Doo

Wop started in the 1940s and the years around World War II and went through to the 50s
and 70s. It was developed by African American communiBes and church gospel groups in the
40s before it became popular and gained more recogniBon in the 50s and 60s.
These groups would be found in places such as New York, Philadelphia, LA, Chicago etc. Doo
Wop music was one of the most mainstream pop oriented, R&B styles at the Bme.

Bill Kenny (1914-1978) is oTen called the Godfather of Doo Wop as he introduced the format
Top and BoXom this format featured a high tenor, singing the lead and a bass singer, reciBng
the lead in the middle of the song.
CharacterisBcs found in a Doo Wop song would be things such as group vocal harmonies,
wordless onomatopoeia, light instrumentaBon and beat and simple lyrics and music.

When You Dance by The Turbans was the rst record to use the actual syllables Doo-Wop in
1955 however in the 1953 hit Good Lovin by The Clovers you can hear the term Doo Wop in
the backing vocals with the scat and the 1954 song Never by Carlyle Dundee and The
Dundees you can too hear the phrase 'Doo Wop in the chorus. The rst Bme the term appeared
in print was 1961 in the 'Chicago Defender.
Italian American groups became notable in the late 1950s by joining the Doo Wop scene.
Soul, Pop and Rock groups of the 1960s used techniques inuenced from Doo Wop and the
genre also makes a comeback numerous Bmes in the 1970s, 80s and the 90s.
Rock and Roll groups in the late 20th Century was also inuenced by the genre along with Jazz

and Blues.
Doo Wop also set up a lot of genres such as
R&B.
The term Doo Wop slowly caught on and
soon became a category, deniBon and
descripBon for the genre R&B.
Billy Ward & His Dominoes song Sixty
Minute Man and The Five Keys Shouldnt I
Know are only two out of many that placed
on the 1951 R&B chart hits.
The last Doo Wop song to be in the Top 10
U.S. Pop Charts was a cover of 'The
Impressions hit Its Alright by Huey Lewis
and the News in 1963.

In 1939 and 1940 'The Ink Spots became very
well known in both Britain and the United
States with songs such as My Prayer, Bless
You, Memories Unknown and Whispering
Grass, following them in 1943 and 1944,
Paper Doll and You Always Hurt The One
You Love by 'The Mills Brothers.
All these songs use simple instrumentaBon,
four part harmonies which mimic the style of
a Barbershop Quartet and a swing Bme beat

which is slow paced.

Things such as Gramaphones, Cinema and
Radio helped incline imitaBon in ciBes in the
United States.

1961 was known the be the peak of Doo Wop,
it featured the return of the nonsense syllable
in the early 60s which would be found in
popular records by groups like 'The Marcels,
'The Rivingtons etc.
A couple of years later songs were released and
the lyrical content was self referenBal to the
musicians. For example Mr Bassman by
Johnny Cymbal and also to the songwriters.

Doo Wop group names were commonly named
aTer cars (e.g. 'The Fleetwoods, 'The Cadillacs
and 'The Impalas) or birds (e.g. 'The Swallow,
'The Ravens, 'The Penguins and 'The
Flamingos). Groups in the late 1940s and early
1950s that were named aTer birds soon
became grouped in with the term 'bird groups.

The harmonies in a Doo Wop song would either
run underneath the lead vocal or echo aTer the

lead vocal.
In the early 50s groups like The 5 Keys pushed vocal techniques found in RnB vocal blending,
such as Blow Harmonies the result of this would be forcing air out of the mouth with the
shape of 'Ha-oo this allowed a dierent sound to be available, this then stopped humming from
being the main form of sound in the background of songs.
A popular introducBon in Doo Wop songs would be when the bass begins and then higher
harmonies add on one at a Bme unBl a full harmony is created; this is known as a progressive
entrance. A good example of this would be Danny and the Juniors At The Hop in this song they
use the progressive technique as the main hook.
The lead singers of Doo Wop groups were usually tenor, although could be a high tenor. Most
song arrangements had a idiosyncraBc bass role, which would normally be the introducBon or
would be found in the chorus or assisBng a percussive beat within the song. The soprano part
(a.k.a falseXo) would be used nearer the end of a song. In Doo Wop ballads the soprano vocals
can be found echoing aTer the lead singer (Close Your Eyes by The Five Keys), runs above the
main vocal, part of the harmonies heard in the background etc.
Vocalists of the Doo Wop genre would sing acapella and use nonsense syllables in order to
mimic instruments.
For example:
The bass would go Bom Bom Bom Bom..etc.
The guitar would go Shang-a-langetc.
The brass would go 'Doo Wop Wop, Doo Wop Wopetc
The Ravens 1950s song Count Every Star shows an example of the vocals using sounds such as
'doomph, doomph" in order to sound like a double bass being plucked at.

Doo Wop songs would vary

between both slow and fast
beats however they were
usually in swing Bme
providing a light and happy
feel. Doo Wop songs were
simplisBc so the vocalists
would clap their hands or
snap their ngers in order to
provide a beat focusing on
the 2nd and 4th beat of a
Common Time bar (4/4).
Other instruments found in
this genre that would
accompany the vocalists are
piano, guitars, saxophones
and drums however it would
be rare to have a solo from
any of these instruments as
they would remain more in
the background although
there would be breaks in the
song where there would only
be instruments present.
Doo Wop music and lyrics

tended to be quite simple,

repeBBve, dialecBcal and
awkwardly-phased. Song
lyrics would be about things
such as love and desire etc.

The general chord
progression of this genre is I-
VI-IV-V (For example, in C
major: C Am F G) this chord
progression was behind
1930s hits such as Blue
Moon by Rodger and
Hart(1934) and also Hoagy
Carmichaels Heart and
Soul (1938). However the
chord progression became so
common in Doo Wop music
that it soon was referred to
as the '50s progression. This
harmonic design was married
up with the AABA format
which would typically be
found in Tin Pan Alley Pop.

Doo Wop groups in 1954

assisted the Rock & Roll era;
songs like Gee by The Crows
and Sh-Boom by The Chords
which were originally two R&B
hits, crossed over onto the Pop
Music Charts and not long aTer
the same happened in 1955
where Doo Wop hits such as
Earth Angel by The Penguins
also landed in the Pop Charts.
The PlaXers song The Great
Pretender was number one on
the Pop Charts that same year.
Songs like Earth Angel by The
Penguins and Only You by
The PlaXers were R&B vocal
groups that entered the pop
charts as crossover Doo Wop
hits in 1955.
The Monotones song Book Of
Love (1958) soon became the
portrait of the style.

