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Termodinamika
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Published by Dika Virga Saputra
Termodinamika
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Kalorimeter Volume Konstan (Bomb Calorimeter)

Jenis kalorimeter ini biasanya dipakai untuk mempelajari reaksi-reaksi eksotermik

yang tidak bereaksi sebelum dinyalakan, seperti reaksi pembakaran
CH
4
,H

2
, dan Ca dll.
pengaduk termometer Becker kalorimeter isolator air bomb penyala O
2
inlet

Temperatur awal dari air dicatat, kemudian reaksi dilangsungkan dengan

memberikan arus listrik.

Kalor yang dilepaskan oleh reaksi akan diserap oleh bomb dan air, sehingga
temperaturnya meningkat.

Dari pengukuran perubahan temperatur, dan pengetahuan tentang kapasitas kalor

dari kalorimeter, maka jumlah kalor yang dilepaskan dapat dihitung.

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Desain alat menunjukkan bahwa sistem merupakan sitem tersekat / terisolasi.

Tidak ada kalor yang diserap / dilepaskan oleh sistem dari / ke lingkungan, maka
kita dapat menulis hubungan :
q
s

=q
air
+q
bomb
+q
reaksi
=0q
reaksi
= - (q
air
+q
bomb
)
Sehingga :
q
reaksi
= - [(m
air
.s
air
.

t) + (C
bomb
.

t)]

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Kalorimeter Tekanan Konstan

Jenis kalorimeter ini biasanya dipakai mengukur kalor reaksi netralisasi dan kalor
pengenceran.

Campuran reaksi Cangkir styrofoam pengaduk termometer

Karena pengukuran dilakukan dibawah kondisi tekanan atmosfir, maka kalor

reaksinya diberi nama
entalpi.

Karena tidak ada kalor yang dilepaskan ke lingkungan, maka kita dapat menulis :
q
s
=q
larutan
+q
kalorimeter
+q

reaksi
=0
Sehingga :
q
reaksi
= - (q
larutan
+q
kalorimeter
)q
reaksi
= - [(m
larutan
.s
larutan
.

t) + (C
kalorimeter
.

t)]

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Jenis-jenis Entalpi :
1.Entalpi Pembentukan Standar (

H
fo
) Jumlah kalor yang diperlukan atau dibebaskan untuk proses pembentukan 1 mol
senyawa dari unsur-unsurnya yang stabil pada keadaan standar (298 K, 1 atm.)
Contoh : H
2
(g) + O
2
(g)

H
2
O(g)

H = -241,8 kJ C(s) + O
2
(g)

CO
2
(g)

H = -393,5 kJ C(s) + 2H
2
(g)

CH
4
(g)

H = -74,8 kJ

Berdasarkan kesepakatan internasional, entalpi pembentukan standar unsur-unsur

dalam bentuk yang paling stabil berharga 0 (nol).

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2. Entalpi Penguraian Standar (

H
do
) Jumlah kalor yang diperlukan atau dibebaskan untuk proses penguraian 1 mol
senyawa dari unsur-unsurnya yang stabil pada keadaan standar (298 K, 1 atm.).
Contoh :
NaCl(s)


Na(s) + Cl
2
(g)

H = +411 kJ Na
2
CO
3
(s)

2Na(s) + C(s) + 3/2O

2
(g)

H = +1435 kJ CuSO
4
(s)

Cu(s) + S(s) + 2O
2
(g)

H = +722,8 kJ

Hukum Laplace

: jumlah kalor yang dibebaskan pada pembentukan senyawa dari unsur-unsurnya

sama dengan jumlah kalor yang diperlukan pada penguraian senyawa tersebut
menjadi unsur-unsurnya.

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