p.

NOS5

PhysicalScience:Physicalsciencecanalsobecalledphysicsorchemistry.Itisthestudyof
matterandenergy.

EarthScience:
thebranchofsciencedealingwiththephysicalconstitutionoftheearthanditsatmosphere.

LifeScience:

abranchofsciencethatdealswithlivingorganismsandlifeprocessesusuallyusedin
plural.

Unit2MatterVocab#5TheAtom

Atom
Thebuildingblockofallmatter:thebasicunitofachemicalelement

Nucleus
Theregioninthecenterofanatomcontainsmostofthemassoftheatom

Proton
Apositivelychargedparticlefoundinthenucleusofanatom.

Neutron
Anunchargedparticlethatcanbefoundinthenucleusofanatom.

Electron
Anegativelychargedparticlefoundintheelectroncloud

ElectronCloud
Theregionsurroundingthenucleuswhereelectronsaremostliketo
befound.

Element
Asubstanceconsistingofatoms,whichhavethesamenumberofprotons.

Atomicnumber
Thenumberofprotonsinthenucleusofanatomofanelement

Ion
Anatomthathasapositiveornegativechargebecauseofthegainorlossofan
electron

Isotope

Oneoftwoormoreatomsofanelementwiththesamenumberofprotons,
butadifferentnumberofneutrons.

Ions,isotopes,andatoms.

Compound
Asubstancecontainingatomsoftwoormoredifferentelementschemically
bondedtogether.

Molecule
twoormoreatomsthatareheldtogetherbycovalentbondsandactasaunit.

Cation
Anionthathasapositivecharge.(hasmoreprotonsthanelectrons)

Anion
Anionthathasanegativecharge.(Hasmoreelectronsthanprotons)

Energylevelandelectroncapacity
thefirstenergylevelcanhold2electrons
thesecondenergylevelcanhold8electrons
thethirdenergylevelcanhold18electrons

AtomicMass
TheAtomicMassisthenumberofprotonsplusthenumberofneutrons
Inanatomwitha0charge,thenumberofelectronsequalthenumberofprotons

PeriodicTable
achartoftheelementsarrangedintorowsandcolumnsaccordingtotheirphysical
andchemicalproperties.
Group
Acolumnontheperiodictable.
Period
Thisisarowontheperiodictable.
*AlkaliMetal
elementsingroup1whichincludelithium,sodium,potassium,rubidium,cesium,and
francium
*
AlkalineEarthMetals
Theelementsingroup2ontheperiodictablereactquicklywithother
elements.Examplesaremagnesiumandcalcium.
*TransitionElements
Elementsingroup312includeawidearrayofelementssuchasiron,
titanium,andgold
*Metal
Anelementgenerallyshinygoodconductor,easilyhammeredintoshape.
*Nonmetal
Elementsthathavenometallicproperties.
*Metalloid
Anelementthathasbothphysicalandchemicalpropertiesofbothmetalsand
nonmetals.
*
Halogens
Elementsingroup17thatreactsreadilywithotherelementsandcanformasaltwhen
combinedwithametal
*Noblegases
elementsingroup18areverystable,generallynotreactive(helium,krypton,neon..)

NobleGases

Neon

Name:NeonSymbol:Ne
Group:18Period:2
AtomicNumber:10AtomicMass:
20.1797u0.0006u

TransitionElements
Iron

Name:Iron

Symbol:Fe

AtomicNumber:26AtomicMass:
55.845u0.002u
Group:8

Period:4

ThePeriodicTable

C.Today'sPeriodicTable

DAWSON
1. Youcanidentifythepropertiesofanelementbystudyingits
element
ontheperiodic
table.
2. The
periodictable
showstheelementsnames,atomicnumber,chemicalsymbol,state
ofmatter,andatomicmass.
3. A(n)
group
isacolumnontheperiodictable.
4. Elementsinthesamegrouphavesimilar
properties
,whichmeantheyreactwithother
elementsinsimilarways.

Nonmetals/Metalloids
TheElementsofLife

Howarenonmetalsdifferentfrommetals?

Manynonmetalsaregases
Thosethataresolidhaveadullsurfaceandnoluster.
Theyarepoorconductorsofelectricityandthermalenergy.
Theymakegoodinsulators

NonmetalsinGroups1416
Groups1416containmetalsandnonmetals
Elementsofthesamegroupwouldhavethesamechemicalbutdifferentphysical
properties
Carbonistheonlynonmetalingroup14.

TheHalogens
Group17
Halogensreactwithmetalstoformsalts
Halogensreactreadilywithotherelementsandforcompounds.
Theyonlyoccurinnatureascompound.
Theyevenformcompoundswithothernonmetals
Theybecomelessreactiveasyoumovedownthegroup.

NobleGases
Group18
Theyonlyreactwithotherelementsunderspecialconditions.

