GRAMMAR BOOSTER
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UNIT
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Lesson
r--ercre
expica:et!*r*
**d Br*etice,
in London, and
paris,
Of course,I
.-----------.----..-----.-- a
bullfight in Madrid.
2004,I
to Asia, but
TF'u*
to a lot of other
trip,I
sightseeing
aI over
Use
t.
(big cities)
Answer:
2. (new songs)
Answer:
3. (restaurants)
Answer;
a.
(airlines)
Answer:
5. (movies)
Answer:
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UNIT
KI
Lesson 2
HCg
*xd
.*..l
**re.gg{_g
yel in present perfect questions and negative statements. Put ye! at the end of the sentence.
questions
negative statements
I haven't read the book yer.
Use alreadv in present perfect questions and affirmative statements, Put alreadv before the main
verb or at the end of the sentence.
questions
Have you
irmative statements
l've elre*dy read the book.
0R
aff
fi.
n"*rite
1.
2.
3.
4.
'
left
:i':
2, She's been
3. They
4. We've
The pnes**t
Use ever
perf*ct: evgt
ftsv-eg,,
*nd
b*fs-qq:
Have you
No, I
*ever have.
ln very informal speech, ever is sometimes used to strongly emphasize never. The meaning of ever is
similar to "in my whole life."
l've never flver made sushi!
--J
*J
l-l
*l
d
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
JJ
J
J
J
J
BE CAREFUL!
=J
*J
J
J
JJ
JJ
J
J*l
d
..J
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Answer the questions, using real information. lf the answer is yes, write when this happened.
:*
:9
:f
been to Hawaii?
Person?
l-
UNIT
[-
Lesson
c*g3Eq?ae*"#s:
e*t**ms
"*nlgtieh*d
into the
Unfinished actions are those that began in the past, continue in the present, and may continue
(or
actions:
continuous)
unfinished
talk
about
to
ways
three
are
future. Here
1. the present perfect with since: use since with a stated start time in the past.
l,ve lived here
lstill
live here.)
2. the present perfect with for: Use for to describe the period of time from its start until the present.
l've lived here *r five years. (Emphasis is on the five-year period. I still live here.)
2. Robert
3. People
4.
5. We
Ov
Read the sentences. Check if the sentence describes an unfinished (continuous) action.
I t.
L_]
I
I
I
I
I
tr
t;
z.
s.
The Grants have hved in Buenos Aires since the late seventies.
Their friends have already.'visited them.
We have waited to see you for three years
G3
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]
Spel16ng rsiEes
f*r
lf the base form ends in a silent -e, drop the -e and add -ing'
havirlg
(C-V-C) seties'
ln verbs of one syllable, if the last three letters are a consonant-vowel-consonant
double the last consonant and then add -ing.
GVC
sit
sitting
flow
1'
flowiltg
fix
fixE*g
pay
pay$ttg
last
ln verbs of more than one syllable that end in a consonant-vowel-consonant series, double the
last
syllable'
the
is
on
it
the
stress
consonant only
*
ordering
BUT order
control + controlEing
1. find
12. speak
2.
13.
be
hear
14. let
=.-
'
24. pav
25. stand
15. come
26. think
s.
get
16. leave
27. buv
q2\r
17. drive
28.
18. meet
29. begin
19. blow
go. tell
9. make
20. give
31. bring
10. fix
21. run
32. take
tl.
22. forget
8.
':
go---=--
know
JJ
JJ
JJ
JJ
J
23. eat
put
7. write
JJ
J
J
see
$
J
JJ
JJ
JJ
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UNIT
Lesson 2
ffegre** *f oblig*ti*n
te I murt
Use have to (0R have got to) 0r must* to express obligation. These modals suggest there is no other
choice of action available.
*':ave
{*
(0R
had better
Use had better to mean there is a consequence for not doing something.
You'd
be s**ppo*ed to
Use be supposed to to mean that other people expect you to take this action.
