Bacii

eroberogeday lwm pl:ún
briBaØabR&tKNitviTüa nig BaNiC¢kmµ
 sinx
 ebI x 0
f(x)   x
 1 ebI x 0
rkßasiTiæ 2008
GñkshkarN_RtYtBinitübec©keTs
elak lwm qun
elak Esn Bisidæ
elak Titü em¨g
elakRsI Tuy rINa
elak RBwm suxnit
elak pl b‘unqay
GñkrcnaRkb nig bec©keTskMBüÚT&r
kBaØa lI KuNÑaka
GñkRtYtBinitüGkçaraviruTæ
elak lwm miK:sir
© rkßasiTæi lwm pl:ún 2008

GarmÖkfa
esovePA dMeNa¼RsaylMhat´KNitviTüaEdlGñksikßakMBugkan´
enAkñúgéden¼xMJúáTánxitxMRsavRCav nigniBnæeLIgkñúgeKalbMNg
TukCaÉksarRsavRCavsRmab´GñksikßaEdlmanbMNgcgéc¼
cg´dwgGMBIemeronen¼[kanÉtc,as´ .
enAkñúgesovePA en¼ánRbmUlpþMúnUvRbFanlMhatýa¨geRcInnigman
lkçN¼xusEbøk@Kña .RbFanlMhatńImYy@xMJúáTánxitxMeRCIserIs
ya¨gsRmitsRmaMgbMputRBmTaMgeFIVdMeNa¼Rsayya¨gek,a¼k,ayEdl
Gac[GñksikßagayylńigqabćgcaMGMBIviFIsaRsþeFIVdMeNa¼Rsay
lMhatńImYy@ . büEnþeTa¼Caya¨gNak¾eday kgV¼xatbec©keTs
Kruekaslü nig kMhusGkçraviruTæRákdCaekItmaneLIgedayGectna
CaBMuxaneLIy . GaRs&yehtuen¼xMJúáTCaGñkniBnæ rgćaMTTYlnUvmti
ri¼KnÉbbsSabnaBIsMNak´GñksikßakñúgRKb´mCÄdæanedaykþIesamnsßrIk
rayCanic©edIm,IEklMGesovePAen¼[kanÉtmansuRkitüPaBEfmeTot .
xMJúáTCaGñkniBnæsgÇwmfaesovePAsikßaGnuKmn_mYyk,alen¼
nwgcUlrYmnaMelakGñkeq<a¼eTArkC&yCMn¼kñúgkarsikßa nig kar
RbLgRbECgnanaCaBMuxaneLIy .
sUm[GñksikßaTaMgGs´mansuxPaBlðman®áCJaQøasév nigman
sMNaglðkñúgqakCIvit nig karsikßa !
át´dMbgéf¶TI 22 Ex kumÖ¼ qñaM 2008

GñkniBnæ nig RsavRCav lwm pl:ún
emeronTI1
cMnYnkMupøic
1-niymn&y
cMnYnEdlmanTRmg´ z  a  i.b Edl a nig b CacMnYnBit
ehAfacMnYnkMupøic .
TRmg´ z  a  i.b ehAfaTRmg´BICKNiténcMnYnkMupøic.
 a ehAfaEpñkBitEdleKkMnt´sresr Re(z)  a .
 b ehAfaEpñkBitEdleKkMnt´sresr Im(z)  b .
2
 i ehAfaÉktanimµitEdl i  1 rW i   1
 eKtagsMNMucMnYnkMupøiceday ¢ .
2-RbmaNviFIelIcMnYnkMupøic ½
snµtfaeKmancMnYnkMupøic z  a  i.b nig z'  a'i.b'
Edl a ; b ; a' ; b' CacMnYnBit .
-plbUk z  z'  (a  a')  i.(b  b')
-pldk z  z'  (a  a')  i(b  b')
-plKuN z  z'  (aa'bb')  i(ab'a' b) 1
-cMras´ 1z  aa i.bb 2 2
-plEck zz'  aaa'bbb '  i. aba 'ab' b

2 2 2 2
3-ÉklkçN¼PaBKYrkt´sMKal´
ebI z nig z' CaBIrcMnYnkMupøicena¼eKman ½
(z  z' ) 2  z 2  2z z' z'2 ; (z  z' ) 2  z 2  2z z' z'2
z 2  z' 2  (z  z' )(z  z' )
2 1  z n 1
n
1  z  z  ...  z  ; z  1 , n  IN *
1 z
n
(z  z' )    C nk z k z'n  k
n
 ; n  IN *
k 0
4-cMnYnkMupøicqøas´
k-ebIeKmancMnYnkMupøic z  a  i.b Edl a nig b
CacMnYnBit .
cMnYnkMupøicqøas´én z tageday z  a  i.b .
x-lkçN¼
ebI z nig z' CaBIrcMnYnkMupøicena¼eKman ½
z  z '  z  z' ; z  z'  z  z '
z z
z  z '  z  z' ;  
 z'  z'
2
K-sMKal´
ebI z  a  i.b ena¼ z  a  i.b
eKán Re(z)  z 2 z nig Im(z)  z 2i z .
5-sV&yKuNén i
cMeBa¼RKb´ k  IN * eKman ½
i 4 k  1 ; i 4 k 1  i ; i 4 k  2  1 ; i 4 k 3  i
6-dMeNa¼RsaysmIkardWeRkTIBIr
2
eK[smIkardWeRkTIBIr az  bz  c  0 ; a  0 , a; b; c  IR
2
-ebI   b  4ac  0
smIkarman¦sBIrepßgKñaCacMnYnBitkMntéday
b  b 
z  1 ; z  2 .
2a 2a
2
-ebI   b  4ac  0
smIkarman¦sDubmYyCacMnYnBitkMntéday
b
z z 
1 2 .
2a
2
-ebI   b  4ac  0
smIkarman¦BIrCacMnYnkMupøicqøas´KñakMntéday
b i || bi ||
z 
1 ; z  2. 3
2a 2a
7-kartagcMnYnkMupøictamEbbFrNImaRt
 
k- cMnuc M énbøg´RbkbedaytRmuyGrtUnrmäl´ (O, i , j)
Edlman kUGredaen (a ; b ) ehAfacMnucrUbPaBén
cMnYnkMupøic z  a  i.b .
cMnYnkMupøic z  a  i.b ehAfaGahVikéncMnuc M(a ; b ) .
y
0 1 x
  
x-viucTr& W énbøg´RbkbedaytRmuyGrtUnrmäl´ (O, i , j)
Edlman kUGredaen (a ; b ) ehAfavicTr&rUbPaBén
cMnYnkMupøic z  a  i.b .

cMnYnkMupøic z  a  i.b ehAfaGahVikénviucTr& W(a ; b ) .
4
y
0 1 x
8-mÜDuléncMnYnkMupøicmYy
y
b M
0 1 a x
k-ebIeKmancMnYnkMupøic z  a  i.b Edl a nig b

CacMnYnBitmÜDulécMnYnkMupøicen¼KWCacm¶ay OM kMntéday ½
2 2
| z |  OM  a  b .
5
x-lkçN¼
z |z|
| z |  zz ; | z  z '|  | z |  | z'| ; | |  .
z' | z '|
K-vismPaBRtIekaN
cMeBa¼RKbćMnYnkMupøic z nig z' eKman ½
| z  z' |  | z |  | z ' |
.
X-cm¶ayrvagBIrcMnuckñúgbøg´
ebI A nig B CaBIrcMnucmanGahVikerogKña z A
 
nig z énbøg´RbkbedaytRmuyGrtUnrmäl´ (O, i , j)
B
eKán d(AB)  | z  z | . B A
9-TRmg´RtIekaNmaRténcMnYnkMupøicmYy
y
b M
0 1 a x
6
eKmancMnYnkMupøic z  a  i.b Edl a nig b
CaBIrcMnYnBit TRmg´RtIekaNmaRtén z kMntéday
z  r (cos   i. sin )
Edl r  a  b nig cos   ar ; sin   br .
2 2
10-RbmaNviFIelIcMnYnkMupøicTRmg´RtIekaNmaRt
snµtfaeKmancMnYnkMupøicRtIekaNmaRtBIr ½
z  r (cos   i.sin ) nig z '  r ' (cos 'i.sin ' )
-plKuN z  z'  r.r' cos(  ' )  i.sin(  ')

-plEck zz'  rr' cos(  ')  i.sin(  ' )
11-sV&yKuNTI n
snµtfaeKmancMnYnkMupøicRtIekaNmaRt z  r (cos   i.sin )
sV&yKuNTI n éncMnYnkMupøicen¼kMntéday ½
n n n
z  r (cos   i.sin )   r cos( n)  i.sin( n) RKb´ n  Z
12-rUbmnþdWm&r
cMeBa¼RKb´   IR ; n  Z eKman ½
n
 cos   i.sin    cos(n)  i.sin( n) ( ehAfarUbmnþdWmr& )
7
13-¦sTI n éncMnYnkMupøicmYy
ebIeKman z  r (cos   i.sin ) CacMnYnkMupøicminsUnü
nig n  IN .¦sTI n éncMnYnkMupøicen¼kMNtéday ½
   2k   2k 
Wk  n r cos( )  i.sin( ) ; k  0 , 1 , 2 ,...,(n 1).
 n n 
14-TRmg´Giucs,¨ÚNgÉsüléncMnYnkMupøicmYy
ebI z CacMnYnkMupøicmanmÜDúl r nigGaKuym¨g´ 
i.
ena¼TRmg´Giucs,¨ÚNgÉsülén z kMntéday z  r.e
15-rUbmnþGWEl
cMeBa¼RKbćMnYnBit  eKmanTMnak´TMng ½
i .  i . i .  i .
e e e e
cos   ni g sin   .
2 2i
16-TMnak´TMngrvagTRmg´BICKNit-RtIekaNmaRt nig
Giucs,¨ÚNgÉsül ½
z  a  i.b  r (cos   i. sin )  r.ei.
a b
Edl r  a 2  b 2 ; cos   ; sin   .
r r

8
lMhat;TI1
eK[cMnYnkMupøic a  2  3i ; b  3  i nig c  1  4i
3 3 3
k-cUrsresr a  b  c nig a  b  c CaTRmg´BICKNit .
x-cUrepÞógpÞat´faeKGackMntćMnYnBit k edIm,I[
3 3 3
a  b  c  k .a b c .
dMeNaHRsay
3 3 3
k¿sresr a  b  c nig a  b  c CaTRmg´BICKNit ½
3 3
eyIgman a  (2  3i)  8  36i  54  27i  46  9i
b 3  (3  i) 3  27  27i  9  i  18  26i
c 3  (1  4i) 3  1  12i  48  64i  47  52i
3 3 3
eyIgán a  b  c  46  9i  18  26i  47  52i  111  87i
3 3 3
dUcen¼ a  b  c  111  87i .
eyIgman a  b  c  (2  3i)(3  i)(1  4i)
 (6  2i  9i  3)(1  4i)
 (9  7i)(1  4i)
 9  36i  7i  28
 37  29i
dUcen¼ a  b  c  37  29i .
9
x¿kMntćMnYnBit k
3 3 3
eyIgman a  b  c  k .a b c
3 3 3
a b c  111  87i
eKTaj k  3
a.b.c  37  29i
dUcen¼ k  3 .
lMhat;TI2
eK[cMnYnkMupøic a  3  i ; u  (x  1)  i.(y  2) nig b  2  16i
Edl x nig y CaBIrcMnYnBit .

cUrkMnt´témø x nig y edIm,I[ au  b  0 .
dMeNaHRsay
kMnt´témøén x nig y
eyIgán au  b  0
b
u
a
eday a  3  i ; u  (x  1)  i.(y  2) nig b  2  16i
eKán (x  1)  i.(y  2)   2316i i

10
2(1  8i)(3  i)
( x  1)  i( y  2)  
32  i 2
2(3  i  24i  8)
( x  1)  i( y  2)  
10
2(5  25i)
( x  1)  i( y  2)  
10
( x  1)  i( y  2)  1  5i
 x 1 1
eKTaján  naM[ x 2 ; y3
 y  2  5
dUcen¼ x  2 ; y  3 .

11
lMhat;TI3
eK[cMnYnkMupøic Z  log ( x 2 y )  i log x  log y
3 2 2
nig W  131 2ii Edl x  IR ; y  IR .

*

*

k-cUrsresr W CaTRmg´BICKNit .
x-kMnt´ x nig y edIm,I[ Z  W .
dMeNaHRsay
k-sresr W CaTRmg´BICKNit
eyIgán W  121 2ii  (12 1i)(14 2i)  12  245i  i  2  2  5i
dUcen¼ W  2  5i .
x-kMnt´ x nig y edIm,I[ Z  W
 xy
eyIgán Z  W smmUl  3 )  2 log ( 2
log 2 x  log 2 y  5
 xy
log 2 ( )2 x  y  12
¦  3 naM[ 
log 2 ( x.y)  5 x.y  32
2
eKTaj x ; y Ca¦ssmIkar u  12u  32  0
eday '  36  32  4 eKTaj¦s uu  66  22  48
1
dUcen¼ x  4 ; y  8 ¦ x  8 ; y  4 . 12
lMhat;TI4
2
eK[smIkar (E): z  az  b  0 Edl a ; b  IR
cUrkMnt´témø a nig b edIm,I[cMnYnkMupøic z  2  i 3
1
Ca¦srbs´smIkar (E) rYcTajrk¦s z mYYyeTot 2
rbs´smIkar .
etIGñkBinitüeXIjdUcemþccMeBa¼cMnYnkMupøic z nig z ?
1 2
dMeNaHRsay
kMnt´témø a nig b
edIm,I[cMnYnkMupøic 2  i 3 Ca¦srbs´smIkarlu¼RtaEt
vaepÞógpÞat´smIkar .
2
eKán (2  i 3)  a (2  i 3)  b  0
4  4i 3  3  2a  ai 3  b  0
(1  2a  b)  i(4 3  a 3 )  0
eKTaján 41 3 2aa 3b  00 ¦ ab  74


dUcen¼ a  4 ; b  7 .
KNna¦smYYyeTotrbs´smIkar ½
ebI z ; z Ca¦srbs´smIkarena¼tamRTwsþIbTEvüteKán
1 2
13
z  z  a  4 eday z  2  i 3
1 2 1
eKTaj z  4  (2  i 3)  2  i 3
2
dUcen¼ z  2  i 3 .
2
eyIgBinitüeXIjfa z  2  i 3 nig
1 z2  2  i 3
CacMnYnkMupøicBIrqøas´Kña .
lMhat;TI5
eK[cMnYnkMupøic z Edlman z CacMnYnkMupøicqøas´rbs´va
eda¼RsaysmIkar log | z |  z 7i z  3  i
5
dMeNaHRsay
eda¼RsaysmIkar ½
z  iz
log 5 | z |  3i
7
tag z  x  i.y naM[ z  x  iy Edl x ; y  IR
smIkarGacsresr ½
( x  iy)  i( x  iy)
log 5 | x  iy |  3i
7
x  iy  ix  y
log 5 x 2  y 2  3i
7
xy xy
(  log 5 x 2  y 2 )  i 3i
7 7
14
x  y
 7  1 x  y  7
eKTaján 
x  y 2 2
¦ 
1  log 5 x 2  y 2  3
  log 5 x  y  3
 7
x  y  7
¦  2 2
eday x 2  y 2  ( x  y) 2  2 xy
naM[ xy  12
 x  y  25
x  y  7  3  4
eKánRbB&næ 
x.y  12  3  4
eKTajcemøIy x  3 , y  4 ¦ x  4 , y  3
dUcen¼ z  3  4i ; z  4  3i CacemøIyrbs´smIkar .
1 2
lMhat;TI6
eK[cMnYnkMupøicBIr ½
log 5 ( x  3 )
z  3x  i (2 x  y) nig W  1  y  i [ 1  2 ]
Edl x nig y CacMnYnBit .

kMnt´ x nig y edIm,I[ W  z .
dMeNaHRsay
kMnt´ x nig y
Re( W )  Re(z )
edIm,I[ W  z lu¼RtaEt 
Im( W )  Im(z )
15
  1  y  3x (1)
eKTaján 
1  2
log 5 ( x  3 )
( 2)  2 x  y
tam (1) eKTaj y  3x  1 (3) ykCYskñúgsmIkar (2)

log 5 ( x  3 )
eKán 1  2  2x  3x  1
log 5 ( x  3 )
2  x lk&çx&NÐ x  3  0 ¦ x  3
t t
tag t  log (x  3) naM[ x  3  5 ¦ x  5  3
5
t t t t
eKánsmIkar 2  5  3 ¦ 5  2  3
edayGg:xageqVgénsmIkarCaGnuKmn_ekIn nig Gg:xageqVg
CaGnuKmn_efrena¼eyIgánsmIkarman¦sEtmYyKt´KW t  1
cMeBa¼ t  1 eKán x  5  3  2 nig y  3(2)  1  7
dUcen¼ x  2 ; y  7 .
16
lMhat;TI7
9  7i
eda¼RsaysmIkar 2z  | z |  Edl z CacMnYnkMupøic .
1 i
dMeNaHRsay
eda¼RsaysmIkar ½
9  7i
2z  | z |  tag z  x  i.y , x; y  IR
1 i
eKán 2(x  iy) | x  iy | (9(17i)(i)(11i)i)
9  9i  7i  7
2 x  2iy  x 2  y 2 
2
(2 x  x 2  y 2 )  2iy  1  8i
2 x  x 2  y 2  1 (1)
eKTaj 
2 y  8 ( 2)
tam (2) eKTaj y  4 ykeTACYskñúg (1) eKán

2 x  x 2  16  1
1
2 x  1  x 2  16 , x
2
(2 x  1) 2  x 2  16
4 x 2  4 x  1  x 2  16
3x 2  4 x  15  0 ;  '  4  45  7 2
27 27 5 1
eKTaj¦s x1   3 ; x2  (minyk)  
3 3 3 2
eKán x  3 ; y  4 .
dUcen¼ z  3  4i CacemøIyrbs´smIkar . 17
lMhat;TI8
eK[cMnYnkMupøicBIr Z nig Z Edl Z
1 2 2 0 .
cUrRsaybBa¢ak;fa ZZ  || ZZ || . 1
2
1
dMeNaHRsay
RsaybBa¢ak;fa ZZ  || ZZ || 1
2
1
eyIgtag Z  a  i.b nig Z  c  i .d Edl a , b , c , d CacMnYnBit .

1 2
eyIg)an ZZ  ac  ii..db  ((ac  ii..db)()(cc  ii..dd))  ac  i.adc  ii.bc.d  i .bd Et i  1

1
2
2 2 2
2
eK)an ZZ  (ac  bdc) id(bc  ad)  acc  bdd  i. bcc  dad

1
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
naM[ ZZ   acc  bdd    bcc  dad 

1
2
2 2 2 2
(ac  bd) 2  ( bc  ad) 2


c2  d 2
a 2 c 2  2abcd  b 2 d 2  b 2 c 2  2abcd  a 2 d 2

c2  d 2
(a 2 c 2  a 2 d 2 )  ( b 2 c 2  b 2 d 2 )

c2  d 2
a 2 ( c 2  d 2 )  b 2 (c 2  d 2 ) (c 2  d 2 )(a 2  b 2 )
 
c2  d 2 c2  d2
Z1 a 2  b2  | Z1 |  a 2  b 2
eKTaj Z2

c2  d 2
edayeKman 
 | Z 2 |  c 2  d 2
Z1 |Z |
dUecñH  1 .
Z2 | Z2 | 18
lMhat;TI9
eK[cMnYnkMupøicBIr Z nig 1
Z2 .
cUrRsaybBa¢ak;fa | Z  Z 1 2
|  | Z1 |  | Z 2 | .
dMeNaHRsay
RsaybBa¢ak;fa | Z  Z |  | Z || Z |
1 2 1 2

1 2
2 2
eyIgman Z  Z  (a  i.b)(c  i.d)  ac  i.ad  i.bc  i .bd Et i  1
1 2
naM[ Z  Z  (ac  bd)  i.(ad  bc)

