NITRATE(high range)

OBJECTIVE
To measure the amount of nitrate in waste water by using cadmium reduction method
Introduction
Nitrate is a compound made up of nitrogen and oxygen. It is formed when nitrogen from
ammonia or other sources combines with oxygen in water. Nitrate is naturally found in
plants and in vegetables and can be found in groundwater, depending on how much
fertilizer and manure is applied to fields.
Additional exposure to nitrate from contaminated drinking water may pose significant
health risks. Potentially fatal blue baby syndrome has been linked to the presence of
nitrate in drinking water. It is also suspected of causing thyroid disease, diabetes and
certain types of cancer. Common sources of nitrate include nitrogen fertilizers, manure,
septic systems and sewage treatment practices. Nitrate can be carried into the
groundwater by rainwater and melting snow that percolates through the soil and
bedrock into the underlying aquifer. Nitrate can also run off fields and pollute surface
water, causing overstimulation of aquatic plants and algae, resulting in unsightly scum
and occasional fish kills.
APPARATUS AND MATERIAL
Sample cell
NitraVer 5 Nitrate reagent powder pillow
Waste water sample
PROCEDURE
1. The stored program number for high range nitrate nitrogen powder pillow was
entered. PRGM was pressed. The display will show PGRM?
2. Then press 5 1 and enter. The display will show mg/l, NO3-N and zero icon
3. A sample cell is filled with 10ml of sample
4. The contents of one NitraVer 5 nitrate is pour into the sample cell. The, cap the
sample cell
5. Press TIMER and ENTER. A one minute reaction period will begin. The sample
cell is shake vigorously until the timer beeps
6. After the timer beeps the display will show 5:00 TIMER 2 and press ENTER. A
five minute reaction period will begin
7. Another cell is filled with 10ml of sample(blank). Wipe off any fingerprint or liquid
8. The blank is placed into the cell holder. Cover the sample cell tightly with the
instrument cap

9. When the timer beeps. Press ZERO. The cursor will move to the right then the
display will show 0.0mg/L NO3-N
10. The prepared sample is placed into the cell holder. Cover the sample cell tightly
with the instrument cap
11. Press read. The cursor will move to the right then the result in mg/L N)3-N will be
displayed
RESULT DATA
SAMPLE
BLANK
WASTE WATER

RANGE
0 mg/L
0 mg/L

DISCUSSION
In this experiment, the cadmium reduction method has been used to measure the
amount of nitrate in the waste water sample and based on the result obtained, the
amount of nitrate in wastewater sample is 0.00mg/l. The outcome would have been
different if there is the presence of oxygen since the ammonia will be oxidized to nitrite
and then to nitrate. Due to the lack of free oxygen, the ammonia happened to only be
oxidized to nitrite. However, the result can still be accepted given the range for nitrate in
the water is 0.00mg/l to 30.0mg/l. In the nitraVer 5 5 high range test conducted, the
function of cadmium metal is to reduce nitrate to nitrite
In addition to that, there are several precautions needed to be avoided while
doing the experiment. First and foremost is we need to use the right program number
for high range nitrate nitrogen powder pillow. Another thing that needed to be focus too
is that, we need to perform a reagent blank correction using deionized water to get the
most accurate result
CONCLUSION
For the conclusion, the amount of nitrate in waste water can be determined by using
cadmium reduction method. The objective of the experiment is achieved
REFERENCES
1) Nitrate, retrieved on October 11, 2015 from
http://water.epa.gov/type/rsl/monitoring/vms57.cfm
2) Nitrate, retrieved on October 11, 2015 from

http://www.water-research.net/index.php/ammonia-in-groundwater-runoffand-streams

NITRITE(low range)

OBJECTIVE
To measure the amount of nitrite in waste water sample by using diazotization method
INTRODUCTION
Nitrite are nitrogen-oxygen chemical units which combine with various organic and
inorganic compounds. Nitrite are the product of the changed nitrate after it is processed
in the human body. Infants below six months who drink water containing nitrite in excess
of the maximum contaminant level (MCL) could become seriously ill and, if untreated,
may die. Symptoms include shortness of breath and blue baby syndrome. This health
effects language is not intended to catalog all possible health effects for nitrite. Rather, it
is intended to inform consumers of some of the possible health effects associated with
nitrite in drinking water when the rule was finalized. The major sources of nitrite in
drinking water are runoff from fertilizer use; leaching from septic tanks, sewage; and
erosion of natural deposits.
APPARATUS AND MATERIAL
Sample cell
NitraVer 5 Nitrate reagent powder pillow
Waste water sample
PROCEDURE
1. The stored program number for high range nitrate nitrogen powder pillow was
entered. PRGM was pressed. The display will show PGRM?
2. Then press 6 0 and enter. The display will show mg/l, NO2-N and zero icon
3. A sample cell is filled with 10ml of sample
4. The contents of one NitraVer 3 nitrite is pour into the sample cell. The, cap the
sample cell
5. Press TIMER and ENTER. A 15 minute reaction period will begin.
6. When the timer beeps. The empty sample cell is filled with 10ml of smple(blank)
7. Wipe the outside of the sample with a towel
8. The blank is placed into the cell holder. Cover the sample cell tightly with the
instrument cap
9. Press ZERO. The cursor will move to the right then the display will show 0.0mg/L
NO2-N
10. The prepared sample is placed into the cell holder. Cover the sample cell tightly
with the instrument cap
11. Press read. The cursor will move to the right then the result in mg/L N02-N will be
displayed

