Scribd Logo
Unggah

Selamat datang di Scribd!

  • HW 5

    Diunggah oleh

    Joseph Cloward
    53 tayangan11 halaman
    HW 5

    Judul Asli

    hw5

    Hak Cipta

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Format Tersedia

    PDF atau baca online dari Scribd

    Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

    Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

    Laporkan Dokumen Ini
    HW 5

    Hak Cipta:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Unduh sebagai PDF atau baca online dari Scribd
    Tandai sebagai konten tidak pantas
    53 tayangan11 halaman

    HW 5

    Diunggah oleh

    Joseph Cloward
    HW 5

    Hak Cipta:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Unduh sebagai PDF atau baca online dari Scribd
    Tandai sebagai konten tidak pantas
    dari 11
    networks ear De Smee Pe ey Tray (INTERACTIVE SELF-cHECK id ‘Academic Vocabulary + insecurity initially Content Vocabulary + containment + limited war TAKING NOTES: Key Ideas and Details Organizing Asyouread,usea graphic organize siilartothe one below to lsteary conflicts between the Soviet Union andthe United States. Conflicts Between the USER andthe US. TTI I ‘Tomas Essential Knowedge ond Skills ‘BA dese US responses to Sovet ‘ggrsion afer Ved Warning ‘te Taman Doctine, tn Marta Pon, tho Not Ante Tety Orgran, te Bern ait rd Joh F. Kennedys si the Cban ise Gre anual athene pe 402 “IT \ President Truman worked to contain communism by supporting Greece, Iran, and West Germany. When ‘Communist North Korea invaded South Korea, Truman and the United Nations sent troops to aid South Korea. Containing Communism suIDEG QUESTION Mhatwasthepoeyofentlment? Despite growing tensions with the Soviet Union, many American officials continued to believe cooperation with the Soviets was possible, In late 1945 the foreign ministers of the former Allies met first in London, then in Moscow, to discuss the future of Europe and Asia. Although both British and American officials pushed for free elections in Eastern Europe, the Soviets refused to budge. The Long Telegram Increasingly exasperated by the Soviets’ refusal to cooperate, officials at the U.S. State Department asked the American Embassy in Moscow to explain Soviet behavior. On February 22, 1946, diplomat George Kennan responded with what became known as the Long Telegram—a message, thousands of words long, explaining his views of the Soviets. According to Kennan, the Soviets’ view of the world came from a traditional “Russian sense of insecurity” and fear of the West, intensified by the communist ideas of Lenin and Stalin, Because Communists believed they were in a historical struggle against capitalism, Kennan argued, it was impossible to reach any permanent settlement with them. Kennan proposed what became basic American policy throughout the Cold War: “a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies” In Kennan’ opinion, the Soviet system had major economic and political weaknesses. Ifthe United States could keep the Soviets from expanding their power, it would only be a matter of time before their system would fall apart, beating communism without going to war. The Long Telegram circulated widely in Truman’s administration and became the basis for the insecurity the state ofnot administration's policy of containment—keeping communism within its being confident or sure present territory through diplomatic, economic, and military actions, : ‘containinent the policy or Crisis in tran process of preventing the "While Traman’s administration discussed Kennan’ ideas, series of crises exparsonofa hese power ‘erupted during the spring and summer of 1946, These crises seemed to prove that Kennan was right about the Soviets. The first crisis began in Iran. (ented fa 42) During World War II, the United States had troops in southern Iran. ‘TERS Toms EsentiatKnowiedge and Sis while Soviet troops held northern Iran to secure a supply line from the ‘BC crplan reasons end outcomes Persian Gulf, After the war, instead of withdrawing as promised, the Soviet acter troops remained in northern Iran. Stalin then began demanding access to conttameat poy Iranis oil supplies. To increase the pressure, Soviet troops helped local 8D ein nsons and outcomes Communists in northern Iran establish a separate government. eS ocean a American officials saw these actions as a Sovict push into the Middle oine Theory. nung the East, The secretary of state sent Stalin a strong message demanding that eee i Soviet forces withdraw. At the same time, the battleship USS Missouri sailed eee into