1 2
2 2
eK)an | Z  Z |  (ac  bd)  (ad  bc)
1 2
 a 2 c 2  2abcd  b 2 d 2  a 2 d 2  2abcd  b 2 c 2
 (a 2 c 2  b 2 c 2 )  (a 2 d 2  b 2 d 2 )
 c 2 (a 2  b 2 )  d 2 ( a 2  b 2 )
 (a 2  b 2 )(c 2  d 2 )
2 2
eKTaj | Z  Z |  a  b 
1 2 c2  d 2
2 2
 | Z |  a  b 1
edayeKman  | Z |  c  d 2 2
 2
dUcenH | Z 1  Z 2 |  | Z1 |  | Z 2 | .
19
lMhat;TI10
eK[cMnYnkMupøicBIr Z nig Z . 1 2
k> cUrRsaybBa¢ak;fa | Z  Z |  | Z |  | Z |1 2 1 2
2 2 2 2
x> Taj[)anfa (a  c)  (b  d)  a  b  c2  d 2
cMeBaHRKb; a , b , c , d CacMnYnBit .
dMeNaHRsay
k> RsaybBa¢ak;fa | Z  Z |  | Z |  | Z |
1 2 1 2
 
kñúgbøg;kMupøic (XOY) eyIgeRCIserIsviucTr½BIr U nig V manGahVikerogKña
 
Z nig Z naM[viucTr½ U  V manGahVik Z  Z .
1 2 1 2
   
tamlkçN³RCugrbs;RtIekaNeK)an || U V ||  || U ||  || V ||
eday ³
 
|| U ||  | Z1 | , || V ||  | Z 2 |
 
|| U  V ||| Z1  Z 2 |
dUcenH | Z  Z |  | Z |  | Z |
1 2 1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
x> Taj[)anfa (a  c)  (b  d)  a  b  c  d
1 2
2 2
man Z  Z  (a  c)  i.(b  d) naM[ | Z  Z | (a  c)  (b  d)
1 2 1 2 20
2 2 2 2
ehIy | Z | a  b , | Z | c  d .
1 2
tamsRmayxagelIeKman | Z  Z |  | Z |  | Z | 1 2 1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
dUcenH (a  c)  (b  d)  a  b  c  d .
lMhat;TI11
eK[cMnYnkMupøic ³
Z1  3  4 i , Z 2  12  5 i , Z 3  8  15 i
k> cUrKNna | Z | , | Z | , | Z | nig | Z  Z  Z |
1 2 3 1 2 3
x> Tajbgðajfa | Z  Z  Z |  | Z |  | Z |  | Z
1 2 3 1 2 3
|
nig | Z |  | Z  Z  Z |  | Z |  | Z | .
1 1 2 3 2 3
dMeNaHRsay
k> KNna | Z | , | Z | , | Z | nig | Z  Z  Z |
1 2 3 1 2 3
2 2
eyIg)an | Z | 3  4  9  16  25  5
1
| Z 2 | 12 2  5 2  144  25  169  13
| Z 3 | (8) 2  (15) 2  64  225  289  17
ehIy Z1  Z 2  Z 3  (3  4i)  (12  5i)  (8  15i)  7  24i
eK)an | Z1  Z 2  Z 3 | 7 2  24 2  49  576  625  25
dUcenH | Z1 | 5 , | Z 2 | 13 , | Z 3 | 17 nig | Z  Z 1 2
 Z 3 | 25 .
21
x> Tajbgðajfa ³
| Z 1  Z 2  Z 3 |  | Z1 |  | Z 2 |  | Z 3 |
nig | Z |  | Z  Z  Z |  | Z |  | Z |
1 1 2 3 2 3
eyIgman | Z  Z  Z | 25
1 2 3
ehIy | Z |  | Z |  | Z | 5  13  17  35
1 2 3
dUcenH | Z  Z  Z |  | Z |  | Z |  | Z | .
1 2 3 1 2 3
mü:ageTot | Z |  | Z  Z  Z | 5  25  30
1 1 2 3
nig | Z |  | Z | 13  17  30
2 3
dUcenH | Z |  | Z  Z  Z |  | Z |  | Z | .
1 1 2 3 2 3
lMhat;TI12
2
eK[smIkar (E) : z  a z  b  0 , a , b IR
cUrkMnt;cMnYnBit a nig b edIm,I[cMnYnkMupøic z  3  2i Cab¤srbs;
smIkarrYcKNnab¤smYyeTotrbs;smIkar .
dMeNaHRsay
kMnt;cMnYnBit a nig b ³
edIm,I[cMnYnkMupøic z  3  2i Cab¤srbs;smIkarlu³RtaEtvaepÞógpÞat;nwg
smIkar . 22
2
eyIg)an (3  2i)  a (3  2i)  b  0
9  12i  4i 2  3a  2ia  b  0 , i 2  1
9  12i  4  3a  2ia  b  0
(5  3a  b)  i (12  2a)  0
eKTaj)an 125 32aab0 0 naM[ a  6 , b  13
dUcenH a  6 , b  13 .
KNnab¤smYyeTotrbs;smIkar ³
2
cMeBaH a  6 , b  13 smIkarkøayCa Z  6Z  13  0
tamRTwsþIbTEvüteyIgman Z  Z  6 edayeKsÁal; Z  3  2i
1 2 1
eK)an Z  6  Z  6  (3  2i)  3  2i
2 1
dUcenHb¤smYyeToténsmIkarKW Z  3  2i . 2
lMhat;TI13
eK[cMnYnkMupøic z  2  2  i. 2  2 .
2
k>cUrsresr z CaTMrg;BiCKNit .
2
x>cUrsresr z nig z CaTMrg;RtIekaNmaRt .
K>TajrktMélR)akdén cos 8 nig sin 8 .
dMeNaHRsay
2
k-sresr z CaTMrg;BiCKNit
23
2 2
eyIg)an z  ( 2  2  i. 2  2)
 ( 2  2 ) 2  2( 2  2 )(i. 2  2 )  (i. 2  2 ) 2
 2  2  2 22  2.i  2  2  2 2  2 2i
2
dUcenH z  2 2  2 2.i
2
x-cUrsresr z nig z CaTMrg;RtIekaNmaRt
eKman z  2 2  2 2.i  4 22  i. 22   4 cos 4  i.sin 4 
2
 
     
dUcenH z 2  4 cos  i. sin  nig z  2 cos  i. sin 
 4 4  8 8
 
K-TajrktMélR)akdén cos nigsin
8 8
  
tamsMrayxagelIeKTaj 2 cos  i.sin   2  2  i. 2  2
 8 8
 2 2  2 2
dUcenH cos  nig sin  .
8 2 8 8
24
lMhat;TI14
eKeGaycMnYnkMupøic ³ z  6 2i. 2 nig z  1  i
1 2
k>cUrsresr z , z nig Z  zz CaragRtIekaNmaRt.

1 2
1
x>cUrsresr Z  zz CaragBiCKNit. 1
K>TajeGay)anfa cos 12  6 4 2 nig sin 12  6 4 2 .

dMeNaHRsay
k>sresr z , z nig Z  zz CaragRtIekaNmaRt³
1 2
1
eKman z  6 2i 2  2 23  i. 12   2  cos 6  i. sin 6 

1
 
dUcenH z  2 cos( 6 )  i. sin( 6 ) .
1
eKman z  1  i  2 22  i. 22   2 cos 4  i. sin 4 

2
 
dUcenH z  2 cos( 4 )  i. sin( 4 ) .
2
eKman Z  zz  22 cos( 6  4 )  i. sin( 6  4 )

1
dUcenH Z  cos 12  i. sin 12 .

x> sresr Z  zz CaragBiCKNit 1
eK)an Z  26(1i i)2  ( 26(1i i)(21)(1i) i)  6  i 6 4 i 2  2

25
dUcenH Z  6 4 2  i. 6 4 2
.
K> TajeGay)anfa ³
 6 2  6 2
cos  ni g sin 
12 4 12 4
tamsRmayxagelIeKman ³
 
Z  cos  i. sin (1)
12 12
nig Z  6 4 2  i. 6 4 2 (2)
pÞwmTMnak;TMng ¬!¦ nig ¬@¦ eK)an ³
  6 2 6 2
cos  i. sin   i.
12 12 4 4
 6 2  6 2
dUcenH cos  sin 
nig .
12 4 12 4

26
lMhat;TI15
eK[cMnYnkMupøic z  2  2  3  i. 2  2  3
k-cUrbgðajfa z  2(cos 24  i.sin 24 ) .
2
x-cUrsresr Z  2z z CaTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt .

n n
K-cUrKNnatémøén S  z  z CaGnuKmn_én n .
n
dMeNaHRsay
k-bgðajfa z  2(cos 24  i.sin 24 )
eKman z  2  2  3  i. 2  2  3
tag a  2  2  3 nig b  2  2  3
eyIg)an a  2  2  2. 23
 
 2  2  2cos  2  2(1  cos )
6 6
   
 2  4cos2  2  2cos  4cos2  2cos
12 12 24 24
mü:ageTot b  2 2 3
  
 2  2 cos  4 sin 2  2 sin
12 24 24
   
eK)an z  2 cos  2i. sin  2(cos  i. sin )
24 24 24 24
  
dUcenH z  2 cos  i. sin  .
 24 24  27
z2
x-sresr ZCaTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt ³
2z
eyIgman z  2(cos 24  i.sin 24 )
 
[2(cos  i. sin )]2
eyIg)an Z 24 24
 
2  2(cos  i. sin )
24 24
   
4(cos  i.sin ) 2(cos  i.sin )
 12 12  12 12
    
2(1  cos  i.sin ) 2 cos 2  2i.sin . cos
24 24 48 48 48
 
2(cos  i.sin )
 12 12
  
2 cos (cos  i.sin )
48 48 48
1      
 cos(  )  i. sin(  )
  12 48 12 48 
cos
48
1  3 3  1   
  cos  i.sin    cos  i.sin 
cos 
 48 48  cos   16 16 
48 48
1   
dUcenH Z  cos  i. sin  .
 16 16 
cos 
48
n n
K-KNnatémøén S  z  z n
tamrUbmnþdWmr½eyIgman ³
n  n n n  
n n n n 
z  2  cos  i.sin  nig z  2  cos  i. sin 
 24 24   24 24 
eyIg)an S  2  cos n24  i.sin n24   2  cos n24  i.sin n24 
n
n n
dUcenH S  2 .cos n24 .

n
n 1 28
lMhat;TI16
eK[cMnYnkMupøic Z  cos 45  i.sin 45
cUrRsaybBa¢ak;fa (1  Z)  8 cos 25 (cos 65  i.sin 65 ) .
3 3
dMeNaHRsay
RsaybBa¢ak;fa ³
2 6 6
(1  Z) 3  8 cos 3 (cos  i.sin )
5 5 5
4 4
eyIgman 1  Z  1  cos  i.sin
5 5
  
tamrUbmnþ 1  cos   2 cos 2 nig sin   2 sin cos
2 2 2
2 2 2
eyIg)an 1  Z  2 cos 2  2i sin cos
5 5 5
2 2 2
b¤ 1  Z  2 cos (cos  i.sin )
5 5 5
tamrUbmnþdWmr½eyIg)an ³
3
 2 2 2 
(1  Z) 3   2 cos (cos  i.sin )
 5 5 5 
2 6 6
 8 cos 3 (cos  i.sin )
5 5 5
2 6 6
dUcenH (1  Z) 3  8 cos 3 (cos  i.sin ) .
5 5 5

29
lMhat;TI17 eK[cMnYnkMupøic Z  4 2 (1  i)
k-cUrsresr Z CaTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt .
x-KNnab¤sTI# én Z .
dMeNaHRsay
k-sresr Z CaTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt ³
eyIg)an Z  4 2 (1  i)
2 2  
 8 (  i. )  8(  cos  i.sin )
2 2 4 4
    3 3
 8cos(  )  i.sin(  )  8(cos  i.sin )
 4 4  4 4
3 3
dUcenH Z  8 (cos  i.sin ) .
4 4
x-KNnab¤sTI# én Z
eyIgtag W Cab¤sTI# én Z  8 (cos 34  i.sin 34 )
k
tamrUbmnþb¤sTI n : W  r cos(  n2k )  i.sin(  n2k )

k
n
 3 3 
  2 k   2 k 
eyIg)an Wk  3 8 cos ( 4 )  i.sin( 4 )
 3 3 
 
 
-ebI k  0 : W0  2 (cos  i.sin )
4 4
11 11
-ebI k  1 : W1  2(cos  i sin )
12 12
19 19
-ebI k  2 : W2  2 (cos  i.sin ). 30
12 12
lMhat;TI18
cUrKNnab¤sTI n éncMnYnkMupøic Z   1
cMeBaH n  2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 .
dMeNaHRsay
KNnab¤sTI éncMnYnkMupøic Z   1
n
cMeBaH n  2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6
eyIgman Z  1  cos(  2k)  i.sin(  2k)
tag W Cab¤sTI n én Z eyIg)an ³
k
(1  2k ) (1  2k )
Wk  cos  i.sin
n n
(1  2k ) (1  2k )
n2
k> cMeBaH eK)an Wk  cos  i.sin
2 2
 
-ebI k  0 : W0  cos  i.sin  i
2 2
3 3
-ebI k  1 : W1  cos  i.sin  i
2 2
(2k  1) (2k  1)
n3
x> cMeBaH eK)an Wk  cos  i.sin
3 3
  1 3
-ebI k  0 : W0  cos  i.sin   i.
3 3 2 2
-ebI k  1 : W  cos   i.sin   1
1
-ebI k  2 : W  cos 53  i sin 53  12  i. 23

2
K> cMeBaH n  4 eK)an W  cos (2k 4 1)  i.sin (2k 4 1)

k
31
-ebI k  0 : W  cos 4  i.sin 4  22  i. 22
0
-ebI k  1 : W  cos 34  i.sin 34   22  i 22
1
-ebI k  2 : W  cos 54  i.sin 54   22  i 22

2
-ebI k  3 : W  cos 74  i.sin 74  22  i. 22

3
X> cMeBaH n  5 eK)an W  cos (1  52k)  i.sin (1  52k)

k
-ebI k  0 : W  cos 5  i.sin 5

0
-ebI k  1 : W  cos 35  i.sin 35

1
-ebI k  2 : W  cos   i.sin   1

2
-ebI k  3 : W  cos 75  i.sin 75

3
-ebI k  4 : W  cos 95  i.sin 95

4
g> cMeBaH n  6 eK)an W  cos (1  62k)  i.sin (1  62k)

k
-ebI k  0 : W  cos 6  i sin 6  23  i 12

0
-ebI k  1 : W  cos 2  i.sin 2  i

1
-ebI k  2 : W  cos 56  i sin 56   23  i 12

2
-ebI k  3 : W  cos 76  i.sin 76   23  i 12

3
-ebI k  4 : W  cos 32  i.sin 32  i

4
-ebI k  5 : W  cos 116  i.sin 116  23  i 12 .

5
32
lMhat;TI19
KNnab¤sTI n éncMnYnkMupøic Zi
cMeBaH n  2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 .
dMeNaHRsay
KNnab¤sTI n éncMnYnkMupøic Z  i
cMeBaH n  2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6
eyIgman³ Z  i  cos( 2  2k)  i.sin( 2  2k)
tag W Cab¤sTI n én Z  i  cos( 2  2k)  i.sin( 2  2k)
k
tamrUbmnþeK)an W  cos (1 24nk)  i.sin (1 24nk)

k
k> cMeBaH n  2 eK)an W  cos (1  44k)  i.sin (1  44k)

k
-ebI k  0 : W  cos 4  i.sin 4  22  i 22

0
-ebI k  1 : W  cos 54  i.sin 54   22  i 22

1
x> cMeBaH n  3
eK)an W  cos (4k 6 1)  i.sin (4k 6 1)
k
-ebI k  0 : W  cos 6  i.sin 6  . 23  i 12

0
-ebI k  1 : W  cos 56  i.sin 56   23  i 12

1
33
-ebI k  2 : W  cos 32  i sin 32  i
2
K> cMeBaH n  4 eK)an W  cos (4k 8 1)  i.sin (4k 8 1)

k
-ebI k  0 : W  cos 8  i.sin 8

0
-ebI k  1 : W  cos 58  i.sin 58

1
-ebI k  2 : W  cos 98  i.sin 98

2
-ebI k  3 : W  cos138  i.sin 138

3
X> cMeBaH n  5 eK)an W  cos (1 104k)  i.sin (1 104k)

k
-ebI k  0 W  cos 10  i.sin 10

0
-ebI k  1 W  cos 2  i.sin 2  i

1
-ebI k  2 W  cos 109   i.sin 109 

2
-ebI k  3 W  cos1310  i.sin 1310

3
-ebI k  4 W  cos 1710  i.sin 1710

4
g> cMeBaH n  6 eK)an W  cos (1 124k)  i.sin (1 124k)

k
-ebI k  0 W  cos 12  i sin 12

0
-ebI k  1 W  cos 125  i.sin 125

1
-ebI k  2 W  cos 34  i sin 34   22  i 22

2
-ebI k  3 W  cos1312  i.sin 1312

3
34
17 17
-ebI k  4 W4  cos
12
 i.sin
12
7 7 2 2
-ebI k  5 W5  cos
4
 i.sin
4

2
i
2
.

35
lMhat;Gnuvtþn_
!> cUrsresrcMnYnkMupøicxageRkamCaTRmg;BICKNit Z  a  i.b ³
k> a / Z  (2  5i)(3  i) b / Z  (1  i)(1  2i)(1  3i)
2 2 2 2
x> a / Z  ( 2  3 i )  (1  2 i ) b / Z  (3  2i)  (1  2i)
3 3 3 3
K> a / Z  (1  2i)  (1  i) b / Z  (1  2i)  ( 2  i)
X> a / Z  427ii b/Z 

9  7i
3  2i
2
g> a / Z  (2  i1)(22i 3i) 1 2  i 

b / Z  
 1  2  i



@> cUrkMnt;BIrcMnYnBit a nig b edIm,I[cMnYnkMupøic z  2  3i
2
Cab¤smYyrbs;smIkar (E): z  az  b  0 .
#> cUrkMnt;BIrcMnYnBit a nig b edIm,I[cMnYnkMupøic z  1  2i
3
Cab¤smYyrbs;smIkar (E): z  az  b  0 .
2
$> eKmansmIkar (E): z  3z  4  6i  0
k-kMnt;cMnYnBit b edIm,I[ z  b.i Cab¤srbs;smIkar (E) .
0
x-cUredaHRsaysmIkar (E) kñúgsMNMukMupøic .

2
%> eKmansmIkar (E): z  5(1  i)z  3(4  3i)  0
2
k-cUrepÞógpÞat;fa 48  14i  (7  i)
x-cUredaHRsaysmIkar (E) kñúgsMNMukMupøic . 36
2
^> eKmansmIkar (E): z  (a  i.b)z  a  3  5i  0 Edl a , b IR .
kMnt;témø a nig b edIm,I[ z  3  2i Cab¤smYyrbs;smIkar (E)
1
rYccUrkMnt;rkb¤s z mYyeTotcMeBaHtémø a nig b Edl)anrkeXIj .

2
3 2
&> eKmansmIkar (E) :z  (5  i)z  (10  9i)z  2(1  8i)  0 .
k-kMnt;cMnYnBit b edIm,I[ z  b.i Cab¤srbs;smIkar (E) .
0
2
x-cUrsresrsmIkar (E) Carag (z  z )(z  pz  q)  0 Edl p nig q
0
CacMnYnkMupøiucBIrEdleKRtUvrk .
2
K-cUrepÞógpÞat;fa  8  6i  (1  3i)
rYcedaHRsay smIkar (E) kñúgsMNMukMupøic.
*> cUredaHRsaysmIkarxageRkamkñúgsMNMukMupøic ³
a / iz 2  (2  3i) z  (1  5i)  0
b / ( 2  i) z 2  5(1  i) z  2(3  4i)  0
c / (1  i)z 2  (1  7i)z  2( 2  3i)  0
(> cUrbegáItsmIkardWeRkTIBIrEdlman  nig  Cab¤skñúgkrNInImYy²

xageRkam ³
k> a /   2  11i ,   2  11i b /   2  3i ,   2  3i
x> a /   3  2i ,   1  3i b /   2  3i ,   3  2i
K> a /    1  2i ,   3  2i b /    3  i ,   1 i 3
!0> eKmancMnYnkMupøic   1 3i nig   1 2i .

37
2 2
cUrsresrsmIkardWeRkTIBIrmYyEdlman Z     1
2 2
nig Z   . Cab¤s>
2
!!> cUrkMnt;rkcMnYnkMupøicEdlmanm:UDúlesµI 8 ehIykaerrbs;va

CacMnYnnimµitsuTæ.
!@> cUrkMnt;BIrcMnYnBit x nig y ebIeKdwgfa ³
8  9i
(1  i)( x  iy)  (3  2i)( x  iy)  .
1  2i
!#> cUrkMnt;BIrcMnYnBit x nig y ebIeKdwgfa ³
5  13i
(3  2i) ( x  y)  (1  2i)( x  y)  .
1 i
2
!$> eKmansmIkar (E) : az  bz  c  0 , a  0 , a, b, c  IR .
cUrbgðajfaebI z Cab¤ssmIkar (E) enaH z k¾Cab¤srbs; (E) Edr .
0 0
!%> eKmancMnYnkMupøic   1 2i 5 nig   1 2i 5 .

k-cUrbegáItsmIkardWeRkTIBIrmYyEdlman  nig  Cab¤s .
n n
x-eKtag S     cMeBaHRKb; n  IN .
n
cUrRsaybBa¢ak;TMnak;TMng S  S  32 S  0 ?
n 2 n 1 n
10 10
K-edaymin)ac;BnøatcUrKNna N   1  2i 5    1  2i 5  .

2
!^> eKmansmIkar (E) : z  (  )iz    0 , ,  IR *
cUrbgðajfasmIkar (E) b¤sBIrsuTæEtCacMnYnnimµitsuTæEdleKnwgbBa¢ak;
2
!&> eKmansmIkardWeRkTIBIr (E) : Az  Bz  C  0
38
Edl A  0 ehIy A , B, C CacMnYnkMupøic .
k> bgðajfaebI A  C  i.B enaHsmIkar (E) manb¤sBIrkMnt;eday ³
C
z  i , z  i.
1 2 .
A
x> bgðajfaebI A  C   i.B enaHsmIkar (E) manb¤sBIrkMnt;eday ³
C
z  i , z  i.
1 2 .
A
K> Gnuvtþn_ ³ cUredaHRsaysmIkarxageRkamkñúgsMNMukMupøic ³
a / (1  i) z 2  (2  3i)z  2  3i  0
b / (1  2i)z 2  (1  2i)z  (1  i)  0
!*> eK[cMnYnkMupøic Z  1  2i nig Z  3  i .