Hydrogen
Thesmallestatomicmass
Themostcommonelementintheuniverse
Hydrogenisusuallyclassifiedasanonmetal
Hydrogeninliquidformconductselectricity
InsomereactionshydrogencanactlikeaAlkaliMetal
Undernormalconditionsonearthhydrogenactlike


Metalloids
Theseexistbetweenmetalsandnonmetalsontheperiodictable.
Thesehavechemicalandphysicalpropertiesofbothmetalsandnonmetals
Siliconisthemostabundantmetalloidintheuniverse.

Semiconductors
Metalloidscanactassemiconductors
Semiconductorsconductelectricityathightemperatures
Semiconductorsactasinsulatorsatlowtemperatures.
Semiconductorsareusedindevicessuchascomputers,televisions,andsolarcells.

Metals:

Whatisametal?
Mostoftheelementsontheperiodictablearemetals.
alloftheelementsingroups112aremetals.
Someoftheelementsingroups1315aremetals.
Propertiesofmetalsare:
Anelementthatisgenerallyshiny
Easilypulledintowiresorhammeredintothinsheets
Goodconductors

PhysicalPropertiesofMetals
Ductilityistheabilitytobepulledintothinwires
Malleabilityistheabilityofasubstanceortobehammeredorrolledintothinsheets.
Lusteristheability

toreflectlight.

AlkaliMetals:
Group1
Becausetheyareinthesamegrouptheyallhavesimilarproperties.
AlkaliMetalsreactquicklywithotherelementssuchasoxygen.
AlkaliMetalsoccuronlyincompoundsinnature.
Alkalimetalsalsohavesimilarphysicalproperties
AlkaliMetalslooksilvery.

AlkalineEarthMetals:
Group2
Becausetheyareinthesamegrouptheyhavesimilarchemicalproperties
Theyalsoreactquickly,butnotasquicklyasAlkalinemetals
Theyarealsoonlyfoundincompoundsinnature.
Theyaresoftandsilvery
Theyhavelowdensities,butnotaslowastheAlkalimetals
Theirphysicalproperties

TransitionMetals:
Groups312
Allofthetransitionelementsaremetals.
Theyhavehighermeltingpoints,greaterstrength,andhigherdensitiesthangroup1
and2.
Theyalsoreactlessquicklywithoxygen
Sometransitionelementscanexistinnatureasfreeelements.

LanthanideandActinideSeries:
Somelanthanideandactinideserieselementshavevaluableproperties.
Lanthanideserieselementsareusedtomakestrongmagnets.
Plutoniumisusedasfuelinsomenuclearreactors.

PatternsinPropertiesofMetal:
Metallicpropertiesincreaseasyoumovefromrighttolefton
theperiodictable.
Metallicpropertiesalsoincreaseasyoumovedownthe
periodictable

Find5metals
ForEachmetallist:
itsname
whatkindofmetal
WhatGroupitbelongsto
Addapictureofoneuseofthatmetal.
Gold
Transitionmetals
Group11

Iron

TransitionMetals
Group8

Subscript:
BaF
2
the2inthisformulaiscalledthesubscript.Itrefersonlytotheelementprecedingit.In
thiscaseF(fluorine)

Parentheses:

AI(No
)

3
3
insomechemicalformulasitisnecessarytouseparentheses.Thesubscriptoutsidethe
parenthesesreferstoalltheelementsinsidetheparentheses.Inthisexamplethereare:
oneAl(aluminum),threeN(nitrogen),andnineO(oxygen).

Coefficients:
3H
0
2
The3inthisformulaiscalledthecoefficient.itreferstoeachmoleculethatfollows.In
thiscasetherewouldbe6H(hydrogen)and3O(oxygen)

Movingmaterialsinplants
Plantsneedtomovewaterandsugarstodifferentlocationsinsidetheplant.
Wateristakenfromthegroundandmustreacheverycell.
Watermovesthroughvasculartissuecalledxylem.
plantswiltwithoutenoughwater
sugarsareproducedbyplantsandareusedasfood
sugarsmovethroughvesselscalledphloem.
Cellsintheplantsbreakdownsugarstoreleaseenergy.

Movingmaterialsinsideplants
plantsalsoneedtomovefassesinandoutoftheirleaves.
Watervapor,oxygen,andcarbondioxideallpassthroughopeningscalledstomata
Stomataarefoundontheundersideofleaves.

LeafAnatomy
Leaveshavemanytypesofcells.
Thecellsthatmakeupthetopandbottomlayersofaleafarecalledepidermalcells
Epidermalcellsproduceawaxycoveringcalledacuticle
Therearetwotypesofmesophyllcells
Palisade
Spongy
Photosynthesistakesplaceinmesophyllcells.

