y f x 2x 3e ln x
GnuKmn_enHGackMnt;)anluHRtaEt x 0 . dUcenH D 0 , .
2-edrIevnGnuKmn_
k> niymny ]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_ f kMnt;elIcenaH I ehIy x CacMnYnBit
enAkgcenaH I nig h CacMnYnBitxusBIsUnEdl x h enAkgcenaH I .
cMnYnedrIevnGnuKmn_ f Rtg;cMnuc x ebIman CalImItnpleFobrvagGRta
kMeNIn y f x h f x CamYynwg x x h x h kalNa x
xiteTArksUn . eKkMnt;sresr f 'x lim xy lim f x hh f x .
]TahrN_ eKmanGnuKmn_ y f (x) VU((xx)) .
eRbIniymnycUrbgajfa y' f ' (x ) U' (x )V(xV) (xV)' (x )U(x ) .
x2
2
x 0
h 0
-1-
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
h) f (x 0 )
0
h 0
h
U( x 0 h ) U( x 0 )
V( x 0 h ) V( x 0 )
lim
h 0
h
U( x 0 h )V( x 0 ) U( x 0 )V( x 0 h )
lim
h 0
h V( x 0 h ) V( x 0 )
lim
U(x
h 0
U( x 0 h ) U( x 0 )
V( x 0 h ) V( x 0 )
U( x 0 )
1
lim
.
.
x 0
V
(
x
h
)
h
V
(
x
h
)
V
(
x
)
h
0
0
0
x0
h 0
lim
h 0
ax
0 h
h
ax
ah 1
x a 1
x
lim a
a . lim
a x . ln a
h 0
h 0
h
h
h
0
ah 1
lim
ln a
h 0
h
BIeRBaH
.
dUcenH y' f '(x ) a .ln a .
x> rUbmnedrIevnGnuKmn_sMxan; nig rUbmnRKwH
!> y ax y' n a x Edl a IR
@> y x y' 2 1 x
Edl a IR
#> y xa y' xa
x0
n 1
-2-
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
$> y e y' e
e 2.7182818... CaeKalelakarItenEB
%> y e y' a e
Edl a IR
^> y a y' a .ln a Edl a 0 .
&> y ln x y' 1x
*> y lnax b y' axa b
(> y log x y' x.ln1 a Edl a 0 , a 1 .
!0> y u v w y' u' v'w '
!!> y u y' n u' u
!@> y u y' 2u'u
!#> y u.v y' u' v v' u
!$> y uv y' u' vv v' u
!%> y 1v y' vv'
!^> y e y' u' e
!&> y a y' u' a ln a
!*> y u y' u' v u v' u ln u
]TahrN_ cUrKNnaedrIevnGnuKmn_ y e Edl x 0 .
tamrUbmn ( e ) ' U'.e eK)an
x
ax
ax
n 1
v 1
1 ln x
x
y' (
) 'e
.e
.e
x
x2
x2
ln x 1lnx x
y' 2 . e
x
dUcenH
-3-
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
]TahrN_ cUrKNnaedrIevnGnuKmn_
eK)an
ln x
ln y ln
x 2 4 x
rUbmn
ln x
y f (x)
x 2 4 x
ln U V V ln U , ln
U
ln U ln V
V
ln y ( x 2 4 x )ln(ln x ) ln x
eFIVedrIevelIGgTaMgBIrnsmPaBenHeK)an
y'
1
1
(2 x 4)ln ln x ln x
y
x ln x x
1
1
y' (2 x 4)ln ln x ln x
.y
x ln x x
1 ln x ln x x
dUcenH
K> edrIevbnbnab;
]bmafa f CaGnuKmn_manedrIevTI n elIcenaH I .
EdlehAfaGnuKmn_edrIevTI n nGnuKmn_ y f (x) KWCaGnuKmn_kMnt;tageday
d f
y
f x Edl n IN * .
dx
X> rUbmnedrIevTI n nGnuKmn_plKuN
]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_ y u.v Edl u nig v CaGnuKmn_BIr .
eKman y' u' v v' u
! - !
y' ' u ' ' v 2 u ' v ' uv' '
! - @ - !
y' ' ' u ' ' ' v 3u ' ' v' 3u ' v' ' u v' ' '
!- # - # - !
y u v 4u v'6u ' ' v' '4u ' v uv
! - $ - ^ - $ - !
---------------------------------------------------------dUcenHeK)anrUbmnTUeTA
2
4 x
(n)
(n)
( 4)
( 4)
( 3)
( 3)
(4)
-4-
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
3-Gnuvtn_edrIevnGnuKmn_
k> GnuKmn_cMNayma:CINl ( Marginal Cost Function )
]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_cMNaysrub ( Total Cost Function )mYykMnt;eday
TC TC ( x ) Edl x tag[brimaNplitplEdlRtUvplit .
EdlehAfa M arg inal Cost Function KWCaGnuKmn_edrIevn Total Cost Function
eKkMnt;tageday MC MC(x) dTCdx(x) TC ' (x) .
]TahrN_ ]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_cMNaysrubmYykMnt;eday
TC( x ) 4 x 12 x 15x 100 Edl x CabrimaNplitplEdlRtUvplit.
k> cUrkMnt;rk Marginal cost function
x> cUrkMnt;rk Marginal cost Rtg;cMnuc x 20 units .
dMeNaHRsay
k> rk Marginal cost function
eKman TC(x) 4x 12x 15x 100
eK)an MC(x) TC ' (x) (4x 12x 15x 100) ' 12x 24x 15
dUcenH MC(x) 3(4x 8x 5) .
x> kMnt;rk Marginal cost Rtg;cMnuc x 20 units
eK)an MC(20) 12.20 24.20 15 4 335 .
mannyfa ebIeKplitbEnm ! ktaTI @! enaHeKRtUvcMNaybEnm$##% ktarUbiyvt.
x> GnuKmn_cMNUlma:CINl ( Marginal Revenue Function )
]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_cMNUlsrub ( Total Revenue Function )mYykMnt;eday
TR TR ( x ) Edl x tag[brimaNplitplEdlRtUvlk; .
EdlehAfa M arg inal Re venue Function KWCaGnuKmn_edrIevn
3
-5-
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
-6-
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
Edl x tag[brimaNplitplEdlRtUvlk; .
EdlehAfa M arg inal Pr ofit Function KWCaGnuKmn_edrIevn
dTP ( x )
Total Pr ofit Function eKkMnt;tageday MP MP( x )
TP ' ( x ) .
dx
]TahrN_ ]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_R)ak;cMenjsrubmYykMnt;eday
x
TP ( x ) 50 x 225 750 Edl x CabrimaNplitplRtUvlk; .
2
k> cUrrk TP(8) rYcBnl;BIlTplenH .
x> cUrrk Marginal Profit Function.
K> cUrrk Marginal Profit Function Rtg;cMnuc x 20 units .
dMeNaHRsay
k> rk TP(8) rYcBnl;BIlTplenH
eK)an TP(8) 50 8 225 82 750 96
dUcenH TP(8) 96 ktarUbiyvt. lTplenHmannyfakalNaeKlk;plitpl
cMnYn * ktaeKnwgTTYl)anR)ak;cMenj (^ ktarUbiyvt.
x> rk Marginal Profit Function.
eKman TP(x) 50 x 225 x2 750
eK)an MP(x) TP ' (x) 50 2(x x 225225) ' 12 x 50 225 12
dUcenH MP(x) x 50 225 12 .
K> rk Marginal Profit Function Rtg;cMnuc x 20 units
eK)an MP(20) 20 50 225 12 50625 12 2 12 32 1.50 .
mannyfaebIeKlk;bEnm ! kta TI @! enaHeK)anR)ak;cMenj !>%0 ktarUbiyvt.
TP TP ( x )
-7-
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
4-brmakmnGnuKmn_ ( Optimization )
enAkgRbtibtikarGaCIvkm eKeRcInCYbnUvbBaaenAcMeBaHmuxEdlRtUvedaHRsay
ehIyral;dMeNaHRsayTaMgenaHeKEtgcg;)anCanicnUvdMeNaHRsayEdlRbesIrbMput
Optimal solution dUcCa
- karkMnt;brimaNplitplEdlRtUvlk;edIm,I[R)ak;cMnUlsrub (Total Revenue )b
R)ak;cMeNjsrub ( Total Profit ) Gtibrma .
-kMnt;brimaNplitplEdlRtUvplitedIm,I[R)ak;cMnaymFmkg1ktaGb,brma
bBaaTaMgGs;enHeKGacbkRsay)antamKNitviTaedayeRbIbrmakmnGnuKmn_.
viFIkMnt;rkbrmanGnuKmn_manmYyGefr
]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_ y f (x) .
edIm,IkMnt;rkbrmanGnuKmn_enHeKRtUv
!-KNnaedrIevTImYy y' f ' (x)
@-rkbsrbs;smIkar f ' (x) 0 ]bmafavamanbs x x
#-KNnaedrIevTIBIr y' ' f ' '(x) rYcrktmelxn y' ' f ' '(x )
snidan
-ebI f ' '(x ) 0 enaHGnuKmn_ y f (x) mantmGtibrmaRtg; x x .
-ebI f ' '(x ) 0 minGacsnidan)an .
-ebI f ' '(x ) 0 enaHGnuKmn_ y f (x) mantmGb,brmaRtg; x x .
rMlwksmIkardWeRkTIBIr ax bx c 0 , a 0 , a, b, c IR
edIm,IrkcemIysmIkarenHeKRtUv
-KNnabrimaN b 4ac
0
-8-
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
b
x1
2a
b
x 2
2a
b
x1 x 2
2a
-ebI 0 smIkarmanbsBIrepSgKaKW
.
-ebI 0 smIkarmanbsDbKW
-ebI 0 smIkarKanbskgsMNMucMnYnBit .
]TahrN_ ]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_R)ak;cMnUlsrub TR x 13500x 60x
Edl x CabrimaNplitplEdleKRtUvlk; .
etIeKRtUvlk;plitplenHb:unanktaedIm,I[)ancMnUlsrubGtibrma ?
cUrkMnt;R)ak;cMnUlGtibrmaenaH ?
dMeNaHRsay
-KNnaedrIevTImYy TR ' (x) 13500 120x 3x
-edaHRsaysmIkar TR ' (x) 0 naM[ 3x 120x 13500 0
x3
eKTajbs
minyk
-KNnaedrIevTIBIr TR ' ' (x) 120 6x
eday TR ' ' (50) 120 650 420 0 naM[GnuKmn_mantmGtibrmaRtg;
x 50 mannyfaedIm,I[R)ak;cMnUlsrubGtibrmaeKRtUvlk;plitplcMnYn 50 units
ehIyR)ak;cMnUlsrubGtibrmaenaHKW TR (50) 400,000 ktarUbiyvt.
]TahrN_ ]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_R)ak;cMnUlsrub TR (x) 12600x nigGnuKmn_
R)ak;cMnaysrub TC(x) 6000 15x x Edl x CabrimaNplitpl .
cUrkMnt;brimaNplitplEdlRtUvlk;edIm,I[)anR)ak;cMeNjGtibrma ?
cUrkMnt;rkR)ak;cMenjGtibrmaenaH ?
2
-9-
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
dMeNaHRsay
eKman Total Pr ofit Total Re venue Total Cost
eK)an TP(x) 12600x 6000 15x x x 15x 12600x 6000
-KNnaedrIevTImYy TP' (x) 3x 30x 12600
-edaHRsaysmIkar TP'x 0 naM[ 3x 30x 12600 0
KNna ' 15 312600 225 37800 38025 195
15 195
eKTajbs x 15 195
60 , x
70 0 minyk
3
3
-KNnaedrIevTIBIr TP' '(x) 6x 30 .
eday TP' '60 660 30 0 naM[GnuKmn_mantmGtibrmaRtg; x 60 .
dUcenHedIm,I[R)ak;cMenjGtibrmaluHRtaEteKlk;plitplcMnYn 60 units .
R)ak;cMenjGtibrmaenaHKW TP60 480, 000 ktarUbiyvt.
]TahrN_ ]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_cMNaysrubkgkarplitmYykMnt;eday
x
TCx
2 x 2500 Edl x CabrimaNplitplEdl)anplit .
9
etIeKRtUvplitplitplenHb:unanktaedIm,I[cMnaymFmGb,brma ?
cUrrkR)ak;cMnayGb,brmaenaH ?
SOLUTION : -eKRtUvplitcMnYn 150 units
-cMnaymFmGb,brmakg!ktaKW 35.33 ktarUbiyvt.
5-GaMgetRkalminkMnt; ( Indefinite integrals )
k-niymny GaMgetRkalminkMnt;nGnuKmn_ f (x) KWCasMNMunRBImITIvTaMgGs;
nGnuKmn_ f (x) EdleKkMnt;sresr f (x).dx F(x) c .
Edl c CacMnYnefr ehIy F' (x) f (x) .
2
- 10 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
x-rUbmnGaMgetRkalminkMnt;sMxan;
!> x .dx n 1 1 x c Edl n 1 , c IR
@> dxx ln x c
#> dxx 1x c
$> dxx 2 x c
%> e .dx e c
^> e .dx 1a e c Edl a 0 .