1 2
cUrkMnt;rkEpñkBit nigEpñknimµiténcMnYnkMupøic W
ebIeKdwgfa W1  Z1  Z1 . 1 2
!(> eKmancMnYnkMupøic  nig  Edl     3  2i nig .  5(1  i) .

cUrkMnt;EpñkBit nig Epñknimµitén Z  1  1 . 2 2
2
@0> eKmansmIkar (E): i.Z  (2  3i) Z  5(1  i)  0
k> kMnt;cMnYnBit a edIm,I[ Z  a  i Cab¤smYyrbs;smIkar (E)
1
rYcKNnab¤s Z mYyeTotrbs;smIkar .
2
x> cUrkMnt;cMnYnBit p nig q edIm,I[ Zp  Zq  pZ q Z 2 . 1 2 1 2
@!> eKmancMnYnkMupøicBIr Z nig Z Edl Z  Z  3  i nig Z .Z  4  3i

1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2
k> cUrbgðajfa (Z )  (Z )  0 .
1 2
39
4 4
x> cUrkMnt;rkEpñkBit nig Epñknimµit én Z  Z  Z . 1 2
2 2
K> cUrepÞógpÞat;fa Z  Z   4Z .Z  (Z  Z ) rYckMnt;rk Z nig Z .
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2
@@> eKmancMnYnkMupøic Z  x  i xy nig Z  y  ixy Edl x, y  IR .
1 2
2
cUrkMnt; x nig y edIm,I[ Z  Z  ( 2006  i 2007 ) .
1 2
@#> eK[cMnYnkMupøic ³
Z  (a  b)  i(b  c) , Z  (b  c)  i(c  a ) nig Z  (c  a )  i(a  b)
1 2 2
Edl a , b , c CabIcMnYnBitxusKña.
3 3 3
cUrbgðajfa Z  Z  Z  3Z .Z .Z
1 2 3 1 2 3
@$> cUrKNnab¤skaeréncMnYnkMupøicxageRkam ³
k> a / Z  48  14i b / Z  24  10i
x> a / Z  40  42i b / Z  77  36i
K> a / Z  55  48i b / Z  1 i 6
@%> cUrsresrcMnYnkMupøicxageRkamCaTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt ³
k> a / Z  1  i 3 b / Z  2 3  2i
x> a / Z  1 2i b / Z   3  3i
K> a / Z  6 2i 2 b / Z  2  2i
X> a / Z  1  i3 b/Z   2 i 2
g> a / Z  1  2  i b/Z  2 3 i
40
@^> cUrsresrCaTRmg;RtIekaNmaRténcMnYnkMupøicxageRkam ³
k> a / Z  1  cos 49  i.sin 49 
b / Z  1  sin  i. cos
10

10
x> a / Z  sin 27  i(1  cos 27 ) 4
b / Z  1  cos  i sin
5
4
5
K> a / Z  2  2 cos 5  i. 2  2 cos 5 b / Z  1  i tan 7
X> a / Z   sin 10  i.cos10  
b / Z  ( 3  2)(cos  i sin )
8 8
g> Z  2  2  2  2 cos 4  i. 2  2  2  2 cos 4 .

@&> cUredaHRsaysmIkarxageRkamrYcsresrb¤snImYy²
CaragRtIekaNmaRt ³
2 2
k> a / z  2z  4  0 b / 2z  2 z  1  0
2 2
x> a / z  3.z  1  0 b / z  z 1  0
@*> cUrsresr Z  2  3  i. 2  3 CaragRtIekaNmaRt .

@(> cUrsresr Z  2  2  i 2  2 CaragRtIekaNmaRt .
#0> k-KNnatémøR)akdén sin 10 , cos10 nig tan 10 .
x-TajrkTRmg;RtIekaNmaRtén Z  1  i. 5  2 2 .
#!> eK[cMnYnkMupøic z  2 2i 6 nig z  1  i
1 2
k> cUrsresr Z  zz CaTRmg; a  b.i .

1
x> cUrsresr z , z nig Z  zz CaTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt .

1 2
1
2 41
K> edayeRbIlTæplxagelIcUrTajrktémøR)akdén cos 12 nig sin 12 .
#@> eKmancMnYnkMupøic z  1 2i nig z  2 3  2i .
1 2
k> cUrsresr Z  z .z CaTRmg;BICKNit .

1 2
x> cUrsresr z , z nig Z  z .z CaTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt .

1 2 1 2
K> edayeRbIlTæplxagelIcUrTajrktémøR)akdén cos 125 nig sin 125 .

2007
##> eK[ z  1  i . cUrsresr z nig z CaTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt .
2007
#$> eK[ z   3  i . cUrsresr z nig z CaTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt .
#%> eK[ z  12  i 23 . cUrsresr z nig z CaTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt .
2007
#^> eK[cMnYnkMupøic Z  2  3  i
k-cUrepÞógpÞat;fam:UDúl | Z | 6  2 .
x-bgðajfa Z  2(1  cos 6  i.sin 6 ) rYcTajrkTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt
én Z .
K-Tajbgðajfa cos 12  6 4 2 .
#&> eK[cMnYnkMupøic Z  2  1  i
k-cUrepÞógpÞat;fam:UDúl | Z | 2. 2  2 .
x-bgðajfa Z  2(1  cos 4  i.sin 4 ) rYcTajTRmg;RtIekaNmaRtén Z
K-Tajbgðajfa cos 8  2 2 2 . 42
#*> eKmancMnYnkMupøic ³
3i
Z 
1 ni g Z  ( 3  1)  i( 3  1) .
2
2
k> cUrsresr U  Z .Z CaragBICKNit .
1 2
x> cUrsresr U nig Z CaragRtIekaNmaRt rYcTajrkm:UDúl

1
nigGaKuym:g;éncMnYnkMupøic Z . 2
K>cUrTajbgðajfa cos 12  6 4 2 nig sin 12  6 4 2 .

#(> eK[cMnYnkMupøic z  1  2i 3 .
2007
cUrrkm:UDúl nigGaKuym:g;éncMnYnkMupøic U  1z z . 2
$0> eK[cMnYnkMupøic Z  (nn nn11) i((22nn11))

n 2 2 2
Edl n CacMnYnKt;FmµCati .
k> bgðajfa Z  n 1 i  n 11  i .
n
x> KNna S  Z  Z  Z  .....  Z edaysresr

n 0 1 2 n
lTæplEdl)anCaragBICKNit .
$!> KmansIVúténcMnYnkMupøic (Z ) kMnt;eday ³n
3i 3 1 i 3 1 i 3
Z 
0
ni g Z  n 1
Z  n
2 2 2
Edl n  IN .
k> eKtag U  Z  1 cMeBaHRKb; n  IN .
n n
43
cUrbgðajfa U  1  2i 3 .U , n  IN
n 1 n
x> cUrsresr U CaTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt .

n
K> cUrRsaybBa¢ak;fa ³
(n  1)  (n  1) (n  1) 
Z n  2 cos cos  i. sin
6  6 6 
X> cUrkMnt;TRmg;RtIekaNmaRtén Z . n
$@> ebI z CacMnYnkMupøicEdlepÞógpÞat;TMnak;TMng ³

2n n
z  (1  z) cMeBaHRKb; n  IN enaHcUrRsaybBa¢ak;
facMnYnkMupøic z nig 1 1z manm:UDúlesµIKña .

3 3 2
$#> edaHRsaysmIkar z  z  i | z |  1  i .
$$> eKmancMnYnkMupøic   1 2i 7 nig   1 2i 7
k> sresrsmIkardWeRkTIBIrEdlman  ,  Cab¤s .
n n
x> tag n  Z : S     . n
cUrRsayfa S  S  2S  0 ?
n2 n 1 n
Z1  a 1  i.b1

$%> eK[cMnYnkMupøic ³ Z 2  a 2  i.b 2
Z  a  i.b
 3 3 3
Edl a , a , a , b , b , b CacMnYnBit .
1 2 3 1 2 3
  
kñúglMhRbkbedaytMruyGrtUnrm:al; (o, i , j, k) 44


eK[RtIekaN ABC mYyEdl AB(a , a , a ) nig 1 2 3

AC(b , b , b ) .
1 2 3
k>cUrkMnt;RbePTénRtIekaN ABC kalNaeKman

2 2 2
TMnak;TMng Z  Z  Z  0 .
1 2 3
x> cUrRsayfaebI ABC CaRtIekaNEkgsm)aTkMBUl A

6 6 6
enaHeK)an (Z .Z .Z )  Z  Z3  Z .
1 2 3
2 1 2 3
$^> eK[cMnYnBit x Edl x  2  k , k  Z

k> cUrRsaybBa¢ak;fa ³
cos 3x  i sin 3x
1  3 tan 2 x  i.(3 tan x  tan 3 x ) 
cos 3 x
x>eRbITMnak;TMngxagelIcUrTajbgðajfa ³
3 tan x  tan 3 x
tan 3x 
1  3 tan 2 x

K> cUrsresr 3
nig tan( 3  x) CaGnuKmn_
tan(  x )
én tan x .
X> Taj[)anfa tan( 3  x ) tan( 3  x )  tan 3x
tan x
.
n
g>cUrKNnaplKuN P  [tan( 3  3 a ). tan( 3  3 a )] .
n
k 0
n n
$&-edaHRsaysmIkar | z | i.z  1  3i Edl z CacMnYnkMupøic .

45
$*-edaHRsaysmIkar log (z.z)  z  3 (1  2i) .
5
$(-edaHRsaysmIkar | z  1  i | iz  22  4i .
%0-eK[sIVúténcMnYnkMupøic (Z ) kMnt;eday ³
n
1
Z  1 nig Z  ( Z  | Z | ) Edl n  IN
0 n 1 n n
2
KNna Z edaysresrlTæpleRkamTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt .
n

46
emeronTI2
lImIténGnuKmn_
1-niymn&y
GnuKmn_ f (x) manlImItesµI L kalNa x
xitCit x mann&yfacMeBa¼RKbćMnYn   0 eKmancMnYn
0
  0 Edl 0 | x  x |  eKán | f ( x )  L |  .
0
eKkMnt´sresr ½ lim f (x)  L . xx0
2-RTwsþIbTlImIt
1 / lim f ( x )  g ( x )   lim f ( x )  lim g ( x )
xx0 xx 0 xx 0
2 / lim k.f ( x )  k lim f ( x ) ; k  IR

xx0 xx0
3 / lim f ( x ) . g ( x )  lim f ( x )  lim g ( x )

xx0 xx 0 xx0
 f ( x )  xlim
x 0
f (x )
4 / lim   ; lim g ( x )  0
xx 0 g( x )  lim g ( x ) xx 0
  xx0
 n
 ; n  IN *
5 / lim f ( x )  lim f ( x )
xx0 xx0
n
3-RTwsþIbTlImItGnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt
sin x x
1 / lim  lim 1
x 0 x x  0 sin x
tan x x
2 / lim  lim 1
x 0 x x  0 tan x
47
4-lImIteqVg-sþaM
ebIeKman lim f (x)  L & lim f (x)  L ena¼ lim f (x)  L
xx0 xx0 xx0
Edl lim f (x) & lim f (x) tagerogKñaCalImIteqVgnigsþaM

xx0 x x 0
5-PaBCab´énGnuKmn_
k-PaBCab´RtgćMnucmYy
GnuKmn_ y  f (x) Cab´RtgćMnuc x  x lu¼RtaEt 0
f bMeBjl&kçx&NÐbIdUcxageRkam ½
1¿ f (x ) mann&ylImIt ( f (a) CacMnYnBit )

0
2¿ lim f (x) man ( lImItCacMnYnBit )

x x 0
3¿ lim f (x)  f (x )
xx0
0
( lImItesµInwgtémøénGnuKmn_RtgćMnuc x ) 0
x-PaBCabélIcenøa¼mYy
-GnuKmn_ f (x) elIcenøa¼ebIk ] a; b [ lu¼RtaEt
f ( x ) CabćMeBa¼RKbćMnYnenAkñúgcenøa¼ebIkena¼ .
-GnuKmn_ f (x) elIcenøa¼ebIk a ; b lu¼RtaEt f (x)

CabélI ] a ; b [ nigman lim f (x)  f (a) ; lim f (x)  f (b) .
x a  x b
48
6-RTwsþIbTtémøkNþal
ebIGnuKmn_ f (x) CabélIcenøa¼ a ; b
ehIy f (a).f (b)  0 ena¼yägehacNas´mancMnYn x0
mYyenAcenøa¼ a nig b Edl f (x )  0 .

0
y y
1 1
0 1 a b x 0 1 a b x
7-lImItRtg´Gnnþ
ebI f (x) CaGnuKmn_mYy nig L CacMnYnBit
. lim f ( x )  L mann&yfacMeBa¼RKb´   0 eKmancMnYn
x  
M  0 Edl | f ( x )  L |  kalNa x  M .
. lim f ( x )  L mann&yfacMeBa¼RKb´   0 eKmancMnYn

x  
N  0 Edl | f ( x )  L |  kalNa x  N .
49
8-lkçN¼lImItRtg´Gnnþ
1/ lim k f (x )  k lim f ( x ) ; 2 / lim f (x )  g( x )  lim f (x )  lim g( x )
x  x  x  x  x 
3 / lim f (x )  g(x )  lim f ( x )  lim g( x )

x  x  x 
4 / lim f (x ).g( x )  lim f (x )  lim g( x )

x  x  x 
 f (x )  xlim f (x)
5 / lim   
; lim g( x )  0
x  g ( x )  lim g ( x ) x 
  x 
(lkçN¼lImItRtg´   dUcKñanwglImItRtg´   Edr )

9-GasIumtUténExßekag
k¿ GasIumtUtQr
GnuKmn_ y  f (x) ebI lim f (x)   ¦ lim f (x)  
x a x a
ena¼eKfabnÞat´mansmIkar x  a CaGasIumtUtQr
énRkabtag f (x) .
y
(C) : y = f(x)
0 1 x
x=a
x¿ GasIumtUtedk
GnuKmn_ y  f (x) ebI lim f (x)  b ¦ lim f (x)  b
x   x  
50
ena¼eKfabnÞat´mansmIkar y  b CaGasIumtUtedk
énRkabtag f (x) .
y
(C) : y = f(x)
y = b
0 1 x
K¿ GasIumtUteRTt
GnuKmn_ y  f (x) ebIeKGacsresr f (x)  ax  b  g(x)
EdllImIt lim g(x)  0 ena¼eKfabnÞat´mansmIkar
x  
y  ax  b CaGasIumtUteRTténRkabtag f ( x ) .
y
(C) : y = f(x)
1 y = ax + b
0 1 x
51
lMhat;TI1
cUrKNnalImItxageRkam ³
2 3
k> lim x  xx  1x  3
x 1
2 3 n
x> lim x  x  x x.......

x 1
1
x 3
, n  IN *
dMeNaHRsay
KNnalImItxageRkam ³
2 3
k> lim x  xx  1x  3
x 1
( x  1)  ( x 2  1)  ( x 3  1)
 lim
x 1
x 1
( x  1)  ( x  1)( x  1)  ( x  1)( x 2  x  1)
 lim
x 1
( x  1)
 lim
x 1
1  ( x  1)  ( x 2  x  1)  1  2  3  6
x  x2  x3  3
dUcenH > lim 6 .
x 1
x 1
x  x 2  x 3  .......  x n  3
x> lim , n  IN *
x 1
x 1
(x  1)  (x 2  1)  (x 3  1)  .....  (x n  1)
 lim
x 1
x 1
(x  1)  (x  1)(x  1)  (x  1)(x 2  x  1)  ...  (x  1)(x n 1  ...  x  1)
 lim
x 1
x 1
2 n 1
 lim
x 1
1  (x  1)  (x  x  1)  ...  (x  ...  x  1)
n(n  1)
 1  2  3  .......  n 
2
x  x 2  x 3  ......  x n  n n (n  1)
dUcenH lim  .
x 1
x 1 2
52
lMhat;TI2
k> lim 1 1 x  1 3x 
x 1 3
x> lim(1 1 x  1 nx ) , n  IN *

x 1 n
K> lim 1 mx  1 nx  , m, n  IN *

x 1 m n
dMeNaHRsay
k> lim 1 1 x  1 3x 
x 1 3
 1 3 
 lim   2 
x 1
1  x (1  x )(1  x  x ) 
 (1  x  x 2 )  3 
 lim  2 
x 1
 (1  x )(1  x  x ) 
( x  1)  ( x 2  1) ( x  1)  ( x  1)( x  1)
 lim  lim
x 1
(1  x )(1  x  x 2 ) x 1  ( x  1)( x 2  x  1)
1  ( x  1) 1 2
 lim   1
x 1
 ( x 2  x  1)  3
 1 3 
dUcenH lim   3 
 1 .
x 1
 1  x 1  x 
x> lim(1 1 x  1 nx ) , n  IN *

x 1 n
53
 1 n 
 lim
x 1 
 n 1 
1  x (1  x )(1  x  ...  x ) 
(1  x  ...  x n 1 )  n
 lim
x 1
(1  x )(1  x  ....  x n 1 )
( x  1)  ....  ( x n 1  1)
 lim
x 1
 ( x  1)(1  x  ...  x n 1 )
( x  1)  ......  ( x  1)( x n  2  ....  x  1)
 lim
x 1
 ( x  1)(1  x  .....  x n 1 )
1  .....  ( x n  2  ....  x  1) 1  2  .....  (n  1) n 1
 lim   
x 1
 (1  x  .....  x n 1 ) n 2
1 n n 1
dUcenH lim(  )   .
x 1
1  x 1  xn 2
 m n 
K> lim  m
 n 
, m, n  IN *
x 1
 1  x 1  x 
 1 n 1 m 
 lim  2
  
x 1
1 x 1 x 1 x 1 xm 
 1 n   1 m 
 lim   n     m 
x 1
 1  x 1  x   1  x 1  x 
 1 n   1 m 
 lim   n   lim   m 
x 1
 1  x 1  x  x 1  1  x 1  x 
 n  1  m  1  n  1  m  1 m  n
      
 2   2  2 2
 m n  mn
dUcenH lim  m
 n 
 .
x 1
 1  x 1  x  2

54
lMhat;TI3
k> lim 1  (1  x)(1 x 2x)(1  3x)
x 0
x> lim 1  (1  x)(1  2x)(x1  3x)......(1  nx) , n  IN *

x 0
dMeNaHRsay
KNnalImItxageRkam
k> lim 1  (1  x)(1 x 2x)(1  3x)
x 0
1  (1  x )  (1  x )[1  (1  2 x )]  (1  x )(1  2 x )[1  (1  3x )]

 lim
x 0

x
 x  2 x (1  x )  3x (1  x )(1  2 x )
 lim
x0
x
  lim
x 0
1  2(1  x )  3(1  x )(1  2x )   (1  2  3)  6
dUcenH lim 1  (1  x)(1 x 2x)(1  3x)  6 .
x 0
x> lim 1  (1  x)(1  2x)(x1  3x)......(1  nx) , n  IN *

x 0
1  (1  x )  (1  x )[1  (1  2x )]  ...  (1  x )(1  2x )...(1  (n  1) x )[1  (1  nx)]

 lim
x 0 x
 x  2x (1  x )  .....  nx(1  x )(1  2x )....(1  (n  1) x )
 lim
x 0 x
  lim1  2(1  x )  3(1  x )(1  2x )  ....  n (1  x )(1  2x )...(1  (n  1) x 
x 0
n (n  1)
 (1  2  3  .....  n )  
2
1  (1  x )(1  2 x )(1  3x )....(1  nx ) n (n  1)
dUcenH lim  .
x 1
x 2
 55
lMhat;TI4
3
k> lim (1  x) x (3x  1)

x 0 2
x> lim (1  x) x (nx  1) , n  IN *

x 0 2
dMeNaHRsay
3
k> lim (1  x) x (3x  1)

x 0 2
1  3x  3x 2  x 3  3x  1
 lim
x 0
x2
3x 2  x 3
 lim 2
 lim 3  x   3
x 0
x x 0
(1  x ) 3  (3x  1)
dUcenH lim 2
3 .
x 0
x
n
(1  x )  (nx  1)
x> lim , n  IN *
x 0
x2
n
tamrUbmnþeTVFajÚtun (1  x)  C 0n  C1n x  C n2 x 2  C 3n x 3  ...  C nn x n
n ( n  1) 2
1  nx  x  C 3n x 3  ....  C nn x n  nx  1
 lim 2
x0
x2
n ( n  1) 2
x  C 3n x 3  ....  C nn x n
 lim 2
x0
x2
 n (n  1)  n (n  1)
 lim   C 3n x  ....  C nn x n  2  
x0
 2  2
(1  x ) n  (nx  1) n (n  1)
dUcenH lim 2
 .
x 0
x 2
56
lMhat;TI5
4 3
k> lim 3x (x41x)  1

x 1 2
n 1 n
x> lim nx (x(n1)1)x  1 , n  IN *

x 1 2
dMeNaHRsay
4 3
k> lim 3x (x41x)  1

x 1 2
(3x 4  3x 3 )  ( x 3  1) 3x 3 ( x  1)  ( x  1)( x 2  x  1)
 lim  lim
x 1
( x  1) 2 x 1
( x  1) 2
3x 3  x 2  x  1 ( x 3  x 2 )  ( x 3  x )  ( x 3  1)
 lim  lim
x 1
x 1 x 1
x 1
x 2 ( x  1)  x ( x  1)( x  1)  ( x  1)( x 2  x  1)
 lim
x 1
x 1
2 2
 lim
x 1
x  x ( x  1)  ( x  x  1)  1  2  3  6
3x 4  4 x 3  1
dUcenH lim 2
6 .
x 1
( x  1)
nx n 1  (n  1) x n  1
x>lim , n  IN *
x 1
( x  1) 2
nx n ( x  1)  ( x  1)( x n 1  ....  x 2  x  1)
 lim
x 1
( x  1) 2
( x n  x n 1 )  ....  ( x n  x )  ( x n  1)
 lim
x 1
x 1
x ( x  1)  ...  x ( x  1)( x n  2  ...  x  1)  ( x  1)( x n 1  ...  x  1)
n 1
 lim
x 1
x 1
 limx  ....  x ( x  ...  x  1)  ...( x n 1  ...  x  1)
n 1 n2
x 1
n (n  1)
 1  2  ....  (n  1)  n  57
2
lMhat;TI6
4
k> lim x x x 4x x 3 1