IniBally African American Doo

Wop groups would either be
found performing at churches,
urban neighbourhoods,
subways and street corners
most likely to be found in
groups varying from three to
six.
Italian American Doo Wop
groups enlarged in 1958.
Similarly to African Americans,
Italian Americans would also
aXend church, which is where
the majority of them would
would gain their singing
experience, they would be seen
singing on street corners in
urban ciBes in the late 1950s
like New York (Bronx and
Brooklyn). Examples of Italian
American groups with NaBonal
Chart Hits would be Dion and
the Belmonts with I Wonder
Why (1958) and Randy and
the Rainbows hit single

Denise which charted in

1963.

Hispanics are oTen over looked
however it wasnt rare to nd
Puerto Ricans singing lead in
Doo Wop groups, however they
would normally be in a group
with both black and white
members (e.g. The Crests and
The Tune Weavers).
Although it was rare at the Bme
you would nd yourself a
couple of racially integrated
groups. For example Come Go
With Me by The Del-Vikings
was a hit in 1957.
In the early days female singers
for this style was rare however
the lead singer of The
Mellows(1953-1958), Lillian
Leach, proved that wasnt an
issue and is oTen known to be
an inuence by other
performers.

Important groups such as

The DriTers, The
Midnighters and The
PlaXers helped link the
genre to the mainstream
and the future sound of Soul
Music, for example: Whos
Lovin You this is a Motown
Soul song form 1960 wriXen
by Smokey Robinson,
although it has been
recorded with many
dierent arBsts the most
popular version in the
Jackson 5 one.
The Doo Wop inuence
stayed with certain genres
for example Soul and Pop
groups of the 60s including
The Four Seasons and Surf
Groups such as The Beach
Boys e.g. Surn and
Surfer Girl.

There have been many modern recreaBons of Doo Wop songs over the years. It started with
Beach music which was revolved around Carolina (and surrounding states) Britain soon
contributed in the mid to late 1970s, the group 'Darts who successfully brought back songs like
Daddy Cool and Come Back My Love keeping the authenBcity of the original songs.
Robert Johns 1972 version of The Lion Sleeps Tonight also showed hints of Doo Wop
inuences along with other musicians belonging to genres such as Rock, Punk and New Wave.
For example The Ramones.
A new style of Doo Wop was released when Soul and Funk bands like Zapp released songs such
as Doo Wah DiXy

Nowadays arBsts such as Bruno Mars and Meghan Trainer incorporate Doo Wop characterisBcs
in their music.
In an interview with Bruno Mars he speaks about how he has a special place in his heart for old
school music
Technology has now allowed Doo Wop themed arBsts to be soloists using things such as Loop
StaBons, to gradually build sounds and layer them to create a Doo Wop sound.
Heres an example of a young Ariana Grande using a loop staBon to create India Aries 'Theres
Hope:
hXps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_sEjGp2WmDA

Doo Wop evolved many genres; for example classic Soul/R&B songs show
signs of Doo Wop characterisBcs, mainly in their use of harmonies it is
noBceable.

Slide 6: hXp://img2-ak.lst.fm/i/u/300x300/8057e65257e947ecb03d330c6e37664c.jpg

Hip Hop is a cultural movement started by African American youths in the run down streets of
New York City, Bronx.
The culture rst started to emerge in 1953; two years later a major freeway called The Cross
Bronx Expressway was constructed and split through Bronx. The Expressway had a lot of
controversy surrounding it, as many believe it is the reason as to why South Bronx
neighborhoods went downhill so fast. Middle class ciBzens began to leave and by 1970 Bronx
was leT secluded, crime-ridden and impoverished.
These condiBons aected the youth of Bronx and how they spoke, dressed, think and lived;
soon enough they created their own culture.
There are four key elements in Hip Hop:
1. Rap Music (oral)
2. GraB (visual
3. DJ-ing (aural)
4. Breakdancing (physical)

During the 1970s and 1980s African American youths, especially, went through hardship, drugs,
gang-related violence and unemployment leaving them to live in close-to-poverty condiBons.
Rapping was a way for African Americans to tell their story of hardship and to tell the truth of
their living situaBons, the passion and truth behind the lyrics were so powerful that what
started out to be local soon became global.
In the late 1960s a gang/music group, called The GheXo Brothers, introduced Block
ParBes this would happen in dierent neighborhoods where a DJ would plug their sound
system into street lights and people from the neighborhood would gather round and party.
Block Party music would normally be percussive breaks, which were taken from popular soul,
funk or disco songs and then isolated and repeated.
Block ParBes didnt gain popularity unBl the 1970s this is when rappers started to spit bars in
sync with the beat.

The Hip Hop era can be idenBed in three secBons.
1970-1984 is known as the Old School Hip Hop Era, this had songs like 1979s King Tim IIIs hit
The Fatback, also the very well known Rappers Delight (1979) by The Sugarhill Gang.
Rappers Delight, even though its not the rst single to have rap, it is known to be the
rst rap song to be popularized globally, as well as the United States. The music used in Rappers
Delight is Chics song Good Times.
In 1979 The Sugarhill Gang aXended a concert where Blondie, The Clash and Chic were playing,
when Chic started playing Good Times The Sugarhill Gang jumped on stage and started free
styling.

Chic, later, threatened to take legal acBon for copyright reasons but ended on a seXlement, as
they would be credited as co-writers.

In the early 80s you had songs like 1984 song Step O by Grandmaster Melle Mel & The
Furious Five.
In the mid 1970s the Hip Hop genre was split into two groups, one group had the percussive
beats repeated from Disco, Funk etc. this was more about the beats more so than the rapping, it
was more focused on geyng the crowd up and dancing. Whilst the other group would use a
complex rhythmic scheme and were passionate and truthful about their living situaBons.

The next era of Hip Hop was from 1985-1993 known as the Golden Age; this era began with
1986 album Raising Hell by Run-DMC, LL Cool Js Rock The Bells (1985) and ended with Dr.
Dres album Chronic in 1992.

This era of Hip Hop was idenBed with a mix of Funk samples and lyrics that represented the
African culture.
During this era of Hip Hop many sub genres were introduced like poliBcal rap, alternaBve Hip
Hop, gangsta rap etc.
Gangsta rap was, and sBll is, a very relevant subgenre of Hip Hop. It was popularized in the
1980s aTer arBsts such as Ice-T and groups like N.W.A.
Many believe that Gangsta Rap promotes things such as crime, murder, drug and alcohol abuse,
rape, street gangs etc. N.W.A was targeted mainly for promoBng such things along with hatred
for the police.
N.W.As 1988 album Straight OuXa Compton was known to be the rst megahit gangsta rap
album, the album provoked signicant controversy. They even had contact from the FBI

regarding their song F**k The Police. The leXer expressed the law enforcements indignaBon
about the song.
Ice-Cube (a member from N.W.A) leT the group on the early 1990s and went solo, sBll in the
gangsta rap genre and spoke more about poliBcal topics and injusBce.
1991, N.W.A was the rst gangsta rap group to reach No.1 on the Billboard charts with their
second album El4zaggin.