Stepsofphotosynthesis
Thefirststep:(lightreactions)
Plantscaptureenergyinlight
chloroplastscontainpigments
PigmentsabsorbandreflectLight
Waterissplitandoxygenreleased
Secondstep:(darkreactions)
Sugarsaremade
Doesnotrequirelight
Trappedenergyco
andhydrogen(fromwater)arecombinedtomakesugar
2
GlucoseC
H
O
6
12
6
Glucoseisstoredinstarches.EX:potatoes&Carrots

Stepsofphotosynthesis
Carbondioxide+Water>Sugar+Oxygen
6CO
+6H
O>C
H
O
+6O
2
2
6
12
6
2

CellularRespiration
Allorganismsrequireenergy
Energyisstoredinbondsinfoodmolecules

Animalsgetenergyfromfood
Plantsproducesugar,butwithoutcellularrespiration,plantscouldnotgrow,reproduce,
orrepairtissues

StepsofcellularRespiration
Adenosinetriphosphate(ATP)
Twostepprocess
Glycolysis
Oxidationofpyruvicacid
KrebsCycle
Electrontransportschain

Glycolysis
Takesplaceinthecytoplasm
doesNOTrequireoxygen(anaerobic)
glucoseisbrokendownintotwopyruvates.
ProducesafewATPmolecules.(2ATP)

Oxidationofpyruvicacid
Takesplaceinthemitochondria
doesrequireoxygen(aerobic)
Pyruvatearebrokendown
KrebsCycle(2ATP)
ElectronTransportChain(34ATP)

Thesun(ourstar)
Theneareststartoearth
Thesunisapproximately150millionkmfromearth
EarthandtheSun
Eathmovearoundthesuninanearlycircularpath.
Earthmakesonecompleterevolutionaroundthesunevery365.24days.
Temperatureandlatitude
Becauseearth'ssurfaceiscurveddifferentpartsofearth'ssurfacereceivedifferent
amountsofthesun'senergy
Theenergyinabeamofsunlighttendstobecomemorespreadoutthefartheryoutravel
fromtheequator

Seasons
duringonehalfofearth'sorbitthenorthendoftherotationaxisistowardthesun
DuetoEarth'stilt,thenorthernhemispherereceivesmoresolarenergy.
Temperaturesincreaseinthenorthernhemisphereanddecreaseinthesouthern
hemisphere
DuringtheotherhalfofEarthsorbit,thenorthhemisphereistiltedawayfromthesun
Duetoearth'stiltthesouthernhemispherereceivesmoresolarenergy
temperaturedecreaseinthenorthernhemisphereandincreaseinthesouthern
hemisphere
TherearefourdayseachyearwhenthedirectionofEarthsrotationaxisisspecial
relativetothesun

Shadows
:
Lightfromthesunandotherwidesourcescastshadowswithtwodistinctparts
The
umbra
isthecentral,darkerpartofashadowwherelightistotallyblocked.
The
penumbra
isthelighterpartofashadowwherelightispartiallyblocked

SolarEclipses
:
Duringthenewmoonphase,theEarth,Themoon,andthesunarelinedupandthe
MooncastsashadowonEarth'ssurface,asolareclipse.
WhentheMoonsshadowappearsontheEarthssurface,asolareclipseisoccurring.
Whydoesasolareclipseoccuronlyduringanewmoon?Becauseitistheonlyphase
wherethemoonisinbetweentheEarthandMoon
Duringatotalsolareclipse,themoonappearstocoverthesuncompletely.Youcanonly
seeatotaleclipsewhenthere'sanewmoon
Youcanseeapartialsolareclipsefromwithintheoonmuchlargerpenumbra
Thesunsappearancechangesduringaneclipseasthemoonmovesinthesky
SolarEclipses:
Themoonsorbitistitledslightlycomparedtoearthsorbit
Duringmostnewmoonearthiseitheraboveorbelow

LunarEclipse:
AlunareclipseoccurswhentheMoonmovesintoEarthsshadow.
WhentheentireMoonmovesthroughtheEarthsumbra,atotallunareclipseoccurs.
WhenonlypartoftheMoonpassesthroughtheEarth'sumbra,apartiallunareclipse
occurs.
LunareclipsescanonlyoccurduringafullMoonandSunareonoppositesidesofthe
Earth.
Tides:
A
tide
isthedailyriseandfallofseaslevel
ItisprimarilytheMoon'sgravitythatcausesearthsoceanstoriseandfalltwiceeach
day
Thegravitationaldifferencescausetidalbulgesintheoceansonoppositesides

TheSolarSystem
TheLatinNameforthesunisSol
TheSolarSystemisSolandeverythingthatorbitsSol
Thereisonlyonesolarsystem,butmanystarsystems
Mostoftheobjectsweseeinthenightskyarestars,veryfewareinoursolarsystem
ObjectsintheSolarSystem
ThelargestobjectintheSolarSystemistheSun,astar
PlanetsorbittheSunandhavesphericalshapes
Themassoftheplanet
Eightoftheobjectofinthesolarsystemareplanets
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
PlutoandMickeyMouse

Themotionoftheplanets

Aplanesorbitisaneclipseastretchedoutcircle
Focuspoints,orfoci,determinetheshapeoftheeclipse