x 1 3 2
n 1
x> lim xx (nx 1)xx 1n , n , p  IN *

x 1 p 1 p
dMeNaHRsay
4
k> lim x x x 4x x 3 1

x 1 3 2
( x 4  x )  3( x  1) x ( x  1)( x 2  x  1)  3( x  1)
 lim  lim
x 1
x 2 ( x  1)  ( x  1) x 1 ( x  1)( x 2  1)
x3  x2  x  3 ( x 3  1)  ( x 2  1)  ( x  1)
 lim  lim
x 1
x2  1 x 1
( x  1)( x  1)
( x 2  x  1)  ( x  1)  1 3  2  1 6
 lim   3
x 1
x 1 2 2
4
x  4x  3
dUcenH lim 3 3 .
x 1
x  x2  x  1
x n 1  (n  1) x  n
x> lim , n , p  IN *
x 1
x p1  x p  x  1
( x n 1  x )  n ( x  1) x ( x  1)( x n 1  ...  x  1)  n ( x  1)
 lim p
 lim
x 1
x ( x  1)  ( x  1) x 1
( x  1)( x p  1)
x n  ....  x 2  x  n ( x n  1)  ....  ( x 2  1)  ( x  1)
 lim  lim
x 1
xp  1 x 1
xp  1
( x  1)( x n 1  ...  x  1)  ...  ( x  1)( x  1)  ( x  1)
 lim
x 1
( x  1)( x p1  ....  x  1)
( x n 1  .....  x  1)  ....  ( x  1)  1 n  ....  2  1 n (n  1)
 lim  
x 1
x p1  ....  x  1 p 2p
x n 1  (n  1) x  n n (n  1)
dUcenH lim p1  . 58
x 1
x  xp  x  1 2p
lMhat;TI7
n
k> lim (1  axx)  1

x 0
n p
x> lim (1  ax) x (1  bx)

x 0
n p
K> lim (1  ax) (1x bx)  1 , n , p IN * , a, b  IR

x 0
dMeNaHRsay
n
k> lim (1  axx)  1

x 0
n 1
 lim
(1  ax)  1 (1  ax )  ....  (1  ax )  1
x0
x
 lim a (1  ax ) n 1  ....  (1  ax )  1  a 1  1  .....  1  n.a
x0
(1  ax ) n  1
dUcenH lim  na .
x 0
x
(1  ax ) n  (1  bx ) p
x> lim
x 0
x
(1  ax )  1  (1  bx ) p  1
n
 lim
x 0
x
n
(1  ax )  1 (1  bx ) p  1
 lim  lim  an  bp
x 0
x x 0
x
(1  ax ) n  (1  bx ) p
dUcenH lim  an  bp .
x 0
x
(1  ax ) n (1  bx ) p  1
K> lim , n , p IN * , a , b  IR
x 0
x
(1  ax ) (1  bx ) p  1  (1  ax ) n  1
n
 lim
x 0
x
p
n (1  bx )  1 (1  ax ) n  1 59
 lim(1  ax )  lim  bp  an
x 0
x x 0
x
lMhat;TI8
2 3
k> lim 2x x52 3

x2
c> lim xx82
x 8
2 2
x> lim xx 14 3

x2 3
q> lim 1 xx  1
x 0 3 2
2 3 2
K> lim x  3xx  1 3x  1

x 1
C> lim xx  xx  6060
x2 2 3 2
2 3
X> lim 2xx  316 xx  26

x 3
Q> lim x  1 x x  1
x 0
g> lim x 2x11 3x x 1

x 1
2
k> lim 2x x52 3

x2
2x 2  5  3 2( x  2)( x  2)
 lim  lim
x2
( x  2)( 2 x 2  5  3 ) x 0
( x  2)( 2 x 2  5  3 )
2( x  2) 8 4 3
 lim  
x2
2x 2  5  3 2 3 3
2x 2  5  3 4 3
dUcenH lim  .
x2
x2 3
x2  4
x> lim
x2
x3  1  3
( x  2)( x  2)( x 3  1  3) ( x  2)( x  2)( x 3  1  3)
 lim  lim
x 2
x3  8 x2
( x  2)( x 2  2 x  4)
( x  2)( x 3  1  3) 4.6
 lim  2
x2
x 2  2x  4 12 60
x 2  3x  3x  1
K>lim
x 1
x 1
2
 lim
x  3x  3x  1. x 1
x 1
x 1 x 2  3x  3 x  1
( x  1)( x  1) x 1
 lim . 2
x 1
x 1 x  3x  3x  1
( x  1)( x  1) 2.2
 lim  1
x 1
x 2  3x  3x  1 2 2
x 2  3x  3x  1
dUcenH lim 1 .
x 1
x 1
x 2  16  x  2
X> lim
x 3
2x  3  x  6
x 2  16  x 2  4 x  4 2 x  3  x  6
 lim .
x 3
2x  3  x  6 x 2  16  x  2
 4( x  3)( 2 x  3  x  6)
 lim
x 3
( x  3)( x 2  16  x  2)
4( 2 x  3  x  6) 4.6 12
  lim  
x 3
x 2  16  x  2 10 5
x 2  16  x  2 12
dUcenH lim   .
x 3
2x  3  x  6 5
x  1  3x  1
g>lim
x 1
2x  1  x
x 2  2 x  1  3x  1 2 x  1  x
 lim .
x 1
4 x 2  4 x  1  x x  1  3x  1
x ( x  1)(2 x  1  x )
 lim
x 1
( x  1)(4 x  1)( x  1  3x  1)
x (2x  1  x ) 2 1
 lim  
x 1
(4 x  1)( x  1  3x  1) 3.4 6
x  1  3x  1 1
dUcenH lim  .
x 1
2x  1  x 6 61
3
c> lim xx82

x 8
x8
 lim
x 2
( x  8)(3 x 2  23 x  4)

1 1 1
 lim 3 2  
x2
x  2 3 x  4 4  4  4 12
3
x2
dUcenH lim .
x 8
x8
x2
q> lim
x 0 3
1 x2  1
x 2 [3 (1  x 2 ) 2  3 1  x 2  1]
 lim
x 0
1 x2  1
 lim
x
3
(1 
0
x 
2 2
)  3
1  x 2
1 111 3 
x2
dUcenH lim 3 .
x 0 3
1 x2  1
3
 x 2  60
C> lim xx
x2 2
 3 x 2  60
4 2 2 2 2
x 6  x 2  60 x  x 3 x  60  3 ( x  60)
 lim 6 .
x2
x  x 2  60 x 3  x 2  60
x 4  x 2 3 x 2  60  3 ( x 2  60) 2 16  16  16 48
 lim   3
x2
x 3  x 2  60 88 16
x 3  x 2  60
dUcenH lim 3 .
x 2  3 x 2  60
x2
x 1  3 x 1
Q> lim x 0
x
 lim

x  1  1  (1  3 x  1) lim
x 1 1
 lim
1 3 x 1
x 0
x x0
x x0
x
x 11 1 x 1
 lim  lim
x 0
x ( x  1  1) x  0 x (1  3 x  1  3 ( x  1) 2 )
1 1 1 1 5
 lim  lim    62
x 0
x  1  1 x  0 1  3 x  1  3 ( x  1) 2 2 3 6
lMhat;TI9
 6 x 4  12x 3  x  2 3 x 3  x 2  60 
A  lim 6  
x2 
x2 x 2  3 x 2  60 

dMeNaHRsay
 6x 4  12x 3  x  2 3 x 3  x 2  60 
A  lim 6  

x2 x2 x 2  3 x 2  60
 
4
tag U  6x  12 x 3  x  2  6 x 3 ( x  2)  ( x  2)  ( x  2)(6 x 3  1)
3 2 x 6  x 2  60 W
V  x  x  60  
x 3  x 2  60 x 3  x 2  60
6
Edl W  x  x 2  60  ( x 6  64)  ( x 2  4)
 (x 2  4)(x 4  4x 2  16)  (x 2  4)
 (x  2)(x  2)(x 4  4x 2  15)
2 3 2 x 6  x 2  60
tag T  x  x  60 
x 4  x 2 3 x 2  60  3 ( x 2  60) 2
W
 .
4 23 2 3 2 2
x x x  60  ( x  60)
3
 U V
A  lim  6  
x 2
 x  2 T 
 U V2 
 lim  6 . 3 
x 2 
 x2 T 
63
 3
(x 4  x 2 3 x 2  60  3 (x 2  60) 2 ) 3 
 (x  2)(6x  1) W2 
 lim 6 . 
x 2
 x2 (x 3  x 2  60) 2 W3 
 
 (x  2)(6x 3  1)(x 4  x 2 3 x 2  60  3 (x 2  60) 2 ) 3 
 
 lim 6 
x 2
 (x  2)(x 3  x 2  60) 2 (x  2)(x  2)(x 4  4x 2  15) 
 
 (6x 3  1)(x 4  x 2 3 x 2  60  3 (x 2  60) 2 ) 3  3
  6 47.48
 lim 6   16.162.47  3
x 2
 (x  2) 2 (x 3  x 2  60) 2 (x 4  4x 2  15)
 
 6x 4  12x 3  x  2 3 x 3  x 2  60 
dUcenH A  lim 6   3
x 2
 x2 x 2
 3
x 2
 60 


64
lMhat;TI10
KNnalImIténGnuKmn_xageRkamenH
x2 1 x3 1  x 4 1
A  lim
x 1
x 1 x 1  x2 1
dMeNaHRsay
KNnalImIt ³
x2 1 x3 1  x 4 1
A  lim
x 1
x 1 x 1  x2 1
x3  1 x4  1
( x  1)( x  1) 
x3  1  x4  1
 lim
x 1 x  1 x2 1
( x  1) 
x  1  x2 1
x 3 ( x  1)
( x  1)( x  1) 
x3  1  x4  1
 lim
x 1 x ( x  1)
( x  1) 
x 1  x2 1
x3
( x  1)[ x  1  ]
3 4
x 1 x 1
 lim
x 1 x
( x  1)(1  )
2
x 1  x 1
x3 1
x  1 2 
x3  1  x4  1 2 2 4 2 1 ( 4 2  1)( 2  1)
 lim   
x 1 x 1 2( 2  1) 2
1 1
x 1  x2 1 2
8  4 2  2 1 7  3 2
 
2 2
65
lMhat;TI11
cUrKNnalImItxageRkamenH
3
k> lim 1 xcos

x 0
sin x
2x
c> lim 1  cos xx cos 2x
x 0 2
x> lim tan xx sin x

x 0 3
q> lim 11 cos
x 0
cos x
2x
K> lim 23sin

x 0
sin x  sin 2 x
x  sin 3x
C> lim 2 x. tan1 xcos x
x 0
X> lim 1cos cos2x 2xcos

x 0
4x
cos 4 x
Q> lim cos
x 0
1  sin  cos x
x  cos 3x
3
g> lim 1  cos(x1  cos x)

x 0 4
j> lim x1(1 cos
x 0
cos 3x
x)
dMeNaHRsay
KNnalImIt ³
3
k> lim 1 xcos

x 0
sin x
2x
(1  cos 2 x )(1  cos 2 x  cos 2 2 x )

 lim
x0
x sin x
2 sin x (1  cos 2 x  cos 2 2 x )
2
 lim
x0
x sin x
sin x 2
 2 lim . lim (1  cos 2 x  cos 2 x )  2.1.3  6
x0
x x 0
1  cos 3 2 x
dUcenH lim 6 .
x 0
x sin x
tan x  sin x
x>lim
x 0
x3
sin x
eday tan x   sin x  cos x. tan x
cos x
66
x
2 tan x sin 2
tan x  cos x. tan x tan x (1  cos x ) 2
 lim  lim  lim
x 0
x3 x0
x3 x 0
x3
x
sin 2
tan x 2  2.1. 1  1
 2 lim . lim
x 0
x x 0 x 2 4 2
tan x  sin x 1
dUcenH lim  .
x 0
x3 2
2 sin x  sin 2 x
K> lim
x 0
3 sin x  sin 3x
2 sin x  2 sin x cos x
 lim
x  0 3 sin x  (3 sin x  4 sin 3 x )
2 sin x (1  cos x )
 lim
x 0 4 sin 3 x
x x
4 sin x sin 2 sin 2
 lim 2  lim 2
3 2
x 0 4 sin x x  0 sin x
 x 
sin 2
 lim (
 2 ) 2 . 1 . x   12. 1 .12  1
x 2 
x 0
 4 sin x  4 4
 2 
2 sin x  sin 2x 1
dUcenH lim  .
x  0 3 sin x  sin 3x 4
X> lim 1cos cos2x 2xcos

x 0
4x
cos 4 x
(1  cos 4x )  (1  cos 2 x )
 lim
x  0 (1  cos 2 x )  cos 2 x (1  cos 4 x )
2 sin 2 2 x  2 sin 2 x sin 2 2 x  sin 2 x

 lim  lim 2
x  0 2 sin 2 x  2 cos 2 x sin 2 2 x x  0 sin x  cos 2 x sin 2 2 x
sin 2 2x sin 2 x

x 2
x 2 4 1 3
 lim  
x  0 sin 2 x sin 2 2 x 1  4 5
 cos 2x.
x2 x2
cos 2 x  cos 4 x 3
dUcenH lim 
x 0
1  cos 2 x cos 4 x 5 67
g> lim 1  cos(x1  cos x)
x 0 4
x x
1  cos(2 sin 2 ) 2 sin 2 (sin 2 )
 lim 2  lim 2
4 4
x 0
x x0
x
x x
sin 2 (sin 2 ) sin 4
 2 lim 2 . 2 . 1  2. 1  1
x0 x x 16 16 8
(sin 2 ) 2 ( )4
2 2
dUcenH lim 1  cos(x1  cos x)  18 .
x 0 4
c> lim 1  cos xx cos 2x

x 0 2
(1  cos x )  cos x (1  cos 2 x )

 lim
x 0
x2
1  cos x cos x (1  cos 2 x )
 lim  lim
x 0
x2 x0
x 2 (1  cos 2 x )
x
2 sin 2
2 2 cos x sin 2 x
 lim  lim
x 0
x2 x0
x 2 (1  cos 2 x )
x
sin 2
2 1 sin 2 x cos x
 2 lim .  2 lim 2 .
x 0 x 4 x0
x 1  cos 2 x
( )2
2
1 1
 2.  2.  2
2 2
1  cos x cos 2 x
dUcenH > lim 2 .
x 0
x2
1  cos x
q> lim
x 0
1  cos 2 x
1  cos x 1  cos 2 x
 lim .
x 0
1  cos 2 x 1  cos x
68
x
2 sin 2
 lim 2 .1  cos 2 x
x 0
2 sin 2 x 1  cos x
x
sin 2
2 x 2 1 1  cos 2 x 1
 lim0 . . . 
x x 2 sin 2 x 4 1  cos x 4
( )
2
1  cos x 1
dUcenH lim .
x 0
1  cos 2 x 4
2  1  cos x
C> lim
x 0
x. tan x
2  1  cos x
 lim
x 0
x tan x ( 2  1  cos x )
x
2 sin 2
1  cos x 2
 lim  lim
x 0
x tan x ( 2  1  cos x ) x  0 x tan x ( 2  1  cos x )
x
sin 2
 2 lim 2 . x .1. 1

2
x 0 x tan x 4 2  1  cos x 8
( )2
2
2  1  cos x 2
dUcenH lim  .
x 0
x. tan x 8
1  sin 2  cos x
Q> lim
x0
cos x  cos 3x
1  sin 2 x  cos 2 x cos x  cos 3x
 lim .
x 0
cos x  cos 3x 1  sin 2 x  cos x
sin 2 x  (1  cos 2 x ) cos x  cos 3x
 lim .
x 0 x  3x x  3x 1  sin 2 x  cos x
2 sin sin
2 2
2 sin 2 x cos x  cos 3x
 lim .
x 0
2 sin 2 x.sin( x ) 1  sin 2 x  cos x
sin x 2 x 1 cos x  cos 3x 1
  lim . . .   69
x 0
x sin 2 x 2 1  sin 2 x  cos x 2
lMhat;TI12
1  cos x cos 2 x cos 3x
A  lim
x 0

x2
1  cos x cos 2 x cos 3x....... cos nx
B  lim
x 0
x2
dMeNaHRsay
1  cos x cos 2 x cos 3x
A  lim
x 0
x2
(1  cosx)  cosx(1  cos2x)  cosx cos2x(1  cos3x)
 lim
x0 x2
x 3x
2sin2  2 cosx sin2 x  2 cosx cos2x sin2
 lim 2 2
2
x0 x
 2x 3x 
 sin 2 sin2 
sin x 2   2 ( 1  1 9)  7
 2 lim 2 2  cosx 2  cosx cos2x.
x0
 x x x2  4 4
 
 
1  cos x cos 2 x cos 3x....... cos nx
B  lim
x 0
x2
(1  cos x)  cos x(1  cos 2x)  ...  cos x cos 2x...cos(n  1)x (1  cos nx)
 lim
x 0 x2
x nx
2 sin 2  2 cos x sin 2 x  ...  2 cos x cos 2x...cos(n  1)x.sin 2
 lim 2 2
2
x 0 x
 2x nx 
 sin 2 sin 2 
2 sin x x
 2 lim 2  cos x. 2  ....  cos x cos 2x...cos(n  1)x. 2

x 0
 x x x 
 
 
1 n2 12  2 2  .....  n 2 n(n  1)(2n  1) 70
 2 (  1  ......  )  2 . 
4 4 4 12
lMhat;TI13
1  cos n x
A n  lim
x 0
x2
n  cos x  cos 2 x  cos 3 x  ......  cos n x
B n  lim
x 0
x2
dMeNaHRsay
KNnalImIt
1  cos n x
A n  lim
x 0
x2
(1  cos x )(1  cos x  cos 2 x  ....  cos n 1 x )
 lim
x 0
x2
x
2 sin 2 (1  cos x  cos 2 x  ....  cos n 1 x )
 lim 2
x 0
x2
x
sin 2
 2 lim 2 . 1 (1  cos x  cos 2 x  .....  cos n 1 x )
x 0 x 4
( )2
2
1 n
 2. .(1  1  1  ...  1) 
4 2
1  cos n x n
dUcenH A n  lim  .
x0 x2 2
n  cos x  cos 2 x  cos 3 x  ......  cos n x
B n  lim
x 0
x2
71
(1  cos x )  (1  cos 2 x )  (1  cos 3 x )  .....  (1  cos n x )
 lim
x 0
x2
n
 1  cos n x  n  1  cos n x 
 lim   2
    lim 2

x 0
n 1  x  n 1  x 0
x 
n
n 1  2  3  ....  n n ( n  1)
 ( )  
n 1 2 2 4
dUcenH
n  cos x  cos 2 x  cos 3 x  ......  cos n x n (n  1)
B n  lim 2

x 0
x 4
lMhat;TI14
x
1  sin
k> lim
x 1
2
(1  x ) 2
c> lim(4  x ) tan 4x
x 2
2
cos x
x> lim 2
x    4x
2
q> lim(  x ) tan x2
x 
2
sin x  cos x
K> lim
x   4x
C> lim 1 1  tan
x

x
2 sin x
4 4
2  1  sin x   3x
X> lim x

cos 2
x
Q> lim x

3  2 sin x
2 3
x 3  1  tan x x3  8
g> lim j> lim
x 1
1 x 2 x2 
cos
x
72
dMeNaHRsay
x
1  sin
k> lim 2
x 1
(1  x ) 2
tag z  1  x naM[ x  1  z kalNa x  1 enaH z  0
 z z
1  sin(  ) 1  cos
 lim 2 2  lim 2
z 0
z2 z 0
z2
z z
2 sin 2 sin 2
4 4 2 2
 lim  2 lim . 
z 0
z 2 z 0  z 16 8
( )2
4
x
1  sin
2 2
dUcenH lim 2
 .
x 1
(1  x ) 8
cos x
x>lim 2 2
x    4x
2
  
tag z x naM[ x  z kalNa x enaH z  0
2 2 2

cos(  z)
2 sin z
 lim  lim
z0
2  2
z 0
 2   2  4z  4z 2
  4(  z )
2
sin z sin z 1 1
 lim  lim . 
z0
4z  4z 2 z0 z 4  4z 4
73
cos x 1
dUcenH lim 2 2
 .
x    4x 4
2
sin x  cos x
K> lim
x
4
  4x
  
tag z x naM[ x  z kalNa x enaH z0
4 4 4
 
sin(  z)  cos(  z )
 lim 4 4
z 0 
  4(  z )
4
2 2 2 2
( cos z  sin z )  ( cos z  sin z )
 lim 2 2 2 2
z 0
4z
 2 sin z 2 sin z 2
 lim   lim  
z 0
4z 4 z 0 z 4
sin x  cos x 2
dUcenH lim 
x
4
  4x 4
2  1  sin x
X> lim
x

cos 2
x
2
  
tag z x naM[x  z kalNax enaH z  0
2 2 2

2  1  sin(  z )
2 2  1  cos z
 lim  lim
z0
2 
z 0
sin 2 z
cos (  z)
2
74
2  1  cos z 1  cos z
 lim  lim
z0
sin 2 z . ( 2  1  cos z ) z 0 sin 2 z ( 2  1  cos z )
z
2 sin 2
 lim 2
z0
sin 2 z . ( 2  1  cos z )
z
sin 2
2 z2 1 1 1 1 2
 2 lim . . .  2. . 
z 0 z 2 sin 2 z 4 2  1  cos z 4 2 2 8
( )
2
2  1  sin x 2
dUcenH lim 2
 .
x
2
cos x 8
x 3  1  tan x
g> lim
x 1
1 x 2
tag z  1  x naM[ x  1  z kalNa x  1 enaH z  0
(1  z) 3  1  tan(  z )
 lim
z0
1  (1  z ) 2
1  3z  3z 2  z 3  1  tan z
 lim
z0
1  1  2z  z 2
 3z  3z 2  z 3  tan z
 lim
z0
2z  z 2
tan z
z(3  3z  z 2  )
z 3 
 lim 
z0
z( 2  z) 2
x 3  1  tan x 3 
dUcenH lim  
x 1
1 x2 2
2 x
c> lim ( 4  x ) tan
x 2
4
tag z  2  x naM[ x  2  z kalNa x  2 enaH z  0 75
2 
 lim 4  ( 2  z ) tan (2  z)
z0
4
z
2  z 4 . 4  16
 lim ( 4 z  z ) tan(  )  lim ( 4  z )
z0
2 4 z 0 z  
tan
4
2 x 16
dUcenH lim ( 4  x ) tan  .
x2
4 
q> lim(  x ) tan x2
x 
tag z    x naM[ x    z kalNa , x   enaH z  0

z  z z
 lim z tan  lim z tan(  )  lim z cot z  lim 1
z 0
2 z 0
2 2 z 0 z 0
tan z
x
dUcenH lim (   x ) tan 1 .
x 
2
1  tan x
C>lim
x 1  2 sin x
4
  
tag z x naM[ x  z kalNa ,x  enaH z0
4 4 4
 1  tan z
1  tan(  z) 1
 lim 4  lim 1  tan z
z0
1  2 sin(  z )
 z0
2 2
1  2 ( cos z  sin z)
4 2 2
2 tan z
 lim
z0
(1  cos z  sin z)(1  tan z )
tan z
z 1
 2 lim
z  0 1  cos z
 2 . 2
sin z (0  1)(1  0)
(  )(1  tan z )
z z
76
1  tan x
dUcenH lim 2 .
x 1  2 sin x
4
  3x
Q> lim
x
3
3  2 sin x
tag z  3  x naM[ x  3  z kalNa , x  3 enaH z  0