The last era is the Modern Hip Hop from 1993 to the present day. Following the success of Dr.
Dres album The Chronic, Snoop Doggy Dogg (now known as Snoop Dogg) released his album
Doggystyle in 1993.
The album received aXenBon, from many music criBcs, as one of the most signicant and
important album of the 1990s. The unique sound of the album bought aXenBon to the West
Coast Hip Hop scene in the early 90s. The album was number one on the Billboard charts.
Another inuenBal rapper would be Eminem who aXained mainstream popularity with his LP
The Slim Shady in 1999 aTer his 1996 debut album Innte.

Hip Hop arBsts now such as Jay-Z and Kanye West not only have rapping careers but branded o
of their own name with clothing lines and shoe lines. For example Kanye West released trainers
with Adidas called Yeezy and Jay-Z has a clothing line called Rocawear and recently released
his own streaming company called Tidal along with various other arBsts, mainly in the Hip Hop
genre.

Hip Hop music, nowadays, uses synths, bass, guitar, sampler, turntables, sequencers, drum
machines and someBmes horns and strings.
Normally bass and drums carry Hip Hop songs with a synth bass thickening the live one. The

horns or strings on songs are typically used as treble to add thickness and a higher pitch to the
bass and drums. Its quite common for an instrument to have an obvious ri that helps the
audience idenBfy a song for example hXps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hOmE6-LU4Hk
An example of a song being used as a sample is Ray Charles Ive Got A Woman (Way Across
Town) in Kanye Wests song Gold Digger. Another example would be Jay Zs song Anything
where they use a sample from Oliver! he also did the same on his song Hard Knock Life where
he sampled the chorus from Annie.

When performing live, the atmosphere is generally aggressive and at an intense high level. Hip
Hop arBsts will rarely perform with a live band; instead they will perform with a DJ and maybe
also a hype man.
A hype man is someone who accompanies the main rapper and gets the audience hyped,
this could be creaBng chants with the crowd. Memphis Bleek was a hype man for Jay Z and Pu
Daddy for Notorious B.I.G.

Hip Hop arBsts arent as limited to certain venues to perform like some other genres, however it
is very rare that youd nd a Hip Hop arBst performing in a Jazz caf. They will perform at
fesBvals, big open venues, nightclubs etc.

Early rappers tend to be African American and their lyrics were inspired and driven by the
inequality that they were going through. As MCs were generally from the run down streets of
Bronx, they did not have enough money to hire out a studio to record in. They had to perform
live at parBes and other venues, furthermore, if someone came along and heard it and oered
them a chance to record for free they would take it.

Radio play for Hip Hop in the early days would be very rare as the language was explicit and was
believed to promote illegal acBons such as drugs, guns etc.
The demographic for rap music, when it rst released, were African American teenagers sharing
the same struggles and living condiBons as the arBsts.

Hip Hop musics demographic has now enlarged and ranges from mid teens to mid thirBes and
enjoyed by any race/skin color etc. and even though the explicit language and promoBon sBll
occurs in some songs, it can now be heard on the radio. Hip Hop arBsts will release an explicit
song and a radio edit of the song. The radio edit will have censors over anything explicit or
deemed inappropriate.
Hip Hop fans tend to take acBon on Hip Hop lyrics, for example N.W.As F**k The Police fuelled
fans to stand up against the police and have riots. Rappers lyrics also talk about the hard life
whether thats being on the streets homeless or avoiding gang violence, but some rapped
about dreaming and living the good life.

GraB has been around for a long Bme, even before the Hip Hop scene, when ancient graBsts
would scratch their pieces into walls before spray paint. However New York City was the home
of modern day GraB, or as some knew it, i.e. police, expensive vandalism.
In the 1960s Gangs, MCs, DJs etc. would tag their name on public property in order to mark
their territory.
In 1968, gang member, Julio 204 would tag his name on buildings around his neighborhood,
because Julio kept his tags within his neighborhood it didnt spread around as much as some
other arBsts such as Taki 183.
Taki 183s tags gained him more popularity and recogniBon as he started tagging outside of
his neighborhood.
The way they come up with their tag names are their nickname and then the street they live on.
For Example Taki is a nickname for Demetaki (Demetrius) and he lived on 183rd Street in
Washington Heights, therefore his tag name was Taki 183. This name would then be presented
in bubble wriBng and displayed on the side of trains/subways. Their name would then follow the
transport around the city with their tag on the side, this technique was almost like self
adverBsement.
In the 1970s this idea had caught on to arBsts like Kel, Crash and Zephyr and the technique of
graB tagging was highly exposed aTer famous 1983 documentary Style Wars, which mainly
focused on the development of GraB art and Breakdancing of the Hip Hop culture.
GraBsts started having compeBBons between each other, to see who could form the most
visible tag without geyng caught by the police for illegal art.

There are two types of graB; theres graB art and then there is gang graB. GraB art is all
about self-expression, crypBc colorful murals, creaBvity etc. and this would be found on building
walls and freight/goods trains. These arBsts want to improve their art and the message that
they are sending through it and therefore change it in order for progress.
On the other hand, gang art was more territorial. Therefore, their art would stay within their
neighborhood and would rarely leave. GraB arBsts prefer to not be labeled under gang graB,
as many of them believe that gang graB does not use arBsBc forms.
GraB has had an aect on what art is now however it has also had an eect on the adverBsing
world.
Just how Taki 183 and Julio 204 adverBsed their name using graB, companies have started
using the font and look of graB on Billboards in order to appeal to the urban audience. This
was known as commercial graB.
The 2012 London Olympics used a graB street design as the logo, the eect of doing this
was to aXract and interest a younger demographic.
In 2005, Sony used graB in order to promote their product (PSP) however it ended up being
very controversial as many believed it was encouraging vandalism to children and teenagers.
A popular graB arBst would be Banksy, whose art is more poliBcal and can be found on walls,
streets, bridges etc.
Here is are examples of Banksys work:

