Anda di halaman 1dari 13

References

1. Choi HK, Atkinson K, Karlson EW, et al. Alcohol intake and risk of incident gout in men:
a prospective study. Lancet. 2004 Apr 17. 363(9417):1277-81. [Medline].
2. Choi HK, Curhan G. Gout: epidemiology and lifestyle choices. Curr Opin Rheumatol.
2005 May. 17(3):341-5. [Medline].
3. Currie WJ. The gout patient in general practice. Rheumatol Rehabil. 1978 Nov.
17(4):205-17. [Medline].
4. Martinon F, Glimcher LH. Gout: new insights into an old disease. J Clin Invest. 2006
Aug. 116(8):2073-5. [Medline]. [Full Text].
5. So A. Gout in the spotlight. Arthritis Res Ther. 2008. 10(3):112. [Medline]. [Full Text].
6. Duskin-Bitan H, Cohen E, Goldberg E, Shochat T, Levi A, Garty M, et al. The degree of
asymptomatic hyperuricemia and the risk of gout. A retrospective analysis of a large
cohort. Clin Rheumatol. 2014 Apr. 33(4):549-53. [Medline].
7. Edwards NL. Treatment-failure gout: a moving target. Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Sep.
58(9):2587-90. [Medline].
8. Bluestone R, Waisman J, Klinenberg JR. The gouty kidney. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1977
Nov. 7(2):97-113. [Medline].
9. Bleyer AJ, Hart TC. Genetic factors associated with gout and hyperuricemia. Adv
Chronic Kidney Dis. 2006 Apr. 13(2):124-30. [Medline].
10. Reginato AM, Mount DB, Yang I, Choi HK. The genetics of hyperuricaemia and gout.
Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2012 Oct. 8(10):610-21. [Medline]. [Full Text].
11. Krishnan E, Lessov-Schlaggar CN, Krasnow RE, Swan GE. Nature versus nurture in
gout: a twin study. Am J Med. 2012 May. 125(5):499-504. [Medline].
12. Liu-Bryan R, Scott P, Sydlaske A, et al. Innate immunity conferred by Toll-like receptors
2 and 4 and myeloid differentiation factor 88 expression is pivotal to monosodium urate
monohydrate crystal-induced inflammation. Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Sep. 52(9):2936-46.
[Medline].
13. Nagase M, Baker DG, Schumacher HR Jr. Immunoglobulin G coating on crystals and
ceramics enhances polymorphonuclear cell superoxide production: correlation with
immunoglobulin G adsorbed. J Rheumatol. 1989 Jul. 16(7):971-6. [Medline].
14. Ortiz-Bravo E, Sieck MS, Schumacher HR Jr. Changes in the proteins coating
monosodium urate crystals during active and subsiding inflammation. Immunogold

studies of synovial fluid from patients with gout and of fluid obtained using the rat
subcutaneous air pouch model. Arthritis Rheum. 1993 Sep. 36(9):1274-85. [Medline].
15. Akahoshi T, Murakami Y, Kitasato H. Recent advances in crystal-induced acute
inflammation. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2007 Mar. 19(2):146-50. [Medline].
16. Martinon F. Mechanisms of uric acid crystal-mediated autoinflammation. Immunol Rev.
2010 Jan. 233(1):218-32. [Medline].
17. Terkeltaub RA. What stops a gouty attack?. J Rheumatol. 1992 Jan. 19(1):8-10.
[Medline].
18. Yagnik DR, Evans BJ, Florey O, et al. Macrophage release of transforming growth factor
beta1 during resolution of monosodium urate monohydrate crystal-induced inflammation.
Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Jul. 50(7):2273-80. [Medline].
19. Liot F, Ea HK. Recent developments in crystal-induced inflammation pathogenesis and
management. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2007 Jun. 9(3):243-50. [Medline].
20. Richette P, Bardin T. Gout. Lancet. 2010 Jan 23. 375(9711):318-28. [Medline].
21. Singh JA, Reddy SG, Kundukulam J. Risk factors for gout and prevention: a systematic
review of the literature. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2011 Mar. 23(2):192-202. [Medline].
22. McAdams-Demarco MA, Maynard JW, Coresh J, Baer AN. Anemia and the onset of gout
in a population-based cohort of adults: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study.
Arthritis Res Ther. 2012 Aug 20. 14(4):R193. [Medline]. [Full Text].
23. Choi HK, Willett W, Curhan G. Fructose-rich beverages and risk of gout in women.
JAMA. 2010 Nov 24. 304(20):2270-8. [Medline].
24. Choi HK, Curhan G. Soft drinks, fructose consumption, and the risk of gout in men:
prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2008 Feb 9. 336(7639):309-12. [Medline]. [Full Text].
25. Yang Q, Guo CY, Cupples LA, Levy D, Wilson PW, Fox CS. Genome-wide search for
genes affecting serum uric acid levels: the Framingham Heart Study. Metabolism. 2005
Nov. 54(11):1435-41. [Medline].
26. Dehghan A, Kttgen A, Yang Q, Hwang SJ, Kao WL, Rivadeneira F, et al. Association of
three genetic loci with uric acid concentration and risk of gout: a genome-wide
association study. Lancet. 2008 Dec 6. 372(9654):1953-61. [Medline]. [Full Text].
27. Wallace C, Newhouse SJ, Braund P, Zhang F, Tobin M, Falchi M, et al. Genome-wide
association study identifies genes for biomarkers of cardiovascular disease: serum urate
and dyslipidemia. Am J Hum Genet. 2008 Jan. 82(1):139-49. [Medline]. [Full Text].