  3(  z)
3 3z
 lim  lim
z 0 
3  2 sin(  z)
z 0
3 1
3  2( cos z  sin z)
3 2 2
3z 3 3
 lim  lim   3
z 0
3  3 cos z  sin z z 0 3 1  cos z  sin z 0  1
z z
  3x
dUcenH lim  3 .
x
3
3  2 sin x

77
lMhat;TI15

tan
2  x
k> lim(x
x 2
 x  2) tan
x
c> lim
x 1
1 x 2
2
3 1  sin
1 x x3
x> limx 1 
q> lim
x 1
(1  x ) 2
cos
x 1
(2  x ) 2
K> lim
x2 
C> lim 2 2x
x2
1  sin sin
x
x
x
cos
X> lim
x 
x
x
Q> lim(1  x ) tan xx1
x 1
2
x 3
g> lim
x 3 x
j> lim(2x  x ) cot 2x
x2
2
cos
x3
dMeNaHRsay
k> lim(x  x  2) tan x
x 2
2
1 1 1
tag z xnaM[ kalNa , x  2 enaH z
x z 2
1 1
 lim1 ( 2   2) tan z
z
2
z z 78
1 1 1
tag u z naM[ z u kalNa ,z  enaH u0
2 2 2
1 1 1
 lim [   2 ] tan  (  u)
u 0 1 1 2
(  u)2 u
2 2
1 1
1   u  2(  u ) 2
2 2  3u  2u 2
 lim tan(  u )  lim cot(u )
u 0 1 2 u 0 1
(  u)2 (  u) 2
2 2
3  2u u 1 12
 lim 2
. . 
u 0
(0.5  u ) tan u  
2  12
dUcenH lim ( x  x  2 ) tan  .
x 2
x 
1 x3
x>lim
x 1 
cos
x 1
1 1 1
tag z naM[ x  1 kalNa ,x  1
enaH z
x 1 z 2
1
1  (  1) 3
 lim1 z
z
2
cos z
1 1 1
tag u  z naM[ z u kalNa ,z  enaH u0
2 2 2
1
1 (  1) 3
1 1 1
u (  u ) 3  (1   u ) 3
 lim 2  lim 2 2
u 0  u 0 1
cos(  u ) (  u ) 3 sin u
2 2
79
1 3 3 1 3 3
 u  u2  u3   u  u2  u3
 lim 8 4 2 8 4 2
u 0 1
(  u )3 sin u
2
3 3
 u  2u 3   2u 2
2 2 u 1 12
 lim  lim . .  
1 1
(  u ) 3 sin u 
u 0 u 0
3
(  u ) sin u 
2 2
1 x3 12
dUcenH lim
x 1
  .
 
cos
x 1
2
(2  x )
K>lim
x2 
1  sin
x
1 1 1
tag z naM[ x kalNa ,x  2enaH z
x z 2
1
(2  ) 2
 lim1 z
z  1  sin z
2
1 1 1
tag u  z naM[ z u kalNa ,z  enaH u0
2 2 2
1
(2  )2
0 . 5  u (1  2u  1) 2
 lim  lim 2
u 0  u 0
( 0 . 5  u ) (1  cos u )
1  sin(  u )
2
u
2 ( )2
4u 1 2 4 8
 lim  2 lim . . 
2 u (0.5  u ) 2 2 u 
2
u 0
2
u 0
2
(0.5  u ) 2 sin sin
2 2
2
(2  x ) 8
dUcenH lim  .
x 2  2 80
1  sin
x
x
cos
X> lim x
x 
x
tag t  xx  x  t t ebI x    t  2
cos t (  t ) cos t
 lim  lim
t
2
t t
2
(   2 t )

t
tag u  2  t  t  2  u ebI 
2
u0 t
  
(   u ) cos(  u ) u
2 2 2 sin u 1
 lim  lim . 
u 0
(     2 u ) u 0
2 u 4
x
cos
dUcenH lim x  1 .
x
x 4
x 3
g> limx 3 x
cos
x3
x
tag z
x3
naM[ x  3z z kalNa , x  3 enaH z  2
3z
3
3( 2z  )
 lim   z  lim
z
2
cos z z  (   z ) cos z
2
tag u  2  z  z  2  u ebI z

2
u0
3(  2u  )  6u
 lim
u 0
 lim
u 0
  
(   u ) cos(  u ) (  u ) sin u
2 2 2
6 u 12
 lim .  
u 0 
sin u 
u
2
81
x3 12
dUcenH lim  .
x3 x 
cos
x3

tan
c>lim x
x 1
1 x 2
1 1
tag z naM[ x kalNa ,x 1 enaH z  1
x z
tan z z 2 tan z
 lim  lim
z 1 1 z 1
z2 1
1 2
z
tag u  1  z naM[ z  1  u kalNa , z  1 enaH u  0
(1  u ) 2 tan(  u )
 lim
u 0
(1  u ) 2  1
(1  u ) 2 (  tan u )  (1  u ) 2 tan u 
 lim  lim . .  
u 0
2u  u 2 u 0
2u u 2

tan
dUcenH lim x  .
x 1
1 x2 2
2
1  sin
q>lim x3
x 1
(1  x ) 2
1 1
tag z naM[ x  3
x3 z
1
kalNa ,x 1 enaH z
4
1  sin 2z z 2 (1  sin 2z)
 lim1  lim1
z
4 (1 
1 2 z ( 4 z  1 ) 2
 3) 4
z 82
1
tag u
4
z naM[ z  14  u
1
kalNa ,z  enaH u  0
4

(0.25  u ) 2 [1  sin(  u )]
2 (0.25  u ) 2 (1  cos u )
 lim 2
 lim
u 0
(1  4u  1) u 0
16u 2
u
(0.25  u ) 2 .2 sin 2
 lim 2
2
u 0
16u
u
sin 2 2 2 2
1 2  1
2 .  . .  1  
 lim ( 0 . 25  u ) .
8 u 0 u 4 8 16 4 512
( )2
2
2
1  sin
x  3 2
dUcenH lim 2
 .
x 1
(1  x ) 512
2x
C>lim
x 2 2
sin
x
2 2
tag z naM[ x kalNa ,x  2enaH z 1
x z
2
2
 lim z  2 lim z  1
z 1
sin z z 1
z. sin z
tag u  1 z naM[ z  1 u kalNa , z  1 enaH u0
u
 2 lim
u 0
(1  u ) sin(   u )
1 u 1 2
 2 lim . .   83
u 0
1  u sin u  
2x 2
dUcenH lim  .
x2 2 
sin
x
2 x 8
Q> lim (1  x ) tan 
x 1
x 1 
2 2 4
j> lim ( 2 x  x ) cot 
x 2
x 

84
lMhat;TI16
3 2
eK[GnuKmn_ f (x)  ax x bx 2
4
cUrkMnt;cMnYnBit a nig b edIm,I[ lim f (x )  20 ?

x 2
dMeNaHRsay
kMnt;cMnYnBit a nig b ³
3 2
ax  bx  4
eyIgman f (x)  x  2
a ( x 3  8)  b( x 2  4)  (8a  4b  4)

( x  2)
a ( x  2)( x 2  2 x  4)  b( x  2)( x  2)  (8a  4b  4)

x2
8a  4b  4
 a ( x 2  2 x  4)  b ( x  2) 
x2
edIm,I[ lim f (x )  20 luHRtaEt nig RKan;Et 8a  4b  4  0
x 2
2
nig lima (x  2x  4)  b(x  2)  20 b¤ 12a  4b  20
x 2
8a  4b  4 (1)
eyIg)anRbB½næ 12
 a  4b  20 (2)
dksmIkarBIrenHGgÁnigGgÁeK)an 4a  24 naM[ a  6
yktémø a  6 CYskñúgsmIkar ¬!¦ eK)an 48  4b  4
naM[ b  13 .
dUcenH a  6 , b  13 .
85
lMhat;TI17
5 2
eK[GnuKmn_ f (x )  x  axx 1bx  2

k> cUrKNna lim f (x) cMeBaH a  1 , b  2 .
x1
x> kMnt;témø a nig b edIm,I[ lim f (x )  10 . x 1
dMeNaHRsay
k> KNna lim f (x) ³
x1
cMeBaH a  1 , b  2 eyIg)an ³
x 5  x 2  2x  2
lim f ( x )  lim
x 1 x 1
x 1
x 2 ( x  1)( x 2  x  1)  2( x  1)
 lim
x 1
x 1
2 2
 lim
x 1
x ( x  x  1)  2  3  2  1
x 5  x 2  2x  2
dUcenH lim f ( x )  lim 1 .
x 1 x 1
x 1
x> kMnt;témø a nig b
5 2
eyIgman f (x )  x  axx 1bx  2

( x 5  1)  a ( x 2  1)  b( x  1)  (a  b  3)

x 1
a b3
 x 4  x 3  x 2  x  1  a ( x  1)  b 
x 1
edIm,I[ lim f (x )  10 luHRtaEt a  b  3  0 b¤ a  b  3 (1)
x 1
4 3 2 86
nig limx  x  x  x  1  a (x  1)  b  10 b¤ 5  2a  b  10
x 1
naM[ 2a  b  5 (2) .
dksmIkar ¬!¦ nig ¬@¦ eK)an  a  8 naM[ a  8
nig b  3  a  11 .
dUcenH a  8 ; b  11 .
lMhat;TI18
3 4
( 2 x  1) 10 10 10 10
k> lim (4x  1)(x  1) c> limx  (x 1) x(x 210)  ... (x 10)
x  5 7 x 10 10
x> lim(x  x2 )  (x  x2 )  q> lim (1  x)(1  2x1)(1 x 3x)...(1  10x)

x 
2 2
x  10
5 5
K> lim x  42xx  38x  1 C> lim 33xx  xx  11

x 3 3 3 3 x  5 5
3 3 3 3
X> lim 27xx  432x3 8x1  1 Q> lim  x  x  x  x 

x  5 5 x  
3 3 2 3 3 2
g> lim  4x  7x  4x  5x  j> lim[ x  6x  x  6x ]
x  
2 2
x 
dMeNaHRsay
3 4
k> lim (4x(2x1)(x1)  1)

x  5 7
87
1 4
x 12 (2  3
)
 lim x
x  1 7 1
x 5 (4  5
) x (1  7
)
x x
1
(2  3 ) 4
x 24
 lim  4
x  1 1 4.1
(4  5 )(1  7 )
x x
(2 x  1) 4
3
dUcenH lim 4 .
x 
( 4 x 5  1)( x 7  1)
 2 2 2 2
x> lim
x  
( x  )  ( x  ) 
 x x 
 2 4 2 4
 lim  x  4  2
 x  4  2 
8
x 
 x x 
 2 2 2 2
dUcenH lim
x  
( x  )  ( x  )  8 .
 x x 
2x  3
K> lim
x  3
x 3  4 x  3 8x 3  1
3
x (2  )
 lim x
x 
4 1
x 3 1 2  x 3 8  3
x x
3
2
x 2 2
 lim  
x 
3 1
4 3 1 1 2 3
 8 3
x2 x
2x  3 2
dUcenH lim 
x  3
x 3  4 x  3 8x 3  1 3
88
27 x 3  4  33 8x 3  1
3
X> lim
x 
x  5 32x 5  1
4 1
x 3 27  3  3x 3 8  3
 lim x x
x 
1
x  x 5 32  5
x
3 27 
4 1
 3 3 8
x 3
x 3
3 6
 lim  3
x 
1 1 2
1  5 32  5
x
3
27 x 3  4  33 8x 3  1
dUcenH lim
x  5 5
3 .
x  32x  1
g> lim  4x  7x 
x  
2
4 x 2  5x 
4 x 2  7 x  4 x 2  5x
 xlim
 
4 x 2  7 x  4 x 2  5x
12 x
 xlim
 
7 5
x 4 x 4
x x
12 12
 xlim  3
 
7 5 22
4  4
x x
2 2
dUcenH lim
x  
4 x  7 x  4 x 
 5x  3
x 10  ( x  1)10  ( x  2)10  ...  ( x  10)10

c> lim
x 
x 10  1010
89
1 2 10
x 10  x 10 (1  )10  x 10 (1  )10  ....  x 10 (1  )10
 lim x x x
10
x  10
x 10 (1  10 )
x
1 2 10
1  (1  )10  (1  )10  ......  (1  )10
 lim x x x  1  1  1  ...  1  11
10
x  10
1  10
x
x 10  ( x  1)10  ( x  2)10  ...  ( x  10)10
dUcenH lim 10 10
 11
x 
x  10
(1  x )(1  2 x )(1  3x )...(1  10 x )
q>lim
x 
1  x 10
1 1 1 1
x (  1) x (  2) x (  3).....x (  10)
 lim x x x x
x  1
x 10 ( 10  1)
x
1 1 1 1
(  1)(  2)(  3)......(  10)
 lim x x x x  1.2.3....10  10!
x  1
10
1
x
(1  x )(1  2 x )(1  3x )...(1  10 x )
dUcenH lim 10
 10!
x 
1 x
3x  5 x 5  1
C>lim
x 
3x  5 x 5  1
1 1
3x  x 5 1  5
x (3  5 1  5 )
 lim x  lim x
x 
1 x
1
3x  x 1  5
5 x (3  5 1  5 )
x x
1
3  5 1
x 5
31
 lim  2
x 
1 3 1 90
3  5 1 5
x
3x  5 x 5  1
dUcenH lim
x  5 5
2 .
3x  x  1
Q> lim 
x  
x  x  x  x 

x x x x
 lim
x  
x x x  x
x
x (1  )
x x x
 lim  lim
x   x  
x x x  x x x
x (1  ) x
x
1 1
x 1 1
x x 1 1
 lim  lim  
x  
1 1
x  
1 1 1 1 2
x 1   x 1  1
x x3 x x3
dUcenH lim  x  x  x  x   1 .
x     2
j> lim[ 3
x 3  6x 2  3 x 3  6x 2 ]
x 
x 3  6x 2  x 3  6x 2
 lim
x 3
( x 3  6 x 2 ) 2  3 ( x 3  6 x 2 )( x 3  6 x 2 )  3 ( x 3  6 x 2 ) 2
12 x 2
 lim
x
3 x 6 (1 
6 2 3 6 6 6 6
)  x (1  )(1  )  3 x 6 (1  ) 2
x x x x
12 x 2
 lim
x
6 6 6 6
x 2 [ 3 (1  ) 2  3 (1  )(1  )  3 (1  ) 2 ]
x x x x
12 12
 lim  4
x
6 6 6 6 1  1  1
3 (1  ) 2  3 (1  )(1  )  3 (1  ) 2
x x x x
dUcenH lim[3 x 3  6 x 2  3 x 3  6 x 2 ]  4 . 91
x
lMhat;TI19
k> lim  x  2nx  1  x 
x  
2
x> lim  x  2x  1  x  4x  1  ........ 

x  
2 2
x 2  2nx  1  nx 
dMeNaHRsay
KNnalImIt
k> lim  x  2nx  1  x 
x  
2
x 2  2nx  1  x 2
 lim
x  
x 2  2nx  1  x
2nx  1
 lim
x  
2n 1
x 2 (1   )x
x x2
1 1
x (2n  ) 2n 
x x 2n
 lim  lim  n
x  
2n 1 x  
2n 1 1 1
x( 1    1) 1  1
x x2 x x2
dUcenH lim
x  
 
x 2  2nx  1  x  n
x> lim 
x  
x 2  2x  1  x 2  4x  1  ........  x 2  2nx  1  nx 

 lim ( x 2  2 x  1  x )  ( x 2  4 x  1  x )  ....  ( x 2  2nx  1  x )
x  

n 
 lim   ( x 2  2nx  1  x ) 
x  
 n 1 
n n
n ( n  1)
n 1
x  
2

  lim ( x  2nx  1  x )   ( n )  1  2  3  ....  n 
n 1 2
92
lMhat;TI20
k> lim  x  3nx  1  x 
x  
3 3 2
x> lim  x  3x  1  x  6x  1  ...... 

x  
3 3 2 3 3 2 3
x 3  3nx 2  1  nx 
dMeNaHRsay
k> lim  x  3nx  1  x 
x  
3 3 2
x 3  3nx 2  1  x 3
 lim
x 3
( x 3  3nx 2  1) 2  x 3 x 3  3nx 2  1  x 2
3nx 2  1
 lim
x
3n 1 2 3n 1
3 x 6 (1 
 3 )  x 3 x 3 (1   3 )  x2
x x x x
1
x 2 (3 n  2 )
 lim x
x 3n 1 2 3 3n 1
x 2 [ 3 (1   3 )  1  1 ]
x x x x3
1
3n  2
x 3n
 lim  n
x 3n 1 2 3 3n 1 1  1  1
3 (1   3 )  1  1
x x x x3
dUcenH lim  x  3nx  1  x   n

x  
3 3 2
x> lim  x  3x  1  x  6x  1  ...... 

x  
3 3 2 3 3 2 3
x 3  3nx 2  1  nx 

 lim ( 3 x 3  3x 2  1  x )  (3 x 3  6 x 2  1  x )  ...  ( 3 x 3  3nx 2  1  x )
x

n 3 3  n
 lim   ( x  3nx  1  x )    lim(3 x 3  3nx 2  1  x )
x
 n 1
2
 n 1 x  
 
n
n ( n  1)
  ( n )  1  2  3  ......  n 
n 1 2 93
lMhat;TI21
2 2 2 2
k> lim 1  2  3n  ......  n

n   3
3 3 3 3
x> lim  1  2  3n  ......  n  n4 

n   3
K> lim 1  23  278  ...........  ( 23 ) 

n  
n
 1 1 1 1 
lim
X> 1.5 5.9 9.13   ...... 
n   (4n  3)(4n  1) 
g> lim 1.41.7  4.71.10  7.101.13  ........  (3n  2)(3n1 1)(3n  4) 
n  
dMeNaHRsay
KNnalImIt
2 2 2 2
k> lim 1  2  3n  ......  n

n   3
n ( n  1)(2n  1)
 lim
n   6n 3
1 1 1 1
n 3 (1  )(2  ) (1  )(2  )
 lim n n  lim n n  1.2  1
n   6n 3 n   6 6 3
12  2 2  32  ......  n 2 1
dUcenH lim 3
 .
n   n 3
3 3 3 3
x> lim  1  2  3n  ......  n

n   3
n
 
4
 n 2 (n  1) 2 n 
 lim  3
 
n  
 4 n 4
 (n  1) 2 n  n 2  2n  1  n 2 2n  1 1
 lim     lim  lim  94
n  
 4 n 4  n   4 n n   4 n 2
 13  2 3  33  ......  n 3 n  1
dUcenH lim     .
n    n 3
4 2

 2 8 2 
K> lim 1    ...........  ( ) n 
n  
 3 27 3 
2
1  ( ) n 1 n 1
3 1  2
 lim  3eRBaH lim    0
n   2 2 n   3
 
1 1
3 3
 2 8 2 
dUcenH lim 1    ...........  ( ) n   3
n  
 3 27 3 
 1 1 1 1 
X> lim     ...... 
n   1.5
 5.9 9.13 (4n  3)(4n  1) 
n
tag S  11.5  51.9  9.113  .....  (4n  3)(1 4n  1)    (4k  3)(1 4k  1) 
n
k 1
n
1 1 1  1 n 1 1
  (  )   (  )
k 1  4 4 k  3 4k  1  4 k 1 4k  3 4k  1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1  1 1 
 (1  )  (  )  (  )  ...  (  )  1  
4 5 5 9 9 13 4n  3 4n  1  4  4n  1 
dUcenH lim S  lim 14 1  4n1 1   14 .