A disk jockey (a.k.a, DJ) uses various techniques, such as scratching and needle drops, in order to
manipulate music and then performs it to others in various venues like nightclubs or block
parBes.
Block ParBes were important to the uprising of the Hip Hop culture. The GheXo Brothers were a
gang/music group that would host Block parBes. The music they played had the ability to shut
the racial barriers by simply plugging their instruments into amps and speakers and playing
music.
DJ Kool Herc, was referred to as the Father Of Hip Hop. He was one of the rst Hip Hop DJs
who created the isolaBon of breaks from songs.
He would mix samples of already released music and mix his own chants and shouts, which he
would call to the dancers and the crowd, over it. These isolated breaks would popularly come
from the genres Funk and Rock, although some other genres such as Soul were used too.
Kool Herc was inuenBal to the evoluBon of Hip Hop as he created the layout for the genre and
culture by building on his Jamaican heritage and bringing the technology, techniques etc. of
reggae style music to New York in the 1970s and the tradiBon of impromptu toasBng, boas|ul
poetry and speech over music.
Contemporary DJs imitators and Kool Herc created rhythmic beats by looping the
percussive breaks on songs, on two turntables. This is an example of how the Hip Hop culture
rst emerged.
Those percussive breaks in songs would be accompanied with raps and beat boxing.
Just like the GheXo Brothers Block ParBes, DJ Kool Hercs house parBes became very

popular and soon had too many guests to host house parBes and had to move to outdoor
venues in order to allow a mass amount of audience in.
DJ Kool Hercs shouts and chants to the dancers would go into rapping. He called his dancers B
boys and B girls (B stands for break. E.g. B boy means break boys).
Other inuenBal DJs would include Afrika Bambaataa, Grandmaster Flowers and Grandmaster
Caz.
Scratching is an example of a DJ trick. It started in 1975 when DJ, Grand Wizard Theodore
manually liTed the record up and the needle was down, he realized doing so distorted the
sound, it soon caught on with other contemporary disc jockeys.
Another example of a DJ trick is beat juggling, within this trick it also relies on others such as
scratching, breaks, pauses and delays.
Beat juggling is when a DJ takes two dierent samples (could be vocals or drum beats) and
manipulates them in order to create an individual composiBon.
Before 1978 the Hip Hop scene was mainly centered on DJing and block parBes etc. but aTer
arBsts like Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five made rap music the highlight DJing started
to fade out.
Although there are sBll well known DJs such as DJ Jazzy Je, Fatboy Slim, Mix Master Mike and
many more.
DJ Kool Herc
DJ Jazzy Je

In the 16th Century, the African slaves that were taken to Brazil would exercise the Brazilian
marBal art Capoeria.
Capoeria combined acrobaBcs, music and dance together and is known for its disBnct mobile
techniques.
In their dances they would fuse ghBng movements found in Capoeria, it would be executed in
a circle with an audience on the outline. FighBng was not prohibited; therefore whenever a
guard made an appearance the aggressive ghBng movements would turn into dance.
The Capoeria soon became illegal however in the 20th century it once again became legal.
Capoeria is important to breakdancing because a lot of the moves, such as punches and spins,
were passed from this marBal art into B-boying.

Breakdancing uses a mix of dierent cultures such as Russian Folk Dance and Asian MarBal Arts.
Along with this, arBsts such as Michael Jackson and James Brown also heavily inuenced
breakdancing.

In 1972 James Brown released popular song Get On The Good Foot. This was inuenBal, as
people would mimic how James Brown was dancing and then perform it at parBes.
DJ Herc noBced that the B-boys and B-girls (break boys/girls) would wait to dance to the
percussive/instrumental parts of the song and therefore would isolate those secBons and repeat
them.
Not long aTer Get On The Good Foot was released dance baXles started to take place and
there would be compeBBons and talent shows.

awareness group iniBally made for youths in the gheXo. This is where one of the rst
breakdance crews were formed, The Zulu Kings.
The Zulu Kings would contend in compeBBons and talent shows and oTen win them. They
would also perform in clubs for recogniBon.
Although they were well known for their dancing many neighborhoods believed that they were
just a gang.
The Zulu Kings were then challenged by a rival street gang to baXle, but not a dance baXle. It
was only when Afrika Bambaataa suggested ghBng the baXle with dance moves and not
weapons that dance baXles caught on.
Gangs would dance baXle against each other to either baXle over territory or to gain respect for
each other, the winner would normally be the group with the fastest and most creaBve, unique
moves. However this did not end ghBng in Bronx, in fact it caused some ghts, someBmes the
loser of the dance baXle would try and start a ght with the winner.

There were many dierent dance moves used in breaking, two basic moves were the Top Rock
and the 6-step.
The Top Rock is very disBnct and breakers enjoy having their own style of Top Rock. Here is
a video of what a basic Top Rock looks like:
hXps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=15CKGnROgFo

The 6-step is when you keep one hand on the oor at a Bme and spin; the 6-step is what
normally sets up the rest of the dance. Here is a video of what a basic 6-step is:
hXps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PD9QPJATvRk

Soon aTer, in the late 70s, these dance moves evolved into Power Moves, like the windmill and
the head spin.
Windmill: hXps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2jYk4xTHeao
Head spin: hXps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EMfZVZm3RQQ

ATer 1977, Michael Jackson sang Dancin Machine on naBonal TV and during his performance
he did The Robot. This set a new trend through the dancers, as The Robots popularity took over
breaking.

In 1983, breakdance crew The New York City Breakers performed on live TV and along with
movies such as Flashdance it gave internaBonal exposure to breaking. The media soon followed
and used breaking for adverBsement (Right Guard and Burger King), movies and TV shows.
The Olympics in 1984 showcased over 100 B-boys and B-girls performing in the ending
ceremony.

Nowadays, Hip Hop moves tend to be incorporated into songs or the video for the audience to
learn.
In 2007 Crank That by Soulja Boy was released, it was known to be the biggest dance craze since
the 90s.
By late 2007 the YouTube video, which taught you the dance moves, had over 27 million views.
The dance moves were made up of previous dance trends but the main one was made up by
Soulja Boy and his friends, they then named the dance move Soulja Boy Dance. Here is the
music video:
hXps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8UFIYGkROII

In 2015 new Hip Hop dance craze the Whip/Nae Nae came out aTer arBst Silent released his
song Watch Me (Whip/Nae Nae).
The dance moves are a combinaBon of other Hip Hop moves such as The Stanky Leg, The Soulja
Boy, The Du etc.
In the video there are dance crews performing, there are people varying in age and occupaBon.
Here is the music video:
hXps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vjW8wmF5VWc
Both of these songs have been internaBonal dance trends, along with Top Rock and The
Windmill. Recent Hip Hop dance trends are The Dab and Hit The Quan.

Although fashion isnt an element that makes up the Hip Hop culture, it is quite an important
part. Hip Hop fashion aected the fans and businesses.
It adverBsed businesses and changed what those businesses were selling and what fans were
wearing.

In the late 1970s popular sports brands such as Adidas joined the arising Hip Hop scene and by
the early 1980s Hip Hop stars were seyng trends wearing leather bomber jackets, sheepskin,
brightly colored tracksuits (Adidas, Nike etc.) and sneakers with oversized laces (Adidas
Superstars, Pumas and Chuck Taylors All Star).
Accessories worn would include bucket hats (from sports brand Kangol), various amounts of
rings and large glasses.

In the 80s mens Hip Hop jewelry would typically be big chunky gold chains and womens would
be big earrings (such as hoops or Gold Knocker Earrings).
The more jewelry you wore the more it symbolized wealth, power and honor.
The early 80s also had hairstyle trends starBng with Jheri Curls and by the early 90s had the Hi-
Top Fade hyped up by stars like Will Smith.