28. Kolz M, Johnson T, Sanna S, Teumer A, Vitart V, Perola M, et al. Meta-analysis of 28,141
individuals identifies common variants within five new loci that influence uric acid
concentrations. PLoS Genet. 2009 Jun. 5(6):e1000504. [Medline]. [Full Text].
29. Merriman TR. Population heterogeneity in the genetic control of serum urate. Semin
Nephrol. 2011 Sep. 31(5):420-5. [Medline].
30. Vitart V, Rudan I, Hayward C, Gray NK, Floyd J, Palmer CN, et al. SLC2A9 is a newly
identified urate transporter influencing serum urate concentration, urate excretion and
gout. Nat Genet. 2008 Apr. 40(4):437-42. [Medline].
31. Campion EW, Glynn RJ, DeLabry LO. Asymptomatic hyperuricemia. Risks and
consequences in the Normative Aging Study. Am J Med. 1987 Mar. 82(3):421-6.
[Medline].
32. Hall AP, Barry PE, Dawber TR, McNamara PM. Epidemiology of gout and
hyperuricemia. A long-term population study. Am J Med. 1967 Jan. 42(1):27-37.
[Medline].
33. Lin HY, Rocher LL, McQuillan MA, Schmaltz S, Palella TD, Fox IH. Cyclosporineinduced hyperuricemia and gout. N Engl J Med. 1989 Aug 3. 321(5):287-92. [Medline].
34. Rho YH, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Reginato AM, Choi HK. Risk factors for pseudogout in the
general population. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2012 Nov. 51(11):2070-4. [Medline]. [Full
Text].
35. Watanabe H, Yamada S, Anayama S, Sato E, Maekawa S, Sugiyama H, et al. Pseudogout
attack induced during etidronate disodium therapy. Mod Rheumatol. 2006. 16(2):117-9.
[Medline].
36. Taggarshe D, Ng CH, Molokwu C, Singh S. Acute pseudogout following contrast
angiography. Clin Rheumatol. 2006 Feb. 25(1):115-6. [Medline].
37. Ciancio G, Bortoluzzi A, Govoni M. Epidemiology of gout and chondrocalcinosis.
Reumatismo. 2012 Jan 19. 63(4):207-20. [Medline].
38. Zhu Y, Pandya BJ, Choi HK. Prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia in the US general
population: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2008. Arthritis
Rheum. 2011 Oct. 63(10):3136-41. [Medline].
39. Kim KY, Ralph Schumacher H, Hunsche E, Wertheimer AI, Kong SX. A literature review
of the epidemiology and treatment of acute gout. Clin Ther. 2003 Jun. 25(6):1593-617.
[Medline].
40. Terkeltaub RA. Gout: Recent advances and emerging therapies. Rheumatic Disease
Clinics Update. 2008;3(1):1-9.:

