Evaporator

FOOD PROCESSING

Prepared By: Oscar M. Ballarta Jr. and Menesis A. Eyala

What is Evaporator?
Evaporators are widely used in the food processing industry to remove
a portion of the water from food products. This reduces bulk and
weight for subsequent processing, increases solids content (as for jams
and molasses), helps in preservation of the product, provides
convenience to the end consumer and concentrates color or flavor.
An evaporator is a device used to turn the liquid form of a chemical into its
gaseous form. The liquid is evaporated, or vaporized, into a gas.

Heat Exchanger

Properties of evaporating liquids that influence

the process of evaporation
1.

Concentration: As the concentration increases, the viscosity and

density increases thereby the boiling point of solution increases.

2.

Foaming: Solutions like organic compounds tend to foam during

vaporization. The foam is carried away along with vapor heavy
entrainment.

3.

Scale: Solutions deposit scales on the heating surface .U drastically

decreases and leads to shut down of the evaporators.

4.

Temperature sensitivity: Pharmaceuticals products, fine chemicals and

foods are damaged when heated to moderate temperatures for relatively
short times. So special techniques are employed to reduce temperature of
the liquid and time of heating,

5.

Material of construction: Evaporators are made of some kind of steel.

however many sols attack ferrous metals and are contaminated by them .
Copper, nickel, stainless steels can also be used.

Types Of Evaporators
Most Common includes:
1.

Batch pan Evaporators.

2.

Forced circulation.

3.

Natural circulation.

4.

Rising film tubular.

5.

Falling film tubular.

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCkOPjnk1_Zk_jIMuPzW5Nuw
BY R. PAUL Singh

Batch pan Evaporators

Heat Product in a steam jacketed vessel or a
vessel containing steam coils.
Vessel is open to the atmosphere or
connected to vacuum (Boils liquid at a
temperature below its boiling point).
Steam condenses inside the jacket or the
coils.
Heat transfer area is small
Heating of product by natural convection
Residence time is long.

Paddle are used for agitation.

Coils may be rotated to increase rate of
heating

Natural Circulation evaporators

Short vertical tubes (1-2 m long, 5-10 cm
diameter) are placed inside steam chest.
Tubes and steam chest are called Calandria.

As products heats, due to density difference,

heated product rises through tubes to the top.
Stem condenses on the outside of the tubes .
Hot liquid from the top falls back to bas through
annular section.
Velocity of product rising in tube 1 m/s.
Liquid is repeatedly exposed to heated surface
Suitable for low viscosity such as sugar solutions

Forced Circulation Evaporator

Liquid feed is circulated at high
rate
Hydrostatic head of liquid above
the top tubes prevents boiling.
Inside the separator, pressure is
slightly below than in tube. This
causes the liquid in the separator
to flash into vapors.

Pump is used to achieve high

circulation rate. Velocity 2-6 m/s
Residence Time in tubes is 1-3s

Rising film Evaporators

Vertical tubes (5-15 m long, 2.5-5 cm
diameter)
Tubes heated from outside by
condensing steam.
As the liquid at the bottom of the tube
heats, bubbles form that rise at high
velocity. Slugs of liquid and bubbles rise
to the top. Velocity can be very high as
100m/s.
Liquid baffles to break any foam.
High heat transfer coefficient
Used in manufacture of condensed milk

Falling Film Evaporators

Tubes are 5 cm -25cm diameter
Liquid flow by Gravity
Design is complicated to allow
uniform distribution of liquid flowing
down.
Distributors or Spray nozzle
Falling film can handle more viscous
products than rising film evaporators.
Heat sensitive products such as
orange juice concentration are done
in this evaporator.
Typical Residence time 20-30s

Evaporator
REFRIGERATION

Purpose:

Liquid Refrigerant is Boiled from a Low

Pressure Liquid to a Low Pressure Gas by
Absorbing Heat from the Medium that is being
Cooled.

Types of Evaporator
1.

DIRECT EXPANSION EVAPORATOR

2.

FLOODED EVAPORATOR

DIRECT EXPANSION EVAPORATOR

The direct expansion evaporator has a coil

tubing between the metering device and
the compressor

FLOODED EVAPORATOR

Completely filled with liquid

refrigerant, and the secondary
refrigerant is brine

Disadvantage is it is expensive
to operate, due to large
amount of refrigerants.

TYPES OF DRY EVAPORATORS

1. Bare type
- the simplest type of evaporator.
- is also known as prime surface evaporator

Bare Type Evaporator

2. Plate type
- an evaporator that has sheets of metal welded to the
tubing.

Plate Type

3. Fin-tube type
-an evaporator in direct contact with the substance to be
cooled.

Fin-tube type
4. Shell- and -coil direst expansion dry evaporator
-Uses either a thermostatic or automatic expansion valve.
-Secondary refrigerant is water or brine.
-commonly used in household window air-conditioning units.

EVAPORATORS CAPACITY
If the load in the evaporator is increases, the compressor
power increases and suction power is increases
If the load in the evaporator is decreases, the
compressor power decreases and suction power is
decreases

ACCESORIES
1.OIL SEPARATOR
- reduces oil flow through the system.
2. MUFFLER
- dampens or remove the hot- gas pulsation produced by a
reciprocating
3. HEAT EXCHANGER
-transfer heat from liquid refrigerant to the suction gas
4. FILTER DRYER
-removes moisture and solid particles from a refrigeration system.
5. BACK PRESSURE REGULATOR
- maintains constant pressure or temperature in the in the evaporator.
6. MOISTURE INDICATOR
- designed to warn the service person when moisture in dangerous
quantities are present within the system.
etc....

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SYSTEM

1. A DIRECT SYSTEM

Is one in which the evaporator or condenser of the

refrigeration system is in direct contact with the air or other
substances to be cooled or heated

2. A INDIRECT SYSTEM

Is one in which a secondary coolant cooled or heated by

the refrigerating system is circulated to the air or other substance to
be cooled or heated

Thank you!