india
NOZZLE LOADS ON MACHINERY
CONTENTS
1.
PRESENTATION OBJECTIVE
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
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1. PRESENTATION OBJECTIVE
against
piping
engineering
and
material costs.
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Temperature
Affects expansion of piping/equipment
Pressure
Affects pipe stiffness (more pressure = thicker pipe). High pressure means
thick walled piping and greatly reduced flexibility
Support Locations
Machinery Baseplate Design
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Machinery Type
Centrifugal Pump
Positive
Displacement
Pumps
Reciprocating
Positive
Displacement
Pumps
Controlled
Volume
Positive
Displacement
PumpsRotary
Machinery Standard
As per API 674, Item 6.6, The Vendor shall specify, in the quotation,
the magnitude of forces and moments which may be applied,
simultaneously, to the inlet and outlet connections at the rated
operating conditions.
Pumps shall be designed for satisfactory performance if subjected to
the forces and moments in Table 6.
As per API 675, Annex D, Controlled Volume Pump Vendor Drawing and
Data Requirements, VDDR Notes, D.1Pump, Ref. Description
1 Certified dimensional outline drawing and list of connections,
including the following:
g. Allowable forces and moments for suction and discharge nozzles.
As per API 676, Item 6.7.1, The vendor shall specify, in the quotation,
the magnitude of forces and moments which may be applied,
simultaneously, to the inlet and outlet connections at the rated
operating conditions. As a minimum, the pump inlet and outlet
connections must be capable of withstanding the limits indicated in
Table 2.
For pumps with connection sizes not indicated in Table 2, the inlet and
outlet nozzles shall be capable of withstanding forces and moments
from external piping determined by the following formulas:
Fx = 13D, Mx = 7D, Fy = 13D My = 7D, Fz = 13D, Mz = 7D
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Machinery Type
Liquid Ring
Vacuum Pumps
Sealless
Centrifugal
Pumps
Machinery Standard
As per API 681, Item 2.4, The manufacturer shall specify the maximum
allowable external forces and moments that the vacuum pump casing
will withstand. These shall be at least equal to the values calculated in
accordance with NEMA SM-23. The allowable forces and moments shall
be shown on the outline drawing.
As per API 685, Item 6.4.1, Horizontal pumps and their baseplates, and
vertical inline pumps with supports anchored to the foundation shall be
designed for satisfactory performance if subjected to the forces and
moments in Table 4 applied simultaneously to both suction and
discharge nozzles in the worst case combination for the pump in
question. For horizontal pumps, two effects of nozzle loads are
considered: distortion of the pump casing (6.2.1) and misalignment of
the pump and motor shafts (magnetic drive pumps only) (see
9.1.5.3.20).
Item 6.4.5, Annex F gives methods of qualifying nozzle loads in excess
of those in Table 4. The Purchaser should be aware that the use of the
methods in Annex F can result in a misalignment up to 50 % greater
than that based on the loads given in Table 4 and can impact
equipment installation criteria. The use of the methods in Annex F
requires approval by the Purchaser and specific direction to the piping
designers for its use.
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Machinery Type
No integrally
Geared
Centrifugal and
Axial
Compressors
Integrally Geared
Centrifugal
Compressors
Expandercompressors
Machinery Standard
As per API 617 Part-2, Item 4.6.6.1, The compressor shall be designed
to withstand external forces and moments on each nozzle calculated
per Annex F. The supplier shall furnish the allowable forces and
moments for each nozzle in tabular form.
Item 4.6.6.2, Casing and supports shall be designed to have sufficient
strength and rigidity to limit coupling movement caused by imposing
allowable forces and moments to 50 m (0.002 in.).
As per API 617 Part-3, Item 4.6.6.1, The supplier shall furnish the
allowable forces and moments for each main process nozzle which has
a customer connection in tabular form with the proposal. If nozzle
loadings are not furnished, they shall be no less than NEMA SM-23.
NOTE 1 Forces and moments allowed on integrally geared compressors
are generally less than allowed on API 617, Part 2 compressors. (See
Annex F.)
NOTE 2 Piping system design will need to be rigorous in order to avoid
piping expansion joints.
Item 4.6.6.2, Pressure casing and supports shall be designed to have
sufficient strength and rigidity to avoid adversely affecting impeller
running clearances, gear contact pattern, seals, bearings, and coupling
alignment.