&> a .dx lna a c Edl a 0 , a 1 .
K-lkNHnGaMgetRkalminkMnt;
!> k f (x) dx k f (x) dx
@> f (x) g(x) h(x).dx f (x).dx g(x).dx h(x).dx
X-rUbmnGaMgetRkalbrGefr
!> ]bmafa I f (x).dx ebIeKtag x (t) dx ' (t).dt
eK)anrUbmn I f (x).dx f (t).' (t).dt .
@> ]bmafa I f (x).' (x).dx ebIeKtag u (x) du '(x).dx
eK)anrUbmn I f (x).' (x).dx f u .du .
g-rUbmnGaMgetRkaledayEpk
eKman d(u v) v du u dv
eKTaj u dv d (u v ) v du
n 1
ax
ax
udv d(u v)
vdu uv vdu
- 11 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
dUcenH u dv uv v du .
]TahrN_ KNnaGaMgetRkal I 4x 2x
eK)an I 4x 2x 3 1x x1 .dx
5
3x 2 x 1
.dx
x2
dx
dx
2
x
x
4
3
1
x x
4 2 ln | x | c
x
4 3
2
1
I x 4 x 3 ln | x | c
3
x
4 x 7 .dx
I 4
x 1
4 x 3 dx 2 x 2 dx
dUcenH
.
]TahrN_ KNnaGaMgetRkal
tag t x 1 dt 4x .dx nig x t 1
eK)an I x .(x4x 1dx) (t t1)dt 1 1t .dt dt dtt t ln | t | c
dUcenH I x 1 lnx 1 c .
]TahrN_ KNnaGaMgetRkal I xdxln x
4
eKman
eK)an
dUcenH
dx
dx
dx
I
x
u ln x du
x
x ln x
ln x
du
I
ln | u | c ln | ln x | c
u
tag
I ln | ln x | c
2x
.dx
du 4dx
u 4 x 1
1 2x
2x
dv e .dx
v 2 e
1
1
1
I 4 x 1e 2 x e 2 x .4dx (4 x 1)e 2 x 2e 2 x .dx
2
2
2
eK)an
- 12 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
1
4x 1e 2 x e 2 x c 1 4x 1e 2 x c
2
2
1
I 4 x 1e 2 x c
2
dUcenH
]TahrN_ I x e .dx
tag dvu xe .dx naMeGay
2
du 2 x.dx
x
v e
x 2 e x 2 xe x .dx
x e 2 xe 2e .dx
x
x 2 e x 2 xe x 2e x c
x 2 2 x 2 e x c
]TahrN_ KNnaGaMgetRkal
tag dvu lnxx.dx naMeGay
I x 3 ln x.dx
du x .dx
v 1 x 4
1 4
1
1
x ln x x 4 . .dx
4
4
x
1
1
x 4 ln x x 3 .dx
4
4
1
1
x 4 ln x x 4 c
4
16
6-Gnuvtn_GaMgetRkalminkMnt;
k> kMnt;rkGnuKmn_ Total Cost edaysal;GnuKmn_ M arg inal Cost
]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_ M arg inal Cost kMnt;eday MC MCx .
GnuKmn_ Total Cost kMnt;eday TCx MCx .dx .
]TahrN_ eKmanGnuKmn_ M arg inal Cost kMnt;eday MCx x2 4 Kitkg1Ex
sRmab;karplit ehIycMNayefresInwg !00 ktarUbiyvt .
- 13 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
- 14 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
.
K>kMnt;rkGnuKmn_ plitplsrubEdl)anplitkgryHeBl t edaysal;GnuKmn_
TinplBlkmenAxN t
ebIeKsal;TinplBlkmmanGnuKmn_ W Wt enAxN t enaHGnuKmn_
plitplsrubEdl)anplit)ankgryHeBl t kMnt;eday
TP t W t .dt .
7-GaMgetRkalkMnt; ( Definite integrals )
k-niymny GaMgetRkalkMnt;nGnuKmn_ f (x) kgcenaH a , b kMnt;eday
SOLUTION :
TR x 8000 x 40 x 2 x 3
k 0
Edl x a b n a k , x x x b n a , x , x .
x-RTwsIbT Newton Leibniz
ebI f (x) Cab;kgcenaH a , b nigmanRBImITIv F(x) kgcenaH a , b enaH
GaMgetRkalkMnt;nGnuKmn_ f (x) kgcenaH a , b kMnt;eday
f ( x ).dx F( x ) F(b) F(a ) Edl F' ( x ) f ( x ) ) .
K-lkNHnGaMgetRkalkMnt;
!> f (x) 0
@> k f (x).dx k f (x).dx
#> f (x) g(x) h(x).dx f (x)dx g(x).dx h(x).dx
$> f (x).dx f (x).dx f (x).dx
%> f (x).dx f (x).dx
k
k 1
k 1
a
b
a
b
a
c
a
b
- 15 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
X-rUbmnGaMgetRkalkMnt;brGefr
!> ebIeKman I f (x).dx ebIeKtag x (t) dx '(t).dt
cMeBaH x a , b RtUvnwg t t , t eK)anrUbmn
b
t2
t1
g-rUbmnKNnaGaMgetRkaledayEpk
b
b
u dv u v a v du
7-Gnuvtn_GaMgetRkalkMnt;
k-tmmFm ( Average Value )
tmmFmnGnuKmn_ f (x) kgcenaH a, bkMnt;eday
1
f x .dx .
ba
x-GtnyFrNImaRt
b
y
(c) : y f ( x )
- 16 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
y
( c) : y f ( x )
(c' ) : y g ( x )
x
rUbmnsRmab;KNna
S f ( x ) g( x ).dx
a
X-cMNaykgkarEfTaMeRKOgyn
ebIeKeRbIrfynkan;EtyUreTAenaHcMNaykgkarEfTaMkan;EtFMEdr .
]bmafa rt CaGnuKmn_cMnayeRKOgynmYy enAqaMTI t edayKiteFobBIeBlEdl
eKeTIbeRbIR)as; t KitCaqaM .
cMNaykgkarEfrTaMkgcenaHryHeBlBI t eTA t kMnt;eday
E r ( t ).dt R ( t ) R t R t Edl R ' ( t ) r ( t ) .
1
t2
t2
t1
t1
- 17 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
g-PaBelIsrbs;GkeRbIR)as;
P
D f (q )
C-S
E(p 0 , q 0 )
TR 0
Q
q0
P
D f (q )
S g (q )
E
- 18 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
q0
rrr0sss
- 19 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
lMhat;mandMeNaHRsay
lMhat;TI1
]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_cMNaysrubmYykMnt;eday TC(x) x3 4x 2700
etIeKRtUvplitb:unanktaedIm,I[cMnaymFmkg !kta Gb,brma ?
dMeNaHRsay
tag TCx CaGnuKmn_cMNaymFm .
eK)an TCx TCxx x3 4 2700
x
-KNnaedrIevTImYy TC ' (x) 13 2700
x
-ebI TC ' 0 naMeGay 13 2700
0 naMeGay x 3 2700 90
x
-KNnaedrIevTIBIr TC ' '(x) 5400
x
0 naM[GnuKmn_ TC( x ) mantmGb,rmaRtg; x 90
edayeKman TC ' '(90) 5400
90
dUcenHedIm,I[cMNaymFmkgmYyktaGb,brmaeKRtUvplitcMnYn 90 Units .
lMhat;TI2
eK[ Total Re venue Function kMnt;eday TR (x) 880xx2x
Edl x CabrimaNplitplEdleKRtUvlk; .
etIeKRtUvlk;plitplenHb:unanktaedIm,I[cMnUlsrubGtibrma ?
cUrkMnt;rkcMnUlGtibrmaenaH ?
dMeNaHRsay
KNnaedrIev
2
( x 2) 2
( x 2) 2
- 20 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
minyk
eKTajbs
kenSam TR ' (x) mansBaadUc 1760 4x x eRBaH (x 2) 0 , x 0 .
2
44
40
TR ' ( x )
2000 x 20 x 2 x 3 k
k 17 000
naM[ k 0
- 21 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
lMhat;TI4
eK[GnuKmn_cMNaykgkarEfTaMeRKOgynmYykMnt;eday
r ( t ) 400 10 t 3t Edl t CaryHeBlKitCaqaM nig $00CacMNayefr .
cUrrkcMNaykgkarEfTaMBIqaMTI $ eTAqaMTI^.
dMeNaHRsay
tag E CacMNaykgkarEfTaMBIqaMTI $ eTAqaMTI^
eK)an E (400 10t 3t ).dt 400t 5t t 852 ktarUbiyvt.
lMhat;TI5
GnuKmn_tRmUvkarrbs;karplitmYyKW f (q) 1000
nigfsmtaesInwg $100 .
q5
cUrrkPaBelIsrbs;GkeRbIR)as; ?
dMeNaHRsay
eday p $100 eK)an 1000
100 q 5 units
q5
dUcenH p $100 , q 5units CacMnucsmta ehIycMnUlRtg;cMnucsmtaKW
TR 100 5 $ 500 .
eK)an C.S 1000
.dq 500 1000 ln | q 5 | 500 1000 ln 2 500
q5
dUcenHPaBelIsnGkeRbIR)as;KW C.S $ 193 .
lMhat;TI6
GnuKmn_tRmUvkarrbs;plitkmmYyKW f (q) 100 q nigGnuKmn_pt;pg;
g (q ) q 2 .
cUrrkPaBelIsnGkplit ?
2
6
4
- 22 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
dMeNaHRsay
-rkcMnucsmta
100 q 2 q 2
100 q 2 q 2 4q 4
2q 2 4q 96 0
q 2 2q 48 0
, ' 1 48 49 7 2
eKTajbs q 1 7 6 , q 1 7 8 0 minyk
eK)an q 6 units naM[ p 6 2 $8
PaBelIsnGkplitKW P.S 6 8 (q 2).dq
1
q2
48 2q 48 18 12 0 $18
2
0
lMhat;TI7
eK[ M arg inal Pr ofit Function mYykMnt;eday MP(x) x10 1 2
cUrrk Total Pr ofit Function ebIeKdwgfa ebIeKlk; !% ktaeK)anR)ak;cMenj $50 ?
dMeNaHRsay
eK)an TP(x) x10 1 2 .dx 20 x 1 2x k
eday TP(15) 20 15 1 2(15) k 50 k 0
dUcenH Total Pr ofit Function KW TP(x) 20 x 1 2x .
lMhat;TI8
KNnatmmFmrbs;GnuKmn_ f (x) 2x 1 kgcenaH 0 , 4 .
eK)an 4 1 0 . 2x 1.dx 14 13 (2x 1) 136 2.166 .
3
2
- 23 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
lMhat;Gnuvtn_
!- ]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_cMNaysrubmYykMnt;eday
TC( x ) 2 x 12 x 27 x 250 Edl x CabrimaNplitplEdlRtUvplit.
k> cUrkMnt;rk Marginal cost function
x> cUrkMnt;rk Marginal cost Rtg;cMnuc x 10 units .
@- ]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_R)ak;cMnUlsrubmYykMnt;eday
TR ( x ) 60 x 0.05x Edl x CabrimaNplitplEdlRtUvlk; .
k> cUrKNna TR (600) rYcBnl;BIlTplenH ?
x> cUrkMnt;rk Marginal Revenue Function
K> cUrkMnt;rk Marginal Revenue Function Rtg; x 100 units .
#-]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_R)ak;cMenjsrubmYykMnt;eday
x
TP ( x ) 50 x 49 350 Edl x CabrimaNplitplRtUvlk; .
2
k> cUrrk TP(24) rYcBnl;BIlTplenH .
x> cUrrk Marginal Profit Function.
K> cUrrk Marginal Profit Function Rtg;cMnuc x 24 units .
$-]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_R)ak;cMnUlsrub TR x 9000x 5x 13 x
Edl x CabrimaNplitplEdleKRtUvlk; .
etIeKRtUvlk;plitplenHb:unanktaedIm,I[)ancMnUlsrubGtibrma ?
cUrkMnt;R)ak;cMnUlGtibrmaenaH ?
%-]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_R)ak;cMnUlsrub TR (x) 12000x nigGnuKmn_
R)ak;cMnaysrub TC(x) 6000 600x 15x x Edl x CabrimaNplitpl .
cUrkMnt;brimaNplitplEdlRtUvlk;edIm,I[)anR)ak;cMeNjGtibrma ?
3
- 24 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
cUrkMnt;rkR)ak;cMenjGtibrmaenaH ?
^-GnuKmn_cMNaysrubkgkarplitmYyKW TC(x) x4 2x 400 .
etIeKRtUvplitb:unanktaedIm,I[cMNaymFmkg!ktaGb,brma ?
cUrcMNayGb,brmaenaH ?
x 1764
&-eKman Total Re venue Function kMnt;eday TR (x) x 884
0.2 x
k> cUrrk M arg inal Re venue Function
x> etIeKRtUvlk;plitplb:unanktaedIm,I[eKTTYl)anR)ak;cMnUlGtibrma ?
cUrrkR)ak;cMnUlGtibrmaenaH ?
