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Actas del I Congreso Internacional

de la Asociacin Ibrica de Estudios de Traduccin e


Interpretacin

La traduccin de la poesa rusa al espaol:


aspectos traductolgicos
Joaqun TORQUEMADA SNCHEZ
Universidad de Granada
Como citar este artculo:
TOQUEMADA SNCHEZ, Joaqun (2003) La traduccin de la poesa rusa al espaol:
aspectos traductolgicos, en MUOZ MARTN, Ricardo [ed.] I AIETI. Actas del I
Congreso Internacional de la Asociacin Ibrica de Estudios de Traduccin e
Interpretacin. Granada 12-14 de Febrero de 2003. Granada: AIETI. Vol. n. 1, pp.
559-566. ISBN 84-933360-0-9. Versin electrnica disponible en la web de la
AIETI:
<http://www.aieti.eu/pubs/actas/I/AIETI_1_JTS_Traduccion.pdf>.

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