Late 1980 fashion changed slightly adding more of the African culture to the style, like wearing
kente cloth hats, dreadlocks and Africa chains.
Icons such as Queen LaBfah wore a lot of Black NaBonalist colors such as red, black and green.
The late 80s also included loose baggy trousers, worn famously by people such as MC Hammer.

supporters of the Snapback

sporBng gear company called TI
$A VI$ION.
Modern day Hip Hop
fashion basketball/
skateboarding styles and shoes,
sporBng wear, sleeveless shirts,
polo shirts, sagging trousers,
crop tops and t-shirts.


80s Hip Hop Fashion

be diamonds The Hot Boys

helped this trend. Grills also
became a craze; these are
like jewelry for the teeth and
are usually removable.

2000 Hip Hop fashion trends
tend to be taXoos, arBsts like
Wiz Khalifa and Lil Wayne
are examples, however a lot
of people sBll follow old Hip
Hop trends of wearing
brands, e.g. Adidas track
jackets and Bomber jackets.
Brands such as Supreme,
OBEY, Adidas and Supra are
seen featuring on Chris
Brown and other arBsts on
tour performing and in
videos.
Around 2010 Snapbacks
came into fashion, which is a
Hip Hop stylisBc, arBsts
notable for that are Tyga and
B.I.G Sean, these arBsts are

90s Hip Hop Fashion

The 1990s started o by

arBsts such as The Fresh Prince
and TLC wearing brightly
colored baseball caps and then
ventured into throwback
jerseys.

Aaliyah was famously known
for her signature Tommy
Hilger look and in the 1990s
Hilger became a dominant
brand in the Hip Hop world,
aTer Snoop Dogg wore a piece
of Tommy Hilger clothing on
TV and the piece sold out in
shops the next day. Hilger
used rappers such as Coolio
during runway shows and to
promote his line to Hip
Hoppers.

Mid 90s plaBnum chains
replaced the gold ones and
fans followed the trend, within
these chains and jewels would

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Soul music combines components of African American music from Gospel and Jazz to R&B and
Hip Hop.
The genre originated from the United States in the late 1950s/early 1960s and soon became
popular around the world, inuencing other genres such as rock music.

In 1865 slavery in the United States ended, however segregaBon in America was sBll ongoing
unBl 1964. African Americans were, therefore, not welcome to mix in White American Churches.
This resulted in African Americans building their own churches. The aXendees would sing
ChrisBan gospel songs and change it up by singing them upbeat and joyfully whilst moving,
stomping and clapping to the beat.

Soul songs were rst created when lyrics from a gospel song would be rewriXen into non-
religious (secular) lyrics.
The changing of the lyrics meant that upbeat gospel songs became upbeat soul songs and that
slow gospel songs became love song ballads.
Ray Charles 1954 song Ive Got A Woman (Way Across Town) is a good example of a song
changed from Gospel into soul. The original is called Ive Got A Saviour (Way Across Jordan).
Ray Charles also uses gospel inuence in his song Whatd I Say where he uses the popular call
and response technique.
Another example of gospel lyrics into secular lyrics is the song Please, Please, Please. The
original lyrics were about yearning for Gods love; James Browns 1956 version changes the
lyrics to yearning for a girls love.

In the 1960s, soul music overtook the United States R&B Charts along with songs crossing into
the pop charts in US, Britain etc.
However by 1968 the genre had begun to split leaving some arBsts to wonder into other genres
such as Funk. By the early 70s soul music inuenced by genres such as psychedelic rock etc.

In the early 1960s the most popular style of soul was Motown pop soul.
Berry Gordy in 1959 created Motown Records, originaBng in Detroit,
Michigan. ArBsts in this label would play music that created the Motown
sound, and typically aimed to be crossover arBsts, including a collecBon
of pop-soul songs, which had a great appeal in young Americans.

Between 1960 and 1969 there had been over 50 top 10 hits that had
crossed over. The Funk Brothers and Motowns House Band played on the majority of these
songs.
The tambourine would drive the song and following would be rhythmic guitar typically played
on the second and fourth beats. Singers such as The Supremes Diana Ross and EXa James
would manipulate their vocals to sound more like pop rather than blues. These techniques
appealed to their audience, as it was easy to listen to and fun to dance to.
A big inuence in this genre would be the classic Jackson 5 song Ill Be There. Michael
Jacksons vocals were so strong at such a young age it allowed him to sing in almost any style
including classic soul songs such as Whos Loving You.

In 1956 CurBs Mayeld and his band The Impressions started recording music for Vee Jay
Records however in the early 60s Mayeld joined the Civil Rights Movement and soon began
wriBng songs about the struggles African Americans are confronted with such as racism, poverty

and overall injusBce. The songs were very powerful and his song People Get Ready is
considered to be one of the greatest songs ever wriXen. The Impressions performed this aTer
its release in 1965 and peaked at No.3 on the R&B charts and No.14 on the Pop charts. CurBs
Mayelds song unveiled the social and poliBcal surroundings of that Bme.
CurBs Mayeld created his own record company Curtom Records in 1970 and released classic
soul albums, including his own soundtrack album for the lm Supery.

Motown is only one key sub genre of many. For example; deep and southern soul, neo soul,
Memphis soul, New Orleans soul etc.

InstrumentaBon used in soul music is normally electric sounding, for example; electric guitars,
electric pianos, electric organ.
As well as using the acousBc versions of those instruments they also will have horn secBons and
a string ensemble along with female and male backing vocals.
The instrumentaBon used in soul music is: Drum Kit, Percussion, Bass, Horn secBon (trumpets,
saxophone etc.), String secBon, female and male backing vocals and Piano. Soul music also used
a lot of electric instruments such as: Electric Guitar, Electric Organ, Keyboard and Electric Piano.

Soul music would oTen use large ensembles and doubled up instruments, a driving drum beat
with percussion accenBng the second and fourth beats, bass lines with a heavy ri, guitars and
keys playing rhythmically.
Singers would be very emoBve on stage, showing a range of passion for sad and happy songs.
The tempo of a typical soul song would normally be 120bpm or faster unless it is a slow tempo
ballad.

The songs would be short and the structure would be very simple featuring verses, choruses,
and bridges/instrumentals.
They would feature call and response moments between the soloist and the chorus; the
melodies of these songs would typically be in a pentatonic scale with blues accidentals.

In addiBon, live recordings of soul music were normally with the whole band/ensemble in the
same room, using acousBc screens in order to split the room into secBons. They would record
on mulB track tape machines starBng with 4 track and eventually 8 track. This helped provide
the doubled up instrument sound.
The songs would be mixed gently with classic compressors such as Teletronix LA2A. The
recordings would be of high quality, they would oTen use the panning eect on songs. For
example; the vocals, piano and guitar would come out of the right speaker whilst the drums,
bass etc. would come out of the leT speaker.

