Topic2

AtomicStructure

2.1.1Statethepositionofprotons,neutronsandelectronsintheatom

Theelectroniscirclingaroundthenucleiinashellandhasanegativecharge
Theprotonispartofthenucleiandhasapositivecharge
Theneutronisalsopartofthenucleiandhasaneutralcharge

2.1.2Statetherelativemassesandchargesofprotons,neutronsandelectrons

RelativeMass

RelativeCharge

Proton

+1

Neutron

Electron

1/1840

2.1.3Definethetermsmassnumber(A)atomicnumber(Z)andisotopesofanelement

Massnumber=Numberofprotons+thenumberofneutronsinanatom
AtomicNumber=Thenumberofprotonsinanatom
Isotopes=Isotopesareatomsofanelementwiththesameatomicnumberbutdifferent
massnumber

2.1.4Symbolsforisotopes

IfyouaremissinganelectronitwillcreateanegativechargeontheIsotope
IfyouaregainingaelectronitwillcreateapositivechargeontheIsotope

2.1.5Protons/Neutron/electronsinatoms/ionsfrommass/atomicnumberandcharge

2.1.6Comparethepropertiesoftheisotopesofanelement

Alltheisotopesofanatomhavethesamechemicalpropertiesanddifferentphysical
properties.

2.1.7Discusstheusesofradioisotopes

Cobalt60isusedtotreatcancer

Iodine125and131isusedtoimagethepersoninternalstructure

Carbon14isusedtodateanythingwithcarboninitforupto60000thousandyears

2.2.1Describeandexplaintheoperationofamassspectrometer

TheheaviertheatomtheharderitisforittoturnthereforeNa+withmoremasswillturn
lessthanLi+alsothenumberofelectronpulledintheionizationstepwillalsoincreasethe
derivationofLi+.Fromthisweconcludethatthederivationoftheatominamass
spectrometeristhe=Mass/Chargeor m/z

2.2.2DescribehowthemassspectrometercandetermineRAMusingthe12Cscale

Thisassessmentstatementiscompletelyuseless

2.2.3CalculatenonintegerRAMandabundanceofisotopesfromgivendata

ExampleRubidiumhas2isotopes,Rb85andRb87.Usingthedatafromtheperiodic
tablefindtheabundanceofeachisotope.

Rb85

Rb87

Abundance

x=76.5%

y=1x=10.765=23.5%

(x * 85) + (y * 87) = 85.47 x+y=1y=1x

85x + 87 87x = 85.47

2x = 85.47 87 x=0.765

2.3.1DescribetheElectromagneticSpectrum

RedOrangeYellowGreenBlueViolet

RedhasaHighWavelength>Violethasalowwavelength
RedhasaLowEnergy>ViolethasaHighEnergy
RedhasalowFrequency>ViolethasHighFrequency

2.3.2ContinuousvsLineSpectra

Continuoushasallthelinefrequencies
LineSpectrahasselectedfrequenciesNogreen!

2.3.3Explainhowlinesintheemissionspectrumofhydrogenarerelatedtoelectron
energylevels

TheenergylevelsofHydrogenasseenontheimageabovearecalledn1,n2,n3,n4,n5etc
andifyougotoinfinityyouhaverippedthatelectronapart,creatinganion.Whenitjumps
fromanenergyleveltoanotheritcreatesalineaspectraandtheyhavetheiruniqueline
spectraofeachatomastheyhavedifferentlengthinenergylevelscreatingdifferentlights.
Bigjumpmeans=BigEnergy.

2.3.4DeducetheelectronarrangementforatomsandionsuptoZ=20(uptocalcium)

Icouldn'tbebotheredtodothisonesoIleftRichardThornleyTable!