the eastern Mediterranean, The pressure seemed to work, Soviet forces pag tmansisth Far withdrew, having been promised a joint Soviet-Iranian oil company, Aid sstance kt proving aide although the Iranian parliament later rejected the plan. Greece and Tare. The policy of ‘The Truman Decteine solr heya a Frustrated in Iran, Stalin turned northwest to Turkey. There the strats of the eaten baal Dardanelles were a vital route from Soviet ports on the Black Sea to the Penman ramnane Mediterranean, For centuries Russia had wanted to control this strategic route. entanpcamatnan wai: In August 1946, Stalin demanded joint control of the Dardanelles with Turkey. the main purpose ofthe Taman Cocine? Presidential adviser Dean Acheson saw this move as part of a Soviet plan to control the Middle East, He advised Truman to make a show of force. The president ordered the new aircraft carrier Franklin D. Roosevelt to join the Missouri in protecting Turkey and the eastern Mediterranean. Meanwhile, Britain tried to help Greece. In August 1946, Greek Communists launched a guerrilla war against the Greek government. British troops helped fight the guerrillas, but in February 1947, Britain informed the United States that it could no longer afford to help Greece due to Britain’s weakened postwar economy. Shortly after, Truman went before Congress to ask for $400 million to fight Communist aggression in Greece and Turkey. His speech outlined a Policy that became known as the Truman Doctrine. Its goal was to aid those ‘who worked to resist being controiled by others. in the long run, it pledged the United States to fight the spread of communism worldwide. 6 The peoples ofa number of counts of the word have recent had totalitarian regimes forced upon ‘her agains ther il The Government of the United States has made frequent protests against Coercion and intimidation, in violation ofthe ata agreementin Poland, Romania, and Bulgaria, At the present moment in word history nearly ever nation must choose between alternative ways off. The ‘choices too often nota fee one....1 belive that it must be the policy of he United States to support fee peoples who ae resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. "etieve tht we must asi fee peoples to workout ther own deste in ther wn way. >> Pes Taman om sates ges. ae, 957 The Marshall Plan Meanwhile, postwar Western Europe faced grave problems. Economies were ruined, people faced starvation, and political chaos was at hand. In June 1947, Secretary of State George C. Marshall proposed the European CHARTS/GRAPHS 1 Posing Questions About Geographic Distributions Btain the UK} recede largest amour of Mahal Plan {4 What questions doyouneed akto explain hy the Bish recived so ruck mre ai? What ‘woul yo predic sthe esa? 2 Posing Questions About Geographic Potterns Basedon theca hie tee ounces ‘conan wold you expt io recover most qui? Wty might ‘hatte tue ite ‘uestonsyou ned task tok ifyourpeicon accurate (eid p40 ERS Ts Event Kone or Shils TE exehte te pros and cons of US. pareiation nena organaators ond eves 404 COOTER ee) en etn PEE ita rr a eee oF i“ Recovery Program, or Marshall Plan, which would give European nations American aid to rebuild their economies. Truman saw both the Marshall Plan and the Truman Doctrine as essential for containment. Marshall offered help to all nations planning a recovery program. Although the Marshall Plan was offered to the Soviet Union and its satellite nations, the Soviets rejected it and developed their own economic program. This action further separated Europe into competing regions. The Marshall Plan pumped billions of dollars in supplies, machinery, and food into Western Europe. The region's recovery weakened the appeal of communism and opened new markets for trade, In his 1949 Inaugural Address, Truman proposed assistance for underdeveloped countries outside the war zone. The Point Four Program aimed to provide them with “scientific advances and industrial progress” for their improvement and growth, The Department of State.administered the program until its merger with other foreign aid programs in 1953. 