Sam Cooke was born in 1931 in Mississippi.
Before becoming a household name with hit songs such as Wonderful
World and You Send Me Cooke started out performing soul music with
the gospel group Soul SBrrers.

Some refer to Sam Cooke as the Father of Soul he had a unique take on this style of music. He
had a collecBon of songs in which he merged the gospel sound and the pop sound together. This
technique was popular with both the white and black demographic.

In 1957, Sam Cooke released his rst single Lovable, although he did not use Sam Cooke as the
releasing arBst, he went under the name Dale Cooke. Later that year he released his next single

You Send Me the song was so popular it even overtook an Elvis song at the top of the charts.
Sam Cooke did a variaBon of ballad songs Wonderful World (1960) and up-tempo songs
TwisBn The Night Away (1962).
Sam Cooke however did not limit himself to songwriBng and singing. 1959, Cooke ocially
owned his own publishing company for his music and proved he was a real business man in
1960 when he negoBated with RCA for a beXer contract and not only did he leave with an
advance but also for 30 years he would get full ownership of his master recordings.
Sam Cooke soon owned his own record label in 1961 called SAR Records, although Cooke
himself wasnt signed to the label he helped jump-start the careers of arBsts such as Billy
Preston, L.C. Cooke (Sam Cookes younger brother), The ValenBnos and many more arBsts.

The ValenBnos recorded the original song Its All Over Now, which was released from SAR
Records. The Rolling Stones later covered this song.
Sam Cooke created SAR Records intending it to be a venue where struggling African
American arBsts were able to record their music during the 1960s whilst America was sBll
racially surged.

Sam Cooke passed away December 11, 1964. 1965 SAR Records released
Sam Cookes unreleased song A Change Is Gonna Come, this was soon
known to be one of Cookes most poliBcal song.
Sam Cookes legacy lives on in the world of Soul music, and in 1986 he was
introduced to the Rock and Roll, Hall of Fame.

Lyrics would typically be about hardship and the hope for change, an
example of this would be Sam Cookes A Change Is Gonna Come.

This song is one of the most popularized links to African American Civil Rights Movement.

Its been a long Bme coming,
But I know change is gonna come,
Oh yes is will
These are the lyrics for Cookes song. It is said that Bob Dylans Blowing In The Wind inspired
the song. The lyrics suggest that Sam Cooke believed that there would be a day where change
would come.
Blacks had been targeted since the 17th century in the United States and were sBll under the
white race when Cooke wrote this song.

Lyrics would also be about love; a good example of this song would be 1971 hit Just My
ImaginaBon (Running Away From Me) by The TemptaBons. The lyrics talk about a boy
daydreaming about a girl of his dreams and dreaming of the future he wants with her and the
chorus shows that its just his imaginaBon.

Famous female soul vocalist Aretha Franklin had many hits including songs such
as (You Make Me Feel Like A) Natural Woman, Think, Respect and I Say A
LiXle Prayer. The success of these songs, and many more, meant that by the
end of the 1960s era Aretha Franklin claimed the Btle The Queen of Soul.

Aretha Franklin, along with Ray Charles and others, was cast in the lm The Blues Brothers. The
Blues Brothers is a 1980 musical, crime comedy lm that features soul music with other styles
like R&B too.

Aretha Franklin followed Sam Cooke in the way that she added the pop and bluesy sounds to
secular gospel songs.
In 1987 Franklin became the rst female to be introduced to the Rock and Roll, Hall of Fame.

There were very few radio staBons that played African American music during this era, WGIV, a
radio staBon based in North Carolina is an example of a radio staBon that gave African American
music airplay.

Soul music was able to stay popular within the black community by dividing into other genres
such as Funk, a popular soul/funk arBst that did that would be James Brown.
Soul music along with R&B ended up being an inuence on the genre surf rock. However
another big inuence would be to Hip Hop. Hip Hop would use secBons of soul music and they
would be manipulated for the culture. For example Ray Charles song Ive Got A Woman (Way
Across Town) was used to inuence Kanye Wests song Gold Digger. Hip Hop DJs would also
use soul instrumentals and speed them up and play around with DJ tricks whilst dancers danced
to the beat. Many instruments used in soul are also used in Hip Hop.

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For learning objecLve 4.1 I will be evaluaLng the development and use of technology and how
technological advancements has aected music.
magneBc tape into a commercially
The Magne)c Tape:
pracBcal format. Soon enough the
In 1928, Fritz Peumer designed the
magneBc tape
magneBc tape for sound recording. It was
became the norm for recording in the
then improved by German electronic
music industry, whether itd be radio or
companies AEG and BASF who collecBvely
studio work.
manufactured the recording machine and
John T Mullin was an American audio
the tape.
engineer and he is known to be a pioneer
By the 1930s the magneBc tape had been
for magneBc tape recording. Mullins goal
progressed however this had to be kept
was to convince Hollywood Studios to use
unknown as World War II started in 1939.
magneBc tape for soundtrack recordings
Following the war, Americans brought the
for their lms.
technology from Germany and evolved the

John Mullin presented two

examples of his machines
and the second Bme Bing
Crosby, an entertainer, had
his technical director in the
audience. He arranged for
Mullin to show Crosby a
private demonstraBon.
Bing Crosby is also known to
be another pioneer for
magneBc tape recording,
aTer he became the rst big
American music arBst to use
magneBc tape to pre record
his radio broadcasts and the
rst to understand

commercial tape
recordings.
MulBtrack recording was
the next development
within magneBc tape. This
required the tape to be
split into mulBple tracks
that would be parallel
with each other.
German audio engineers
invented two-track
recording in 1943; it was
used for modern music in
the 50s as it allowed
signals from more than
two dierent

microphones to record at the

same Bme, making it easier for
stereophonic recordings to be
edited. Commercial classical
recordings and radio broadcasts
used Stereo whilst genres such
as jazz and pop music carried on
using monophonic sound
through to the mid 60s.

Les Paul was a guitarist,

composer and technician
who experimented with
recording equipment e.g.
tapes. He ordered the rst
custom-built eight-track
recorder. Les Paul and his
wife, Mary Ford, were the
rst to master the technique
of mulBtracking, they would
record the instruments of
songs separately. This
allowed them to listen to the
already recorded parts and
then record new parts all on
the same track.

A 3-track recorder was

released soon aTer and was
used oTen for popular music.
This allowed two tracks to be
used for overdubbing or to
create a backing track and for
the last track to be used for
the lead vocal. Phil Spectors
early Motown music was
recorded on 3-track
recorders. Following the 3-
track was then 4-track
recording and had a great
aect on music entering the
late 1960s as it gave
musicians more freedom for

recording techniques and

overdubbing. The Beatles used
4-track recording on a lot of
their hit albums such as
Revolver.
The disadvantage of 4-track
recording was the background
noise that could be heard; the
sound engineers at Abbey Road
are famously known for being
able to create clear mulBtrack
recordings and keep background
sound to a minimum.