41. Garg R, Sayles HR, Yu F, Michaud K, Singh J, Saag KG, et al. Gout-related health care
utilization in US emergency departments, 2006 through 2008. Arthritis Care Res
(Hoboken). 2013 Apr. 65(4):571-7. [Medline].
42. Miao Z, Li C, Chen Y, Zhao S, Wang Y, Wang Z, et al. Dietary and lifestyle changes
associated with high prevalence of hyperuricemia and gout in the Shandong coastal cities
of Eastern China. J Rheumatol. 2008 Sep. 35(9):1859-64. [Medline].
43. Cea Soriano L, Rothenbacher D, Choi HK, Garca Rodrguez LA. Contemporary
epidemiology of gout in the UK general population. Arthritis Res Ther. 2011 Mar 3.
13(2):R39. [Medline]. [Full Text].
44. Trifir G, Morabito P, Cavagna L, Ferrajolo C, Pecchioli S, Simonetti M, et al.
Epidemiology of gout and hyperuricaemia in Italy during the years 2005-2009: a
nationwide population-based study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013 May. 72(5):694-700.
[Medline].
45. Reed D, Labarthe D, Stallones R. Epidemiologic studies of serum uric acid levels among
Micronesians. Arthritis Rheum. 1972 Jul-Aug. 15(4):381-90. [Medline].
46. Rose BS. Gout in Maoris. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1975 Nov. 5(2):121-45. [Medline].
47. Choi HK, De Vera MA, Krishnan E. Gout and the risk of type 2 diabetes among men with
a high cardiovascular risk profile. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008 Oct. 47(10):1567-70.
[Medline].
48. Olaniyi-Leyimu BY. Consider gout in patients with risk factors, regardless of age. Am
Fam Physician. 2008 Jul 15. 78(2):176. [Medline].
49. Fravel MA, Ernst ME. Management of gout in the older adult. Am J Geriatr
Pharmacother. 2011 Oct. 9(5):271-85. [Medline].
50. Singh H, Torralba KD. Therapeutic challenges in the management of gout in the elderly.
Geriatrics. 2008 Jul. 63(7):13-8, 20. [Medline].
51. Simmonds HA, McBride MB, Hatfield PJ, Graham R, McCaskey J, Jackson M.
Polynesian women are also at risk for hyperuricaemia and gout because of a genetic
defect in renal urate handling. Br J Rheumatol. 1994 Oct. 33(10):932-7. [Medline].
52. Hochberg MC, Thomas J, Thomas DJ, Mead L, Levine DM, Klag MJ. Racial differences
in the incidence of gout. The role of hypertension. Arthritis Rheum. 1995 May. 38(5):62832. [Medline].
53. Mody GM, Naidoo PD. Gout in South African blacks. Ann Rheum Dis. 1984 Jun.
43(3):394-7. [Medline]. [Full Text].

54. Schumacher HR, Taylor W, Joseph-Ridge N, Perez-Ruiz F, Chen LX, Schlesinger N, et


al. Outcome evaluations in gout. J Rheumatol. 2007 Jun. 34(6):1381-5. [Medline].
55. Becker MA, MacDonald PA, Hunt BJ, Lademacher C, Joseph-Ridge N. Determinants of
the clinical outcomes of gout during the first year of urate-lowering therapy. Nucleosides
Nucleotides Nucleic Acids. 2008 Jun. 27(6):585-91. [Medline].
56. Y T, Talbott JH. Changing trends of mortality in gout. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1980
Aug. 10(1):1-9. [Medline].
57. Forman JP, Choi H, Curhan GC. Uric acid and insulin sensitivity and risk of incident
hypertension. Arch Intern Med. 2009 Jan 26. 169(2):155-62. [Medline]. [Full Text].
58. Kim SY, De Vera MA, Choi HK. Gout and mortality. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2008 Sep-Oct.
26(5 Suppl 51):S115-9. [Medline].
59. Lottmann K, Chen X, Schdlich PK. Association between gout and all-cause as well as
cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2012 Apr. 14(2):195203. [Medline]. [Full Text].
60. Feig DI, Johnson RJ. The role of uric acid in pediatric hypertension. J Ren Nutr.
Jan/2007. 17(1):79-83. [Medline].
61. Krishnan E, Svendsen K, Neaton JD, et al. Long-term cardiovascular mortality among
middle-aged men with gout. Arch Intern Med. 2008 May 26. 168(10):1104-10. [Medline].
62. Kuo CF, See LC, Luo SF, Ko YS, Lin YS, Hwang JS, et al. Gout: an independent risk
factor for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010 Jan.
49(1):141-6. [Medline].
63. Janeczko L. Gout Tied to Higher Risk of Heart Attack and Stroke. Medscape Medical
News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/813367. Accessed: November
4, 2013.
64. Seminog OO, Goldacre MJ. Gout as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in
England: evidence from record linkage studies. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2013 Sep 17.
[Medline].
65. Barclay L. Gout Linked to Increased Vascular Disease Risk. Medscape Medical News.
Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/830663?
nlid=64464_2224&src=wnl_edit_medp_rheu&spon=27. Accessed: September 8, 2014.
66. Clarson LE, Hider SL, Belcher J, Heneghan C, Roddy E, Mallen CD. Increased risk of
vascular disease associated with gout: a retrospective, matched cohort study in the UK
Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014 Aug 27. [Medline].