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Machinery Type
Reciprocating
Compressors
Rotary-type
Positive
Displacement
Compressors
Packaged,
Integrally Geared
Centrifugal Air
Compressors
Machinery Standard
As per API 618, Item 6.8.5, The vendor shall define the maximum
allowable nozzle loads at the vendor interfaces. These loads shall be
referred to a coordinate system as shown on a drawing.
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As per API 672, Item 6.4.1, The maximum allowable forces and moments
that may be imposed on the package by the purchasers piping shall be
stated in the proposal.
Item 6.4.2, The maximum allowable forces and moments shall be shown
on the outline drawing.
Machinery Type
Machinery Standard
General-purpose
Steam Turbines
As per API 611, Item 6.6, Turbines shall be designed to withstand the
external forces and moments calculated in accordance with
NEMA SM 23.
Steam Turbines
Special-purpose
Applications
As per API 616, Item 5.6.1.21, Ducting and casing connection flanges
shall be designed so that the stresses imposed, including internal
pressure, do not exceed those given in Section VIII of the ASME Code.
On the outline drawing, the gas turbine vendor shall indicate the
maximum allowable forces and moments on the inlet and exhaust
flanges.
Gas Turbines
Machinery Type
Centrifugal Fans
Machinery Standard
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Machinery Type
Fired Heaters
Air-cooled Heat
Exchangers
Machinery Standard
As per API 560, Item 9.2, Heater terminals shall be designed to accept
the moments, M, forces, F, and movements shown in Figure 4, and
Tables 6 and 7 for tubes and Figure 5 and Tables 8 and 9 for manifolds.
Item E.2.4, Fan housings are generally designed for low external forces
and moments from the inlet and outlet connections. It shall be the
responsibility of the heater vendor to specify on the data sheets the
expected external loads to be imposed on the fan housing from the
ancillary equipment (that is, ducting, sound trunks, silencers and
filters) if this equipment is not supplied by the fan vendor. The fan
vendor shall design the housing to accept the specified loads. The
following information shall be provided:
a) maximum allowable external forces and moments;
b) expansion joint information and recommendations if joints are
required for thermal expansion, vibration isolation or both.
As per API 661, Item 7.1.10.1, Each nozzle, in its design corroded
condition, shall be capable of withstanding the simultaneous application
of the moments and forces defined in Figure 6 and Table 4.
Item 7.1.10.2, The components of the nozzle loadings on a single
header shall not exceed the following values:
Mx 6100 Nm (4500 ftlbf), My 8130 Nm (6000 ftlbf), Mz 4070 Nm
(3000 ftlbf), Fx 10,010 N (2250 lbf), Fy 20,020 (4500 lbf), Fz 16,680
(3750 lbf)
NOTE The application of the moments and forces shown in Table 4 will
cause movement that will tend to reduce the loads to the values given
above.
Item 7.1.10.3, The total of all nozzle loads on one multi-bundle bay
shall not exceed three times that allowed for a single header.
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Machinery Type
Centrifugal Pumps
Pumps with casing constructed of steel and with nozzles NPS >= 18, when no allowable
loads are available from Manufacturer: forces and moments in each nozzle shall be as
minimum 5 times the values established in NEMA SM-23, Para 8.4.6.1(Limit 1).
Centrifugal Pumps ISO: forces and moments shall be in accordance with ISO 5199.
2
Centrifugal
Compressors
Centrifugal compressors in accordance with API 617: forces and moments in each
nozzle shall be as minimum 3 times the values established in NEMA SM-23, Para
8.4.6.1(Limit 1).
Reciprocating
Compressors
Rotating
Compressors
Rotating compressors: forces and moments shall be in accordance with API 619
Compressors
integrally gear
Compressors integrally gear (API 617 / 672): forces and moments in accordance
with Manufacturers standard.
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Machinery Type
General-purpose
Steam Turbines
Turbines (API 611): forces and moments in each nozzle shall be at least in
accordance with the values established in NEMA SM-23, Para 8.4.6.1(Limit 1).
Steam Turbines
Special-purpose
Applications
Turbines (API 612): forces and moments in each nozzle shall be as minimum 3 times
the values established in NEMA SM-23, Para 8.4.6.1 (Limit 1).