We'r* sirpp**ed ?o check out by twelve, but I think we can get a late checkout if we ask.
sl'lesld I *ught
tet
$
J
shsuld
(0R cerght
t*)
stay at the Milton Hotel. lt's close to town and very good,
coriFd
Use could
They e**Ed stay at the Festival Hotel if there are no rooms at the Milton.
BE CAREFUL!
Ought to has the same meaning as should, but is slightly less formal. Don't use ought to in questions
or negative statements.
JJ
JJ
If you don't have your luggage ticket, the bellman won't give you your luggage.
You could give the bellman the ticket.
b. You must give the bellman the ticket.
a.
3. They don't
a. You have
il
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4, When
ii--+
5.
tiY
tti
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UNIT
iiii-
Lesson
pa*t #ffiqtner#LE5:
The
B F? p&SE
e*ni
LrSs
The past continuous describes an action that was continuous until (and possibly after) the moment at
which another action took place. The words when or while are often used with the past continuous.
He v*** tnSk!*:g on the phone when the storm began.
While I was Eivlng in Chile, I got married.
The past continuous also describes two continuing actions occurring in the same period of time.
While she r+*e drivi*9, her husband u*as r**rli:tg the newspaper.
They w*r* ea*ng, and the music was pi*yi*rg.
The past continuous is also used when we report someone else's words.
They said, "We are arriving at three
o'clock."
t.@
"She was taking a test at school."
z.@
"I was talking to my mother on the phone."
3.@
"Mr. Kemp was driving."
o.@
"At three o'clock? The teacher was teaching an art class."
s.@
"I'm not sure. I think they were cooking."
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UNIT
Lesson 2
0incst *bgee*s
Verbs are either transitive or intransitive. Transitive verbs have direct objects.
ln English sentences, direct object nouns and pronouns come after the verb,
I love rny
car.
iir**.
Many phrasal verbs are called "separable" because the direct object can
come before or after the particle,
They dropB*d cf their car. They drspped their car sf{.
BUT: When the
They
dr*pp*d it *ff.
NOT They
dreppe+off it.
subiect
object
pronouns pronouns
I
you
he
she
it
r*e
ycu
We
theY
llS
i:iryt
h*r
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theffi
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UNIT
Lesson
at 4:00. Please
then.
quefttEfi*rs, &n3
Frlen-eou*tt ffisu3?s:
n*Gm-d&uiltE
Fl$un5: GnEainerg,
eonainerg, quaE'lEBrr*f'sf
and G{fi
*t$ter
er
medifiers
ffl#:fi
ers
two kii*s cf
rice
tfine* c*p*
*f
coffee
a gallon
a carton
a bottle
a gram
a liter
a package
a jar
a pound
a bag
a container
a tube
a box
a can
a bar
an
ounce
J
JJ
J
JJ
JJ
JJ
J
J
JJ
JJ
J
JJ
J
JJ
JJ
JJ
JJ
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r-l
things you can count individually. They have singular and plural forms.
Non-counl nouns name things you cannot count individually. They don't have plural forms.
REMEMBER: Count nouns name
LI
J
J
J
a cup
a spoonful
a slice
a loaf
Make each of these non-count nouns countable. Use quantifiers or container words.
5. shampoo
1. rice
:r
2.
chocolate
' '
6. shaving cream
-l
4. toothpaste
_-
'
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satisfactory'
for count
too manv) lor
::,
;'t't.|.
r"
. .. . .-
.:;:,N ,',:,
I
I
,..iitr':$..
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nouns'
There's e*matgBt efter*p*e, but there aren'i *tt*ugh laa*Fs.
I
I
Use enough (and not enough) for both count and non-count
l_
I
I
f-.
,i : :
nouns'
nouns.
line.
too much (and not too much) for non-count nouns'
Use too
There's t** mueh ioothpa*tc on the toothbrush.
[.
IL
t
t
t
I
,:,.,,,;,.'l
-,.,
i.=t
1;
:: ":': ::''"':
,. uvvy rurrvrl
3.
3. mtlk
milk
,....