*-eK[GnuKmn_ M arg inal Re venue : MR (x) 2000 40x 3x .
cUrrk Total Re venue Function ?
(-eK[GnuKmn_ M arg inal Cost sRmab;plitkmmYykMnt;eday
MC( x ) 2 3x ln(x 4) nigcMnayefresInwg * 000 000 erol .
cUrkMnt;rk Total cos t function ?
!0-eK[GnuKmn_ M arg inal Re venue : MR (x) 8000 80x 3x
nigGnuKmn_ M arg inal Cost MC(x) 2 (x 1) ln(x 1) ehIycMnayefresI
nwg %00 000 erol .
cUrrk Total profit function ?
!!-GnuKmn_ M arg inal Cost sRmab;plitkmmYyKW MC(x) 10 4(x 1) ln x
ehIycMNayefrKW $1500 .
cUrrk Total cos t function ?
nigfsmtaesInwg $15 .
!@-eKmanGnuKmn_tRmUvkar f (q) 10qq 150
5
cUrrkPaBelIsnGkeRbIR)as; ?
2
- 25 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
- 26 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
!-sBaaNnGnuKmn_eRcInGefr
k> GnuKmn_manBIrGefr
RbsinebIcMeBaHRKb; x , y D manrUbPaBmYytam f enaH Z ehAfaGnuKmn_esrI
x , y EdleKkMnt;sresr Z f ( x, y) .
]TahrN_ eK[ Z f (x, y) 2x 7xy 3y CaGnuKmn_manBIrGefr .
]TahrN_ ekanbrivtn_mYyEdlmankBs; h nigkaMfas)at R manmaD
V f ( h , R ) R h CaGnuKmn_manBIrGefr .
3
]TahrN_ GnuKmn_manBIrGefr Z f (x, y) a 2006
, a 0 , a efr
x y
2
GnuKmn_enHGackMnt;)ankalNa a x y 0 or x y a
tamFrNImaRt EdnkMnt; D nGnuKmn_KWCapRkLargVg;pit 0 kaM a .
]TahrN_ ]bmafaGnuKmn_cMNayfedImkgkarplitrbs;RkumhunmYYyKW
TC ( x , y) 2 x 3y 4 .
Edl x CafvtFatuedIm 1kg nig y CafQlBlkmkg !em:ag KitCadula.
rkcMNayfedImkgkarplit 1 unit ebIvtFatuedImf 0.25$ / kg nigfQlBlkm
man $2.5 / h .
eyIg)an TC (0.25 ; 2.50 ) 2(0.25) 3(2.50) 4 $12 .
2
- 27 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
k> GnuKmn_manBIrGefr
RbsinebIcMeBaHRKb; x , y, z D manrUbPaBmYytam f enaH Z ehAfaGnuKmn_esrI
x , y, z EdleKkMnt;sresr Z f ( x , y, z) .
]TahrN_ Z f (x, y, z) 1 x 1 y z CaGnuKmn_manbIGefr .
2
GnuKmn_enHmannyebI 1 x y z 0 or x y z 1
tamnyFrNImaRt EdnkMnt; D KWCamaDEsVEdlmanpit 0 kaM R 1 .
]TahrN_ Ggt;RTUgrbs;RbeLBIEb:tEkgmYyEdlmanvimaRt x, y, z CaGnuKmn_
manbIGefrEdlkMnt;eday d f (x, y, z) x y z
RbsinebIvimaRt x 10cm , y 15cm , z 30cm eK)an
d f 10 , 15 , 30 10 15 30 35cm .
@-edrIevedayEpknGnuKmn_eRcInGefr
]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_manBIrGefrmYykMnt;Cab;kgEdn D eday Z f (x, y, z)
-ebI y minERbRbYlenaH Z kayCaGnuKmn_manmYyGefr x .
-ebI x minERbRbYlenaH Z kayCaGnuKmn_manmYyGefr y .
k> niymny
cMeBaH y minERbRbYlenaH Z kayCaGnuKmn_manmYyGefr x ehIyebI Z man
edrIeveFobnwg x enaHedrIevenHeKehAfaedrIevedayEpkrbs;GnuKmn_ Z f (x, y)
eFobnwg x EdleKkMnt;sresr
2
Z
f ( x x , y) f ( x , y)
lim
x x 0
x
Z
f ( x , y y) f ( x , y)
lim
Z' y f ' y x , y
y y0
y
Z' x f ' x x , y
dUcKaEdreKman
]TahrN_ eK[GnuKmn_ Z f (x, y) 2x
- 28 -
7 xy 3y 2
.
Prepared by LIM PHALKUN
Tel : 017 768 246
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
cUrKNnaedrIevedayEpknGnuKmn_enH ?
eK)an Z' 4x 7 y nig Z' 7x 6y .
]TahrN_ eKmanGnuKmn_ z f (x, y) x y , x 0 , y 0
eK)an Z' y x y ln y nig Z' x ln x xy .
]TahrN_KNnaedrIevedayEpknGnuKmn_ Z f (x, y, z) x y z 3xyz
eK)an Z' 3x 3yz , Z' 3y 3xz , Z' 3z 3xyz .
]TahrN_ eKmanGnuKmn_ Z f (x, y) ln(x y )
cUrKNnaedrIevedayEpknGnuKmn_enH ?
eK)an Z' (xx yy )' x 2xy , Z' (xx yy )' x 2yy .
]TahrN_ KNnaedrIevedayEpknGnuKmn_ Z f (x, y) e
eK)an Z' (x y )'e 3x e , Z' (x y )'e 3y e .
]TahrN_ KNnaedrIevtamEpknGnuKmn_
Z f ( x , y, z ) x y z x y z
, x 0, y 0, z 0 .
eK)an Z' y x z ln z x y z (1 ln x)
x
y 1
x 1
x 3 y3
x 3 y3
x 3 y3
x 3 y3
x 3 y3
y 1
Z' y x y ln x zy z 1 x x y y z z (1 ln y)
Z' z y z ln y xz x 1 x x y y z z (1 ln z)
]TahrN_ KNnaedrIevedayEpknGnuKmn_
Z f ( x , y, z) ln(2 x 3 y 3 5z 3 4 x 2 y 2 z 2 )
6 x 2 8xy 2 z 2
Z' x 3
2 x y 3 5z 2 4 x 2 y 2 z 2
3y 2 8x 2 yz 2
Z' y 3
2 x y 3 5z 3 4 x 2 y 2 z 2
eK)an
Z' z
15z 2 8x 2 y 2 z
2 x 3 y 3 5z 3 4 x 2 y 2 z 2
- 29 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
]TahrN_ KNnaedrIevedayEpknGnuKmn_
?
3-PaByWt ELASTICITY
k> cMeBaHGnuKmn_manmYyGefr
-kMeNIn x x x ehAfakMeNIndac;xat .
-pleFob xx ehAfakMeNIneFob eFobnwg x .
-edIm,IeRbobeFobkMeNIneFob eFobnwg y KW yy CamYynwgkMeNIneFob eFobnwg x
Z f ( x , y, z ) x y
KW xx eyIgbegItpleFob
0
y
y
x
y
E 0 0
x y 0 x
x0
x x 0
- 30 -
1%
100 8 2
8
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
x> PaByWtedayEpk
]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_BIrGefr Z f (x, y) . PaByWtnGnuKmn_enH dUcKaeTAnwg
PaByWtnGnuKmn_manmYyGefrEdr .
-PaByWt eFobnwg x KW EZ f (xx, y) Zx .
x
- 31 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
5-DIepr:g;Eslsrub
k> ]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_ Z f (x, y) , x, y D manedrIevTImYy .
DIepr:g;EslsrubRtg;cMnuc (x, y) kMnt;eday dZ Zx .dx Zy .dy .
]TahrN_ rkDIepr:g;EslsrubnGnuKmn_ z x 4xy 3y
eK)an dZ (2x 4y).dx (4x 6y).dy .
x> ]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_ Z f (x, y, z) , x, y, z D manedrIevTImYy .
DIepr:g;EslsrubRtg;cMnuc (x, y, z) kMnt;eday dZ Zx .dx Zy .dy Zz .dz
]TahrN_ rkDIepr:g;EslsrubnGnuKmn_ Z f (x, y, z) ln(2x 5y 4z )
eK)an dZ 2x 54yx 4z .dx 2x 105yy 4z .dy 2x 58yz 4z .
6-edrIevedayEpklMdab;x<s;
edrIevedayEpklMdab;BIrrbs;GnuKmn_ Z f x, y KWCaedrIevedayEpkrbs;edrIev
edayEpklMdab;mYy. eKtagedrIevlMdab;TIBIreday
!> f ' ' x, y x Zx xZ
@> f ' ' x, y y Zy yZ
#> f ' ' x, y y Zx y.Zx
$> f ' ' x, y x Zy x.Zy
]TahrN_ eK[GnuKmn_ Z f (x, y) x y 2x y 5xy 3
cUrKNna f ' ' , f ' ' , f ' ' nig f ' ' ?
2
xx
yy
xy
yx
xx
yy
xy
yx
- 32 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
7-brmanGnuKmn_eRcInGefr
k> niymny
]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_ Z f (x, y)
-eKfaGnKmn_manGtibrimaRtg;cMnuc M(x , y ) luHRtaEtRKb;cMnuc Mx, y
kgvNsIuNancMnuc M eK)an f x y f x, y .
- eKfaGnKmn_manGtibrimaRtg;cMnuc M(x , y ) luHRtaEtRKb;cMnuc Mx, y
kgvNsIuNancMnuc M eK)an f x y f x, y.
x>rebobkMnt;brmanGnuKmnmanBIrefr
]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn Z f x, yEdlmanedrIev.
edIm,IkMNt;rkbrimanGnuKmneKRtUv
1-KNnaedrIevedayEpkKW f ' x, y, f ' x, y
2-edaHRsayRbBnsmIkar ff '' xx,, yy 00
]bmafaRbBnmanKUcemIy x , y
3-KNnabrimaN a f ' ' x, y , b f ' ' x, y , c f ' ' x, yRtg; x , y
4-KNnabrimaN ac b
ebI 0 , a 0 enaHGnuKmn_ Z f (x , y ) manGb,brma .
ebI 0 , a 0 enaHGnuKmn_ Z f ( x , y ) manGtibrma .
ebI 0 enaHGnuKmn_ Z f (x , y ) Kanbrma .
ebI 0 minGacsnidan)an .
]TahrN eKeGayGnuKmn Z f x, y 2x 5y 2xy 6x 6y 34
rkbrimanGnuKmnenH.
-KNnaedrIev Z' 4x 2y 6 and Z' 10y 2x 6
0
0,
0,
xx
xy
yy
- 33 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
-edaHRsayRbBn 104xy22yx6600
bnab;BIedaHRsayRbBnmanKUcemIy x 2 , y 1
-KNnabrimaN ac b
edayeKman a Z'' 4 , b Z'' 2 , C Z'' 10
eK)an 40 4 36 0 naM[GnuKmn_manGb,rmaRtg; M 2 ,1
tmGb,brmaenaHKW Z f (2 ,1) 25 .
]TahrN_ eK[GnuKmn_R)ak;cMenjsrubBIkarlk;plitplBIrRbePTkMnt;eday
2
xx
xy
yy
min
TP ( x , y) 1980 17 x 2 10 y 2 26 xy 10 x 10 y
xx
xy
yy
- 34 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
f ' x ( x , y, z) 0
f ' y ( x , y, z) 0
f ' ( x , y, z) 0
z
2>edaHRsayRbBnsmIkar
, D2
f ' ' xx
D 3 f ' ' yx
f ' ' xy
f ' ' yy
f ' ' yy
f ' ' yz
f ' ' zx
f ' 'zy
f ' 'zz
f ' ' xx
f ' ' yx
f ' ' xy
f ' ' yy
snidan
-ebI D 0 , D 0 , D 0 naM[GnuKmn_ Z f x, y, zmantmGb,brma.
- ebI D 0 , D 0 , D 0 naM[GnuKmn_ Z f x, y, zmantmGtibrma.
]TahrN_ rktmbrmanGnuKmn_ Z x y z 4x 6y 12z 490
-KNnaedrIev Z' 2x 4 , Z' 2y 6 , Z' 2z 12
1
2 x 4 0
x 2
2 y 6 0 y 3
2z 12 0
z 6
4
Z' ' yx Z' ' yy 0 2
-edaHRsayRbBn
-KNna
nig
Z' ' xx
D 3 Z' ' yx
Z' ' zx
Z' ' xy
Z' ' yy
Z' ' zy
Z' ' xz 2 0 0
Z' ' yz 0 2 0 8
Z' ' zz 0 0 2
eday D 2 0 , D 4 0 , D 8 0 naM[GnuKmn_mantmGb,brmaRtg;
cMnuc x 2 , y 3 , z 6 ehIytmGb,brmaenaHKW Z(2 , 3 , 6) 441 .
Gnuvtn_ cUrrktmbrmanGnuKmn_xageRkam
!> Z f (x, y, z) 13x 2y 4z 4xy 12xz 8y 25
1
- 35 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
Edl x , y , z CabrimaNplitplRbePTnImYy .
etIeKRtUvplitTMnijRbePTnImYyb:unanedIm,I[cMnayGs;ticbMput ?
cUrrkcMNayGb,brmaenaH ?