ATer 4-track, quadrophonic

sound was developed and
albums were released in both
quadrophonic format and
stereo however quadrophonic
did not catch on.
Nowadays up to twenty-four
tracks can be recorded using
one or possibly more tracks for
every instrument.
Philips invented the Compact
CasseXe for audio storage and
presented it in 1963 on a radio
show. This was a big
breakthrough because many
had tried to create a device
that could package

the tape and didnt need to

be thread however to no
success. Before the casseXe
many recording systems
used the reel-to-reel format.
So the compact casseXe was
very convenient to the
development of tape
recording, not long aTer the
compact casseXe was
released it was in high
demand in the market.
Recordable casseXes helped
arBsts with their song ideas
as they could be recorded
on the tape,

meaning they were saving

money on studio Bme to record
demos. It also saved the arBst
from wriBng sheet music or
remembering melody lines/
harmonies etc.
The casseXe soon was able to
be played portably in the late
1970s and the popularity of the
casseXe resurged, other kinds
of technology, such as The
Walkman, helped make music
more accessible as you were
able to listen to music on the
go.

How is the music industry coping with technological advancements; such as the digital
revoluLon?
The music industry is struggling with the
Streaming music is taking control and its
digital revoluBon taking over. Online
not in a good way. The majority of
streaming is at an all Bme high whilst the
consumers nowadays take advantage and
tradiBonal ways of purchasing music have
have very liXle respect for the music and
been put to the back of the shelf.
their arBst, they show this by downloading
As the generaBon is growing so are the
their music illegally.
popularity of digital formats. The growth of
However the streaming companies are
formats are destroying the value of
taking advantage too by underpaying the
recording. Streaming is cheaper than
arBst; leaving various arBsts such as Taylor
downloads and downloads pay less than CDs,
SwiT and Rihanna refusing to license
this is a perfect example of how music is
companies like SpoBfy.
geyng cheaper and cheaper.

Them underpaying major

labels aects the label and
the arBst however there is
no consideraBon for Indie
labels/arBsts who are
suering as their rates have
dropped as companies such
as SpoBfy arent taking into
consideraBon the amount of
money a major label
receivers in comparison to a
smaller indie label. Even
worse is that many people
will not upgrade from their
free subscripBon to the paid
one as theyd rather it be

free with adverts in

between songs.
I feel that none of the new
generaBon know what it
feels like to wait for an
album, because someone
leaks it! This has led to an
ungrateful generaBon and
it is aecBng the
musicians too. No one
really listens to an album
anymore, seeing a
concept album is rare
because of this, the
highlight is on singles. An
arBst could release ve
singles a year and would

receive beXer feed back than if

they were to release an album
with clever lyrics and a story.
The pressure for arBsts to
release singles that are
conBnuously in the Top 10 hits is
ruining the sound of music, as
everything is turning into the
same music but just dierent
lyrics.

Recently Vinyls have

resurged into the
mainstream popularity.
When you put a vinyl on its
hard to skip songs for the
vinyl is delicate and also the
songs arent skippable; youll
always end up either in the
middle of the song or at the
ending of it.
The resurge could be a result
of the carefree no skipping
deal but it could also be for
the authenBc sound a vinyl
plays.

Even though websites like
YouTube,

in some aspects have made it

easier to get discovered, by
creaBng a foundaBon for
people to record their voices
and show it to the world and
hopefully get signed.
However because everybody
is doing it, the compeBBon is
high and therefore makes
your chances even harder of
being discovered.
Technology has made it hard
for arBsts and labels, as
people would rather just
listen to the music on their
phone or they can just watch
a video of their favourite

arBst live from their phone too,

however some people will go to
the concert to be that person
taking a video of Beyonc
dancing with heels on.
For famous arBsts that have
already made a foundaBon for
themselves such as Beyonc,
The ArcBc Monkeys and Taylor
SwiT touring is one of the best
ways to make their wage.

Online streaming companies

pay the labels, not the arBsts,
and because the labels dont
pay the arBsts touring is one of
the only ways for performers to
make a decent income
considering the majority of
their songs are being illegally
downloaded.
The music industrys sale
records are low at the moment,
however this is not due to
touring, merchandising or any
other non recording acBvity but
more because of streaming. A
plus side of streaming is that it

has calmed down the use of

illegally downloaded music
although its sBll a common
issue.

For learning objecLve 4.3 I will be talking about the posiLves, negaLves and opportuniLes that
can be found within the global market.

What Is Globalisa)on?

GlobalisaBon is when a business or organisaBon has an internaBonal inuence or they start

distribuBng on an internaBonal scale. Music globalisaBon is when there is an internaBonal
music inuence that eects culture, economy and people.

GlobalisaBon has eected: how popular or unpopular an arBst is based on interacBon, how
fans interact with each other and their favourite arBst, how people who enjoy music
suggest dierent types of music to other people and how people who are starBng a career
are able to upload music and create/nd a demographic.


Posi)ve
Nega)ve

Music accessibility has
The art of music is
improved and is now
disappearing; people are
easier for people to listen barely buying albums.
to music on the go.

The Features of Globalisa)on:

These are the features that are thought to make up globalisaBon.

New Technology
For example, how technology has improved from the
CasseEe to the CD, to the MP3 and now to online music
streaming.
New CommunicaBon and
TransportaBon

Thanks to improvements in communica)on and

transporta)on music is easily accessible and can be sold
anywhere in the world.

New Culture

To please the interna)onal audience pop music has now

been split into a range of genres. New culture is created by
the mixture of world music. Music can inuence social and
cultural ideas.

New AecBon of Personal

Life

Peoples lives have changed due to the globalisa)on of pop

music.

Technology:

Advantages of GlobalisaBon in
music
The music industry, at the
Some key advances in music
globalisaBon are new
moment, is trying to keep up
technological breakthroughs
with the technology, I feel like
such as the iPod and live
a good example of this would
streaming apps. iPods came out
be how its dealing with the
The negaBves of the digital age
in November 2001 and was the
digital revoluBon.
are the increase of piraBng songs, start of popular online
leaking music and listening/
The music industry has
purchasing, making music more
watching
m
usic
o
n
t
heir
developed increasingly in
accessible than ever before.
technological
d
evice
(
iPods/
order to become accessible
Streaming apps came on the back
iPhones
e
tc.)
r
ather
t
han
g
oing
t
o
of the advancement of iPods,
and available in the digital
watch a live performance.
people could stream on SpoBfy
revoluBon, however this
Social networking websites, such for a month at the same price of
creates various pros and cons as Facebook and TwiXer, have
an album. Streaming via YouTube
for both the consumer and the allowed people to upload free
for example has also helped
arBst.
music, to comment and/or
arBsts like JusBn Bieber be
The posiBves of the digital age discuss, they also give the opBon discovered.
would be the aordability, the of following your favourite
Disadvantages of GlobalisaBon
arBsts.
T
his
a
llows
y
ou,
t
he
f
an,
increase in cultural exchange
A main disadvantage for these
to view any tweets posts and
technological breakthroughs is
and the increase in
pictures that your favourite
that involving music online has
connecBvity; for example, for
musician/arBst is posBng.
an arBst to be in America and Websites like Vimeo and YouTube brought illegal musical
downloads from websites. This
to be able to connect with the have facilitated a foundaBon for
has damaged record sales as a
consumer in Japan.
arBsts and
result of this.