.,
::.;.;.:.1:,,t-
: r: .....:: .:__;':l:::
I ::'.:,:r :i::t'r:!::
-^,
l.
have
It's awful.
awiul.
sugar. lt's
enough.
;.t.rt*ri
1,,,r.'*i
i'i::r,i:,::::'r.:;,:,:i:ri=
:
days'
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;.
"'
,.;. .
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,..
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i!'.t,
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LlE
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.:......,..:..-t:,..::r:.
i,
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UNIT
!
nd
*f
JJ
Lesson 2
ie p r*
Use somethinq
el
s,c
s:
g*qrye!F*-rn$,
q?yth i n g, a ffi d e
gfua$
in alfirmative statements'
i*n't
Use something
Nothing is the equivalent of not anvthing. Don't use nothing in negative statements'
There isn't anYthi*S in the fridge. = There's ncihing in the fridge.
NOT There is+t-notnmg in the fridge.
t.
2. There is
I can do to helP.
3. There isn't
you
'
5. They
;iiii#
i*rittj:j:atr
7. There's
8. They can't get
UNIT
Lesson
F{egaEiv* Ss
** q**stF*vts: shcrt
i nq questions
ls Jane a vegetarian?
lsn't Jane a vegetarian?
Do
sons?
]
)
yr.,
ii
an*Hrers
J
JJ
JJ
J
J
-J
JJ
JJ
J
J
JJ
J
JJ
J
-J
J
JJ
J
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O
t.
-a
Read the
\t
B:
2. (Bob has
--:
--:
:i{
iL-
i-t
B:
5. (Nancy didn't
_.
dent
B:
B:
...? lF4fus_d_#e5d8...?
A:
It's cold.
A:
B:
ffifu9
d**'t
3.
a vaca
vacation
t-:
t-;
l--,
l-;
h-,
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UNIT
F
E
Lesson 2
*$'
J-_$
heavy.
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
JJ
J
J
JJ
J
-J
JJ
J
-J
J
J
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-J
J
a. English /
5. Women
-i
J
J
UNIT
A gerund (an -ing form of a verb) functions as a noun. Gerunds can be subjects, objects, or subject
complements.
:a
Y
i-r
L
L
Lesson
t*
Underline the gerunds and circle the infinitives in the following sentences.
1.
2.
3. The
4.
5.
6. Last year
6*ru:**s **d
iraEnEtiv**
*ft*r
**r*icr verfu*
!;
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early and
would like
I actually prefer
until
love
and I agreed
one week.
UNIT 7
Lesson 2
f*g*cEw* grajffi#s
tg*#sxsw*
ds
A gerund can be made negative by using a negative word belore it.
I like sint g*in$ to bed too late.
They complained about n*ver h*vE*g enough time.
JJ
.-.]1
-l
J
J
J
JJ
J
J
JJ
I'm sick of
of
able to
about
a diet,
enough to eat.
,i::
:;i:r:;,! ::
a:i:.:.:.i,t:..
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tomorrow.
party.
:
:
:
voice.
We Elv+ in an apartment.
sleep
g0
fall
:
:
:
:
sit
uoi.".
1. Pedro Almod6var is directing a new film
about women.
2' A Canadian art co'ector has bought two of
Michelangelo,s drawings.
:-*,.
many years.
&,i
J
J
J
J
3l
l.
J
JJ
JJ
J
il""T*:,x119j;,:tJvramids
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t.
UNIT
Lesson 2
form ves /
simpre
!q
questions in the passive voice, move the first auxiliary verb before the subject'
presenft,n*
L
-3
Ary
b141ryi1l..y
present
continuous I Are Kurosawa',s fiims are being shown at the Film Center?
presetft
pcrfcct
F-
t-.
t;
1-.
L
t;
l-.
L
L
L
h
kl-=
L
I
1-=
1-*
h
b
..
::
-3
t-
past conttnuous
-l
l
i
:
-:r
passive voice.