-KNnaedrIev Z' 8x 320 , Z' 36y 360 6z , Z' 2z 6y
x
8x 320 0
x 40
36 y 6z 360 0 y 20
2 z 6 y 0
z 60
288
Z' ' yx Z' ' yy 0 36
-edaHRsayRbBn
-KNna
nig
Z' ' xx
D 3 Z' ' yx
Z' 'zx
Z' ' xy
Z' ' yy
Z' 'zy
0
Z' ' xz 8 0
Z' ' yz 0 36 6 576
Z' 'zz 0 6 2
X-rebobkMnt;rkbrmanGnuKmn_manlkxN
]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_ Edl x and y epgpat;lkxN g(x, y) c .
edIm,IrkbrmanGnuKmn_enHeKGacedaHRsay)antamBIrrebob
!> rebobTImYy
eKRtUvTaj y BIsmIkar g(x, y) c ]bmafa y (x, c) rYcykeTACYskgGnuKmn_
- 36 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
-edaHRsayRbBnsmIkar
-KNnaEdETrmINg;
F' x x , y, 0
F' y x, y, 0
F' x , y, 0
0
HESSE : D g ' x
g' y
g'x
F' ' xx
F' ' yx
g' y
F' ' xy
F' ' yy
- 37 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
mannyfaGnuKmn_enHmantmGb,rmaRtg; x 40 .
dUcenHedIm,I[eKTTYl)anR)ak;cMnUlGtibrmaeKRtUvlk;plitplRbePTTImYy
cMnYn 40 units nig plitplRbePTTIBIrcMnYn 80 units .
]TahrN_ eK[GnuKmn_R)ak;cMenjsrubBIkalk;plitplBIrRbePTkMnt;eday
TP f ( x , y) 200 xy Edl x & y CabrimaNplplRbePTnImYy
ehIyeKdwgfa x y 30 etIeKlk;plitplRbePTnImYyb:unanedIm,I[eK)an
R)ak;cMenjGtibrma ?rkR)ak;cMenjenaH ?
-begItGnuKmn_ F(x, y, ) 200 xy 30 x y
-KNnaedrIev F' y , F' x , F' 30 x y
x
-edaHRsayRbBn
y 0
x y 15
x 0
30 x y 0
-KNnaedETmINg;
0
HESSE : D g ' x
g' y
g'x
F' ' xx
F' ' yx
0 1 1
g' y
F' ' xy 1 0 1 2 0
F' ' yy 1 1 0
mannyfaedIm,I[eK)anR)ak;cMenjGtibrma eKRtUvlk;plitplTImYycMnYn
15 units nigplitplTIBIrcMnYn 15 units ehIyR)ak;cMenjenaHKW TP $25 .
max
- 38 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
lMhat;mandMeNaHRsay
lMhat;TI1
eKmanGnuKmn_cMNaysrubnkarplit plitplBIrRbePT A nig B kMnt;eday
TC f ( x , y) 17 x 2 10 y 2 26 xy 10 x 10 y 65
20
y
26
x
10
0
xx
- 39 -
xy
yy
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
lMhat;TI2
]bmafa TC(x, y) CaGnuKmn_cMNaysrubnkarplitnUvplitplBIrRbePT .
eKdwgfa M arg inal cos t eFobnwg x KW TCx 2x 8y nig M arg inal cos t
eFobnwg y KW TCy 8x 2y ehIycMNayefresInwg $50 .
cUrkMnt;rkGnuKmn_cMNaysrub TC TC(x, y) ?
dMeNaHRsay
rkGnuKmn_cMNaysrub TC TC(x, y)
eKman TCx 2x 8y
eK)an TC (2x 8y).dx x 8xy K(y) naM[ TC ' 8x k' (y)
eday TCy TC ' 8x 2y eKTaj)an 8x k' (y) 8x 2y
naM[ k' (y) 2y naM[ k(y) 2y.dy y c
eK)an TC TC(x, y) x 8xy y c cMNayefresInwg $50 enaH c $50
dUcenH TC(x, y) x 8xy y 50 .
lMhat;TI3
]bmafa TC TC(x, y) CaGnuKmn_cMNaysrubnkarplitnUvplitplBIrRbePT
Edl x & y CabrimaNplplRbePTnImYy .
eKdwgfaDIepr:g;EslnGnuKmn_cMNaysrubenHkMnt;eday
dTC (4 x 4 y 6).dx (4 x 8 y 6) ehIycMNayefresInwg $100 .
k-cUrrk M arg inal cos t eFobnwg x nig M arg inal cos t eFobnwg y .
x-cUrkMnt; rkGnuKmn_cMNaysrub TC TC(x, y) .
2
- 40 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
dMeNaHRsay
k-rk M arg inal cos t eFobnwg x nig M arg inal cos t eFobnwg y
tamTMnak;TMng dTC (4x 4y 6).dx (4x 8y 6)
eKTaj)an TC ' TCx 4x 4y 6 Ca M arg inal cos t eFobnwg x
TC
nig
TC '
4 x 8 y 6 Ca M arg inal cos t eFobnwg y .
y
x-kMnt; rkGnuKmn_cMNaysrub TC TC(x, y)
eday TCx 4x 4y 6 TC (4x 4y 6).dx 2x 4xy 6x k( y)
eK)an TC ' 4x k' (y) eday TC ' TCy 4x 8y 6
eKTaj 4x k'y 4x 8y 6
x
k ' ( y) 8 y 6 k ( y) (8 y 6).dy 4 y 2 6 y c
TP f ( x , y) 5x 2 y 2 4 xy 280x 100 y
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
dMeNaHRsay
k- Maginal Profit eFobnwg x Rtg;cMnuc 25 , 30
eK)an TC ' f (xx, y) f ' (x, y) 10x 4y 280
Rtg;cMnuc 25 , 30 eK)an TC ' f ' 25, 30 10(25) 4(30) 280 150
x- Maginal Profit eFobnwg y Rtg;cMnuc 25 , 30
eK)an TC ' f (xy, y) f ' (x, y) 2y 4x 100
Rtg;cMnuc 25 , 30 eK)an TC ' f ' 25, 30 2(30) 4(25) 100 60
K-kMnt;brimaNplitplRbePTnImYy
eKman TC ' 10x 4y 280 , TC ' 2y 4x 100
280 0
-edaHRsayRbBn 102yx44xy100
x 40 , y 30
0
xx
xy
yy
- 42 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
dMeNaHRsay
tag TP (x, y) Ca Total Pr ofit Function
eK)an TP TP(x, y) TR (x, y) TC(x, y)
p1 x p 2 y TC( x , y)
xx
xy
yy
- 43 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
lMhat;Gnuvtn_
!> GnuKmn_cMNaynkarplitnUvplitplBIrRbePT A and B kMnt;eday
TC f ( x, y) x y 4000 x 6000 y 15000 000 .
Edl x & y CabrimaNplplRbePTnImYy .
cUrkMnt;brimaNplitplEdlRtUvplitedIm,I[R)ak;cMNayGb,brma ?
kMnt;rkR)ak;cMNaysrubGb,brmaenaH ?
@> GnuKmn_cMNaynkarplitnUvplitplbIRbePT A , B and C kMnt;eday
2
ehIyGnuKmn_cMNaysrubplitplTaMgBIrKW TC(x, y) 20 2x 4y 6z
Edl x , y & z CabrimaNplplRbePTnImYy .
kMnt;brimaNplitplRbePTnImYyedIm,I[eKTTYl)anR)ak;cMenjGtibrma?
cUrrkR)ak;cMenjGtibrmaenaH ?
- 44 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
- 45 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
x>rUbmnKNnakarR)ak;eTal
ebIeKyksac;R)ak;cMnYn PV R)ak;edIm eTAeFIVvinieyaKkgryHeBl n xYb b RKa
edayTTYl)anGRtakarR)ak; i enaHkarR)ak;EdlTTYl)anGacKNnatamrUbmnRKwH
I PV n i .
]TahrN_ 1 elaksarI )anykR)ak;edImcMnYn $75,000 eTAeFIVvinieyaKkgryHeBl
#qaMedayTTYl)ankarR)ak; 20% kgmYyqaM .
KNnakarR)ak;EdlelaksarITTYl)an ?
n
tamrUbmn I
PV.n.i
eday
PV $75,000
n 3
i 20% 0.2
- 47 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
- 48 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
PV 75,000,000
n 4
i 8% 0.08
- 49 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
X-rUbmnKNnaryHeBlvinieyaKtamkarR)ak;pb
tamrUbmn FV PV.(1 i) eKTaj)an
n
FV
PV
FV
ln(1 i) n ln
PV
n. ln(1 i) ln FV ln PV
ln FV ln PV
n
ln(1 i)
(1 i) n
.
dUcenH
]TahrN_ eKykR)ak;edIm PV $15,000,000 eTAeFIVvinieyaKtamGRtakarR)ak;
pbRbcaMqaM i 12% .
KNnaryHeBlvinieyaKedIm,I[fGnaKtesI FV $23,602,790
tamrUbmn
ln FV ln PV
n
ln(1 i)
eday
FV $23,602,790
PV $15,000,000
i 12% 0.12
ln 15000000
dUcenH n ln 23602790
4 qaM .
ln(1 0.12)
g-rUbmnKNnaGRtakarR)ak;tamkarR)ak;pb
tamrUbmn FV PV(1 i) eKTaj)an
n
FV
PV
FV
1 i n
PV
FV
in
1
PV
1 i
dUcenH
.
4-karR)ak;pbbnbnab;
RbsinebIeKGnuvtn_ GRtakarR)ak;pbCaeRcIndgkgmYyqaM sntfa m dgkg1qaM
kgkrNIenH GRtakarR)ak;kgmYyelIkKW mi .
- 50 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
mn
dUcenHtmGnaKtkMnt;eday
kalNa
FV PV.1
m
mn
i
FV lim PV1
m
m
eK)an
FV PV. lim 1
x
x
i.x .n
1
PV. lim 1
x
x
i.n
PV.e i.n
i.n
0.06 30
- 51 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
lMhat;Gnuvtn_
1-elaksarI ykR)ak;cMnYn $10,000,000 eTAepJIkgFnaKarmYyCamYy
GRtakarR)ak;RbcaMqaMKW i 25% .
k> cUrKNnafGnaKt;tamkarR)ak;eTal .
x> cUrKNnafGnaKt;tamkarR)ak;pb .
2-elaksarI ykR)ak; $40,000,000 eTAepJIkgFnaKarmYyryHeBl ^ qaM ( Ex
CamYyGRtakarR)ak;pbRbcaMqaM i 5% 0.05 . cUrKNnafGnaKt ?
3-eKykR)ak;edIm fbcb,n cMnYn C eTAeFVIvinieyaKkgryHeBl # qaM
CamYyGRtakarR)ak;pbRbcaMqaM i 9% . eKdwgfafGnaKtKW $12,950,290 .
cUrKNnafbcb,n R)ak;edIm ?
4-elaksarI )an[elaksava:txIR)ak;cMnYn $60,000 tamGRtakarR)ak;eTal
RbcaMqaM 8% .# qaMeRkaymkelaksarI)anRbmUlTaMgedIm TaMgkarBIelaksava:t
ehIyKat;)anykeTAepJIkgFnaKarmYyCamYyGRtakarR)ak;pbRbcaMqaM 6% .
cUrKNnatmGnaKtbnab;BIelaksarIepJIkgFnaKar $ qaM ?
5-elaksava:t)anykR)ak;cMnYn $200,000 eTAcgkar tamGRtakarR)ak;pb
dUcteTA
+ i 6% kg 1qaM kgryHeBl # qaMdMbUg
+ i 8% kg 1qaM kgryHeBl $ qaMbnab;
+ i 10% kg 1qaM kgryHeBl @ qaMcugeRkay .
KNnafGnaKtenAcugqaMTI ( ?
0
- 52 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
FnlaP b sMNgRbcaMRKa
( ANNUITY )
1-niymny
k> Annuities : KWCa esrI nkarcMNay sg b bg;R)ak;snSMCaRbcaM
elIcenaHeBlmYyeTogTat;esIKa .
cenaHryHeBlesIKanImYy ehAfa RKa bkal behAfaxYb EdlCaTUeTAKW
mYyqa.M
FnlaPmYyGackMnt;)anluHRtaEteKsal;GMBI
-f Ex qaM bg;elIkdMbUg
-cMnYnTwkR)ak;Edl)anbg;kgmYyelIk
-cMnYndgEdl)anbg;
-cenaHryHeBlbg;mg CaTUeTA KitCaqaM qmas b RtImas b Ex .
-GRtakarR)ak;pbRbcaMRKa b kal .
eKalbMNgnFnlaP
-edIm,IsnSMR)ak;mYycMnYnkgxg;R)ak; b begInTunmYycMnYn
-edIm,IsgrMelaHCabeNIrnUvTwkR)ak;mYycMnYnEdl)anxI .
RbePTnFnlaPmanBIrRbePT
-FnlaPFmta bFnlaPbg;edImRKa KWCakarbUksrubTwkR)ak; Edl)anbg;
TaMgGs;enAeBl)anbg;rYcPam .