n  
n
n  
g> lim 1.41.7  4.71.10  7.101.13  ........  (3n  2)(3n1 1)(3n  4) 
n  
tag S  1.41.7  4.71.10  .................  (3n  2)(3n1 1)(3n  4)

n
n
 1 
  
k 1  (3k  2)(3k  1)(3k  4) 
n
1 1 1 
  
k 1 6  (3k  2)(3k  1) (3k  1)(3k  4) 
1 1 1 1 1  1 1 
 (  )(  )  ...    
6  1.4 4.7 4.7 7.10  (3n  2)(3n  1) (3n  1)(3n  4) 
1 1 1 
   95
6  4 (3n  1)(3n  4) 
1 1 1 1
dUcenH lim S n  lim [  ] .
n   n   6 4 (3n  1)(3n  4) 24
lMhat;TI22
k> lim  2 1 2  3 2 1 2 3  .........  (n  1) n 1 n. n  1 
n  
x> lim 1n  31 1  5 1 3  .....  2n  1 1 2n  1 

n  
1  11  111  ........  111

......
 111

n
K> lim
n   10 n
2 4 2n
X> lim (1  x)(1  x )(1  x )..........(1  x ) , | x |  1
n  
n p
3
 2 1 3 1 3
n 13   1 
g> lim  2  1. 3  1....... n  1 
3 3 3
lim n
c>    k(k  1) 

n   n  
p 1 k 1
dMeNaHRsay
 1 1 1 
lim  
k>  2  2 3 2  2 3  .........  
n  
(n  1) n  n. n  1 
eyIgtag
n 
1 1 1 1 
Sn    .....    
2 2 3 2  2 3 (n  1) n  n n  1 k 1  (k  1) k  k k  1 
96
n  1 
  
k 1  k . k  1( k  1  k)
n  k 1  k 
  
k 1  k. k  1 
n
 1 1  1 1 1 1 1
    (1  )  (  )  .....  (  )
k 1  k k  1  2 2 3 n n 1
1
 1
n 1
 1 
dUcenH lim S n  lim  1   1 .
n   n  
 n 1
x> lim 1n 

n  
1
3 1

1
5 3
 ..... 
1 

2n  1  2 n  1 
eyIgtag ³
1 1 1 1
Sn  (   .....  )
n 3 1 5 3 2n  1  2n  1
1 n  1 
   
n k 1  2k  1  2k  1 
1 n  2k  1  2k  1  n  2k  1  2k  1 
      
 
n k 1  2k  1  2k  1  k 1   2 

1 ( 3  1)  ( 5  3 )  ( 7  5 )  ..........  ( 2n  1  2n  1)

n 2
2n  1  1 1 1 1
  ( 2  )
2 n 2 n n
1  1 1  2
dUcenH lim S n  lim  2  
  .
n   2 n   n n  2
1  11  111  ........  111
......
 111

n
K> lim
n   10 n
97
9  99  999  .........  999....999
 lim
n   9.10 n
(10  1)  (10 2  1)  (10 3  1)  ...........  (10 n  1)
 lim
n   9.10 n
(10  10 2  10 3  .........  10 n  n )
 lim
n   9.10 n
10 n  1
10. n
10  1 10 n 1  10  9n
 lim  lim
n   9.10 n n   81.10 n
 10 10  9n  10
 lim   n 

n   81 81.10  81

1  11  111  ........  111
......
 111
 10
n
dUcenH lim . 
n   10 n 81
2 4 2n
X> lim (1  x)(1  x )(1  x )..........(1  x ) , | x |  1
n  
n 1
1  x 2 1  x 4 1  x 8 1 x2 
 lim  . . ............. 2  n
n   1  x 1  x 2 1  x 4
 1  x 
n 1
1 x2 1 n 1
 lim  , ( lim x 2  0  | x | 1 )
n   1  x 1 x n  
dUcenH lim (1  x)(1  x )(1  x )..........(1  x )  1 1 x , | x |  1 .

n  
2 4 2n
3 3 3
 2 1 3 1 n 1
lim  .
g>  2  1 3  1 n  1 
3
.......
3 3
n  
3 3 3 n 3 n 2
tag P  22  11. 33  11...... nn  11    kk  11     ((kk  11)()(kk  kk  11)) 
n 3 3 3
k2
3
k2
2
n
 k  1 k k 2  k  1
  . . 2
k2  k k  1 k  k  1
n 2
 k  1 n  k  n  k  k  1
       2 
k2  k  k2  k  1  k2  k  k  1 
1 2 n 2  n  1 2(n 2  n  1)
 . . 
n n 1 3 3n ( n  1) 98
2(n 2  n  1) 2
dUcenH lim Pn  lim  .
n   n   3n ( n  1) 3
n p
c> lim n    k(k1 1) 
n  
p 1 k 1
 n  p 1 1 
 lim n    (  ) 
n  
 p 1  k 1 k k  1 
 n  1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
 lim n   (1  )  (  )  (  )  ......  (  )  
n  
p
 1 2 2 3 3 4 p p  1 
 n  1   n  p 
 lim n   1     lim n    
n  
 p 1  p  1  n  
 p 1  p  1 
1 2 3 n  n
 lim n  . . ....   lim 1
n  
 2 3 4 n  1  n   n  1
 n  p 1 
dUcenH lim n       1 .
 p 1  k 1 k (k  1)  
n  
lMhat;TI23
cUrKNnalImIt ³
2x x  4
lim . tan( )
x 1  x 2 2x  3
dMeNaHRsay
KNnalImIt ³
2x x  4
lim . tan( )
x 1  x 2 2x  3 99
x  4 1 2x  8 1  (2x  3)  (8  3 )  8  3
eKman    
2x  3 2 2x  3 2 2x  3 2 2(2 x  3)
2x x  4 2x  8  3 
eK)an L  lim 2
. tan( )  lim tan 
 2 2( 2 x  3) 
1 x
x 2x  3 x  1  x 2  
2x 8  3
  lim . cot
x  1  x 2 2(2 x  3)
 8  3  8  3
BIeRBaH tan  2  2(2x  3)    cot 2(2x  3) .
tag y  2(82x33) kalNa x   enaH y  0 eK)an
2x 2x 1 y 2 x 2(2 x  3) y
L   lim 2
. cot y   lim 2
. .   lim . .
x 1  x x   (1  x ) y tan y x  1  x 2 8  3 tan y
y 0 y0 y0
4 2 x 2  3x y 8 8
 lim .   
 1  x 2
8  3 xy tan y 8  3 3  8
0
2x x  4 8
dUcenH lim . tan( )  .
x 1  x 2 2x  3 3  8

100
lMhat;TI24
x x
e e 2
e  x  cos 2 x
lim
k> sin 2x c> lim
x 0 x0 x2
ax bx 2 sin x tan 3 x
x> lim e x e , a, b  IR *
x0
q> lim e x  ex
x0 3
x 2x 2 x 2
K> lim 2e e 3e 1  5

x 0 3x C> lim xe  sinxx  tan x  x
x0 3
x 2x nx 3 sin 2 x
X> lim e  e x...  e  n

x 0
Q> lim e  e  cos
x 0
x cos 3x
 cos 2 x 2x2
2
(e x  1)(e 2 x  1)...(e nx  1) e x  3  2 cos 4x
g> lim j> lim
x 0
xn x 0
x sin x
dMeNaHRsay
x x
k> lim esin2ex

x 0
1x
e  x
e e2x 1
 lim  lim
x 0
sin 2 x x 0 e x sin 2 x
e 2 x  1 2x 1
 lim . . x 1
x 0
2 x sin 2 x e
ex  ex
dUcenH lim 1 .
x 0
sin 2 x
e ax  e bx
x>lim , a , b  IR *
x 0
x
101
(e ax  1)  (e bx  1)
 lim
x 0
x
e ax  1 e bx  1
 lim .a  lim .b  a  b
x 0
ax x 0
bx
ax bx
e e
dUcenH lim ab
x 0
x
x 2x
2e  3e  5
K>lim
x 0
e3x  1
2(e x  1)  3(e 2 x  1)
 lim
x 0
(e 3 x  1)
ex 1 e2x 1
2.  6.
 lim x 2x  2  6  8
x 0 e3x  1 3 3
3.
3x
2e  3e 2 x  5 8
x
dUcenH lim 3x
 .
x 0
e 1 3
e x  e 2 x  ...  e nx  n
X> lim
x 0
x
(e  1)  (e 2 x  1)  ........  (e nx  1)
x
 limx 0
x
ex 1 e2x 1 e nx  1
 limx 0 
 2.  .....  n.
 x 2x nx 
n ( n  1)
 1  2  ..........  n 
2
x 2x nx
e  e  ...  e  n n ( n  1)
dUcenH lim  .
x 0
x 2
(e x  1)(e 2 x  1)...(e nx  1)
g>lim
x 0
xn
ex 1 e2x 1 e nx  1 102
 lim .2 ......n  1.2.3......n  n!
x 0
x 2x nx
(e x  1)(e 2 x  1)...(e nx  1) n ( n  1)
dUcenH lim n
 .
x 0
x 2
2
e  x  cos 2 x
c> lim
x 0
x2
2
e  x  (1  2 sin 2 x )
 lim
x 0
x2
2 2
e  x  1  2 sin 2 x e x  1 sin 2 x
 lim 2
  lim 2
 2 lim  1  2  1
x 0
x x 0
x x 0
x
2
e  x  cos 2 x
dUcenH lim 2
1 .
x 0
x
2 sin x tan 3 x
e e
q> lim
x 0
x3  x
(e 2 sin x  1)  (e tan 3 x  1)
 lim
x 0
x ( x 2  1)
e 2 sin x  1 sin x  2 e tan 3 x  1 tan 3x 3
 lim . . 2  lim . . 2  2  3  5
x 0
 2 sin x x x  1 x 0
tan 3x 3x x  1
e 2 sin x  e tan 3 x
dUcenH lim 3
 5
.
x 0
x x
2
xe  2 x  sin x  tan x  x
C> lim
x 0
x3
2 x 2
x (e  1)  cos x tan x  tan x
 lim
x 0
x3
2 x 2
e 1 tan x (cos x  1)
 lim  lim
x 0
x2 x 0
x3
x
2 x 2 sin 2
e 1 tan x 2 1 2 5
 2 lim  2 lim . 2  2  2( )  
x 0
 2x 2 x 0
x x 2 2
2
xe 2 x  sin x  tan x  x 5
dUcenH lim   .
x 0 x3 2
103
2
e 3 sin x  cos x cos 3x
Q> lim x0
 e 2 x  cos 2x
2
2 x 3x
e 3 sin x
 (1  2 sin 2 )(1  2 sin 2 )
 lim 2 2
2
x 0 2 x 2
 e  1  2 sin x
2 3x x x 3x
e 3 sin x  1  2 sin 2  2 sin 2  4 sin 2 sin 2
 lim 2 2 2 2
2
x 0 2 x 2
 (e  1  2 sin x )
3x x x
3 sin x 2
2 sin 2 sin 2 sin 2
e  1 sin x 2 2 2 4 2 . sin 2 3x
3. 2
. 2
 2 2 2 2
  lim 3 sin x x x x x 2
2
x 0 2 x 2
e 1 sin x
2.  2 .
2x 2 x2
9 1
3  2.  2.  0
4 4 3 4 7
  
2 2 4 4
lMhat;TI25
cUrKNnalImIténGnuKmn_xageRkam ³
x x
k> lim ln(2x  1)  ln(x  2)

x  
c> lim 23  44 x   x x
3 5 x x
 2x  1 9x  5  3 5
lim ln( )  ln(
x>  6x  4 4x  x  q> 3  5
5
lim 3 x 1 x 1
x   x  
K> lim 62ee  53

x   x C> lim 2x  1  2 ln(2e  1)
x  
x
2 x 2x
X> lim 42ee  93ee

x   2x Q> limln(12x  1)  3ln(2x  5)
2x
x
6 2
g> lim (2x  3)(e  1)

x  
j> lim x  1  ln(2e  1)
x 1
x  
x
104
dMeNaHRsay
KNnalImIténGnuKmn_xageRkam ³
k> lim ln(2x  1)  ln(x  2)
x  
  2x  1   2 x  1
 lim ln    ln  lim   ln 2
x  
  x  2   x   x2
dUcenH lim ln(2x  1)  ln(x  2)  2

x  
3 5
x> lim ln( 62xx  14 )  ln( 49xx  5x 

x   5 3
 3 1 5 
3 5
  2 x  1 9x  5   x (2  3
) x 5 (9  )
 lim ln 5 . 3

   lim ln x . x5 
x   6 x  4 4 x  x   x    x 5 (6  4 1 
 
5
) x 3 (4  )
 x x2 
 1 5 
2  9 
 lim ln
 x3 . x 5   ln 2 . 9   ln 3
4 1 
x  
 6 5 4 2   6 4 4
 x x 
 2x 3  1 9x 5  5   3
dUcenH lim ln( 5 )  ln( 3   ln  .
x  
 6x  4 4x  x   4
x
K> lim 62ee

x   x
5
3
5 5
e x (6  ) 6 
e x
e x 6 1
 lim  lim  3 eRBaH lim 0 .
x   3 x   3 2 x   e x
e x (2  x ) 2 x
e e
6e x  5
dUcenH lim 3 .
x   2e x  3
4e 2 x  9e 2 x
X> lim
x   2e  2 x  3e 2 x
105
4
 9e 2 x
e 2x 4  9e 4 x 4
lim  lim  2 eRBaH lim e 4 x  0 .
x   2 x   2  3e 4 x 2 x  
2x
2x
 3e
e
4e 2 x  9e 2 x
dUcenH lim 2 .
x   2e  2 x  3e 2 x
2
 x 1

g> lim (2 x  3)(e  1) 
x  
 
2
tag y ebI x   enaH y  0
x 1
 lim (2 x  3)(e y  1) 
x  
y0
 e y  1  2 e y  1
 lim ( 2 x  3).y.   xlim ( 2 x  3) .
x   y    x  1 y 
y0   y0 
4x  6 ey 1
 lim . lim  4.1  4
x   x  1 y 0 y
2
 x 1

dUcenH lim (2 x  3)(e  1)  4 .
x  
 
x x
3 4
c> lim x
x   2  4 x
3x
x 3
4 ( x  1) ( )x  1
4 3 1
 lim x
 lim 4 1 eRBaH lim ( ) x  0 , lim ( ) x  0
x   1
x 2
x   x   4 x   2
x
4 ( x  1) ( ) 1
4 2
3x  4 x
dUcenH lim 1 .
x   2 x  4 x
3x  5 x
q> lim
x   3 x 1  5 x 1
x3x 3
5 ( x  1) ( )x 1 x
5 1 5 1  3
 lim x 1
 lim .  eRBaH lim    0 .
x  
x 1 3
x   5 3 5 x   5
 
5 ( x 1  1) ( ) x 1  1
5 5
3x  5 x 1 106
dUcenH lim x 1  .
x   3  5 x 1 5
x
C> lim 2x  1  2 ln(2e
x  
 1)
 lim ln e 2 x 1  ln(2e x  1) 2 
x  
 
2 x 1 2x
 e   e .e 
 lim ln  x 2 
 lim ln  
x  
 ( 2e  1)  x  
2 x 1 2
 e (2  x ) 
 e 
 
 e  e
 lim ln    ln( )
 ( 2  1x ) 2  4
x  
 e 
dUcenH lim 2x  1  2 ln(2e  1)  ln( 4e ) .

x  
x
6 2
Q> limln(12x  1)  3 ln(2x  5)
x  
6 2 3
 xlim
 
ln(12 x  1)  ln( 2 x  5) 
1
x 6 (12 
)
 12 x 6  1  6
x ]
 xlim  ln   lim [ln
 (2 x  5)  x  x 6 (2  5 ) 3
  2 3
x2
1
12  6
 xlim [ln( x ]  ln(12 )  ln 6
  5 2
(2  2 ) 3
x
6 2
dUcenH lim
x  
ln(12 x  1)  3 ln( 2 x  5)  ln 6 .
107
lMhat;TI26
5
eK[GnuKmn_ f kMnt;RKb;cMnYnBit x Edl f (x)  x  x  4 .
k-cUrbgðajfasmIkar f (x)  0 manb¤sCacMnYnBitmYysßitenAcenøaH
1 nig 2 .
x-cUrbgðafaRKb;cMnYnBit x eKman
f ( x )  2  ( x  1)( x 4  x 3  x 2  x  2)
K-KNnalImIt A  lim f (xx )12 .

x 1 3
dMeNaHRsay
k-karbgðaj
5
eKman f (x)  x  x  4
5 5
eK)an f (1)  1  1  4  2 nig f (2)  2  2  4  30
eday f (1).f (2)  60  0 tamRTwsþIbTtémøkNþal enaHmancMnYn c
mYyenAcenøaHcMnYn 1 nig 2 Edl f (c)  0 .
dUcenH smIkar f (x)  0 manb¤sCacMnYnBitmYysßitenAcenøaH 1 nig 2 .
4 3 2
x-bgðafa f (x )  2  (x  1)(x  x  x  x  2)
5
eKman f (x )  2  x  x  2
 ( x 5  1)  ( x  1)
 ( x  1)( x 4  x 3  x 2  x  1)  ( x  1)
 ( x  1)( x 4  x 3  x 2  x  1)  ( x  1)( x 4  x 3  x 2  x  2)
108
4 3 2
dUcenH f (x )  2  (x  1)(x  x  x  x  2) .
f (x)  2
K-KNnalImIt A  lim 3
x 1
x 1
4 3 2
eday f (x)  2  (x  1)(x  x  x  x  2)
eyIg)an
(x  1)(x 4  x 3  x 2  x  2)
A  lim
x 1
(x  1)(x 2  x  1)
x 4  x3  x 2  x  2 6
 lim  2
x 1
x2  x 1 3
f (x)  2
dUcenH A  lim 3 2 .
x 1 x  1
lMhat;TI27
 sin x  cos x  2 
 ebI x
 4
 (  x) 2
eK[GnuKmn_ f (x)   4

  2 ebI x

 2 4

cUrsikSaPaBCab;énGnuKmn_ f Rtg;cMnuc x0  ?
4
dMeNaHRsay

sikSaPaBCab;énGnuKmn_ f Rtg;cMnuc x 0

4
sin x  cos x  2
eKman lim f (x )  lim 
x

x

4 4 (  x) 2 109
4
tag t  4  x naM[ x  4  t . kalNa x  4 enaH t  0
 
sin(  t )  cos(  t )  2
eK)an lim f ( x )  lim 4 4
2
x
4
t 0 t
   
sin cos t  sin t cos  cos cos t  sin sin t  2
 lim 4 4 4 4
2
t 0 t
2 2 2 2
cos t  sin t  cos t  sin t  2
 lim 2 2 2
2
2
t 0 t
t
 2 2 sin 2
2 cos t  2 2 (cos t  1) 2
 lim 2
 lim 2
 2
t 0 t t 0 t t
t
sin 2
2 2   2  f ( )
 . lim
2 t 0 t 2 2 4
( )
2
 2 
eday lim f ( x )  f ( )   naM[ f (x) CaGnuKmn_Cab;Rtg; x 0  .
x
4
4 2 4
lMhat;TI28
sin( x )
eK[GnuKmn_ f ( x )  3 kMnt;RKb; x  1 .
1 x
etIeKGacbnøayGnuKmn_ f [Cab;Rtg;cMnuc x  1 )anb¤eT ?ebIGac0
cUrkMnt;rkGnuKmn_bnøaytamPaBCab;énGnuKmn_ f (x) Rtg;cMnuc x  1 0
dMeNaHRsay
kMnt;rkGnuKmn_bnøaytamPaBCab;
110
eKman lim f (x)  lim sin(
x 1 1 x
x )
x 1 3
tag t  1  x naM[ x  1  t . kalNa x  1 enaH t  0

sin(   t )
eK)an lim f ( x )  lim 3
x 1 1  (1  t )
t 0
sin( t )
 lim
t  0 1  1  3t  3t 2  t 3
sin( t )
 lim
t  0 t (3  3 t  t 2 )
sin( t )  
 lim . 
t 0 t 3  3t  t 2 3

eday lim f ( x ) 
kMnt; enaHeKGacbnøayGnuKmn_ f (x)
x 1 3
[Cab;Rtg;cMnuc x  1. 0
ebIeyIgtag g(x) CaGnuKmn_bnøaytamPaBCab;énGnuKmn_ f (x)

Rtg;cMnuc x  1 enaHeKGacsresr ³
0
 sin( x )
 f ( x )  ebI x  1
1 x3
dUcenH g(x )  
f (1)   ebI x  1
 3

111
lMhat;TI29
3
2x  x  4
eK[GnuKmn_ f kMnt;elI IR eday f (x )  x  2x  4 .2
k> cUrkMnt;cMnYnBit a, b, c, d edIm,I[ f (x )  ax  b  x cx 2xd 4 .