67. Lin SH, Hsieh ET, Wu TY, Chang CW. Cervical myelopathy induced by pseudogout in
ligamentum flavum and retro-odontoid mass: a case report. Spinal Cord. 2006 Nov.
44(11):692-4. [Medline].
68. Puig JG, Michan AD, Jimenez ML, et al. Female gout. Clinical spectrum and uric acid
metabolism. Arch Intern Med. 1991 Apr. 151(4):726-32. [Medline].
69. Meyers OL, Monteagudo FS. Gout in females: an analysis of 92 patients. Clin Exp
Rheumatol. 1985 Apr-Jun. 3(2):105-9. [Medline].
70. Macfarlane DG, Dieppe PA. Diuretic-induced gout in elderly women. Br J Rheumatol.
1985 May. 24(2):155-7. [Medline].
71. Kramer HM, Curhan G. The association between gout and nephrolithiasis: the National
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III, 1988-1994. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002 Jul.
40(1):37-42. [Medline].
72. Marchini GS, Sarkissian C, Tian D, Gebreselassie S, Monga M. Gout, stone composition
and urinary stone risk: a matched case comparative study. J Urol. 2013 Apr. 189(4):13349. [Medline].
73. Taniguchi Y, Yoshida M, Tamaki T. Posterior interosseous nerve syndrome due to
pseudogout. J Hand Surg Br. 1999 Feb. 24(1):125-7. [Medline].
74. Dalbeth N, Schauer C, Macdonald P, Perez-Ruiz F, Schumacher HR, Hamburger S, et al.
Methods of tophus assessment in clinical trials of chronic gout: a systematic literature
review and pictorial reference guide. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011 Apr. 70(4):597-604.
[Medline].
75. Stocker SL, Graham GG, McLachlan AJ, Williams KM, Day RO. Pharmacokinetic and
pharmacodynamic interaction between allopurinol and probenecid in patients with gout. J
Rheumatol. 2011 May. 38(5):904-10. [Medline].
76. Chehab MR, Goyal J, Schlesinger N. Tophaceous Pustule-like Rash in a Patient with
Gout. J Rheumatol. 2012 Jan. 39(1):194-5. [Medline].
77. Coassin M, Piovanetti O, Stark WJ, Green WR. Urate deposition in the iris and anterior
chamber. Ophthalmology. 2006 Mar. 113(3):462-5. [Medline].
78. Slansky HH, Kubara T. Intranuclear urate crystals in corneal epithelium. Arch
Ophthalmol. 1968 Sep. 80(3):338-44. [Medline].
79. Bernad B, Narvaez J, Diaz-Torn C, Diez-Garcia M, Valverde J. Clinical image: corneal
tophus deposition in gout. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Mar. 54(3):1025. [Medline].