-FnlaPbg;edImRKa KWCakarbUksrubTwkR)ak;Edl)anbg;TaMgGs; enA
eRkaymYyRKabnab;BIkarbg;cugeRkay .
- 55 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
k 1
n 1
n 2
n 3
n ( n 1)
n 1
n 1
n n
n 1
n 2
n k
n 1
k 1
n 3
n k
k 1
- 56 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
]TahrN_ eK)andak;R)ak;snSMkgKNnImYyerogral;cugqaMnUvsac;R)ak;efrcMnYn
$400 .cUrkMnt;rkcMnYnsac;R)ak;srubkgKNnIenHenAeBlKat;)andak;R)ak;elIkTI %
ebIeKdwgfaGRtakarR)ak;pbRbcaMqaMKW i 12% .
tamrUbmn FV
1 i
A.
eday
1 0.12
400
A $400
i 12% 0.12
n 5
$.......
.
dUcenH FV
0.12
2> FnlaPbg;edImRKa ( Annuity Due )
]bmafa A CaR)ak;EdlRtUvbg;enAelIkTI k Edl k 1,2,3,...., n
i CaGRtakarR)ak;
n CaryHeBl
V CafGnaKt
eK)an FV FV FV FV ...... FV FV
edayeKman FV A .1 i fGnaKtRKaTI1 manryHeBl n
FV A .1 i
fGnaKtRKaTI2manryHeBl (n 1)
FV A .1 i
fGnaKtRKaTI3manryHeBl (n 2)
--------------------------------------------------------FV A .1 i
fGnaKtRKaTI n 1 manryHeBl @
FV A .1 i A 1 i fGnaKtRKaTI n manryHeBl !
5
k 1
n 1
n 2
n 1
n 1
FVA A1 1 i A 2 1 i
n 1
FVA A k .1 i
n
k 1
n k 1
A 3 1 i
n 2
..... A n 1 1 i A n (1 i)
2
@
- 57 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
-ebIeKman A A
1
A 3 ...... A n A
enaHrUbmn @ Gacsresr Ca
n k 1
k 1
tamrUbmneK)an
(1 i) n 1
A(1 i)
i
(1 i) n 1
FVA A(1 i).
i
eday
A $300
i 12% 0.12
n 6
(1 0.12) 6 1
FVA 300.(1 0.12).
$......
0.12
dUcenH
.
3> fGnaKtrbs;FnlaPefrbg;cugRKa KitRtwm d kal
eRkayeBlbg;elIkeRkaybgs;
]bmafa V CafGnaKtnFnlaPbg;cugRKacMnYn n elIkEdlsac;R)ak;
bg;mYyelIkmancMnYnefr A CamYyGRtakarR)ak;pb i enaHeK)an
1 i 1 .
FV A.
i
eRkayBIkarbg;elIkTI n ebIGkBMu)anbg;R)ak;bEnm b dkR)ak;enaHeT KWTuk
sRmab;ykkarR)ak;kgryHeBl d kaleTot CamYyGRtakarR)ak; i dEdl .
ebI FV CafGnaKtrbs;FnlaPEdlRtUvrkenaHeK)an
n
d
A
(1 i) n 1
FV FVA .1 i A.
.(1 i)d
i
d
A
- 58 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
A.
d
A
(1 i) n 1
.(1 i) d
i
A 400,000,000
i 12% 0.12
n 6
d 4
eday
(1 0.12) 6 1
FV 400,000,000.
.(1 0.12) 4 ....
0.12
dUcen H
3-fbcb,n ( Present Value )
1> fbcb,nnFnlaPbg;cugRKa
-KWCacMnYnTwkR)ak;EdlRtUvdak;vinieyaKenAeBlenH CamYyGRtakarR)ak;mYykMnt;
edIm,I sRmab;dkcMNay CabeNIrenAfeRkay .
-KWCacMnYnTwkR)ak;EdlkMNt;sgCaRbcaM elI ryHeBlesIKacMnYn n dg
edIm,IrMelaHbMNulEdl)anxIkgeBlbcb,ncMnYn V ehAfasMNgRbcaMRKa .
-ebIeyIgtag V Cafbcb,nenaHeK)an
A
A
A
A
A
.....
PV
!
1 i (1 i)
(1 i)
(1 i)
(
1
i
)
(
1
k
)
i
4
A
k 1
k 1
- 59 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
1 (1 i) n
PV A.
i
eday
A $1000
i 18% 0.18
n 4
eKTaj)an
dUcenH
PV $20,000
PV
i 20% 0.20
n
1 (1 i)
n 5
i
20,000
A
$.....
1 (1 0.20) 5
0.20
eday
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
eKTaj)an
dUcenH
FVA
i
A
.
(1 i) (1 i) n 1
eday
FVA $200,000
i 20% 0.20
n 4
200,000
0.20
.
$.....
1 0.20 (1 0.20) 4 1
- 61 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
lMhat;Gnuvtn_
!-edIm,IbegInTun GaCIvkrmak;)andak;R)ak;snSMkgKNnIrbs;Kat;erogral;cugqaM
nUvcMnYnsac;R)ak;efr $5000 CamYyGRtakarR)ak;pbRbcaMqaM 20% .
cUrKNnacMnYnsac;R)ak;kgKNnIrbs;GaCIvkrenAeBlEdlKat;dak;R)ak;elIkTI % .
@-elak A )andak;R)ak;snSMerogral;qaMcMnYn $2500 cab;BIf 01 / 01 / 2000 .
eKdwgfaGRtakarR)ak;pbRbcaMqaM i 20% . cUrkMnt;R)ak;Edlelak A TTYl)an
enA f 01 / 01 / 2005 .
#-elaksarI)ansnSMR)ak;kgFnaKaredaybg;CaRbcaMkgmYyqaM $1500
cab;BIf 01 / 01 / 2000 .
fbg;cugeRkay 31 / 12 / 2005 ehIyGRtakarR)ak; 18% .
cUrKNnafGnaKtnFnlaPrbs;elaksarI
k> Kitdl;f 31 / 12 / 2005 .
x> Kitdl;f 01 / 01 / 2007 .
$-GaCIvkrmak;RtUvkarR)ak;cMnYn $50,000 edIm,IBRgIkGaCIvkmrbs;Kat;enAcug
qaM @00^ .
etIGaCIvkrenaHRtUvsnSMR)ak;tam Annuities efrkgmYyqaMb:unan ?
eKdwgfaGRtakarR)ak;RbcaMqaM 24% ehIyKat;cab;epImsnSMBIedImqaM @00# .
%-ela A )anxIR)ak;FnaKarcMnYn $20,000 CamYyGRtakarR)ak; 22%
ehIyRtUvsgvijmYyqaMmgcMnYn %qaMtam Annuities efr .
etIR)ak;EdlRtUvsgenAcugqaMnImYyb:unan ?
^-If you invest $8,000 per period for the following number of
- 62 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
12-
- 63 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
viPaKelIbnSM
1>hVak;tUErl Factorial
EdlehAfahVak;tUErlncMnYn n CaplKuNn n cMnYnKt;viCmandMbUg b
CaplKuNcMnYnKt;viCmantKa BI 1 rhUtdl; n EdleKkMnt;sresr
n! 1 2 3 ....... n .
]TahrN_ 1! 1
2! 1.2 2
3! 1.2.3 6
4! 1.2.3.4 24
5! 1.2.3.4.5 120
6! 1.2.3.4.5.6 720
7! 1.2.3.4.5.6.7 5040
8! 1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8 40320
9! 1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9 362880
10! 1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10 3628800
eKBiniteXIjfa
CaTUeTAeKTaj)an
sMKal;
0! 1! 1
.
- 64 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
]TahrN_ eKeGay S
1 2 3
n
......
2! 3! 4!
(n 1)!
k 1 !
k 1 !
eK)an
k 1 ! k 1 !
1
1
k! k 1 !
n
n
k
1 2 3
Sn ......
2! 3! 4!
(n 1)! k 1 (n 1)!
1
1 1
1
Sn
k 1 k!
k 1! 1! n 1!
dUcenH
Sn 1
1
n 1!
nig
1
lim Sn lim 1
1
n
n
n 1 !
2>tMerobminsareLIgvij Arrangement
tMerob p FatukgcMeNam n FatunsMnMu E KWCasMnuMrgn E Edlman p FatuxusKa
erobtamlMdab;mYykMnt; . eKkMnt;tagcMnYntMerob p FatukgcMenam n Fatueday
n!
A
n n 1n 2 .....n p 1 .
n p !
p
n
AB, BA
A, B, C AC, CA
BC, CB
man ^ rebobxusKa .
p
n
- 65 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
]TahrN_
etIeKGactMerobtYGkSrEdlmanBIrBakxusKaecjBItYGkSrEdlmanbYnBak
LOVE xusKa)anb:unanrebob ?
rebobnkarerobtYGkSrenHCatMerobminsareLIgvijEdlkMnt;eday
4!
1.2.3.4
A
12 rebob .
(4 2)!
1.2
eKGacepgpat;cMelIytamkarKUsbMRBYj
2
4
LO, OL
LV, VL
LE, EL
LOVE
OV, VO
OE, EO
VE, EV
man !@ rebob .
3>cMlas;minsaeLIgvij Permultation
cMlas; n FatuxusKa KWCatMerob n Fatu kgcMeNam n Fatu .
eKkMnt;cMnYncMlas; n Fatueday
P A n! 1 2 3 ..... n .
]TahrN_ etIeKGaccMlas;tYGkSrEdlmanbIBak ABC )anb:unanrebobxusKa
eK)an P 3! 1.2.3 6 rebob .
n
eKGacKUsbMRBYj
ABC, ACB
ABC BAC, BCA
CAB, CBA
man ^ rebob .
]TahrN_ etIeKGacbegItBakEdlmanbYntYGkSredayeRbItYGkSrnBak
MATH )anb:unanBak ?
BakEdlGacbegIt)anmancMnYn P 4! 1.2.3.4 24 Bak .
4
- 66 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
4>bnSMminsareLIgvij Combination
bnSM p FatukgcMeNam n Fatu CatMerobminKitlMdab;EdlkMnt;eday
A pn
n!
C
p! p!.(n p)!
n p
p
n
]TahrN_
kgfg;mYymanXIbYnRKab;cuHelxxusKa A, B, C, D .
eKcab;ykXI bIRKab;BIkgfg; . etImanb:unanrebobxusKankarcab;ykRKab;XI ?
karcab;ykXIbIkgcMeNamXIbYnKICabnSM # kgcMeNam $ .
eK)an C 3!.44! 3! 11..22..33..41 4 rebob .
3
eKGacKUsbMRBYj
ABC
ABD
ABCD
ACD
BCD
man $ rebob .
]TahrN_
eKhUtykebor # bIsnwkBIkghUEdlmanebor %@ snwk .
etImanb:unanrebobxusKankarhUtcab;ykeborCabnSM # kgcMeNam %@.
.51.52
22100 rebob .
eK)an C 3!.(5252! 3)! 491!..50
2.3.49!
5>tMerobsareLIgvij Arrangement with Re petition
tMerobsareLIgvij p Fatu kgcMeNam n FatuKWCatMerobEdlFatunImYy
Gacmanvtman 1,2,3,..., n dg .
eKkMnt;sresr A n .
3
52
p
n
- 67 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
elxTaMgenaHKW
11
22
31
41
, 12, 13 , 14
man !^ cMnYn .
,21 , 23 , 24
, 32 , 33 , 34
, 42 , 43 , 44
Cn
n p 1!
p!.n 1!
- 68 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
]TahrN_
cUrrkbnSMnBItYrGkSrecjBItYrGkSrbYn A, B, C, D EdlGkSrnImYyGacmaneRcIndg
tambMrab;bnSMntYGkSrCabnSMsareLIgvij .
eK)an C (24!.(4211)!)! 2!.5!3! 120
10 .
12
8>eTVFajtun Binom de Newton
a b C a C a .b C a .b ....... C b .
sMKal; eTVFasMxan;KYrkt;sMKal;
!> (1 x) C C x C x C x ........... C x
@> (x 1) C x C x C x .......... C
2
4
0
n
2
n
0
n
0
n
n 1
1
n
2
n
2
n
1
n
n 1
n 2
3
n
2
n
n
n
n 2
n
n
0
n
- 69 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
lMhat;Gnuvtn_
!> KNnaplbUk S 1.1!2.2!3.3!...... n.n! .
@> etIcMnYn 2005! manelxsUnb:unan ?
#> KNnatMl A , A A .
$> KNnatMln C , C , C .
%> cUrbgajfa
k> 1 2 3 ............ n A 6 A
x> 1 2 3 ............. n A 6 A
^> cUrbgajfa A A 2(n p)
&> cUrkMnt;tmrbs; n edIm,I[ A A 2n 7n 150 .
*> cUrKNnaplbUk S A1 A1 A1 .......... A1 rYcTajrklImIt lim S .
(> cUrbgajfa (p n!1)! (n p!1)! n(p!) n!.pp!(n!) np1 .