2
x> cUrTajrksmIkarGasIumtUteRTtrbs;ExSekag (c)

tagGnuKmn_ y  f (x) .
dMeNaHRsay
k> kMnt;cMnYnBit a, b, c, d edIm,I[ f (x)  ax  b  x cx 2xd 4
2
eKman f (x)  2xx 2xx  44

2
( 2x 3  16)  x  12

x 2  2x  4
2( x 3  8)  x  12

x 2  2x  4
2( x  2)( x 2  2 x  4)  x  12

x 2  2x  4
x  12
 2x  4  2
x  2x  4
dUcenH a  2, b  4, c  1, d  12 .
x> TajrksmIkarGasIumtUteRTt
eKman f (x )  2x  4  x x212
2
x4
eday  x  12 
lim
 x  2 x
x 
 4
0

2
dUcenHbnÞat; d : y  2x  4 CasmIkarGasIumtUteRTténRkab c tag f 112

lMhat;TI30
2
eK[GnuKmn_ f (x)  2x x72x  4 .

k-cUrKNnalImIt lim f (x) rYcTajrksmIkarGasIumtUtQrrbs;
x 2
Rkab (c) tag[GnuKmn_ f .

x-kMnt;bIcMnYnBit A, B, C edIm,I[ f (x)  Ax  B  x C 2 cMeBaHRKb; x  2
K-TajrksmIkarGasIumtUteRTténRkab (c) tag f .
dMeNaHRsay
k-KNnalImIt lim f (x) x 2
2
2x  7 x  4
eyIg)an lim f ( x )  lim  
x 2  x2
x 2 
2
2x  7 x  4
nig lim f ( x )  lim   dUcenH lim f ( x )   .
x 2

x 2x2 x2
eday lim f (x )   naM[eKTajfabnÞat;mansmIkar x  2

x 2
GasIumtUtQrénRkab .
C
x-kMnt;bIcMnYnBit A, B, C edIm,I[ f ( x )  Ax  B 
x2
2
2x  7 x  4
eKman f ( x ) 
x2
2 x 2  4 x  3x  6  2 2 x ( x  2)  3( x  2)  2
 
x2 x2
2
 2x  3 
x2
dUcenH A  2, B  3, C  2 . 113

K-TajrksmIkarGasIumtUteRTténRkab (c) tag f
2 2
eKman f (x)  2x  3  x  2 eday x  2  0
lim
x 
dUcenHbnÞat;smIkar y  2x  3 CaGasIumtUteRTténRkab (c) tag f
lMhat;TI31
3 2
x  px  q
eK[GnuKmn_ f ( x )  2
x  2x  2
k> cUrbgðajfaGnuKmn_ f kMnt;)anCanicÞcMeBaHRKb; x  IR .
x> kMnt;cMnYnBit p nig q ebIeKdwgfaExSekag (c) tagGnuKmn_ f
manbnÞat; y  x  2 CaGasIumtUteRTt ehIykat;tamcMnuc A(2,4) .
dMeNaHRsay
k> bgðajfaGnuKmn_ f kMnt;)anCanicÞ ³
3
eKman f (x )  xx  px
2
q
2x  2
2 2 2
eday x  2x  2  (x  2x  1)  1  (x  1)  1  0, x  IR
dUcenH GnuKmn_ f kMnt;)anCanicÞcMeBaHRKb; x  IR .
x> kMnt;cMnYnBit p nig q
edIm,I[bnÞat; y  x  2 CaGasIumtUteRTténRkab (c) tag f luHRtaEt ³
limf ( x )  ( x  2)  0 .
x 
3 2 2
eday f (x)  (x  2)  xx px2x 2q  (x  1)  (p x1)x 2x (q2 2)

2 2
114
(p  1) x 2  (q  2)
eK)an limf ( x )  ( x  2)  lim  p 1  0
x  x  x 2  2x  2
naM[ p  1 .
3 2
GnuKmn_ Gacsresr f (x)  xx  2xx  q2 .

2
müa:geToteday ExSekag (c) tagGnuKmn_ f kat;tamcMnuc

A(2,4) enaHkUGredaenéncMnuc A RtUvepÞógpÞat;smIkar (c) .
84q 4q
eK)an f ( 2 )    4 naM[ q  4 .
442 2
dUcenH p  1, q  4 .

115
lMhat;Gnuvtþn_
!-edayeRbIniymn½ycUrRsayfa ³
3
!> lim(2x  3)  7
x2
^> lim( x2  x )  2 x2
3 2
@> lim(x  x  2)  10
x2
&> lim (2x  7)  1 x  3
#> lim 3xx11  2

x 1
*> lim(x  4x  2x  3)  5
x4
3 2
3
x x  2x
$> lim (
x 3
2  x )  5 (> x  1  3
lim
x 1 2
1 x
%> lim
x
(sin

x ) 
2
!0> lim (0.25)  4 x  1
6
@-eRbIniymn½ycUrRsayfa lim ln(1  x)  ln 2 . x 1
#-KNnalImItxageRkamenH ³
x
3
x  27 4  16
lim
!> x  3 lim
^> 2  4 x
x 3 x2
x x
@> lim(2 x  3x )  ( x  3x )  &> lim 77 71

x 0
2 2
x 0 x
3 x x
#> lim (1  x) x (3x  1)

x 0 2 *> lim 4 23.2 1  2
x0 x
2 3 2 x 1
$> lim x  x x  1x  3
x 1
(> lim 22  164 x 1 2x
3 x 2
%> lim x x x412

x2 2 !0> lim 4x.2 42xx x4x
x2 x 2
$- KNnalImItxageRkam ³
x 1n
1 n
lim
!> x  1
x 1
, n  IN ^> 1  x 1  x )
lim ( 
x 1 n
116
x  x 2  x 3  ...  x n  n
@> lim
x 1 x 1
&> lim(1 mx  1 nx )
x 1 m n
n
( x  1)  ( nx  1)
#> lim
x 0 x 2 *> lim 1  (1  x)(1  x2 x).....(1  nx)
x 0
n(n  1)
n 1 x  2 x 2  ...  nx n 
$> lim x ( x(n1)1) x  n
x 1
(> lim
2
x 1 x 1
2
n 1 n
%> lim nxx (xn 1)xx 1 1 !0> lim ((xx11)()(xx22)......(

x 1 p 1 p
)....( x  n)  n!
x 0 x  p )  p!
2
%-kMnt;témø m  IR edIm,I[ ³ lim x x mx

2
4
0 ?
x2
3
^-kMnt; a nig b edIm,I[ lim ax xbx3  6  5

x 3
3 2
&-kMnt; a nig b edIm,I[ lim x  axx 2bx  4  8

x2
*-KNnalImItxageRkam ³
2
x 2  2 x x2
!> lim x  2 lim
$> 2  x  2
x2 x 2
@> lim 2 x  x33 x  6

x 3
%> lim x x x2 60 x2 3
3x  1  2
#> lim
x 1
x32
(- KNnalImItxageRkam ³
2 2 x 2 x  x  ...  x  1  1
!> lim %> lim
x2
2 x 2 x0 x
1 3
5x  7  2 x  1
@> x ( x  x  1  1)
lim
x0
^> lim x4 4
3x 2  18  3x  4
x  6  x  2  x 1 x 3  x 2  60
#> lim &> lim 117
x 3 x3 x2
x2
x2 x 3  x 2  x 2  60  3 x 2  60
$> lim 2 
x2
x x2
*> lim
x2 x2
2  2  2  ...  2  x  2
!0-KNnalImIt lim
x2 x2
x  x  x  ...  x  2  2
!!-KNnalImIt lim
x2 x2
!@-KNnalImItxageRkam ³
3 4
x 1  3 x 1
4
!> lim (1  x )((11 x)x )(1 

x 1 3
x)
^> lim
x0 x
x  1  3 3x  1 x3 1
@> lim &> lim
x 0
x2 x 1
2x  3 2x 1  4 x
2x  3  3 x  1 x 3  x 2  60
#> lim
x2 x2
*> lim x  x  60
x2 2 3 2
2
x
$> lim x ( x 31x) 2
x 1 3
lim
(> 1  (1  x)(1  2 x)...(1  nx)
x0 n
x2 1
lim
%> x  1  nx  1 n
,n2 !0> lim ( n 1  x  n 1  x )
x 0 x0 x
!#-KNnalImItxageRkam ³
3
( x  1) 2
!> lim x  xx  1 x  3
x 1
$> lim x 
x 1 3
3x  2
3
7x2  1  2 1  2 x .3 1  3 x  1
@> lim lim %>
x 1 x 1 x0 x
( x  1) n  (nx  1)
#> lim , n  IN *
x0 3 2
1 x 1
118
!$-KNnalImItxageRkam ³
3
2x  3  x  1 x
!> lim ^> lim
x 2 x2 x 0 4
x 1  3 x 1
3
x  1  x2  1  x3 1
@> lim x x 21x  1
x 1 3 3
&> lim
x 1
x2 1  x3 1  x4 1
x2 x 1  3
lim
#> lim x  1 
x 0 4
4x  1
*> x 8
3
x  x4 
x
2
( x  1) 2 x x 2
$> lim x  (> lim 3
x 1 3
3x  2 x 1
x 4 x 2
x3  8 x 3  x 2  60
%> lim
x 2 3 2
x 4x
!0> lim
x2 3
x  3  4 x 1
!%-cUrKNnalImItxageRkam ³
2 x  1  3x  1  5 x 2  4 3
4x 2  4  2x  2
!> lim %> lim
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
3 3 2 6 2
x  2x  1  4x  4 x  x  60
@> lim lim
$> x  x  60
x 1 x 1 x2 2 3 2
2
x
lim
#> x  1  x  1  x  8
x 0 3 2 3 2 3 2
!^-cUrKNnalImItxageRkam ³
sin x  cos x 1  cos 2 x
lim
!> 1  tan x 3
lim
^> sin x  sin x 2 3
x
 x0
4
3  4 sin 2 x 2 x  x 2  sin 2 x
@> lim &> lim
 2 cos x  1
x
3
x 0 cos x  x  1
119
cos x  sin 2 x cos x  x 2  1
#> lim *> lim
x
 4 cos 2 x  3
6
x 0 x 2  sin 2 x
tan 4 x  cot 4 x  2 sin x  cos x
$> lim (> lim
x

4
1  2 sin 2 x x

4
1  3 tan x
1  8 sin 3 x x 4  sin 4 x
%> lim 2 !0> lim x  1  cos x
x  4 cos x  3
 x 0 2
6
!&-cUrKNnalImItxageRkam ³
3 x 3 n
!> lim 24 416 2

x 2 x ^> lim x  x  xx 1...  x 1
x n
2 x  2x  2 m
x n x 2
@> lim 2 x 1 &> lim
x 1 4  x 2  2x  1 x 1 x 1
2 x  1  3x (1  m x )(1  n x )  4
#> lim x *> lim
x 1
x 2
x 1 x 1
4 1  3
ex  x 1 (1  x m ) n (1  x n ) m  2 m  n
$> lim e
x 0 2x
 2 xe x  x 2  1
(> lim
x 1 x 1
x x m
e e 1 xn  m 1 xn
lim
%> e  1 3x !0> lim
x 0 x 0 xn
!*-cUrKNnalImItxageRkam ³
 n 1
x  n 1 (n  1) x  n 1 nx 1
!> lim lim x  n 
@> x 1 ( x  1) 2 n  1 
x 1 ( x  1) 2 
 n
( n  1) x 1
x  n 1  m
 n  x n x
#> lim  $> lim
x 1 ( x  1) 2 x 1 x 1
120
!(- cUrKNnalImItxageRkam ³
sin 2 x. sin 4 x. sin 8 x sin 2 (sin 2 x 3 )
!> lim 3 ^> lim
x 0 x x0 x6
sin x  sin 3 x  sin 5 x sin[sin(si n x )]
@> lim &> lim
x 0 x x0 x
3 3 3 3 2
#> lim sin x  sin x 2 x  sin 3x

x0 3 *> lim tan sin2 x.sin
x 0 x
3x
5
2 3
$> lim sin 3xxsin 2 x

x 0 5 (> lim sin x sin 2 x sinx 3x..... sin nx
x 0 n
3 2
sin(tan 2 x )  tan(sin 4 x )
%> lim sin sinx 4 x
x 0 6 !0> lim
x0 x
@0- KNnalImItxageRkam ³
!> lim 1  xcos x
x 0 2 ^> lim 2 cos x xcos 2 x  3
x 0 2
cos 2 x  cos 4 x tan x  sin x

@> lim 2 &> lim 3
x 0 x x0 x
3
1  cos 2 x 2 sin x  sin 2 x
lim
#> sin 4 x 2 *> lim 3
x0 x0 x
1  3 cos 2 x  2 cos 3 x
$> lim 1  cosxx cos 3x
x 0 2 (> lim
x 0 x 2
1  cos x cos 2 x 1  cos x cos 2 x cos 3 x... cos nx

%> lim 2 !0> lim 2
x 0 x x0 x
@!- KNnalImItxageRkam ³
1  cos x
!> lim 1  sin x x 1  sin x
x0
^> lim
x 0
1  cos 2 x
cos x  cos 2 x 1  cos n x
@> lim &> lim
x 0 x2 x0 x sin x
1  2 cos x  3 1  3 cos x  2
#> lim *> lim
x 0 x2 x 0 1  cos 3 2 x 121
2  3  cos 2 x 1  3 cos 2x
$> lim (> lim
x 0 x2 x0 x2
1  cos(1  cos x ) cos x  cos 2 x  ...  cos nx  n
%> lim !0> lim
x 0 x4 x0 x 2
@@- KNnalImItxageRkam ³
x
sin x cos
lim lim 2
!> x 1 1  x 2
^> x 1 1  x 3
1  cos 2 x 2x
lim
@> (  x)
x  2 &> lim 
1 
x 1
x . tan
2
x x
1  sin 1  sin
2 lim 2
#> lim (sin x  cos x )
x  2
*> x 1 (1  x ) 2
4 4

$> lim (  2 x) tan x
 (> lim( 4  x 2 ) tan
x
2
x2 x
x 3  8  tan x 1 x
%> lim !0> lim
x 1 
x2 2 x cos
x 1
@#-KNnalImItxageRkam ³
1  cos x 1 x
lim lim
!> (1  x)
x 1 2 @> x 1 
sin
x
x
cos
1  x 3  tan x
#> lim $> lim 2 2 2
x 1 1 x x    x
@$-KNnalImIténGnuKmn_xageRkam ³
x  sin x 3 sin x  sin 3x
!> lim 3
lim
^> 2 sin x  sin 2x
x 0 x x 0
122
1  cos 2x x  sin x
@> lim &> lim
x 0 x sin x x 0 tan x
1  cos(sin x )
#> lim 1  cosxx cos 3x
x 0 2 *> lim
x 0 x sin x
1  cos 2 x
$> lim 1 sincos2x x
x 0
(> lim
x 0 x tan x
tan x  sin x 1  2 
lim
%> 1  cos(1  cos x ) !0> lim  2   3 cos x  1
x 0
  cos x
x 0 x

@%-KNnalImIténGnuKmn_xageRkam ³
2  1  cos x
!> lim
x 0 sin 2 x
^> lim xx  sin
x 0
x  tan x
sin x  tan x
x  cos x  (1  x ) cos x cos x  cos 3x
@> lim lim
&> 1  cos 2x
x 0 sin 3x  3 sin x x 0
1  x  x  cos x 1  cos x  1  cos 5x

#> lim *> lim
x 0
x 0 x cos x  cos 5x
2  2  2 cos x  2 1  cos x cos 2 x
$> lim 2
lim
(> 1  cos 2x cos x
x 0 x x 0
2
1  x  1  x  2x cos 2 x  1 2n 
%> lim 3 !0> lim 
 sin x 1  cos 2 x 2 n
x 0 x x 0
 
@^-KNnalImIténGnuKmn_xageRkam ³
!> lim(1  x ) tan 2x
x 1
2
^> lim cossin(x xcosa)a
x a
@> lim tan1 xx

x 1
&> lim tan1 xsin cos2xtx
x

4
x 
1  sin  arctan x
lim 2 lim 4
#> x 1 (1  x ) 2
*> x 1 1 x
2  arcsin x  arccos x
$> lim(x
x 2
 x  2) tan
x
(> lim
x
1
1 x 2
123
2
cos x 1  cos x
%> lim 2 2 !0> lim
x   4x
 x   (  x ) 2
2
@&-KNnalImIténGnuKmn_xageRkam ³

cot
x
!> lim(1  x ) tan 1  x
x 1
3
^> lim
x 2 4  x 2
x x
cos  sin x2 1
4 4 lim
@> lim
x  x
&> x 1
cos

x 1
x
cos
2 x
#> lim *> lim(1  x ) tna
x 1 1  x 2 x 1 3x  1

3 1  sin
x  8  sin x x
$> lim (> lim 2
x 2 2x x 2 x  4x  4
(1  x ) 2   arccos x
lim lim
%> x 1  !0>
1  sin x  1 x 1
x 1
@*-KNnalImIténGnuKmn_xageRkam ³
1 x  sin x
!> lim x sin x lim
^> x  cos x
x  x 
@> lim 1 2xx tan 2xx  43  &>> lim(3x  1) sin xx21 
x  2 x 
 x  2  x2 x  1
#> lim (2 x  3) cos  lim
*> cot( )
x 
 2 x  1  x  2 x  1 2x  3
3
 x 
$> lim(3x  1) tan x  1  (> lim 2xx  1 cos 2xx  13 
x  x 2
%> lim x2x  14 tan 36xx 54  !0> lim cos x  1  cos x  1
x 2 x  
124
@(-KNnalImIténGnuKmn_xageRkam ³
2
( x  1) (2x  3) (3x  2) 3 2
!> lim #> lim 2 5

x x x 5 x 
@> lim x2x  3x

x
$> lim 3
x
x  
x x x
#0-cUrKNnalImIténGnuKmn_xageRkam ³
2 2
!> lim ( x  3x  7  x  9x  4 )
x  
2 2
@> lim ( 4x  3x  1  4x  9x )
x  
#> lim ( x  x  x  x  x )
x  
2 2
$> lim ( x  4x  x  4x )
x  
2 2 2
%> lim ( 4x  7x  3  x  5x  1  9x  4x  5)
x  
^> lim 2x  3  4x  6x  1 

x  
2
3 3 2
&> lim ( x  4x  1  x  2)
x  
2 3 3 2
*> lim ( 4x  8x  1  8x  12x  x  5)
x  
4 4 3 3 3 2 2
(> lim ( x  4x  x  3x  x  2x  3x  2)
x  
#!-cUrKNnalImIténGnuKmn_dUcteTA ³
2 2 2 2
!> lim ( x  3x  x  4x  x  5x  9x  8x )
x  
3 3 2 3 3 2
@> lim( 8x  4x  3x  5  8x  6x  2x  1)
x 
3 2
#> lim( x  4  x  6x  4 )
x 
3
3 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 2
$> lim( x  3x  x  6x  x  9x  9x  4x  3 )
x 
125
%> lim ( 4
x 4  8x 3  1  3 x 3  9 x 2  4 x  1)
x  
x x x  x
&> lim
x  
x x x  x x
2 2 2 2
*> l lim( x  x  x  2x  ................  x  nx  n x  8x  1)
x  
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 3
(> lim ( x  2x  1  x  4x  1  ............  x  nx  1  n x  1)
x  
!0> lim  (x  2)(x  4)(x  6)  x  .

x  
3
#@-cUrKNnalImItxageRkam ³
1 2 3 n 1
lim
!> n n n (   2
 .........
2
 ) 2 2
n   n
@> lim 1  3  5  7  ..........
n   n 1
.....  ( 2n  1) 2n  1

2 
2 n 1  3n 1
#> lim
n   2 n  3 n
$> lim  12  14  18  .............  21 

n   n
3 3 3 3
%> lim 1  2  3 n..............  n

n   4
^> lim 11.4  41.7  7.110  ..........  (3n  21)(3n  1) 

n  
 1 1 1 1 
&> lim     ................ 
n   1.3
 2.4 3.5 n ( n  2) 
 1 1 1 1 
*> lim  3  3  3  .............  3
n   2  1
 3 1 4 1 n  n 
(> lim  12  23  25  ...................  2n2  1 
n   2 3 n
4  44  444  .............  444


 ........
 444

(n ) 126
!0> limn   10 n
##-cUrKNnalImItxageRkamenH
!> lim (1  12 )(1  14 )(1  161 ).................(1  21 )
n   2n
@> lim  cos x.cos x2 .cos 2x .....................cos 2x 

n   2 n
#> lim  1 1 x  1 2x  1 4x  ..........  1 2x  ,| x | 1

n   2 4 2n
1 2 3 n
$> lim (1  2
)(1  )( 1  2
)......... ........(
2
1  ) 2
n   n n n n
3 3 3 3
%> lim ( 22  11. 33  11. 44  11............. nn  11)

n   3 3 3 3
#$-cUrKNnalImItxageRkamenH
!> lim 1  2  3n ..........
n  
n
....  n
1  1 1 1 
lim
@> n  4 9  1    .......... ..  
n   3 3 3 3 2
n 
 1 1 1 
#> lim  2
  .......... ........ 
2 2

n  
 n 1 n 2 n n
$> lim  n1  n 1 1  n 1 2  ...........  n 1kn 
n  
1 a 2a 3a ( na ) 
lim
%> n  n n cos  cos  cos  .......... ...  cos
n   n n 
#%-KNnalImItxageRkam ³
1 2 3 n 
lim
!>  2! 3! 4!   ............. 
n   (n  1)!
1.1!2.2!3.3!...............  n.n!
@> lim
n   ( n  1)!
0 1 2 n
#> lim C1 2C 4C8 ..........

n  
n n .........  C
n
2 n
n
127
n
 k2 
$> lim   4 2

k 1  k  k  1 
n  
n
n!
%> lim
n   n
x
#^- eK[GnuKmn_ f ( x )  ,x0
1 x
2
x
k> cUrRsayfa 2  f (x)  x
x 
 1 2 3 n 
lim f
x> KNna  n n n ( )  f ( ) 
2
f ( )  .........  f
2
( ) . 2 2
n   n 
x2
#&-k> cUrRsayfa x  ln(1  x )  x , x  0
2
2
x> tag P  ln(1  n1 )(1  n4 )(1  n9 ).........(1  nn )  .

n 3 3 3 3
cUrKNnalImIt lim P . n  
n
#*-eK[sIVúténcMnYnBit (U ) nig (V ) kMnt;eday ³ n n
U 0  1 , V0  4
 1 3

U n 1   U n  Vn
 2 2
Vn 1  U n  2Vn , n  IN
k>cUrbgðajfa W  U  V CasIVútFrNImaRt rYcKNna W

n n n n
CaGnuKmn_én n .
x-cUrbgðajfa t  2U  3V CasIVútefrRtUvkMnt; .
n n n
K-Tajrk U nig V CaGnuKmn_én n rYcbBa¢ak;lImItvakalNa

n n
n   .
128
#(-eK[sIVút (U ) kMnt;elI IN eday ³n
U  1 , U  4 nig n  IN: U  U .U
0 1 n2 n 1 n
k-eKtag n  IN :V  ln( UU ) . n
n 1
cUrbgðajfa (V ) CasIVútFrNImaRt n
rYcKNnatY V CaGnuKmn_én n nig lim V .

n
n  
n
n 1
x-cUrbgðajfa  V   ln UU  rYcTajrk U CaGnuKmn_én n
k 0
k
n
0
n
nig lim U .
n  
n
$0-eK[sIVút (U ) kMnt;elI IN eday ³n
11 1
U  1 , U  1 nig U  U  U .
0 1 n 2 n 1 n
10 10
cUrKNna U CaGnuKmn_én n nig lim U ?
n n  
n
$!> eK[sIVút (U ) kMnt;elI IN eday

n
4
U 3 n 1
U  1 , U  2 nig
0 1
U  n2
U n
k-eKtag V  ln( UU ) , n  IN .
n
n 1
cUrbgðajfa (V ) CasIVútFrNImaRt n
rYcKNnatY V CaGnuKmn_én n nig lim V .n n  

n
x-eKtag S  V  V  V  ...  V .
n 0 1 2 n
Sn 1
bgðajfa U  U .e rYcTajrk U CaGnuKmn_én n
n 0 n
129
nigbBa¢ak;lImIt lim U . n  
n
$@-eK[GnuKmn_ f n (x ) kMnt;eday ³
f1 (x)  6  x  3 , f 2 (x)  6  6  x  3 , f 3 (x)  6  6  6  x  3,.....
Edl n  IN * .
f n ( x )  6  6  6  .......  6  6  x  3
f (x) 1
f (x ) n
cUrKNnalImIt L  lim 1 nig L  lim . n
x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3
$#-eK[GnuKmn_ f (x) kMnt;eday ³

n
f1 ( x )  2 x  3  3 , f 2 ( x )  2 x  2 x  3  3
, f 3 ( x )  2 x  2 x  2 x  3  3,.....
f n ( x )  2 x  2 x  2 x  .......  2x  2 x  3  3 Edl n  IN *
f1 ( x ) f n (x )
cUrKNnalImIt L1  lim nig L n  lim
.
x 3 x  3 x 3 x  3
$$-eK[GnuKmn_ f (x) kMnt;cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnBit x eday ³

f (1  x )  f (4  2 x )  (1  x )(4  2x ) .
cUrKNnalImIt lim f (x) .

x 2
$%-eK[GnuKmn_ f (x) EdlkMnt;eday f (x  1)  f (3x  1)  3xx  21 .