12 Beaali see ‘Truman and his advisers believed Western Europe's prosperity depended on Germany's recovery. The Soviets, however, still wanted Germany to pey reparations. This dispute brought the nations to the brink of war. By early 1948, American officials had concluded that the Soviets were trying to undermine Germany's economy. In response, the United States, Britain, and France merged theit German zones and allowed the Germans to have their own government, creating the Federal Republic of Germany, which became known as West Germany. They also agreed to merge their zones in Berlin and make West Berlin part of West Germany. The Soviet zone became the German Democratic Republic, or East Germany. West Germany was mostly independent but not allowed to have a military. ‘The creation of West Germany convinced the Soviets they would never get the reparations they wanted, In June 1948, Soviet troops blockaded West Berlin hoping to force the United States to reconsider its decision or abandon West Berlin, Truman sent bombers capable of carrying atomic ‘weapons to bases in Britain. Hoping to avoid war with the Soviets, he ordered the air force to fly supplies into Berlin rather than troops. The Berlin Ainlift began in June 1948 and continued through the spring of 1949, bringing in more than two million tons of supplies to the city. Stalin finally lifted the blockade on May 12, 1949, The airlift symbolized American determination to contain communism and not give in to Soviet demands. ae The Creation of NATO ‘The Berlin blockade convinced many Americans that the Soviets were bent on conquest, The public began to support a military alliance with Western y Europe. By April 1949, an agreement had been made to form the North =. Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)—a mutual defense alliance. a NATO initially included 12 countries: the United States, Canada, Initially of or relating to the : Britain, France, Italy, Belgium, Denmark, Portugal, the Netherlands, beginning; to start with Norway, Luxembourg, and Iceland, NATO members agreed to come to the aid of any member who was attacked. For the first time, the United States % had committed itself to maintaining peace in Europe. Six years later, NATO. A allowed West Germany to rearm and join its organization. This decision Effi alarmed Soviet leaders. They responded by organizing a military alliance in Eastern Europe known as the Warsaw Pact. RBADIEG PROGRESS CMEC Japanese occupation. With the end of World War II, however, civil war REGIONS Why was West : broke out again. Although Mao and the Communist forces made great Germany not apartotthe gains, neither side could win nor agree to a compromise, sriginalgroop of MAO nations? aa Identifying Central Issues What was the main idea behind containment? (> Developments in Asia andthe Koream War © aon < 2 cuocawssvice Why asthe Korean Wara major turing point nthe Cold War? GEOGRAPHY CONNECTION ' «SAA The Cold War eventually spread beyond Europe, Conflicts also emerged in eds aicuneea: i a Asia, where events in China and Korea brought about a new attitude Inesponse, the SovietUnion ested = toward Japan and sent American troops back into battle in Asia less than itsomaiane own the E five years after World War II had ended. Warsan Pact. q ae The Chinese Revolution (D MUMAN SYSTEMS “Wee In China, Communist forces led by Mao Zedong had been struggling ‘Which nations are the founding 3. against the Nationalist government led by Chiang Kai-shek since the late ecmenedethielit fe) < 1920s, During World War Il, the two sides suspended their war to resist 2) PLACES AND £ Deearvtena riatetame Analyzing Vie geographic featwe {arth borer between Ching and Noth toea? ‘To prevent a Communist revolution in Asia, the United States sent the Nationalist government $2 billion in aid beginning in the ‘mid-1940s, The Nationalists, however, squandered this advantage through poor military planning and corruption. By 1949 the § Communists had captured the Chinese capital of Beijing, while support for the Nationalists declined. Tn August 1949, the US. State Department discontinued aid to the Chinese Nationalists The defeated Nationalists then fled to the small island of Formosa (now called Taiwan). The victorious Communists ‘established the People's Republic of China in October 1949. China's fall to communism shocked Americans, To make matters worse, in September 1949 the Soviet Union announced that it had successfully tested its first atomic weapon. Then, early in 1950, the People’s Republic of China and the Soviet Union signed a treaty of friendship and alliance, Many Western leaders feared that China and the Soviet Union would support communist revolutions in other nations. ‘The United States kept formal diplomatic relations with only the Nationalist Chinese in Taiwan. It used its veto power in the UN Security Council to keep representatives of the new Communist People’s Republic of China out of the UN, allowing the Nationalists to retain their seat. New Policies in Japan ‘The Chinese revolution brought about a