80. MCWILLIAMS JR. Ocular findings in gout; report of a case of conjunctival tophi. Am J
Ophthalmol. 1952 Dec. 35(12):1778-83. [Medline].
81. Morris WR, Fleming JC. Gouty tophus at the lateral canthus. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003
Aug. 121(8):1195-7. [Medline].
82. Fishman RS, Sunderman FW. Band keratopathy in gout. Arch Ophthalmol. 1966 Mar.
75(3):367-9. [Medline].
83. Julkunen H, Heinonen OP, Pyrl K. Hyperostosis of the spine in an adult population.
Its relation to hyperglycaemia and obesity. Ann Rheum Dis. 1971 Nov. 30(6):605-12.
[Medline]. [Full Text].
84. KOSKOFF YD, MORRIS LE, LUBIC LG. Paraplegia as a complication of gout. J Am
Med Assoc. 1953 May 2. 152(1):37-8. [Medline].
85. Nguyen C, Ea HK, Palazzo E, Liot F. Tophaceous gout: an unusual cause of multiple
fractures. Scand J Rheumatol. 2010. 39(1):93-6. [Medline].
86. Janssens HJ, Fransen J, van de Lisdonk EH, van Riel PL, van Weel C, Janssen M. A
diagnostic rule for acute gouty arthritis in primary care without joint fluid analysis. Arch
Intern Med. 2010 Jul 12. 170(13):1120-6. [Medline].
87. Barthelemy CR, Nakayama DA, Carrera GF, Lightfoot RW Jr, Wortmann RL. Gouty
arthritis: a prospective radiographic evaluation of sixty patients. Skeletal Radiol. 1984.
11(1):1-8. [Medline].
88. Dalbeth N, Clark B, Gregory K, Gamble G, Sheehan T, Doyle A, et al. Mechanisms of
bone erosion in gout: a quantitative analysis using plain radiography and computed
tomography. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009 Aug. 68(8):1290-5. [Medline].
89. Fodor D, Albu A, Gherman C. Crystal-associated synovitis- ultrasonographic feature and
clinical correlation. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil. 2008 Mar-Apr. 10(2):99-110. [Medline].
90. de vila Fernandes E, Kubota ES, Sandim GB, Mitraud SA, Ferrari AJ, Fernandes AR.
Ultrasound features of tophi in chronic tophaceous gout. Skeletal Radiol. 2011 Mar.
40(3):309-15. [Medline].
91. Fernandes EA, Lopes MG, Mitraud SA, Ferrari AJ, Fernandes AR. Ultrasound
characteristics of gouty tophi in the olecranon bursa and evaluation of their
reproducibility. Eur J Radiol. 2011 Jan 13. [Medline].
92. Thiele RG, Schlesinger N. Diagnosis of gout by ultrasound. Rheumatology (Oxford).
2007 Jul. 46(7):1116-21. [Medline].

93. Loffler C, Sattler H, Peters L, Loffler U, Uppenkamp M, Bergner R. Distinguishing gouty


arthritis from calcium pyrophosphate disease and other arthritides. J Rheumatol. 2015
Mar. 42(3):513-20. [Medline].
94. Naredo E, Uson J, Jimnez-Palop M, Martnez A, Vicente E, Brito E, et al. Ultrasounddetected musculoskeletal urate crystal deposition: which joints and what findings should
be assessed for diagnosing gout?. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014 Aug. 73(8):1522-8. [Medline].
95. Pineda C, Amezcua-Guerra LM, Solano C, Rodriguez-Henrquez P, Hernndez-Daz C,
Vargas A, et al. Joint and tendon subclinical involvement suggestive of gouty arthritis in
asymptomatic hyperuricemia: an ultrasound controlled study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2011 Jan
17. 13(1):R4. [Medline]. [Full Text].
96. Ottaviani S, Juge PA, Aubrun A, Palazzo E, Dieud P. Sensitivity and Reproducibility of
Ultrasonography in Calcium Pyrophosphate Crystal Deposition in Knee Cartilage: A
Cross-sectional Study. J Rheumatol. 2015 Aug. 42 (8):1511-3. [Medline].
97. De Miguel E, Puig JG, Castillo C, Peiteado D, Torres RJ, Martn-Mola E. Diagnosis of
gout in patients with asymptomatic hyperuricaemia: a pilot ultrasound study. Ann Rheum
Dis. 2012 Jan. 71(1):157-8. [Medline].
98. Dalbeth N, Clark B, Gregory K, Gamble G, Sheehan T, Doyle A, et al. Mechanisms of
bone erosion in gout: a quantitative analysis using plain radiography and computed
tomography. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009 Aug. 68(8):1290-5. [Medline].
99. Al-Arfaj AM, Nicolaou S, Eftekhari A, Munk P, Shojani K, Reid G, et al. Utility of dual
energy computed tomography (DECT) i8n tophaceous gout. Ann Rheum Dis.
2008;58:S878.
100.
Ward IM, Scott JN, Mansfield LT, Battafarano DF. Dual-Energy Computed
Tomography Demonstrating Destructive Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease of
the Distal Radioulnar Joint Mimicking Tophaceous Gout. J Clin Rheumatol. 2015 Sep. 21
(6):314-7. [Medline].
101.
Shimizu T, Hori H. The prevalence of nephrolithiasis in patients with primary
gout: a cross-sectional study using helical computed tomography. J Rheumatol. 2009 Sep.
36(9):1958-62. [Medline].
102.
Poh YJ, Dalbeth N, Doyle A, McQueen FM. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Bone
Edema Is Not a Major Feature of Gout Unless There Is Concomitant Osteomyelitis: 10year Findings from a High-prevalence Population. J Rheumatol. 2011 Nov. 38(11):247581. [Medline].
103.
McQueen FM, Doyle A, Reeves Q, Gao A, Tsai A, Gamble GD. Bone erosions in
patients with chronic gouty arthropathy are associated with tophi but not bone oedema or