Communica)on and Transporta)on:

Due to the growth of transportaBon and communicaBon a various range of music is now
accessible and can be sold all over the world. There is easy availability over the internet
for people to listen to dierent genres. E.g. a person in America can listen to K-pop, whilst
a person from Korea can listen to Turkish Folk.

Posi)ve

Nega)ve

ArBsts may have specially own in

instruments in order to create a specic
sound. For example The Beatles, during
their Sergeant Pepper album, explored with
dierent sounds and ew in sitars from
India.

Local bands have to pay more to travel out

of their area. For example, a band might
travel up and down the country (England) in
a van but the expenses to pay for a ight
across to America or other places in Europe
along with their instruments is very high.

How Has Culture Eected

Music?
Culture
has aected what instruments

How Has Music Eected

Culture?
Music has had an eect on culture by using
techniques like recording songs, markeBng (via
the internet) and giving the proceeds to
charity. An example of this would be Do They
Know Its Christmas by Band Aid.
Band Aid used the internet in order to
adverBse the song and the proceeds went to
help the poverty in Africa.
This is an example of western music bringing
awareness to the world that there are some
areas in the world that need help. Therefore
more chariBes/charity songs are created to
help raise money to help people, in Africa-for
example.

are used in songs and how they are

executed. A good example of this
would be Rude by Magic! The song
has used reggae-style instrumentaBon
and the beat that carries the song and
atmosphere is reggae inspired.
Although the instrumentaBon is
reggae, the vocals and lyrics are sung
in a modern western style.
Culture has also eected the meaning
of certain songs, parBcularly songs
that bring awareness. A good example
of an arBst who did this was Michael
Jackson. He was such an icon and he
wanted to make such a change in the
world and create awareness for the
world. E.g. The Earth Song, Heal The
World, They Dont Really Care About
Us etc.
These are also examples of how music

aects the economy and people.

Opportuni)es for musicians to sell records outside of

their local area:
There are many ways for
bands/arBsts to sell records
outside of their local area.
BriBsh boy group One DirecBon
started o in Britain however it
wasnt long before their
popularity spread across the
globe to America.
They started out on X Factor
however they didnt win. They
signed with SyCo Records and
already had created a fan base
in Britain. Due to markeBng
and promoBon from the label
and the fans promoBng 1D; it
didnt take long for the
teenage girls in America to go
wild.
As soon as the group found out
their demographic (teenage

girls) they started to release

music they knew would
appeal to them. This helped
them outgrow America into
Canada and from Canada,
elsewhere. Soon signing over
to Columbia Records, they
were releasing music across
the globe, making an
internaBonal statement.




Nowadays bands and arBsts
also use YouTube to promote
themselves. I have seen many
groups such as Pentatonix
where they also have a USP
(a Unique Selling Point)

they sing all their songs

acapella. One DirecBons selling
point was the fact that they
were the rst young boy band
in a while therefore lling a gap
in the market.
The internet is a very good way
to sell your records and give
yourself exposure. This
generaBon are so into
technology that the best way
to present something new to
them is through technology.
Another example is to
collaborate with other arBsts.
This way you are appealing to
your fan base and entering
another, allowing you to gain
more audience by being out
there in the industry.

Marke)ng And The Internet:

MarkeBng and the Internet are big factors of globalisaBon as they can either make or break you.
When signed to a record label it normally comes with a markeBng team; however you will sBll
have to market yourself. Whether that be performing at talk shows or using the internet (i.e.
TwiXer and Facebook and YouTube).
MarkeBng is a key factor in globalisaBon because if nobody was markeBng themselves or their
arBsts or product then nobody would know about it. MarkeBng allows people to know that
there is a band for ages 12-16 around or that your favourite arBst is touring and has booked
dates to perform at the o2 and when the Bckets go on sale.
The internet, nowadays, is a form of markeBng. Consumers pay for concert Bckets using the
internet, listen to music using the internet and keep up with their favourite arBsts tweets etc.
using the internet.
The internet has increased globalisaBon because social networks allow arBsts to post a status
while in London and allows people from Japan and America to view it, comment back and/or
share it. SomeBmes you dont even have to market yourself as your fans will help by creaBng
fan pages or simply telling their friends to check out this new arBst I found.
A good example to show the power of the internet is Gangnam Style by Psy or Friday by
Rebecca Black. Gangnam Style was the rst YouTube video to hit a billion views and once the
song had leT K-pop and entered the mainstream charts there was no going back. The dance also
was a massive hit, along with the catchy tune helped increase the popularity of the song
however the trend of this song was aTer a celebrity tweeted about it; following was another
line of celebrity tweets including stars like Vanessa Hudgens.

How Do Things Expand Out Of America?

Music expands out of America in a number of ways.
The rst way would be by modern technology, such as the internet. Radio shows like
Ryan Secreast are always recorded and then put on its Facebook page where people
share it and even if youre not following that page one of your friends/relaBves who
lives in America might share it and tag you in it. When you then watch it, you may
show your friends and so on. This also applies to TV talk shows such as Ellen. Many
arBsts perform on Ellen as theyre about to release a new single/album.
Touring is another way to expand from America. Bands/arBsts may travel and
perform small gigs in order to introduce themselves into the industry in dierent
countries. It is very common for upcoming arBsts to perform as opening acts as
bigger arBsts, this is a way for American arBsts to expand.
The arBst can market themselves by being very social on social media and also by
having a very disBnct look. For example; Lady Gagas wacky ou|its are what mainly
got the aXenBon of the public.
Finding a gap in the market is also a good way to help expand from America. An
example of an arBst who did this is Nicki Minaj. At the Bme there wasnt any female
rappers around. She started o by featuring on already famous musicians songs
such as JusBn Timberlake and Lil Wayne; before releasing her own solo song.

As my family is Turkish, I grew up listening to both Turkish and English-pop music mainly.
As I grow older I am hearing a lot more cultural mixes in songs, for example my cousin showed
me a French song she heard called Dernire Danse. Which fused French lyrics with western pop
instrumentaBon.
When I was studying Spanish I tended to listen to the music as it helped me learn and even
now my sister who studies French will show me French rap songs to compare to the ones we
hear by arBsts such as Jay Z.

Overall globalisaBon has had a lot of posiBve

and negaBve eects on the music industry. It
has opened up new doors and has closed some
others.

By Gulen Chakarto

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