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Diagram of Beam with Neutral Axis

SF/BM Diagrams

Data Graphs

Graph 1 - Strain vs. Bending Moment


80
70
60
50

Bending Moment (Nm)

Gauge 1

Linear (Gauge 1)

Gauge 2

Linear (Gauge 2)

Gauge 3

Linear (Gauge 3)

Gauge 4

Linear (Gauge 4)

40

Gauge 5

Linear (Gauge 5)

30

Gauge 6

Linear (Gauge 6)

20

Gauge 7

Linear (Gauge 7)

Gauge 8

Linear (Gauge 8)

Gauge 9

Linear (Gauge 9)

10
-500

500

Strain ()

Graph 2 - Strain vs. Nominal Vertical Position of Strain


40
f(x) = 0.06x
f(x) =+0.08x
25.96
f(x) =
+ 0.11x
25.94
f(x) = +
0.17x
25.9
25.77
f(x)
=+0.5x
+ 25.5
30
20

Nominal Vertical Position (mm)

10
-500

-400

-300

-200

-100

100

200

Strain ()
8.75Nm

Linear (8.75Nm)

26.25Nm

Linear (26.25Nm)

43.75Nm

Linear (43.75Nm)

61.25Nm

Linear (61.25Nm)

78.75Nm

Linear (78.75Nm)

Calculations
data tables ,
M max=78.75 Nm

Y AxisCentroid (Experimentally )

Y Axis Centroid (Theoretically)


y =

A i yi
Ai

y=0.4987 x +25.496 (1)

( 6.4 31.7 ) ( 15.85 ) + ( 38.1 6.4 ) ( 34.9 )


y=0. 0606 x +25. 956 (2)
( 6.4 31.7 ) + ( 38.1 6.4 )
0.4381 x =0.460

11725.664

446.72

x=1.05

26.248 mm
26.25 mm (2 dp ) the top

Axis Theorem
2

Shape

I (mm4 )

A (mm 2)

d i (mm )

Ad i (mm )

Top

31.7 3 6.4
12

31.7 6.4

108.16

21943.5008

38932.84107

38.93 10

Base

6.4 3 38.1
12

6.4 38.1

74.8225

18244.7184

19077.0256

19.08 109

I xx =I + A d

I xx (mm )

I xx (m )
9

38.93 109 +19.08 109


58.01 109 m4

Bending Stress

My
I
Theoretically
=

where y =26.25 mm

78.75 Nm 26.25 103 m


=
9 4
58.01 10 m

Experimentally
where y =26.02 mm

78.75 Nm 26.02 103 m


=
9 4
58.01 10 m

Percentage Error
%Error=

theo . exp .
100
theo .

35.63535.323
100
35.635

0.876 (3 dp)

Discussion
In this experiment, the relationship between the bending moment and the
strain was found to be closely dependent on the positioning of the gauge
reading in terms of the neutral axis. If the gauge meter was above the
neutral axis, the strain had a negative trend. On other hand, if the gauge
meter was below the neutral axis, the strain had a positive trend. This is
because the top part of the bar underwent a compressive force, which
produces a negative strain. Whereas, the bottom part of the bar
underwent a tensile force, which produces a positive strain. Nevertheless,
this did not change the fact that as the bending moment increased in
magnitude, the strain also increased in magnitude.
Another relationship between the gauge readings were found. If the gauge
readings were equally distant from the neutral axis, their results were
expected to be the same as the distributed forces throughout the bar
would had to be equalised. To name the similarities, gauges 2 and 3 were
relatively equal, gauges 4 and 5 had close results, gauges 6 and 7 were
almost the same, and gauges 8 and 9 had very minor discrepancies
between them. Only gauge 1 was the odd one out because of its
uniqueness in terms of its distance away from the neutral axis.
However, experimentally this was not the case. There were a few
discrepancies between these close gauge readings. The bar generally
contains impurities which causes the internal and applied forces to not be
distributed as equally as expected from the theoretical calculations. Also,
real life applications are never as perfectly shaped as expected due to the
unrealistic ideal measurements in these tools and machines. Hence, the
non-homogenous properties of real life applications could also distort the
distribution of forces and the bending moments during the experiments.
In Graph 2, all the lines of best fit cross at a mutual point, where the
neutral axis was expected to be from the top. The experimental value of
the neutral axis was 26.02 mm, and the theoretical value was 26.25 mm.

This produced an error of 0.876%, which means that the experiment was
fairly accurate.

Conclusion
This experiment measured the neutral axis from the top as 26.02 mm,
where the theoretical value was calculated to be 26.25 mm with an error
of 0.876%. Also, this experiment was able to come to the conclusion that
the closer a point is to the neutral axis, the strain/stress experienced
would be a lot less than a point further away.

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