synovitis: new insights from a 3 T MRI study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2014 Jan.
53(1):95-103. [Medline].
104.
Oostveen JC, van de Laar MA. Magnetic resonance imaging in rheumatic
disorders of the spine and sacroiliac joints. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2000 Aug. 30(1):5269. [Medline].
105.
[Guideline] Khanna D, Fitzgerald JD, Khanna PP, Bae S, Singh MK, Neogi T, et
al. 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 1:
Systematic nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapeutic approaches to
hyperuricemia. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012 Oct. 64(10):1431-46. [Medline].
106.
[Guideline] Khanna D, Khanna PP, Fitzgerald JD, Singh MK, Bae S, Neogi T, et
al. 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 2:
Therapy and antiinflammatory prophylaxis of acute gouty arthritis. Arthritis Care Res
(Hoboken). 2012 Oct. 64(10):1447-61. [Medline].
107.
Goodman A. Urate-Lowering Cuts Complications From Gout. Medscape [serial
online]. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/814057. Accessed: November
18, 2013.
108.
Rashid N, Levy GD, Wu YL, Zheng C, Koblick R, Cheetham TC. Patient and
clinical characteristics associated with gout flares in an integrated healthcare system.
Rheumatol Int. 2015 Nov. 35 (11):1799-807. [Medline]. [Full Text].
109.
Reber P, Crevoisier X, Noesberger B. Unusual localisation of tophaceous gout. A
report of four cases and review of the literature. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1996.
115(5):297-9. [Medline].
110.
Schapira D, Stahl S, Izhak OB, Balbir-Gurman A, Nahir AM. Chronic tophaceous
gouty arthritis mimicking rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1999 Aug.
29(1):56-63. [Medline].
111.
Shogan CP, Folio CL. Tophaceous gout and rheumatoid arthritis awareness. J Am
Osteopath Assoc. 2008 Jul. 108(7):352; author reply 352-3. [Medline].
112.
Zhang Y, Neogi T, Chen C, Chaisson C, Hunter DJ, Choi H. Low-dose aspirin use
and recurrent gout attacks. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014 Feb 1. 73(2):385-90. [Medline].
113.
Schumacher HR, Berger MF, Li-Yu J, Perez-Ruiz F, Burgos-Vargas R, Li C.
Efficacy and tolerability of celecoxib in the treatment of acute gouty arthritis: a
randomized controlled trial. J Rheumatol. 2012 Sep. 39(9):1859-66. [Medline].
114.
Medsafe Pharmacovigilance Team. Colchicine: lower doses for greater safety.
Available at http://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/puarticles/colchdose.htm. Accessed:
October 3, 2008.