RESULT/ DATA
SAMPLE
BLANK
WASTE WATER

RANGE
0 mg/l
0.041mg/l

DISCUSSION
In this experiment, the amount of nitrite in waste water has been determined by
using diazotization method. Based on the result obtained, the amount of nitrite in the
waste water sample is 0.041mg/l. The amount of nitrite is pretty much in the range in
which the value ranging from 0.00mg/l to 0.350mg/l. The water sample contained free
oxygen thus the ammonia can oxidize into nitrite. Nitrite is an intermediate compound
existed in the nitrification process. It is rarely found in high concentration surface water
or in ground water but it is found in abundance in sample form biological process
Another thing that should be given the highlight is we need to use the right
program number for high range nitrate nitrogen powder pillow and it is of utmost
important that we performed a reagent blank correction by using deionized water to get
the most accurate result.
CONCLUSION
For the conclusion, the amount of nitrate in waste water can be determined by
diazotization method. The objective of the experiment is achived.
REFERENCES
1) Nitrate, retrieved on October 11, 2015 from
http://water.epa.gov/type/rsl/monitoring/vms57.cfm
2) Nitrate, retrieved on October 11, 2015 from
Mark J. Hammer, 6th Edition (2008) (pg. 36-37)

OBJECTIVE
To determine the amount of nitrogen ammonia buy using salicylate method

INTODUCTION
Nitrogen is essential to life on Earth. It is a component of all proteins and it can be found
in all living systems. Nitrogen compounds are present in organic materials, foods,
fertilizers, explosives and poisons. Nitrogen is crucial to life, but in excess it can also be
harmful to the environment. One of the most important nitrogen compounds is ammonia
(NH3), which can be produced in in the so-called called Haber process, in which
nitrogen is reacted with hydrogen. The colorless ammonia gas with a pungent smell can
be easily liquefied into a nitrogen fertilizer. In fact, about 80 percent of ammonia that is
produced is used as fertilizer, and it is also used as a refrigerant gas in the manufacture
of plastics, textiles, pesticides, dyes and in cleaning solutions.
APPARTUS AND MATERIAL
Sample cell
Deionized water
Ammonia salicylate reagent powder pillow
Ammonia cyanurate reagent powder pillow
Wastewater sample
PROCEDURE
1. The stored program number for ammonia nitrogen powder pillow was entered.
PRGM was pressed. The display will show PGRM?
2. Then press 6 4 and enter. The display will show mg/l, NH3-N and zero icon
3. A sample cell is filled with 10ml of deionized water(blank)
4. A second sample cell is filled with 10ml of sample
5. The contents of one ammonia salicylate reagent pillow is pour into each of
sample cell. Cap the both cell and shake to dissolve it
6. Press TIMER and ENTER. A three minute reaction period will begin.
7. After the timer beeps. The content of one ammonia cyanurate reagent powder
pillow is added to each sample cell. Cap the both cell and shake to dissolve it.
8. The display will show 15:00 TIMER 2 and press ENTER. A 15 minute reaction
period will begin
9. After the timer beeps, the blank is placed into the cell holder. Cover the sample
cell tightly wih instrument cap
10. Press ZERO. The cursor will move to the right, then the display will show 0.0 mg/l
NH3-N
11. The prepared sample is placed into the cell holder. Cover the sample cell tightly
with the instrument cap
12. Press read. The cursor will move to the right then the result in mg/L N03-N will be
displayed
RESULT/ DATA

SAMPLE
BLANK
WASTE WATER

RANGE
0 mg/l
0.07mg/l

DISCUSSION
In this experiment, the amount of nitrogen ammonia in waste water has been
determined by using salicylate method. Based on the result obtained, the amount of
nitrite in the wastewater sample is 0.07mg/l. It is pretty well in the range in which the
value stated ranging form 0.00mg/l to 0.50mg/l. The result can be attributed to the
presence of oxygen that oxidize ammonia to nitirite and then nitrate. In this experiment
the amount of ammonia is too small and it is highly likely that it can only be converted
into nitrite
There several precaution needed to be taken seriously while doing the
experiment. Firstly, it is important to use the right program number for high range nitrate
nitrogen powder pillow. Secondly, we needed to perform a reagent blank correction
using deionized water to get accurate result
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the amount of nitrogen ammonia in waste water can be
determined by using salicylate method. The objective of the experiment is achieved
REFERENCES
1) Ammonia, retrieved on October 11, 2015 from
http://water.epa.gov/type/rsl/monitoring/vms57.cfm
2) Ammonia, retrieved on October 11, 2015 from
Mark J. Hammer, 6th Edition (2008) (pg. 36-37)

CMT565
WATER AND WASTEWATER TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT 6,7 & 8
NITRATE(HIGH RANGE) USING CADMIUM REDUCTION METHOD
NITRITE(LOW RANGE) USING DIATOZA METHOD
NITROGEN, AMMONIA USING SALICYLATE METHOD

Name

:Mohd Khalid Bin Karsimen(2013493516)

:Wan Munirah Binti Wan Ibrahim(2014880048)
:Siti Rahimah Binti Hamzah(2014627266)

Group

: RAS2454C

Lecturer

: Dr Azlan Bin Ishak

Experiment Date

: 5 OCTOBER 2015

Submission Date

:11 OCTOBER 2015