!0> cUrbgajfa pC nC
!!> cUrbgajfa C C 2C C
!@> cUrbgajfa C C 3C 3C C
!#> eKmansIVt u 1 nig u C1 . cUrbgajfa u 2 n2 C1 ?
!$> edaHRsaysmIkar C C 176 n 236 n .
!%> bgajfa C C C . rYcKNnaplbUk S (1) .C
!^> eK[ N 1!2!3!4!.......... 1998! . cUrrkbIelxcugeRkayncMnYn N .
n
3
n2
3
n 1
3
n 2
2
np
2
n p 1
3
n 1
3
n 3
3
3
3
n4
3
4
3
5
3
n 1
p
n
p 1
n 2
p
n 2
p 2
n 2
p 1
n 3
p
n 3
p 2
n 3
p 3
n 3
n 2
3
n 1
p
n
p 1
n 1
p
n
p
n
p
n 1
k 0
3
n 2
k
n
k 2
k
n
p 1
n 1
- 70 -
p 0
p
n
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
0
n
1
n
2
n
n
n
n 1
n 1
0
n
1
n
2
n
n
n
10
10
10
10
10
10
n 1
n 1
- 71 -
n
n
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
n 1
p 0
t
2
n 1
n 1
n 1
n 1
0
n
1
n
2
n
n 1
n
n
0
n
1
n
2
n
3
n
n
n
n 1
0
n
1
n
2
n
n
n
n 1
0
n
1
n
2
n
- 72 -
n
n
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
#$> k>KNnaGaMgetRkal I
x>Taj[)anfa
(1 x 2 ) n .dx
0
1
1 3 5 ..... (2n 1)
1
1
1
C 0n C1n C 2n C 3n ..... (1) n
C nn
3
5
7
2n 1
2 4 6 ....... 2n
#%> k>KNnaGaMgetRkal I
x>TajrkplbUk
(1 x 2 ) 2 n .dx
0
1
1
1
1
1
Sn C 02 n C12 n C 22 n C 32 n .... (1) n
C 2n n ....
C 22 nn
2n 1
4n 1
3
5
7
- 73 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
RbU)ablIet
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
-cMnYnkrNIRsb
cab;XI # )anBNRkhmkgcMeNamXIRkhm $ vaCabnSM # kg $
- 75 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
eK)an nA C
4!
3!.4 3!
3
1
PA
0.025 2.5%
120 40
4
dUcenH
.
3>rUbmnKNnaRbU)ablIet
k-rUbmn RbU)ablIetnRbCMuRBwtikarN_BIr
ebI A nig B CaRBwtikarN_BIrmincuHsMrugKaenaHeK)an
PA B PA PB
ebI A
nig B CaRBwtikarN_BIrsamBaenaHeK)an
PA B PA PB PA B
x-rUbmn RbU)ablIetnRbCMuRBwtikarN_bI
ebI A , B
nig C CaRBwtikarN_bImincuHsMrugKaBIenaHeK)an
PA B C PA PB PC
ebI A
nig B CaRBwtikarN_bIsamBaenaHeK)an
PA B C PA PB PC PA B PA C PB C PA B C
K-CaTUeTA
ebI A , A , A ,......, A CaRBwtikarN_mincuHsMrugKaBIenaHeK)an
PA A ... A PA PA ... PA .
1
- 76 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
X-rUbmnRbU)abnRBwtikarN_BIrpyKa
ebI A nig A CaRBwtikarN_BIrpyKaenaHeK)an
PA PA 1 PA 1 PA .
]TahrN_ RbU)ablIetEdlfEsknwgePgenApSarbwgQUkman 0.525 .
rkRbU)ablIetEdlfEskminePgenApSarbwgQUk ?
solution : PA 1 0.525 0.475 .
g-rUbmnRbU)ablIetmanlkxN
RbU)ablIetnRBwtikarN_ A edaydwgfa manRBwtikarN_ B )anekIt
eLIgrYcehIy ehAfa RbU)abmanlkxN EdleKtageday PA / B
GanfaRbU)abn A eday)andwg B .
dUcenH cMeBaHRBwtikarN_ A nig B eday PB 0 eKmanrUbmn
PA B
PA / B
beKGacTaj PA B PA / B PB .
PB
]TahrN_ eKhUtebor @ snwkBIkghUEdlmanebor %@ snwk .
rkRbU)ablIetedIm,IeGayeborsnwkTImYyCaGat; nig snwkTIBIrCaRkmMu ?
4 4
solution : PA B 0.006 .
52 51
c-rUbmnRbU)abnRBwtikarN_BIrminTak;TgKa
RBwtikarN_ A nig B EdlGaRsynwgKakgviFIEdlkarekIteLIgnRBwtikarN_mYy
minmanCab;Bak;BnnwgkarekIteLIgnRBwtikarN_mYyeTot eyIgehAfa
RBwtikarN_minTak;TgKa .
- 77 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
ebI A
ebI A
0.307 .
solution : PA B
C
C
1
52
52
- 78 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
tamrUbmneK)an
PA B C PA PB PC PA B PA C PB C PA B C
P(A B C) 0.4 0.3 0.25 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.25 0.3 0.25 0.3 0.4 0.25
0.95 0.12 0.1 0.075 0.03 0.685
lMhat;mandMeNaHRsay
lMhat;TI1
enAkgfak;eronmYymansisSRbus !* nak; nigsisSRsI @@ nak; .
eKehAeQaHsisS $ nak;edaycdn.
k-KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eKehA)ansisSRsITaMg $ nak; .
x-KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eKehA)ansisSRsIEtmak;Kt;.
dMeNaHRsay
k-KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eKehA)ansisSRsITaMg $ nak;
tag A CaRBwtikarN_ehAsisS $nak;)ansisSRsITaMgbYnnak;
eK)an
PA
cMnYnkrNIRsb nA
cMnYnkrNIGac nS
-cMnYnkrNIGac
ehAsisS $ nak;kgcMenamsisS $0 nak; CabnSM $ kgcMeNam $0
naMeGay nS C
4
40
40 !
36 !.37.38.39.40
91390
4 !.40 4 !
24.36 !
-cMnYnkrNIRsb
ehA)ansisSRsITaMg $nak;kgcMeNamsisSRsITaMgGs; @@ nak; CabnSM $ kg @@
- 79 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
naMeGay
n A C 422
22 !
18 !.19.20.21.22
7315
4 !.22 4 !
24.18 !
7315
0,08004 .
eK)an PA 91390
x-KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eKehA)ansisSRsIEtmak;Kt;
tag A CaRBwtikarN_ehAsisS $nak;)ansisSRsIEtmak;Kt;
eK)an
PA
cMnYnkrNIRsb nA
cMnYnkrNIGac nS
-cMnYnkrNIGac nS C 91390
-cMnYkrNIRsb
ehA)ansisSRsIEtmak;Kt;kgcMeNamsisSRsI @@nak; KICabnSM ! kg @@ KW
4
40
n 1 C122 22
816
3!.15!
6
n A n 1 n 2 22 816 17952
17952
PA
0,1964
91390
n 2 C183
naMeGaycMnYnkrNIRsbKW
.
dUcenH
lMhat;TI2
eKhUtebo # snwkedaycdnBIkghUEdlmanebo %@ snwk .
k-KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)anGat;TaMgbIsnwk .
x-KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)anGat;BIrsnwk nwgRkmMumYysnwk .
dMeNaHRsay
k-KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)anGat;
tag A CaRBwtikarN_hUtebo #snwk)anGat;TaM # snwk
- 80 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
eK)an
PA
cMnYnkrNIRsb nA
cMnYnkrNIGac nS
-cMnYnkrNIGac
hUtebo # snwkkgcMeNamebo %@ snwk CabnSM # kgcMeNam %@
naMeGay nS C
3
52
52 !
49 !.50.51.52
22100
3 !.52 3!
6.49 !
-cMnYnkrNIRsb
hUtebo #snwk)anGat; # kgcMeNamGat; $snwk KWCabnSM # kg $ KW nA C
4
0,000180995
dUcenH PA 22100
x-KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)anGat;BIrsnwk nwgRkmMumYysnwk
tag A CaRBwtikarN_hUtebobIsnwk)anGat;BIrsnwk nwgRkmMumYysnwk
eK)an
PA
3
4
cMnYnkrNIRsb nA
cMnYnkrNIGac nS
-cMnYnkrNIGac nS 22100
-cMnYnkrNIRsb
)anGat; @ snwkkgcMeNamGat; $ snwk KW n C
)anRkmMu ! snwkkgcMeNamRkmMu $snwk KW n C
naMeGaycMnYnkrNIRsb nA 6.4 24
24
dUcenH PA 22100
0,001085972 .
1
2
4
- 81 -
4!
6
2!.2!
4
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
lMhat;TI3
kgfg;mYymanXIBNRkhm * RKab; nig XIBNexA !@ RKab; .
eKcab;ykXIBIkgfg; $ RKab;edaycdn.
k-KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)anXIBNRkhm @RKab;.
x-KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)anXIBNexAsuT .
dMeNaHRsay
k-KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)anXIBNRkhm @RKab;
tag A CaRBwtikarN_cab;ykXI $ RKab; )anXIBNRkhm @ RKab;
eK)an
PA
cMnYnkrNIRsb nA
cMnYnkrNIGac nS
-cMnYnkrNIGac
cab;ykXI $ RKab;kgcMeNamXI @0 RKab; CabnSM $ kg @0 .
eK)an nS C 4!.2016! ! 4845
-cMnYnkrNIRsb
cab;XI $ RKab; )anXImanBNRkhm @ RKab;kgcMeNamXIBNRkhm * KW
4
20
C 82
8!
28
2!.6!
12
- 82 -
12!
66
2!.10!
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
eK)an
PA
cMnYnkrNIRsb nA
cMnYnkrNIGac nS
-cMnYnkrNIGac nS C 4845
-cMnYnkrNIRsb
cab;ykXI $ RKab; )anXIexAsuTkgcMeNamXIexA !@ RKab;KW
4
20
12!
495
4!.8!
495
PA
0,10216
4845
n A C124
dUcenH
- 83 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
lMhat;RbU)ablIet
!> enAkgfak;eronmYymansisS @% nak; sisSRbusman !$ nak; nigsisSRsIman
!! nak;.eKehAeQaHsisSBIrnak;edaycdn .
k-KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eKehA)ansisSCasisSRsITaMgBIrnak;.
x- KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eKehA)ansisSRsImak; nig sisSRbusmak;.
@> eKhUtykebo @ snwk BIkghUEdlmanebo %@ snwkedaycdn .
KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)aneboCasnwkGat;TaMgBIr .
#> kgfg;mYymanXIBNexov #RKab; XIBNRkhm %RKab; nig XIBNexA $ RKab;.
eKlUkcab;ykXI @ RKab;BIkgfg;edaycdn .
k- KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)anXImanBNexovsuT.
x- KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)anXImanBNRkhmsuT .
K- KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)anXImanBNexAsuT.
$> kgfg;mYymanbUl !0RKab; KWbUlBNexov ^ RKab; nigbUlBNRkhm $ RKab;.
eKcab;ykbUl #RKab;BIkgfg;edaycdn .
k- KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)anbUlmanBNexov @RKab;.
x- KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)anbUlmanBNexovy:agtic @RKab;.
K- KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)anbUlmanBNexovy:ageRcIn @RKab;.
%> enAkgfak;eronmYymansisSBUEkKNitviTa !$nak; sisSBUEkrUbviTa * nak;
nigsisSBUEkExr !*nak; . eKehAsisS $nak;edaycdn.
k- KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)ansisSBUEkKNitviTa @ nak; .
x-KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)ansisSBUEkKNitviTa @nak;y:agtic .
- 84 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
K-KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)ansisSBUEkrUbviTa #nak;
nigsisSBUEkExr!nak;.
^> kgfg;mYymanXIBNs ^ RKab; nig XIBNexA * RKab; .
eKcab;ykXI @ RKab;edaycdn .
KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)anXImanBNxusKa .
&> eKhUtykebo # snwk BIkghUEdlmanebo %@ snwkedaycdn .
k-KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)aneboCasnwkGat; @ snwk.
x- KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)aneboCasnwkGat; ! snwk nigsnwkRkmMu
@snwk.
*> eKhUtykebo % snwk BIkghUEdlmanebo %@ snwkedaycdn .
k- KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)aneboCasnwkGat; @ snwk b # snwk.
x- KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eK)aneboCasnwkGat; @snwk y:ageRcIn.
(> kgTUmYymanGav * KWGavBNs $ GavBNexov # GavBNRkhm ! .
eKykGavmYyecjBIkgTUmkBak;edaycdn.
KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[eKyk)anGavBN exov b BN s .
!0> kak;mYyRtUv)aneKe)aHbIdgedaycdn .
k- KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[kak;ecjmuxpa @ dg.
x- KNnaRbU)ablIetedIm,I[kak;minecjmuxpa .
!!> eK[ A nig B CaRBwtikarN_BIrsamBa nigminTak;TgKaEdl
PA 0.65 nig PB 0.25 . cUrKNna P(A B) ?
!@> eK[ A nig B CaRBwtikarN_BIrsamBa nigminTak;TgKaEdl
PA B 0.68 nig PA B 0.12 . cUrKNna P(A) nig P(B) ?