Special Machines
For special machines, for which the codes do not provide allowable forces and moments,
the check shall be based on loads provided by the Manufacturer.
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Machinery Type
Centrifugal Pumps
Centrifugal
Compressors
Rotary Screw
Compressors
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Machinery Type
Reciprocating
Pumps
Rotary Pumps
Package Units
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Machinery Type
Centrifugal Pumps
As
per
SPECIFICATION FOR CRITERIA AND RULES FOR STRESS ANALYSIS CALCULATION PERFORMED
WITH CAESAR II
(VE-135622) Item 5.1, The values of allowable forces and moments shall be at least those
specified in the applicable codes, standards and design criteria with a multiplying factor
indicated.
Pumps with casing constructed of steel and with nozzles NPS <=16: for each nozzle, forces
and moments in accordance with API 610 with the factors indicated here below:
Pumps with casing constructed of steel and with nozzles NPS >= 18, when no allowable
loads are available from Manufacturer: forces and moments in each nozzle shall be as
minimum 5 times the values established in NEMA SM-23, Para 8.4.6.1(Limit 1).
Centrifugal compressors in accordance with API 617: forces and moments in each
nozzle shall be as minimum 3 times the values established in NEMA SM-23, Para
8.4.6.1(Limit 1).
Centrifugal
Compressors
Reciprocating
Compressors
Compressors
integrally gear
Compressors integrally gear (API 617 / 672): forces and moments in accordance
with Manufacturers standard.
Special Machines
For special machines, for which the codes do not provide allowable forces and moments,
the check shall be based on loads provided by the Manufacturer.
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Machinery Type
Furnaces
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Item 7.5.4.5, Sufficient anchor bolt holes shall be provided to ensure that
forces and moments are properly transmitted to the foundation. Anchor points
shall be located on internal and external load bearing structural members as
necessary.
Reciprocating compressors often require acoustic analysis to see how the
vibrations of the equipment affect the piping.
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S.No
SIP Project
SHAH GAS
BB Pumps for those the applied nozzle loads are higher than the API 610 allowable, the
applied nozzle loads are qualified as per Annex F methods.
DANGOTE
For Semi Lean & Lean solution pumps, GE Italy refused to provide 2 times API 610 Table 5.
Then SIP qualified the applied nozzle loads as per Annex F methods.
KAOMBO
The following individual component forces and moments of respective pumps are in excess
of 2 times API 610 Table 5.
FX (2.79xAPI) and Mx (2.45xAPI) on the suction for Tag 12PA7201A/B
FX (3.10xAPI) on the suction for Tag 12PA2101A
Considering that they are all loads in the axial direction which do not contribute to the
generation of displacements perpendicular to the axis of rotation (that may preload the
bearings) pump vendor (M/s. Flowserve) declared that nozzle loads are acceptable.
The vendor M/s. PERONI considered 200% of API 674 Allowable Forces and Moments on
nozzles instead 200% of API 610 for the Pump Tag 150G-114 A/B.
4
STAR
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For Flare package, PIPING proposed applied loads are higher than the API 537 allowable
forces and moments and bringing the loads to acceptable level delayed Vendor document
management for about 5 months.
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11. CONCLUSION
The Tradeoff - Accepting allowable nozzle loads on Machinery as per Industry or
Manufacturers Standards may have savings on the cost of the Machinery, but Piping
costs increase because of complex layouts and supports required to decrease the
nozzle loads. The economics of both the Machinery and Piping (whole system) must be
considered when choosing the Machinery.
Allowable nozzle load issue can be greatly resolved through a better coordination
between Machinery OEM, MAPAF & PIPING disciplines.
Vendors (Machinery OEMs) to be encouraged to provide the actual allowable nozzle
loads on their Machinery. It can be specified in the MR Specification that the high
allowable nozzle loading on Machinery will be viewed as an advantage.
During TBE and Post Order KOM, the allowable nozzle loads should be discussed and
the design requirements shall be mutually agreed with the Machinery OEM.
One modern approach is, the Vendor to do the concurrent modeling of the entire
system (both piping and machinery) that can reduce inherent conservatism and allow
the thermal movements to be accommodated correctly by both systems. This may
result in a more flexible combined system and can allow better optimization.
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THANK YOU
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