significant change in American policy toward Japan. At the end of World War II, General Douglas MacArthur had taken charge of occupied Japan. His mission vas to introduce democracy and keep Japan from threatening war again. Once the United States lost China as its chief ally in Asia, it adopted policies to encourage the rapid recovery of Japan's industrial economy. Just as the United States viewed West Germany as the key to defending all of Europe against communism, it saw Japan as the key to defending Asia ‘The Korean War At the end of World War II, American and Soviet forces entered Korea to disarm the Japanese troops stationed there. The Allies divided Korea at the 38th parallel of latitude. Soviet troops controlled the north, while American ‘troops controlled the south. ‘As the Cold War began, talks to reunify Korea broke down, A ‘Communist Korean government was organized in the north, while an American-backed government controlled the south. Both governments claimed authority over Korea, and border clashes were common. The Soviets provided military aid to the North Koreans, who quickly built an army. On June 25, 1950, North Korean troops invaded the south, driving back the poorly equipped South Korean forces. ‘Truman saw the Communist invasion of South Korea as a test of the containment policy and ordered American naval and air power into action. He then called on the United Nations to act. Because the Soviet Union was boycotting the Security Council over its China policy, Truman succeeded. With the pledge of UN troops, he ordered General MacArthur to send American troops from Japan to Korea ‘The American and South Korean troops were driven back into a small pocket of territory near the port of Pusan. Inside the “Pusan perimeter” troops stubbornly resisted the North Koreans, buying time for MacArthur to organize reinforcements. On September 15, 1950, MacArthur ordered a daring invasion ‘behind enemy lines at the port of Inchon. The Inchon landing took the North Koreans by surprise. Within weeks they were in full retreat back across the 38th parallel. Truman then gave the order to pursue the North Koreans beyond the 38th parallel. MacArthur pushed the North Koreans north to the Yalu River, the border with China. Chine Enters the War The Communist People’s Republic of China sav the advancing UN troops as a threat and warned them tohalt their advance, When warnings were ignored, Chinese forces crossed the Yalu River in November. Hundreds of thousands of Chinese troops flooded across the border, driving the UN forces back across the 38th parallel, As his troops fell back, an angry MacArthur demanded approval to expand the war against China. He asked for a blockade of Chinese ports, the use of Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalist forces, and the bombing of Chinese cities with atomic weapons. ‘Truman Fires MacArthur President Truman refused MacArthur’s demands because he did not want to expand the war into China or to use the atomic bomb. MacArthur persisted, publicly criticizing the president and arguing that it was a mistake to keep the war limited. “There is no substitute for victory” MacArthur insisted, by which he meant that if the United States was going to go to war, it should use all of its power to win. Alimited war was a form of appeasement, he argued, and appeasement “begets new and bloodier war” Determined to maintain control of policy and show that he commanded the military, an exasperated Truman fired MacArthur for insubordination in April 1951, Later, in private conversation, Truman explained: “I was sorry to have to reach a parting of the way with the big man in Asia, but he asked for it and I had to give it to him” MacArthur, who remained popular despite being fired, returned home to parades and a hero's welcome. Many Americans criticized the president. ‘Congress and military leaders, however, supported his decision and his Korean strategy. American policy in Asia remained committed to limited war—a ‘war fought to achieve a limited objective, such as containing communism. ‘Truman later explained his position: The Kremlin [Soviet Union is trying, and has ben trying fra longtime to dive a wedge between ws andthe other nation. vans to ee us slated tants to see us dsrusted, wants to see us feared and tated by ou ales. Ourales agree with usin the course we ae fllowing. They do no believe we should ‘ake the intative to widen the confit inthe Far ast. the United States vere to widen the conf, We right well haveto got alone. 