Annotated Bibliographies

Tyler Mackley, Jacob Hoover, Trey Washington

Primary Sources
"Apollo 13 Emergency Radio Transmission." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d.
Web. 03 Feb. 2016.
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This is a primary source that allows us to hear the conversation between the flight crew and the ground
crew. We can hear them saying Houston, we have a problem! This source was used to help the viewer
to get a feel for what went wrong in the Apollo 13 mission. Even though there were no casualties, they
crew were still unable to complete the mission, which can be gathered from this source.

Dunbar, Brian. "Apollo 13." NASA. NASA, n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2016.
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This compilation of highlights includes details about the preparation to craft the rocket as well as the in
depth rundown of what exactly what happens. It tells about how Apollo 13s oxygen tank number 2 was
originally used in Apollo 10. It had apparently been removed and modified, but was damaged in the
process. During the detanking tests, where they emptied the tanks of oxygen to test functionality, tank 1
functioned properly, but tank 2 only went to 92% capacity. NASA then wrote it off, saying to just use a
heater to boil the rest out, before installing it into Apollo 13 regardless.

Lovell, Jim, and Jeffrey Kluger. Apollo 13. New York: Pocket, 1995. Print.
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James Lovell was the flight commander of Apollo 13. This story is written by James himself. This source
allows us to see what happened from his perspective of the Apollo 13 incident. We used this source to
see how him and the two other flight crew members felt after the incident. All we know from secondary
sources is basically what happened and the conversion, but we dont know the emotions they felt, which
we can see in this source.

Lovell, Jim, and Jeffrey Kluger. Lost Moon: The Perilous Voyage of Apollo 13. Boston:
Houghton
Mifflin, 1994. Print.

This book is written by James Lovell, who was one of the crew members on Apollo 13. The book helps to
give first hand accounts of what the astronauts were experiencing in the cabin of the shuttle. Also there
are many details about what exactly the crew had to do with equipment on the shuttle to make sure they
were able to survive following the flight controller's instructions.

Secondary Sources
"Apollo 13 (AS-508)." Apollo 13 (AS-508). Smithsonian National Air and Space
Museum, n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2016.
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This article tells about how Apollo 13 was planned to be the third lunar exploration, but was curtailed due
to unforeseen issues. There was a short circuit in one of the fans, which ignited the wire insulation, thus
increasing the temperature and pressure. Due to the extensive heat, one of the oxygen tanks burst. Then,
the panel that housed it ruptured and struck an antennae, causing it to lose signal for a brief period of
time before acquiring a signal again. Their lithium hydroxide cartridges were enough to remove most
carbon dioxide from their atmosphere, allowing them to return to earth 143 hours after launch .

"Apollo 13 launched to moon." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 2010. Web. 18

Jan. 2016.
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This retelling focuses on how the mission successfully launches from Cape Canaveral, Florida with
James Lovell, John Swigert, and Fred Haise, only to then lead to more problems. The ships destination
was Fra Mauro, and the astronauts would explore the Imbrium basin to conduct experiments. However,
an explosion in oxygen tank #2 hindered their normal resources. This was discovered when Lovell reports
a gas leakage, thus aborting the mission. They managed to make it back to earth using the command
modules remaining gas and landing module as a makeshift return rocket engine.

"Apollo 13 Mission." Apollo 13 Mission. Lunar and Planetary Institute, n.d. Web. 18 Jan.
2016.
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This source refers to not only the events that occurred, but also some of the initial plans that were still
carried out - the science experiments. They conducted a study to observe certain atmospheric electrical
phenomena. They took photos of the earth to help determine cloud height. They even launched the third

stage launch vehicle into the moons surface, allowing the astronauts to record the seismic signals from
Apollo 12s equipment.

"Apollo 13 | United States Spaceflight." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia

Britannica, n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2016.
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This article shows the reader of the basic summary of what went down with the disaster during the Apollo
13 mission. The oxygens tanks that ended up exploding were what generated electrical power, oxygen for
breathing, and drinking water. without them, those three things couldnt be fulfilled. They focused on an
alternate mission of just getting home safely.

Brachman, Steve. "45 Years after Apollo 13, NASA Continues as Space Exploration
Leader - IPWatchdog.com | Patents & Patent Law." IPWatchdog.com. IPWatchdog, 20
Apr. 2015. Web. 18 Jan. 2016.
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This article shows us what we were able to accomplish 45 years after the Apollo 13 mission. NASA
considered the situation to be a successful failure for the agency. NASA has been able to come up with
ideas and even do them as a result of Apollo 13. For example, in 2011 NASA embarked on a mission with
the European space agency on a civil defense and space exploration project known as Asteroid Impact
and Deflection Assessment (AIDA).

Cass, Stephen. "Apollo 13, We Have a Solution." IEEE Spectrum. IEEE.org, 1 Apr.
2005. Web. 18 Jan. 2016.
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This source gives us a brief overview or summary about the Apollo 13 mission, but primarily, this source
gives specific details about the spacecraft used. It gives all the specs, tells us everything that was used to
build the spacecraft, what the craft could do, and just the important mechanical parts.

Cooper, Henry S. F. Thirteen, the Apollo Flight That Failed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
UP, 1995. Print.
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This book relays the story of the Apollo 13 mission as it was happening around 205,000 miles from earth,
going moment by moment. This novel tells about the explosion that not only disabled both engines of their

command module, but also their crucial life support system. The crew were then forced to reside in the
cold, bare-bones, lunar module in order to have any chance of returning home. Both the astronauts and
crew struggle to bend the limited technology to their will, but they finally manage to make the impossible
possible.

Hutchinson, Lee. "45 Years after Apollo 13: Ars Looks at What Went Wrong and
Why."Arstechnica.com. Arstechnica, 16 Apr. 2015. Web. 18 Jan. 2016
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This source gives a very detailed explanation of what went wrong inside the oxygen tank, and what
caused the explosion. The article then goes into depth about how decisions were made to save the crew
and even includes a timeline of the key events that happened during the mission. This source also
includes many images of the control room, crew and the Apollo spacecraft/gear.

"Apollo 14 Mission." Apollo 14 Surface Operations. Lunar and Planetary Institute. Web.
18 Jan. 2016.
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Doing what Apollo 13 could not, Apollo 14 went to the moon to conduct experiments. However; Scientists
were able to learn from their mistakes to ensure a much more reliable mission. NASA also added special
provisions to collect more data than before. As a result, this allowed astronauts to conduct experiments
such as the passive and active seismic experiments and the laser ranging retroreflector. These
procedures may not have been possible if it werent for the precedents set by Apollo 13.

Romero, Taylor. "Apollo 13." Cold War Museum. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2016.
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This source was very beneficial in getting the key details of the mission very quickly. In the short
description of the Apollo 13 malfunction, the source was able to relay the key points about how the
problem was dealt with and how the days following the explosion were handled. the source gets right to
the key ideas without giving too much unneeded details or explanation. the source also gives a brief
comparison of the Apollo 13 crew's health compared to that of the other Apollo missions, which is very
insightful when it comes to seeing just how harsh the conditions were for the crew while they were
trapped in space.

Watkins, Billy. Apollo Moon Missions: The Unsung Heroes. Westport, CT: Praeger,
2006. Print.
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With recognition of the behind the scenes members, this book helps to reveal more insight on how all the
Apollo missions came to be. The book focuses on more than just Apollo 13 but incorporates insight on all
of the Apollo missions. it creates an understanding of how all the missions began and came to be and
also tells of the comparison between the Russian race to the moon and the American race to the mo