115.
Nuki G. Colchicine: its mechanism of action and efficacy in crystal-induced
inflammation. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2008 Jul. 10(3):218-27. [Medline].
116.
Zhang W, Doherty M, Bardin T, et al. EULAR evidence based recommendations
for gout. Part II: Management. Report of a task force of the EULAR Standing Committee
for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics (ESCISIT). Ann Rheum Dis.
2006 Oct. 65(10):1312-24. [Medline].
117.
Terkeltaub RA, Furst DE, Bennett K, Kook KA, Crockett RS, Davis MW. High
versus low dosing of oral colchicine for early acute gout flare: Twenty-four-hour outcome
of the first multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group,
dose-comparison colchicine study. Arthritis Rheum. 2010 Apr. 62(4):1060-8. [Medline].
118.
Terkeltaub RA, Furst DE, Digiacinto JL, Kook KA, Davis MW. Novel evidencebased colchicine dose-reduction algorithm to predict and prevent colchicine toxicity in
the presence of cytochrome P450 3A4/P-glycoprotein inhibitors. Arthritis Rheum. 2011
Aug. 63(8):2226-37. [Medline].
119.
FDA takes action to stop the marketing of unapproved injectable drugs containing
colchicine. US Food and Drug Administration. Available at
www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/news/2008/new01791.html. Accessed: September 30, 2008.
120.
Roddy E. Hyperuricemia, gout, and lifestyle factors. J Rheumatol. 2008 Sep.
35(9):1689-91. [Medline].
121.
Perez-Ruiz F, Herrero-Beites AM, Carmona L. A two-stage approach to the
treatment of hyperuricemia in gout: The "Dirty Dish" hypothesis. Arthritis Rheum. 2011
Dec. 63(12):4002-6. [Medline].
122.
Yu T. The efficacy of colchicine prophylaxis in articular gout--a reappraisal after
20 years. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1982 Nov. 12(2):256-64. [Medline].
123.
[Guideline] Wallace SL, Singer JZ, Duncan GJ, et al. Renal function predicts
colchicine toxicity: guidelines for the prophylactic use of colchicine in gout. J
Rheumatol. 1991 Feb. 18(2):264-9. [Medline].
124.
Markel A. Allopurinol-induced DRESS syndrome. Isr Med Assoc J. 2005 Oct.
7(10):656-60. [Medline].
125.
Singer JZ, Wallace SL. The allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome. Unnecessary
morbidity and mortality. Arthritis Rheum. 1986 Jan. 29(1):82-7. [Medline].
126.
McAdams DeMarco MA, Maynard JW, Baer AN, Gelber AC, Young JH, Alonso
A, et al. Diuretic use, increased serum urate levels, and risk of incident gout in a
population-based study of adults with hypertension: the Atherosclerosis Risk in

Communities cohort study. Arthritis Rheum. 2012 Jan. 64(1):121-9. [Medline]. [Full
Text].
127.
Stamp LK, Taylor WJ, Jones PB, Dockerty JL, Drake J, Frampton C, et al.
Starting dose is a risk factor for allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome: a proposed safe
starting dose of allopurinol. Arthritis Rheum. 2012 Aug. 64(8):2529-36. [Medline].
128.
Vzquez-Mellado J, Morales EM, Pacheco-Tena C, et al. Relation between
adverse events associated with allopurinol and renal function in patients with gout. Ann
Rheum Dis. 2001 Oct. 60(10):981-3. [Medline].
129.
Riedel AA, Nelson M, Joseph-Ridge N, Wallace K, MacDonald P, Becker M.
Compliance with allopurinol therapy among managed care enrollees with gout: a
retrospective analysis of administrative claims. J Rheumatol. 2004 Aug. 31(8):1575-81.
[Medline].
130.
Rees F, Jenkins W, Doherty M. Patients with gout adhere to curative treatment if
informed appropriately: proof-of-concept observational study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012 Jun
7. [Medline].
131.
Hair PI, McCormack PL, Keating GM. Febuxostat. Drugs. 2008. 68(13):1865-74.
[Medline].
132.
Schumacher HR Jr, Becker MA, Wortmann RL, Macdonald PA, Hunt B, Streit J,
et al. Effects of febuxostat versus allopurinol and placebo in reducing serum urate in
subjects with hyperuricemia and gout: a 28-week, phase III, randomized, double-blind,
parallel-group trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Nov 15. 59(11):1540-8. [Medline].
133.
Becker MA, Schumacher HR Jr, Wortmann RL, et al. Febuxostat compared with
allopurinol in patients with hyperuricemia and gout. N Engl J Med. 2005 Dec 8.
353(23):2450-61. [Medline].
134.
Becker MA, Schumacher HR, Espinoza LR, Wells AF, MacDonald P, Lloyd E, et
al. The urate-lowering efficacy and safety of febuxostat in the treatment of the
hyperuricemia of gout: the CONFIRMS trial. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010. 12(2):R63.
[Medline]. [Full Text].
135.
Jackson RL, Hunt B, MacDonald PA. The efficacy and safety of febuxostat for
urate lowering in gout patients 65+ years of age. BMC Geriatr. 2012 Mar 21. 12:11.
[Medline]. [Full Text].
136.
Wells AF, MacDonald PA, Chefo S, Jackson RL. African American patients with
gout: efficacy and safety of febuxostat vs allopurinol. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2012
Feb 9. 13:15. [Medline]. [Full Text].