29 ro nates tthe Deere, 7,151 Armistice Ends Fighting By mid-1951, UN forces had pushed the Chinese and North Korean forces back across the 38th parallel. The war settled into a series of relatively small battles over hills and other local objectives. In July 1951, peace negotiations began at Panmunjom. As talks continued, the war became increasingly unpopular in the United States. After Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected to the presidency in 1952, the former general traveled ‘to Korea to talk with commanders and their troops. He became determined to bring the war to an end. Solinsf the, fant Dison ‘man amachne gu near the Chongcon vein Kore, November 20,1950, D camricaL Tinaitns ‘entityng Centra Ideas Wha vas ‘te bjective oft Utd Stes tng the Korean Na? limited war awarfoughtwith limited commitment of tesources to achieve a limited objective suchas Containing communism The Cold War Begins 407 “POLITICAL CARTOONS Peery 191951 President Truman fied General Douglas Mackrthur over disagreements about how to conduct the Korean War, This cartoon suggests that General Mackrthurhad overstepped his authority in ore, motng inferences Vacs tne ‘axon Machrthr vastyng todoindse? 2 naling Primary Soares sis ‘atom spore ene ack etl oi Epi, SKILLS PRACTICE isenhower quietly hinted to the Chinese that the United States might use ‘Work with partner. Take turns | signed an armistice. The battle line between the two sides in Korea, which was ‘asking one another questions very near the prewar boundary, became the border between North Korea and 3 Wordnsrorcsemee. South Kora. A “demilitarized sone” (DME) orate dee ee ‘troops questions about the Lang are still based in Korea, helping to defend South Korea's border. There has. Telegram, the Truman Doctine, never been a peace treaty to end the war. More than 33,600 American soldiers the Marshall Pian, the Berlin died in action, and over 20,600 died in accidents or from disease. nae other important Changes in Policy The Korean War marked a turning point in the Cold ‘War. Until 1950, the United States had preferred to use political pressure and economic aid to contain communism. After the Korean War began, the United States embarked on a major military buildup, The war also helped ‘expand the Cold War to Asia, Before 1950, American efforts to contain | ‘communism focused on Europe. With the Korean War, the nation became ‘more militarily involved in Asia. By 1954, the United States had signed Ht, defense agreements with Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. The United States also formed the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) in 1954, Aid All also began flowing to French forces fighting Communists in Vietnam, j gaya pnoamass csc i Analyzing How did the Korean War change the course of the Cold War? Reviewing Vocabulary Answering the Guiding Questions Defining Whatsthe defining feature ofiited war? a¢,20 3. Bplaaing What vaste poli ofcatannent? 24g } Using Your Notes 4, Desrbing Why was the orean War amo turing plain the | 2, Summarizing Review the nots you completed ing theleson Cle War ac ap ‘owt pargranhsurmaring the jor confi between the ‘ Writing Activity Soviet uU ung th | aaa he Unite tates cing the eat yeas ofthe S. ARGUMENT White afetter tothe edtor ofa newspaper explaining : why ou saree or dsgre with resent ruman fring of General Machtha. ac 408 I enrrrrrrerrrnererrrrrnerneecsessss a nuclear attack in Korea. The threat seemed to work. In july 1953, negotiators nT Wel Cy ama ee ees omnia Mn vipeo Moan icaled iv IT MATTERS BECAUSE Fearing subversive activity, the government tried to root ‘out Communists in government, Hollywood, and labor unions, while Americans learned to live with the threat of nuclear attack. ading HELPDESK ANew Red Scare ‘euiomie @vEsviN How did the post-World War Red Scare compare and contrast withthe ‘one that followed World War? During the 1950s, rumors and accusations spawned fears that Communists were trying to take over the world, The Red Scare began in September 1945, when a clerk named Igor Gouzenko walked out ‘TAKING NOTES: of the Soviet Embassy in Ottawa, Canada, and defected. Gouzenko fay hieas and Details carried documents showing a Soviet effort to infiltrate government wt agencies in Canada and the United States, with the specific goal of ‘Outlining As you read, summarize ‘obtaining information about the atomic bomb. The case stunned ene yung the Ll ‘Americans. It implied that spies had infiltrated the American acer an outline sear to government, Soon the search for spies escalated into a general fear of Communist subversion, or effort to weaken a society and “The Cold War and American overthrow its government. Society LANewRed Scare The Truman Loyalty Review Program ‘AThe Truman Loyalty In early 1947, President ‘Truman established a loyalty review program Review Program to screen all federal eraployees. Truman’ action seemed to confirm B suspicions that Communists had infiltrated the government and so G added to fears that communism was sweeping the nation. Between 1947 and 1951, more than six million federal employees were screened for loyalty—a term difficult to define. A person might become a suspect for reading certain books, belonging to various groups, traveling overseas, or seeing certain foreign films. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) scrutinized some 14,000 people. About 2,000 quit their jobs, many under pressure. Another 212 were fired for “questionable loyalty? despite a lack of actual evidence. Gm ectsastan 410 HUAC and Antt-Communist investigations BI director J. Edgar Hoover remained unsatisfied, In 1947 he went before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), Formed in 1938 to investigate subversive activities in the United States, HUAC had been a minor committee before Hoover's involvement. He urged HUAC to hold public hearings on Communist subversion to expose not just Communists but also “Communist sympathizers” and “fellow travelers.” Under Hoover's leadership, the FBI sent agents to infiltrate groups suspected of subversion and wiretapped thousands of telephones. Hollywood on Triad One of HUAC's frst hearings in 1947 focused on the film industry as a cultural force that Communists might manipulate to spread their © © ideas and influence, Future American president Ronald Reagan was head of "the Screen Actors Guild atthe time and, when called before HUAC, he testified ‘that there were Communists in Hollywood. During the hearings, ten screenwriters, known as the “Hollywood Ten,’ used their Fifth Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination and refused to testify. The incident led producers to blacklist, or agree not to hire, anyone who was believed to be a Communist or who refused to cooperate with the committee, ‘The blacklist created an atmosphere of distrust and fear. Alger Hiss In 1948 Whittaker Chambers, a magazine editor and former ‘Communist Party member, told HUAC that several government officials ‘were also former Communists or spies. One official Chambers named was Alger Hiss, a diplomat who had served in Roosevelt's administration, attended the Yalta Conference, and helped organize the United Nations. ‘Hiss sued Chambers for libel, but Chambers testified that, in 1937 and 1938, Hiss had given him secret State Department documents. Hiss denied being either a spy or a member of the Communist Party, and he also denied ever having known Chambers. ‘The committee was ready to drop the investigation until California “representative Richard Nixon convineed his colleagues to continue the hearings to determine who had lied. Chambers produced copies of secret documents, along with microfilm that he had hidden in a hollow pumpkin. These “pumpkin papers,” Chambers claimed, proved Hiss was lying. A jury agreed and convicted Hiss of perjury, or lying under oath. The Resanbargs Another spy case centered on accusations that American, ‘Communists had sold secrets about the atomic bomb to the Soviets to help them produce a bomb in 1949. In 1950 the hunt for spies led the FBI to arrest Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, a New York couple who were members of the ‘Communist Party. The government charged them with spying for the Soviets, ‘The Rosenbergs denied the charges but were condemned to death for espionage. Many people believed that they were simply victims caught in the ‘wave of anti-Communist frenzy. Appeals and pleas for clemency failed, however, and the Rosenbergs were executed in June 1953, Project Verona In 1946 American and British cryptographers, working for ‘project code-named “Venona’ cracked the Soviet Unions spy code, enabling them to read approximately 3,000 messages between Moscow and the United States collected during the Cold War. These messages confirmed extensive Soviet spying and ongoing efforts to steal nuclear secrets, The government did not reveal Project Venonas existence until 1995, The Venona documents provided strong evidence that the Rosenbergs were indeed guilty. faintest) TENE Tosa Eset Knowledge nd als 2A. descibenowthe character: tes ansissues in US sory ave been refed i vafous cenras of sa muse, tn, ara tare subversion asystematic attemptto overthrow a

    Anda mungkin juga menyukai