On a separate sheet of paper, rewrite the sentences as yes / no questions in the
3. A rare ceramic figure from the National Palace Museum in Taipei will be sent to the
Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.
4. A new exhibit is going to be opened
Some new paintings have been bought by the Prado Museum for their permanent
5.
collection.
6.
Museum in Madrid'
Lesson
'NIT
{*nep*ris*:t tr*ith xdj*etiv*s:
r*v**';r'
#*r:'tpenatEw*s
Use comparatives to show how two things are different in degree'
My laptop is Sigh{*r {F:** John's (is).
Sug:*rEaiw**
to show how one thing is different lrom two or more other things.
The M12, LX, and Pell monitors are allgood monitors. Butthe Pellist?'l* b*st.
Use superlatives
...
#,
Use as
...
#-$
as to show that two things are equal. Use the negative form to show that two
**t a* hig
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3. I checked out the three top brands, and the Piston was definitely the better.
4. Maxwell's web camera is much more exPensive as their digital
5. Of all the monitors I looked
S_4,-. eS wltm
camera.
a*v*tsg
1::+.4-:
My phone works
j-i-.i:::;1,r::an
we*i.
quiet
Quick +
You can use
quickig
badlg
slow '
:ly'
quietly
slowBy
::
:.
t.
as.
My brother's MP3 player downloads quickly. My MP3 player also downloads quickly.
2" My new computer doesn't log on slowly. My old computer logs on slowly'
UNIT
Lesson 2
rrsith .E-*
En qHsgli
*rd*r t*
Sxpr*ssin ptlrp*$* vgtEft
bxpr*ssing
You can use in order to to express purpose. The following three sentences have the same meaning:
I scrolled down
I scrolled down
JJ
J
JJ
JJ
J
JJ
J
JJ
JJ
JJ
JJ
J_J
JJ
JJ
JJ
J
J
J
?=:J
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C
"a
:
-{.
{
{
*xpr**sitrg F{"irp#$*
You can use
*{l
-(
{
4
{
{
{
:)
3
3
3
!.
wefu
{*r
-{l
*+
r+
-+
l'
page
online
4. Jane shops online
3. I went
clothing.
5' when Gina's computer crashed, her brother came to her apartment
__-6' sometimes I use my computer .__=- download music.
z. I designed a new home page __=_-- my company.
8.
UNIT
10
{e*dt$*eea
Internet
help her.
information.
Lesson 2
**r*te*e*sr *eea+,:i*g
condition)
home,
lf they speak Dutch to the taxi driver,
lf they had more money,
lf I eat dlnner at
]
]
l
)
t
x
l
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J
J
J
,-l
$aeEa"*aE
If
Use the
::
:':r
;:i
:':
it to the owner.
future factual conditional to talk about what will happen in the future under certain conditions.
if clause. Use the future with will or be going to in the result clause.
lf I S* to sleep too late t0night, I wsn' fue a*l* io ga{ *ap on time. (future condition, future result)
lf she **n':*s home after 8:00, I't* **t going ts *r*k* dinner. (future condition, future result)
J
J
J
JJ
J
JJ
JJ
JJ
JJ
J
JJ
J
-J
Italian if they
it next year?
+
_J
J_J
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ilF-;-:,,r,..,,'.;r.,:::
fl*gt#iti*gr*H se*t*nc*s
the present unreal conditional to talk about unreal conditions and their results. Use the simple
past tense in the if clause. For the verb be, always use were. Use would and a base form in the result
clause.
--- -1,
Use
.-{
lf lt'l*d black shoes, lru**l# u+*cr them. (But I don't have black shoes: unreal condition, unreal result.)
lf I a+;*r* a teacher, I +***sid g***h French. (But l'm not a teacher: unreal condition, unreal result.)
-'*
---3
.=:.4
NOT l{
lwe*}**now
Complete each present unreal conditional sentence. Use your own ideas.
1. If I lived to be
100,
be better
if
On a separate sheet of paper, rewrite all the sentences in exercises A-D, reversing the
clauses and using commas where necessary.
.::
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