- 85 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
m:aRTIs
( MATRICES )
!> viucTr
niymny sMNMumYyman n cMnYnBiterobtamlMdab;mYykMnt; a , a ,....., a
ehAfaviucTr n DIm:g;sgEdleKkMnt;sresr
1
A a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , ...., a n
a1
a2
AT a3
...
an
Edl a ehAfakMub:UhSg;TI i .
i
m:
a 11 a 12 a 13
a 21 a 22 a 23
a 31 a 32 a 33
a
m1 a m 2 a m 3
..... a 1n
..... a 2 n
..... a 3n
..... a mn
ehAfam:RTIslMdab; m.n .
]TahrN_ eK[
ij
1
A 7
4
3
5
6
2
1
8
4
1
9
7
Cam:aRTIslMdab; 5 3 .
- 86 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
#> RbePTnm:aRTIs
a / Zero matrix :
]TahrN_
0
A 0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ehAfam:aRTIssUnlMdab; 5 4 .
b / Square matrix :
m:aRTIsmYyEdlmancMnYnlIjsInwgcMnYnkUeLanehAfa m:aRTIskaer
EdleKkMnt;sresr
]TahrN_
3
A
1
a 11 a 12 a 13
a 21 a 22 a 23
A (a ij ) nn a 31 a 32 a 33
a
n1 a n 2 a n 3
7 3 0
0 4 2
2 5 4
8 1 3
ehAfam:aRTIskaer .
c / Triangular matrix :
m:aRTIskarmYyEdlmanFatu a
EdleKkMnt;sresr
]TahrN_
0
A
0
..... a 1n
..... a 2 n
..... a 3n
..... a nn
ij
0 , i j or i j
a 11 a 12 a 13
0 a 22 a 23
A (a ij ) nn 0
0 a 33
0
0
0
5 3 9
7 1 6
0 4 8
0 0 5
ehAfa m:aRTIsRtIekaN
..... a 1n
..... a 2 n
..... a 3n
..... a nn
ehAfama:RTIsRtIekaN .
- 87 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
d / Diagonal matrix :
m:aRTIskaermYyEdlmanFatu a
EdleKkMnt;sresr A (a )
ij
]TahrN_
0
A 0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
nn
0
0
0
7
0
0 ,i j
ij
0
0
a 11
0
0 a 22
0
0 a 33
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
1
1
0
I n (a ij ) nn 0
0
0
0
1 0
0 1
I
0 0
0 0
]TahrN_
a ii 0
0 ..... 1
0 0
0 0
1 0
0 1
0
0
1
..... 0
..... 0
..... 0
..... a nn
ehAfam:aRTIsGgt;RTUg .
e / Indentity matrix :
m:aRTIsGgt;RTUgEdlmanFatu
ehAfa m:aRTIsGgt;RTUg
.....
.....
.....
0
0
0
ehAfam:aRTIskta .
f / Transpose of matrix :
m:aRTIsRtg;s,:nm:aRTIs A (a ) KWCam:aRTIsEdltageday
ij
]TahrN_ ebI
1 3
A 2 5
4 7
naM[
mn
1 2 4
A T
3
5
7
- 88 -
A T (a ji ) nm
.
Prepared by LIM PHALKUN
Tel : 017 768 246
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
g / Equality of matrix :
mn
eK)an A B kalNa
ij
mn
3a 1 7
4b 5 9
2c 3 9
2x 3 5
y 28
3z 2 10
naM[
b ij
ij
a 2 , b 1, c 3 , x 4 , y 6 , z 4
$> RbmaNviFInm:aRTIs
a / Addition of matrices :
ij
mn
ij
ij
mn
nig
ij
23 10
17 11 95
A 34 25 57 , B 21 14
15 50
68 71 75
17 23 11 10 95 83 40 21
A B 34 21 25 14 57 35 55 36
68 15 71 50 75 46 83 121
]TahrN_ eK[m:aRTIs
eK)an
mn
ij
mn
83
35
46
188
92
121
17 23 11 10 95 83 6 1 12
A B 34 21 25 14 57 35 13 11 22
68 15 71 50 75 46 53 21 29
- 89 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
b / Scalair multiplication;
plKuN ma:RTIs A a
nwgcMnYnefr KWCam:aRTIskMnt;eday .A .a
ij
mn
5 3 4
A 4 9 7
7 4 6
]TahrN_ ebI
eK)an
35 21 28
7 A 28 63 49
49 28 42
ij
c / Multiplication of matrices:
ma:RTIsBIrGacKuNKa)anluHRtaEtm:aRTITImYymancMnYnkUeLanesInwgcMnYnlIjn
m:aRTIsTIBIr . ]bmafaeKmanma:RTIsBIr A a nig B b
plKuNma:RTIs A nig B KWCam:aRTIs C kMnt;eday C A.B c
Edl c a .b a b a b a b ..... a b .
ij
ij
mn
ij
np
mp
ij
ik
k 1
kj
i1
1j
i2
2j
i3
3j
in
nj
1 3
4 2 9
A 1 5 4 , B 2 4
3 5
2 7 3
35 65
C 23 43
25 49
]TahrN_ eK[m:aRTIs
eK)an
dUcenH
d / Powers of matrices:
ebI A a Cama:RTIskaerenaHeKkMnt;sVyKuNnm:aRTIseday
!> A A.A , A A .A , A A .A , ....., A A .A , p IN * , P 2
@> A .A A
#> A A
$> A I Edl I Cam:aRTIskta .
ij
nn
np
np
p 1
- 90 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
]TahrN_ eK[m:aRTIs A 24
cUrKNna
nig A
A2
A.A
4
5
4
5
4
.
2
5
.
4
4
.
3
5
.
5
28
37
.
A 3 A 2 .A
28 37 4 5 28.2 37.4 28.3 37.5 204 269
116 153
16 21
, A 3
A 2
204 269
28 37
eK)an A
nig
dUcenH
a / Determinant of order 2 2
eK[ma:RTIslMdab; 2 2 kMnt;eday A aa
a 12
a 22
11
21
eK)an | A | det(A) 73 85
dUcenH | A | det(A) 41 .
11
21
a 12
a 11 .a 22 a 12 .a 21
a 22
7.8 3.5 56 15 41
- 91 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
eK[ma:RTIskaer A ( a ) .
Minor nFatu a CaedETmINg;nm:aRTIsEdlbnab;BIlublIjTI i
nigkUeLanTI j ecj EdleKkMnt;tag Minor nFatu a eday M .
Cofactor nFatu a kMnt;tageday C (1) .M .
ij
nn
ij
ij
ij
i j
ij
]TahrN_ eK[ma:RTIs
eK)an
M 21
1 4
6 8
ij
2 1 4
A 5 3 7
9 6 8
8 24 16
ij
cUrKNnamINrnigkUhVak;TrnFatu a ?
21
nig C
21
(1) 21 .16 16
c / Determinant of order 3 3
eK[ma:RTIslMdab; 3 3 kMnt;eday
a 11
A a 21
a
31
a 12
a 22
a 32
a 13
a 23
a 33
edETmINg;nm:aRTIs A kMnt;eday
a 11
a 12
a 13
| A | det(A) a 21
a 22
a 31
a 32
a 33
d / Determinant of order n n
eK[ma:RTIskaer A a
ij
nn
. edETmINg;nm:aRTIsenHkMnt;tageday
k 1
n
^> smIkarnm:aRTIs
a / Matix Cofactors :
ma:RTIskUhVak;Trnm:aRTIskaer A a KWCam:aRTIskMnt;eday C C
Edl C (1) .M .
ij
nn
ij
nn
i j
ij
ij
- 92 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
b / Adjoint Matix :
nn
ij
]TahrN_ cUrbgajfa
nn
1 2 3
A 4 5 6
7 8 9
Cam:aRTIseTal .
d / Invers of Matix :
A a ij
nn
Cam:aRTIsEdl
2
1 1
A 2 3
5
1 3 5
]TahrN_ eK[ma:RTIs
A 5 3
1
3 2 1
1
Adj(A)
|A|
ebIeKman
a b
A
c d
2 2
d b
1
A 1
.
ad bc c a
]TahrN_ cUrrkm:aRTIsRcas;nm:aRTIs
7 8
A
5
6
- 93 -
?
Prepared by LIM PHALKUN
Tel : 017 768 246
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
g / smIkarma: RTIs
a 11 x 1 a 12 x 2 a 13 x 3 .......... a 1n x n b1
a x a x a x .......... a x b
22 2
23 3
2n n
2
21 1
(S) : a 31 x 1 a 32 x 2 a 33 x 3 .......... a 3 x x n b 3
a n1 x 1 a n 2 x 2 a n 3 x 3 ........... a nn x n b n
a 11 a 12 a 13
a 21 a 22 a 23
A a 31 a 32 a 33
a
n1 a n 2 a n 3
..... a 1n
x1
b1
x
..... a 2 n
2
b2
..... a 3 n , X x 3 and B b 3
....
.....
..... a nn
x4
bn
- 94 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
lMhat;mandMeNaHRsay
lMhat;TI1
eK[m:aRTIs
1
A (a ij ) 4
0
5
1
3
2
1
1
3
1
3
4
2
2
2
1
4
4
0
1
3
7
25
11
34
22
34
52
52
33
43
43
44
55
e 2
ln y 3
x ln 2 , y e 3 , z 3 , t 9
z
2 8
log 3 t 2
x
eK)an
lMhat;TI3
- 95 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
X Y
7 9
6 7
dMeNaHRsay
eKman X Y 73
5
6 10
2X 2Y
(1)
9
14
18
4 5
2
3X 2Y
6 7
6 10 4 5 10 15
2 3
X
5X
14 18 6 7 20 25
4 5
3 5
3 5 2 3 1 2
X
Y
7
9
7
9
4
5
3
4
2 3
1 2
and Y
X
4
5
3
4
nig
ehIy
.
dUcenH
lMhat;TI4
edaHRsayRbBntamm:aRTIs 32xx 43yy 107
148
dMeNaHRsay
tag A 23 34 , X xy , B 107
148
RbBnsmIkarGacsresr A.X B X A .B
tamrUbmn A ac db A ad 1 bc . dc ab
1
eK)an
eK)an
4 3
4 3 4 3
1
A 1
.
3
2
3
2
2.4 3.3 3 2
naM[ x 16 , y 25 .
lMhat;TI5
- 96 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
edaHRsayRbBntamm:aRTIs
x 1 x 2 2 x 3 3
2 x 1 3x 2 5x 3 7
x 3x 5x 9
2
3
1
dMeNaHRsay
tag
x1
3
1 1 2
A 2 3 5 , X x2 , B 7
9
1 3
x
5
eK)an
A.X B X A 1 .B
bnab;BIKNnaeK)an
1
1
0
A 5 3 1
3 2
1
eKTaj
1
1 3 2
x1 0
x 2 5 3 1 . 7 3
x 3 2
1 9 4
3
dUcenH
x 1 2 , x 2 3 , x 4 4
- 97 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
lMhat;Gnuvtn_
!>eK[m:aRTIs
4
A
2
3
1
4
7
9
2
5
6
7
2 7
8
5 1
and
B
1 2
1
4
4 2
3
8
7
5
k-cUrKNna M A B and N A B .
x-cUrKNna P 2A 3B and Q 3A 2B .
@> eK[m:aRTIsBIr
4
1
1 4 3
2 5 7
and B 2 3 4
A
3 4 1
3 5 4
cUrKNnaplKuNm:aRTIs A.B .
#> eK[m:aRTIs
1 8 3
4 2 3
A 1 3 5 and B 2 5 1
3 2 4
2 3 4
cUrKNna A , A and A .
2
%> eK[m:aRTIs
0
3
2
A 1 4 2
1 3 5
14 9 12
B 3
7
1
1 6
8
cUrKNnaplKuN A.B .
^> eK[m:aRTIs
1
2
1 1 2
0
A 2 3 5 B 5 3 1
1 3
3 2
5
1
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
&> eK[m:aRTIs
2 1 3
A 3 2 1
1 2 3
k- kMNt;rkma:RTIsRtg;s,: A nma:RTIs A .
x-KNnaplKuN A.A nig A .A .
T
*> eK[m:aRTIs
1 4 3
A 3 2 0
2 1 4
k-kMNt;ma:RTIskUhVak;Tr nma:RTIs A .
x-Tajrkma:RTIs Adj A .
(>eK[m:aRTIs
1 0 2
A 0 3 4
2 7 0
rkma:RTIsRcas;rbs;va .
!0> eK[m:aRTIs
k-kMNt;
x-kMNt;
0 2 7
A 1 6 2
2 3 4
Adj A
A 1
.
2 0 1 3
2 0 3 1
A
0 2 2 1
1
3
4
2
a b
1 2
14 13
, B
and C
A
c
d
4
3
24
23
!!> kMnt;rkm:aRTIsRcas;nm:aRTIs
!@> eK[m:aRTIs
kMnt;cMnYnBit a , b , c , d edIm,I[ A.B C .
