STEP POTENTIAL

V(x) = 0

FOR x < 0

V(x) = V0

FOR x > 0

TOTAL ENERGY OF PARTICLE = E

1

PARTICLES IN REGION I (x < 0)

MOVING IN +x
PARTICLES HAVE MASS m

FIND REFLECTION COEFICIENT

REMEMBER PROBABILITY FLUX

i *
( x, t )
* ( x, t )
S ( x, t )
( x, t )
( x, t )

2m
dx
x

DEFINE REFLECTION COEFICIENT

S I x ( x, t )
R x
S I ( x, t )
THEREFORE WE NEED THE
WAVE FUNCTION

WE WILL TAKE A SHORTCUT

THE POTENTIAL V IS A FUNCTION
OF X ONLY
3

REGION I (x < 0)
TIME INDEPENDENT SWE
V=0

d I

0 E I
2
2m dx
2

or

d I 2mE
2 I 0
2
dx

LET

2mE
k1
2

d I
2

k
1 I 0
2
dx
2

SOLUTION

I Ae

ik1 x

Be

ik1 x
5

REGION II (x > 0)

V=V0
TISE

d II

V0 II E II
2
2m dx
2

REARRANGE

d II 2m
2 V0 E II 0
2

dx
2

LET

2m
k2
(V0 E )
2

d II
2
k 2 II 0
2
dx
2

SOLUTION

II Ce

k2 x

De

k2 x
7

WAVE FUNCTIONS FOR EACH

I ( Ae

ik1 x

II (Ce

k2 x

Be

ik1 x

De

)e

k2 x

E
i t

)e

E
i t

FORCE TO BE WELL BEHAVED

FINITE?

ALL TERMS MUST BE FINITE

AS

Ce k 2 x

THEREFORE C MUST BE ZERO

SO

 II ( De

k2 x

)e

E
i t

WAVE FUNCTION CONTINUOUS

AT x = 0

I (0, t ) II (0, t )
( Aeik1 0 Be ik1 0 )e

E
i t

( De k2 0 )e

E
i t

THUS
10

( A B) ( D)

(1.)

DIRIVATIVE MUST BE
CONTIUNOUS

I (0, t )
II (0, t )
x
x

11

 I
e
x

E
i t

II
e
x

d
ik1 x
ik1 x
( Ae Be )
dx

E
i t

d
k2 x
( De )
dx

OR

12

 I
e
x

E
i t

II
e
x

(ik1 Ae

E
i t

ik1 x

ik1Be

(k 2 De

k2 x

ik1 x

AT x = 0

E
i t

(ik1 Aeik1 0 ik1Beik1 0 ) e

E
i t

(k2 Dek II 0 )

13

(ik1 A ik1B) k2 D

k2
( A B) D
ik1

k2
( A B) i D
k1

2.

ADD EQUATIONS 1 AND 2

14

k2
2 A D(1 i )
k1

D
k2
A (1 i )
2
k1
SUBTRACT EQUATIONS 2 FROM
EQUATION 1

k2
( A B) ( A B) ( D) i D
k1

15

k2
2 B (1 i ) D
k1

D
k2
B (1 i )
2
k1

THEREFORE

EIGENFUNCTIONS

16

D
k2 ik1x D
k 2 ik1x
I (1 i )e (1 i )e
2
k1
2
k1
AND

II ( De

k2 x

17

WAVEFUNCTIONS

1 1e

2 2e

E
i t

E
i t

ONLY ONE UNKNOWN

18

ANALYIZE

I ( Ae

ik1 x

Be

ik1 x

)e

E
i t

OR

E
i t
ik1 x

I ( Ae e

Be

E
i t
ik1 x

19

OR

I ( Ae

E
i ( k1 x t )

Be

E
i ( k1 x t )

OR

I Ae

i ( k1 x t )

Be

i ( k1 x t )

SINCE

20

LET

Ae

i ( k1x t )

EQUATION FOR WAVE MOVING

IN PLUS (+) x DIRECTION

I WAVE FN FOR +x DIRECTION

21

AND

Be

i ( k1x t )

EQUATION FOR WAVE MOVING IN

MINUS (-) x DIRECTION

WAVE FN FOR -x DIRECTION

22

REFLECTION COEFICIENT

S
R
S

WHERE

i *
( x, t )
* ( x, t )
S ( x, t )
( x, t )
( x, t )

2m
dx
x

23

FOR +x DIRECTION

I
I
I
SI
I

x
2m
dx

Ae

i ( k1x t )

ik 1 Ae

i ( k1 x t )

24

*
I

* i ( k1x t )

Ae

*
I

* i ( k1 x t )
ik1 A e
x

PUT INTO PROBABILITY FLUX EQN

25

i * i ( k1xt )
s
Ae
ik1 Ae i ( k1xt )
2m

i
Aei ( k1x t ) (ik1 ) A*e i ( k1x t )
2m

i ( k1x t ) i ( k1x t )

etc.

26

THEREFORE

i *
*
s
A A(ik1 ) AA (ik1 )
2m

k
i
*
*
s
2 A A(ik1 )
AA
2m
m

MOMEMTUM

p k mv
27

S v1 AA

SAME PROCEEDURE WITH

Be

i ( k1x t )

WAVE MOVING IN x DIRECTION

28

S v1BB

AND

THEREFORE

v1BB
S

R
*
S
v1 AA

29

D
k2
A (1 i )
2
k1

D
k2
B (1 i )
2
k1
*

D
k2
(1 i )
A
2
k1
*

D
k2
(1 i )
B
k1
2
*

30

k2 D*
k2
D
(1 i )
(1 i )
2
k1 2
k1
R
k2 D*
k
D
(1 i )
(1 i 2 )
2
k1 2
k1

DD *
R
1
*
DD

31

PLOT WAVE FUNCTION

1 1e

E
i t

AND

2 2e

E
i t

32

WHERE IS PARTICLE

BORN

P ( x, t )
*

REGION x > 0

E
i t
* k2 x

P ( x, t ) D e e

De

E
i
t k2 x

DD*e 2 k2 x

THIS IS NOT EQUAL TO ZERO

POSSIBLE FOR PARTICLE TO BE

IN REGION x > 0
33

NEW PROBLEM
WITH ENERGY OF PARTICLES
GREATER THAN V0

34