137.
Chohan S, Becker MA, MacDonald PA, Chefo S, Jackson RL. Women with gout:
efficacy and safety of urate-lowering with febuxostat and allopurinol. Arthritis Care Res
(Hoboken). 2012 Feb. 64(2):256-61. [Medline].
138.
Zurampic (lesinurad) [package insert]. Wilmington, DE: AstraZeneca
Pharmaceuticals. December, 2015. Available at [Full Text].
139.
Perez-Ruiz F, Sundy JS, Miner JN, Cravets M, Storgard C, RDEA594-203 Study
Group. Lesinurad in combination with allopurinol: results of a phase 2, randomised,
double-blind study in patients with gout with an inadequate response to allopurinol. Ann
Rheum Dis. 2016 Jan 7. 7 (6):433-42. [Medline]. [Full Text].
140.
Bieber JD, Terkeltaub RA. Gout: on the brink of novel therapeutic options for an
ancient disease. Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Aug. 50(8):2400-14. [Medline].
141.
Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP). Krystexxa
(pegloticase). European Medicines Agency. Available at
http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?
curl=pages/medicines/human/medicines/002208/human_med_001591.jsp&mid=WC0b01
ac058001d124. January 25, 2016; Accessed: January 30, 2016.
142.
Sundy JS, Baraf HS, Yood RA, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of pegloticase for
the treatment of chronic gout in patients refractory to conventional treatment: two
randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2011 Aug 17. 306(7):711-20. [Medline].
143.
Huang HY, Appel LJ, Choi MJ, et al. The effects of vitamin C supplementation on
serum concentrations of uric acid: results of a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis
Rheum. 2005 Jun. 52(6):1843-7. [Medline].
144.
So A, De Smedt T, Revaz S, et al. A pilot study of IL-1 inhibition by anakinra in
acute gout. Arthritis Res Ther. 2007. 9(2):R28. [Medline].
145.
Lee YH, Lee CH, Lee J. Effect of fenofibrate in combination with urate lowering
agents in patients with gout. Korean J Intern Med. 2006 Jun. 21(2):89-93. [Medline].
146.
So A, De Meulemeester M, Pikhlak A, et al. Canakinumab for the treatment of
acute flares in difficult-to-treat gouty arthritis: Results of a multicenter, phase II, doseranging study. Arthritis Rheum. 2010 Oct. 62(10):3064-76. [Medline].
147.
Lowry F. FDA Panel Says No to Canakinumab for Gout Attacks. Medscape
Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/745076. Accessed:
February 9, 2011.
148.
Schumacher HR Jr, Becker MA, Lloyd E, MacDonald PA, Lademacher C.
Febuxostat in the treatment of gout: 5-yr findings of the FOCUS efficacy and safety
study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009 Feb. 48(2):188-94. [Medline].

149.
Sundy JS, Becker MA, Baraf HS, Barkhuizen A, Moreland LW, Huang W, et al.
Reduction of plasma urate levels following treatment with multiple doses of pegloticase
(polyethylene glycol-conjugated uricase) in patients with treatment-failure gout: results
of a phase II randomized study. Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Sep. 58(9):2882-91. [Medline].
150.
Savient Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Krystexxa Prescribing Information. Available at
http://www.krystexxa.com/hcp/default.aspx.
151.
Kelly JC. Gout risk high in those with psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis. Medscape
Medical News. March 28, 2014. [Full Text].
152.
Merola JF, Wu S, Han J, Choi HK, Qureshi AA. Psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and
risk of gout in US men and women. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014 Mar 20. [Medline].
153.
Wilson ME, Wan SH, Beyder A, Osborn TG, Beckman TJ. Acute polyarticular
gout presenting as delirium. J Clin Rheumatol. 2013 Jun. 19(4):221-2. [Medline].

Anda mungkin juga menyukai