- 99 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
!#> eK[m:aRTIs
1 2 3
A 4 5 6
7 8 9
!$> eK[m:aRTIs
k-cUrKNna
x-KNna
1 4
2 5
, B
A
2 9
1 3
A 2 , B 2 , A.B
rYcTajrk A
2A.B B 2
A B and (A B) 2
K-eRbobeFob
(A B) 2
!%> eK[m:aRTIs
cUreRbobeFob
nig
A 2 2A.B B 2
1 4
A
0 1
A 2 .A 3 , A 3 .A 2 , A 4 .A and A.A 4
sin
!&> eK[ma:RTIs
0
A
0
0
b
0
0
0
0
c
0
k-cUrKNna A , A , A .
x-Tajrk A , n IN * .
K-KNnaplbUk S A A A
2
0
0
, a , b, c, d IR 0 , 1 , 1
..... A n
- 100 -
.
Prepared by LIM PHALKUN
Tel : 017 768 246
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
!*> eK[m:aRTIs
0
A
0
2
4
0
0
4
1
2
0
5
3
k-KNna A , ( A ) , A 2A.A (A )
x-eRbobeFob (A A ) and A 2A.A (A )
!(-eK[ A and B Cam:aRTIskaermanlMdab;dUcKa .
ebI A.B B.A cUrbgajfa A.B A .B .
@0> kgkasbuNcUlqaMxagmuxenH shRKasmYykEng)anlk;bBaHf 20%
nUvsemkbMBak;rbs;xnman GavdxI-GavdEvg nig exaeCIgEvg kgsaxabYn .
tmTMnijTaMgbIRbePTxagelIkgsaxaTaMgbYnmuneBllk;bBaHftagedayma:RTIs
2
6000
12000
25000
M
8000 20000 27000
cUrrkm:aRTIstagtmTMnijkgsaxaTaMgbYnkgkasbuNcUlqaM .
2
1 1
A 2 3
5
1 3 5
0 1 1
A 1 5 3
1
3 2 1
x 1 x 2 2 x 3 2
2 x 1 3x 2 5 x 3 7
x 3x 5x 9
2
3
1
@!> eKmanm:aRTIs
k-bgajfa
x-edaHRsaRbBntamm:aRTIs
@@> edaHRsayRbBntamm:aRTIs
x 1 2 x 2 3x 3 20
2 x 1 3x 2 4 x 3 11
3x 5x 2 x 13
2
3
1
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BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
lMhat;sareLIgvij
lMhat;TI1
]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_R)ak;cMnUlsrub TR x 2x 3x 14700x
Edl x CabrimaNplitplEdleKRtUvlk; .
etIeKRtUvlk;plitplenHb:unanktaedIm,I[)ancMnUlsrubGtibrma ?
cUrkMnt;R)ak;cMnUlGtibrmaenaH ?
dMeNaHRsay
-KNnaedrIevTImYy TR ' (x) 6x 6x 14700
-edaHRsaysmIkar TR ' (x) 0 naM[ 6x 6x 14700 0
b x x 2450 0
3
b 2 4ac 1 4(1)(2450) 99 2
1 99
1 99
x1
50 , x 2
49 0
2
2
2
minyk
eKTajbs
-KNnaedrIevTIBIr TR ' ' (x) 12x 6
eday TR ' ' (50) 12(50) 6 0 naM[GnuKmn_mantmGtibrmaRtg;
x 50 mannyfaedIm,I[R)ak;cMnUlsrubGtibrmaeKRtUvlk;plitplcMnYn 50 units
ehIyR)ak;cMnUlsrubGtibrmaenaHKW TR (50) 492, 500 ktarUbiyvt.
lMhat;TI2
]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_R)ak;cMnUlsrub TR (x) 1800x 80x nigGnuKmn_
R)ak;cMnaysrub TC(x) 1000 5x x Edl x CabrimaNplitpl .
cUrkMnt;brimaNplitplEdlRtUvlk;edIm,I[)anR)ak;cMeNjGtibrma ?
cUrkMnt;rkR)ak;cMenjGtibrmaenaH ?
2
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BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
dMeNaHRsay
eKman Total Pr ofit Total Re venue Total Cost
eK)an TP(x) 1800x 80x 1000 5x x x 75x 1800x 1000
-KNnaedrIevTImYy TP' (x) 3x 150x 1800
-edaHRsaysmIkar TP'x 0 naM[ 3x 150x 1800 0
b x 50x 600 0
KNna ' 25 1600 35
eKTajbs x 25 1 35 60 , x 25 1 35 10 0 minyk
-KNnaedrIevTIBIr TP' ' (x) 6x 150 .
eday TP' '60 660 150 210 naM[GnuKmn_mantmGtibrmaRtg; x 60 .
dUcenHedIm,I[R)ak;cMenjGtibrmaluHRtaEteKlk;plitplcMnYn 60 units .
R)ak;cMenjGtibrmaenaHKW TP60 161, 000 ktarUbiyvt.
lMhat;TI3
eKmanGnuKmn_ M arg inal Pr ofit kMnt;eday MPx 3x 150x 1800 .
Edl x CabrimaNplitplEdl)anlk; . eKdwgfaebIeKlk;TMnij ^0 ktaenaH
eKnwg)anR)ak;cMenj !^! 000 ktarUbiyvt . cUrkMnt;rkGnuKmn_ Total Pr ofit ?
dMeNaHRsay
kMnt;rkGnuKmn_ Total Pr ofit ?
eK)an TPx MP.dx 3x 150x 1800.dx x 75x 1800x k
eday TP60 161000 naM[ K 1000 .
dUcenH TPx x 75x 1800x 1000
2
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BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
2 x 3 3x 2 14700 x k
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BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
lMhat;TI6
eK[GnuKmn_cMNaykgkarEfTaMeRKOgynmYykMnt;eday
r ( t ) 500 6 t 10 t t Edl t CaryHeBlKitCaqaM nig $00CacMNayefr .
cUrrkcMNaykgkarEfTaMBIqaMTI @ eTAqaMTI^.
dMeNaHRsay
tag E CacMNaykgkarEfTaMBIqaMTI $ eTAqaMTI^
eK)an E (500 6t 10t t ).dt
2
500t 3t 2 3t 3 t 4
4 2
1
1
lMhat;TI7
GnuKmn_tRmUvkarrbs;karplitmYyKW f (q) q2500
nigfsmtaesInwg $100 .
20
cUrrkPaBelIsrbs;GkeRbIR)as; ?Edl q CabrimaNplitpl.
dMeNaHRsay
eday p $100 eK)an q2500
100 q 5
20
dUcenH (p $100 , q 5) CacMnucsmta
ehIycMnUlRtg;cMnucsmtaKW TR 100(5) $500 .
0
2500
5
.dq 500 2500 ln | q 20 |0 500 2500(ln 25 ln 20) 500
0 q 20
C.S
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BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
lMhat;TI8
GnuKmn_tRmUvkarrbs;plitkmmYyKW f (q)
g (q ) 2q .
cUrrkPaBelIsnGkplit ?
dMeNaHRsay
-rkcMnucsmta
50000 q 2
nigGnuKmn_pt;pg;
50000 q 2 2q
50000 q 2 4q 2
50000 5q 2 q
50000
100
5
lMhat;TI9
RkumhnmYyplitTMnijBIrRbePTEdlmanGnuKmn_cMnUlsrub nig cMnaysrub
-GnuKmn_R)ak;cMnUlsrub TR f (x, y) 4xy 140y
-GnuKmn_R)ak;cMNaysrub TC g(x, y) x 5y 900
Edl x and y CabrimaNplitplnImYy .
cUrkMnt; brimaNpliplRbePTnImYyEdlRtUplitniglk;edIm,I[cMenjGtibrma.
dMeNaHRsay
kMnt; brimaNpliplRbePTnImYyEdlRtUplitniglk;edIm,I[cMenjGtibrma
tag TP F(x, y) CaGnuKmn_R)ak;cMenjsrub
eK)an TP F(x, y) TR (x, y) TC(x, y)
2
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BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
TP F( x , y) 4 xy 140 y x 2 5 y 2 900
-KNna ac b eday
2
a TP ' ' xx 2
b TP ' ' xy 4
c TP ' ' 10
yy
- 107 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
lMhat;TI11
eKtag TP f (x, y) GnuKmn_R)ak;cMenjsrubnBIrplitpl .
eKdwgfacMnaym:aCINleFobnwg x KW TPx 20 2x
nig cMnaym:aCINleFobnwg y KW TPx 70 2y .
ebIeKlk;plitplTImYycMnYn !0 kta nigplitplTIBIr #% ktaenaHeKTTYl)an
R)ak;cMenjGtibrma $1325 .
cUrkMnt;rkGnuKmn_R)ak;cMenjsrub TP f (x, y) ?
dMeNaHRsay
kMnt;rkGnuKmn_R)ak;cMenjsrub TP f (x, y)
eKman TPx 20 2x TP (20 2x).dx 20x x y
eK)an TP ' TPy 'y 70 2y naM[ (y) (70 2y).dy 70y y k
eKTaj TP f (x, y) 20x x 70y y k 20x 70y x y k
eday TP f (10 , 35 ) 1325 k 0 .
dUcenH TP f (x, y) 20x 70y x y .
lMhat;TI12
eK]bmafa Z f (x, y) CaGnuKmn_ cMnYnstVlitEdlRtUvgab;edayfaMBIrRbePT
eday x CacMNuHfaMRbePTTImYy nig y CacMNuHfaMRbePTTIBIr x , y KitCalIt .
eKdwgfaDIepr:g;Eslsrub dZ 65 e .dx 70 e .dy nig Z f (0,0) 9998
cUrkMnt;rkGnuKmn_ Z f (x, y) ?
dMeNaHRsay
kMnt;rkGnuKmn_ Z f (x, y)
2
0.01x
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0.02 y
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
eKman dZ 65 e
0.01x
tamTMnak;TMngenHeKTaj
Z
0.01 x
x 65 e
Z
70 e 0.02 y
y
0.01x
0.02 y
0.02 y
0.02 y
0.01 x
0.02 y
0.01x
0.02 y
P
2.16L 0.09L2 P 2.16L 0.09L2 .dL 1.08L2 0.03L3 (K )
L
P
P 'K
' K 2.36K 0.24K 2
K
eKman
eK)an (K) (2.36K 0.24K ).dK 1.68K 0.08K
eKTaj P f (K, L) 1.08L 0.03L 1.68K 0.08K
edaysmtikm P f (0,0) 0 0 .
dUcenH P 1.08L 0.03L 1.68K 0.08K .
2
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BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
lMhat;TI14
eK[m:aRTIs
2 1 4
A 1 1 2
3 1 5
X-cUrTajbeBajcemIyRbBn
2 x y 4z 23
(S) : x y 2z 13
3x y 5z 29
dMeNaHRsay
k-rkm:aRTIskUhVak;Tr C nigm:aRTIsGahSg; adj(A)
eKman
C11
C C 21
C
31
C13
C 23
C 33
C12
C 22
C 32
-rkkUhVak;TrnFatu a
11
-rkkUhVak;TrnFatu a
12
1 2
1 5
C12 (1)1 2 .M 12 M 12
-rkkUhVak;TrnFatu a
13
21
1 1
1 3 2
3 1
C 21 (1) 21 .M 21 M 21
-rkkUhVak;TrnFatu a
22
1 2
(5 6) 1
3 5
-rkkUhVak;TrnFatu a
523
1 4
1 5
5 4 1
1
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BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
C 22 (1) 2 2 .M 22 M 22
-rkkUhVak;TrnFatu a
23
2 4
10 12 2
3 5
C 23 (1) 23 .M 23 M 23
-rkkUhVak;TrnFatu a
31
32
33
1
2 4
440
1 2
C 33 (1) 33 .M 33 M 33
dUcenH
(2 3) 1
1 4
2 4 2
1 2
C 32 (1) 3 2 .M 32 M 32
-rkkUhVak;TrnFatu a
3 1
C 31 (1) 31 .M 31 M 31
-rkkUhVak;TrnFatu a
2 1
2 1
1 1
1 2
3
C 1 2 1
2 0
1
nig
x-KNnaedETmINg; det(A) | A |
tamrUbmn det(A) | A | a C a
11
11
2 11
3 1 2
adj(A) C 1 2 0
2 1
1
12
C12 a 13 C13
dUcenH det(A) | A | 1 .
K-Tajrkm:aRTIsRcas; A nm:aRTIs A
1
tamrUbmneK)an
2
3 1
1
A
0
adj(A) 1 2
det(A)
2 1 1
- 111 -
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
X-TajbeBajcemIyRbBn (S)
tag
2 1 4
x
A 1 1 2 , X y
3 1 5
z
RbBnsmIkarGacsresrCa
eday
eK)an
A 1 1
2
x 3
y 1
z 2
1
2
1
1
2
1
2 x y 4z 23
: x y 2z 13
3x y 5z 29
23
and B 13
29
A.X B X A 1 . B
0
1
2 23 69 13 58 2
0 . 13 23 26 0 3
1 29 46 13 29 4
tamsRmayxagelI
dUcenH x 2 , y 3 , z 4 .
lMhat;TI15
eK[m:aRTIs
3
1 2
A 4 x
6
7 8 x 4
Edl x CacMnYnBit .
dUcenH
x 5 , 20
.
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