2
2
cUrKNnalImIt lim f ( x) nig lim f (x ) .

x 2 x5
$^-eK[GnuKmn_ f (x)  2 sin xx sin 2x . n
cUrkMnt;témø n  IN * edIm,I[lImIt lim f (x ) CacMnYnBit .

x 0
2
$&-eKmanGnuKmn_ f (x)  ax  bx  c Edl a  0, a, b, c  IR
nig a  b  c  1 . KNnalImIt lim f [ff((xx))]xx .x 1 130
$*-eK[GnuKmn_ f (x)  tan xx cot x Edl n  IN * .
n
cUrkMnt;témørbs; n edIm,I[lImIt lim f (x) kMnt; .

x 0
 x  4 x  2 
$(-KNna  x  1 2x  1 ) 
lim
x 
sin( ) tan(
4
a
%0-eK[sIVút (n  1)  1 Edl n  IN *

n 2
k> KNna Sn  a 1  a 2  a 3  ....  a n .

x> KNna Lim S .n  
n

131
emeronTI3
edrIevénGnuKmn_
1-cMnYnedrIevénGnuKmn_RtgćMnucmYy ½
snµtfaGnuKmn_ f ( x ) kMntélIcenøa¼ I ehIy x 0
CacMnYnBitenAkñúg cenøa¼ I nig h CacMnYnBitminsUnü

Edl x  h Carbs´ I .
0
cMnYnedrIevénGnuKmn_ f RtgćMnuc x ( ebIman ) 0
CalImItrbs´GRta kMeNInénGnuKmn_ f rvag x nig 0
x  h kalNa h xiteTArksUnüEdleKkMnt´sresr ½
0
f (x 0  h)  f (x 0 )
f ' ( x 0 )  lim
h 0 h
2-PaBmanedrIev nig PaBCab´ ½
snµtfaGnuKmn_ f (x) kMntélIcenøa¼ I ehIy x 0
CacMnYnBitenAkñúgcenøa¼ I nig h CacMnYnBitminsUnü

Edl x  h Carbs´ I .
0
-cMnYnedrIeveqVgRtgćMnYn x énGnuKmn_ f (x) kMnt´tageday

0
132
f (x 0  h)  f (x 0 )
f ' ( x 0 )  lim .
h 0 h
-cMnYnedrIevsþaMRtgćMnYn x 0
f (x )
énGnuKmn_
f (x  h)  f (x ) 0 0
kMnt´tageday f ' (x )  lim  0
h
h 0 
.
-edrIevénGnuKmn_ f (x ) Rtg´ x ( ebIman ) 0
kMnt´tageday ½
f (x  h )  f (x ) f (x  h)  f (x ) 0 0
f ' ( x )  lim
0
h 0
0
h
ehIy lim
0
h h 0
f (x  h)  f (x )
0 f (x  h)  f (x )
0 0 0
mankalNa lim  lim .
h 0  h h h 0 
3-GnuKmn_edrIev ½
k¿niymn&y
-ebI f CaGnuKmn_mYykMntélIcenøa¼ I nigmanedrIev
Rtg´RKbćMnuc enAkñúgcenøa¼ I ena¼eKfaGnuKmn_ f man
edrIevelIcenøa¼ I .
-GnuKmn_EdlRKb´ x  I pßMáncMnYnedrIevén f
Rtg´ x ehAfa
GnuKmn_edrIevén f EdleKkMnt´sresr f : x  f ' (x) .
133
smIkarbnÞat´b¨¼
y
( C ) : y = f (x) (T)
0 1 x
cMnYnedrIevénGnuKmn_ f (x ) RtgćMnuc x KWCaemKuN 0
Ráb´Tisén bnÞat´b¨¼nwgExßekag (c) : y  f (x ) RtgćMnuc

manGab´sIus x  x ehIysmIkarbnÞat´b¨¼ena¼kMntéday½
0
(T ) : y  y  f ' ( x ) ( x  x ) .
0 0 0
x¿rUbmnþénGnuKmn_edrIevmYYycMnYn
GnuKmn_ edrIev
!> y  k y'  0
134
n n 1
@> y  x y'  n x
#> y  1x y'  
1
x2
1
$> y  x y' 
2 x
x
%> y  e y'  e x
x
^> y  a y'  a x ln a
1
&> y  ln x y' 
x
*> y  sin x y  cos x
(> y  cos x y'   sin x

1
!0> y  tan x y'  2
 1  tan 2 x
cos x
1
!!> y  cot x y'   2  (1  cot 2 x )
sin x
1
!@> y  arcsin x y' 
1 x2
1
!#> y  arccos x y'  
1 x2
1
!$> y  arctan x y' 
1 x2
K-rUbmnþRKwHénedrIevGnuKmn_
GnuKmn_ edrIev
n
!> y  u y'  n.u '.u n 1
u'
@> y  u y' 
2 u
#> y  u.v y '  u ' v  v' u
135
$> y  uv y' 
u ' v  v' u
v2
u'
%> y  ln u y' 
u
^> y  sin u y'  u '.cos u
&> y  cos u y'   u ' sin u

u u
*> y  e y'  u '.e
2
(> y  tan u y'  u ' (1  tan u )
u'
!0> y  arcsin u y' 
1 u 2
u'
!!> y  arccos u y'  
1 u 2
u'
!@> y  arctan u y' 
1 u 2
V V  u' 
!#> y  u y'  u  v' ln u  v 
 u 
4-edrIevbnþbnÞab´ ½
«bmafaeKman f (x ) CaGnuKmn_manedrIevTI n elIcenøa¼ I
eKkMntédrIevbnþbnÞab´énGnuKmn_en¼dUcteTA½
-GnuKmn_edrIevTImYykMnt´tageday f ' (x)
-GnuKmn_edrIevTIBIrkMnt´tageday f ' ' (x)
-GnuKmn_edrIevTIbIkMnt´tageday f ' ' ' (x)
( 4)
-GnuKmn_edrIevTIbYnkMnt´tageday f (x)
-------------------------------
136
-GnuKmn_edrIevTI n kMnt´tageday f (x ) . (n )
5-vismPaBkMenInmankMnt´ ½
RTwsþIbT ½ eK[ f (x) CaGnuKmn_manedrIevelIcenøa¼ I
ebImanBIrcMnYnBit m nig M Edl
x  I m  f ' ( x )  M ena¼RKbćMnYnBit a nig b
CaFatuBIrkñúcenøa¼ I Edl a  b eKán ½

m ( b  a )  f ( b)  f (a )  M ( b  a ) .
«bmafa a  I , x  I eKman ½
-ebI a  x eKán m(x  a)  f (x)  f (a)  M(x  a) .
-ebI x  a eKán m(a  x)  f (a)  f (x)  M(a  x) .

137
lMhat;TI1
3
eK[GnuKmn_ f kMnt;elI IR eday f (x)  x  3x  1
k-edayeRbIniymn½ycUrKNnacMnYnedrIev f ' (2) .
x-cUrsresrsmIkarbnÞat; (T) Edlb:HnwgExSekag (c) Rtg;cMnuc M 0
manGab;sIus x  2 .0
dMeNaHRsay
k-edayeRbIniymn½yKNnacMnYnedrIev f ' (2)
tamniymn½yeyIgGacsresr ³
f ( 2  h )  f ( 2) 3
f ' ( 2)  lim
h 0
h
eday f (x)  x  3x  1
3
(2  h )  3(2  h )  1  2 3  3(2)  1
 lim
h 0
h
8  12h  6h 2  h 3  6  3h  1  8  6  1
 lim
h 0
h
h 3  6h 2  9h 2
 lim  lim h  6h  9   9
h 0
h h 0
dUcenH f ' (2)  9 .

x-sresrsmIkarbnÞat; (T) b:HnwgExSekag (c) Rtg;cMnuc M 0
tamrUbmnþ (T) : y  y  y' (x  x )

0 0 0
eday x  2 eK)an y  f (2)  8  6  1  3 nig y'  f ' (2)  9

0 0 0
eK)an (T) : y  3  9(x  2) 138

b¤ (T ) : y  3  9 x  18 naM[ (T ) : y  9 x  15 .
dUcenH (T ) : y  9 x  15 .
lMhat;TI2
eK[GnuKmn_ f kMnt;elI IR eday f (x)  1  x  sinx 2

manGab;sIus x  1. 0
dMeNaHRsay
f (1  h )  f (1) 2 sin x
f ' (1)  lim
h0 h
eday f (x)  1  x 

 2 sin(  h )  2 sin 
1  (1  h )    (1  1  )
 
 lim
h0 h
sin h
1  1  2h  h 2  11 0
 lim 
h0 h
sin h
2h  h 2 
 lim   lim 2  h  sin h   2  0  1  1
h0 h h0
 h 
139
dUcenH f ' (1)  1 .

x-sresrsmIkarbnÞat; (T) ³
0 0 0
eday x  1 naM[ y  f (1)  2 nig y'  f ' (1)  1

0 0 0
dUcenH (T) : y  2  1.(x  1) b¤ (T) : y  x  1 .

lMhat;TI3
eK[GnuKmn_ f kMnt;eday f (x)  2(xx21) cMeBaHRKb; x  2 .
manGab;sIus x  3 . 0
dMeNaHRsay
f (3  h )  f (3)
f ' (3)  lim
h 0
h
 2(3  h  1)  2(3  1)
 (3  h )  2   3  2
 lim  
h 0
h
4  2h
4
1  h 4  2h  4  4 h 2
 lim  lim  lim  2
h 0
h h 0
h (1  h ) h 0
1 h
140
dUcenH f ' (3)  2 .
x-sresrsmIkarbnÞat; (T) ³
0 0 0
eday x  3 naM[ y  f (3)  23(321)  4 nig y'  f ' (3)  2

0 0 0
eK)an T  : y  4  2(x  3)
dUcenH T  : y  2x  10 .
lMhat;TI4
eK[GnuKmn_ f (x) kMnt; nig manedrIevRtg;cMnuc x  c .
2 2
cUrRsaybBa¢ak;fa lim f (c  h) h f (c  h)  4f ' (c).f (c)

h0
?
dMeNaHRsay
f 2 (c  h )  f 2 (c  h )
RsaybBa¢ak;fa lim  4f ' (c).f (c)
h 0
h
2 2
f (c  h )  f (c  h )
tag L  lim h 0
h
 lim
f (c  h )  f (c  h ). f (c  h )  f (c  h )
h 0
h
f (c  h )  f (c  h )
 lim  lim f (c  h )  f (c  h )
h 0
h h 0
f (c  h )  f (c  h ) f (c  h )  f (c)  f (c  h )  f (c)
eday lim  lim
h 0
h h 0
h
f (c  h )  f (c) f (c  h )  f (c)
 lim  lim
h 0
h h 0
h
f (c  h )  f (c) f c  ( h )   f (c)
 lim  lim
h 0
h h 0
(h )
 f ' ( c )  f ' ( c )  2f ' ( c ) 141
nig limf (c  h )  f (c  h )  f (c)  f (c)  2f (c)

naM[ L  2f ' (c)  2f (c)  4f ' (c).f (c) .
2 2
dUcenH lim f (c  h) h f (c  h)  4f ' (c).f (c) .

h 0
lMhat;TI5
2
eK[ f CaGnuKmn_kMnt;elI IR eday f (x)  2xx 35xx34 2
k-cUrKNnaedrIev f ' (x) .

x-kMnt;témø x edIm,I[ f ' (x)  0 rYcKNnatémøelxén f (x)
cMeBaH témø x Edl)an .
K-cUrrksmIkarbnÞat; (T) b:HnwgExSekag (c) tag f Rtg;cMnuc x  2 .
dMeNaHRsay
k-KNnaedrIev f ' (x)
2
eKman f (x)  2xx 35xx34 tamrUbmnþ ( uv )'  u' vv v' u

2 2
2 2 2 2
eK)an f ' (x)  (2x  5x  4)' (x  3x(x 3)3x(x 3) 3x  3)' (2x
2 2
 5 x  4)
(4x  5)(x2  3x  3)  (2x  3)(2x2  5x  4)


(x2  3x  3)2
4x3  12x 2  12x  5x2  15x  15  4x3  10x2  8x  6x2  15x  12

(x2  3x  3)2
 x2  4x  3
 2
(x  3x  3)2
x 2  4x  3 142
dUcenH f ' (x)   2 .
( x  3x  3) 2
x-kMnt;témø x edIm,I[ f ' (x)  0
2
eK)an f ' (x)   (xx 34xx33)  0 naM[ x  4x  3  0

2 2
2
eday a  b  c  0 eKTajb¤s x  1 , x  ac  3 . 1 2
dUcenH x  1 , x  3 .
1 2
KNnatémøelxén f (x) ³
2
eKman f (x)  2xx 35xx34

2
cMeBaH x  1 eK)an f (1)  21.1 35.1.134  21  35  34  1

2
cMeBaH x  3 eK)an f (3)  23.3 35.3.334  189 159 34  73

2
dUcenH f (1)  1 , f (3)  73 .

K-rksmIkarbnÞat; (T) b:HnwgExSekag (c)
2
cMeBaH x  2 naM[ y  f (2)  22.2 35.2.234  84106 34  2

2
kUGredaenéncMnucb:HKW M (2,2) . 0

0 0 0
cMeBaH x  2 eK)an y'  f ' (2)   (22 34..2233)  1

0 2 2
eK)an (T) : y  2  1.(x  2) b¤ y  x

dUcenH smIkarbnÞat; (T) b:HnwgExSekag (c) KW (T) : y  x .
143
lMhat;TI6
2
eK[ f CaGnuKmn_kMnt;elI IR eday f (x)  x x px 1 q 2
eK]bmafamancMnYnBit a Edl f (a )  0 .
cUrbgðajfa f ' (a )  2aa  1p ? 2
dMeNaHRsay
bgðajfa f ' (a )  2aa  1p 2
eKman f (x)  x x px 1 q 2
2 2
 1)  ( x 2  1)' ( x 2  px  q)
eK)an f ' (x)  (x  px  q)' (x ( x 2  1) 2
(2 x  p)( x 2  1)  2 x ( x 2  px  q)
f ' (x) 
( x 2  1) 2
( 2a  p)(a 2  1)  2a (a 2  ap  q )
xa
cMeBaH eK)an f ' (a )  2 2
(1)
(a  1)
a 2  ap  q
tambMrab;eKman f (a )  2
0
a 1
2
naM[ a  ap  q  0 2
yk ¬@¦ CYskñúg ¬!¦ eK)an³
(2a  p)(a 2  1)  2a (0)
f ' (a ) 
(a 2  1) 2
(2a  p)(a 2  1) 2a  p
  2
(a 2  1) 2 a 1
2a  p
dUcenH f ' (a )  2 .
a 1
144
lMhat;TI7
2 n
eK[ f CaGnuKmn_kMnt;eday f (x)  (x  1  x )
Edl x  IR nig n  IN * .
2
k-cUrKNnaedrIev f ' (x) rYcbgðajfa 1  x .f ' (x)  n.f (x) .
2 2
x-cUrRsaybBa¢ak;TMnak;TMng (1  x ).f ' ' (x)  x.f ' (x)  n .f (x) .
dMeNaHRsay
2 n
eKman f (x)  (x  1  x )
2
eK)an f ' (x)  n.(x  1  x )'.(x  1  x 2 ) n 1
 (1  x 2 )' 
 n.1  .( x  1  x 2 ) n 1
2
 2 1 x 
 2x 
 n.1  .( x  1  x 2 ) n 1
2
 2 1 x 
1 x2  x
 n. .( x  1  x 2 ) n 1
1 x2
n
 (x  1  x 2 ) n
1 x2
dUcenH f ' (x)  1 n x .(x  1  x ) .
2
2 n
eKman f ' (x)  1 n x .(x  1  x ) eday f (x)  (x 

2
2 n
1  x 2 )n
eK)an f ' (x)  1 n x .f (x) naM[ 1  x .f ' (x)  n.f (x) .

2
2
145
2
dUcenH 1  x .f ' (x)  n.f (x) .
x-RsaybBa¢ak;TMnak;TMng ³
(1  x 2 ).f ' ' ( x )  x.f ' ( x )  n 2 .f ( x )
f (x)
eKman 1  x 2 .f ' ( x )  n.f ( x ) naM[ f ' (x)  n. 1 x2
f ' ( x ) 1  x 2  ( 1  x 2 )' f ( x )
eK)an f ' ' ( x )  n.
( 1  x 2 )2
2x
f ' ( x ). 1  x 2  2
.f ( x )
f ' ' (x)  n 2 1 x
1 x2
f (x)
1  x 2 .f ' ( x )  x. 2
f ' ' ( x )  n. 1  x 1
2
1 x
1 f (x)
eKman 1  x 2 .f ' ( x )  n.f ( x ) 2 
nig .f ' ( x )  3
n 1 x2
yk ¬@¦ nig ¬#¦ CYskñúgTMnak;TMng 1 eK)an ³
1
n.f ( x )  x. f ' x 
f ' ' ( x )  n. n
2
1 x
2 2
naM[ (1  x ).f ' ' (x)  n .f (x)  x.f ' (x)
2 2
dUcenH (1  x ).f ' ' (x)  x.f ' (x)  n .f (x) .

146
lMhat;TI8
2
eK[ f CaGnuKmn_kMnt;elI IR eday f (x)  4x  16x  9 .
2
cUrRsaybBa¢ak;fa ³ (16x  9).f ' ' (x)  16x.f ' (x)  4f (x) .
dMeNaHRsay
2
RsaybBa¢ak;fa ³ (16x  9).f ' ' (x)  16x.f ' (x)  4f (x)
2
eKman f (x)  4x  16x  9
2
eK)an f ' (x)  (4x  16x  9 )'

2 4 x  16 x 2  9
32x 16x
4 2
4  2
 2 16 x  9  16 x 9
2 4x  16x 2  9 2 4 x  16x 2  9
4( 16x 2  9  4x ) 2( 4x  16x 2  9 )
 
2
2 4x  16x  9 . 16x  9 2
16x 2  9
2f ( x )
eKTaj f ' (x)  2
f ( x )  4 x  16x 2  9
eRBaH
16x  9
32x
f ' ( x ). 16x 2  9  2
.f ( x )
eK)an f ' ' (x)  2 2 16x  9
2
16x  9
2f ( x )
(16x 2  9).f ' ' ( x )  2. 16x 2  9.f ' ( x )  16x. 2
1
16x  9
2f ( x ) 2
eday f ' (x)  2
naM[ 2  16 x  9.f ' ( x )  2f ( x ) 3
16x  9
ykTMnak;TMng 2 nig 3 CYskñúg ¬!¦ eK)an ³
2
dUcenH (16x  9).f ' ' (x)  16x.f ' (x)  4f (x) . 147
lMhat;TI9
1  sin x
eK[ f CaGnuKmn_kMnt;eday f (x)  2  sin x  cos x
kMnt;RKb; x  IR .
k-KNnaedrIev f ' (x) .
x-KNnatémø f ' 0 nig f '  2  .
dMeNaHRsay
1  sin x
eKman f (x)  2  sin x  cos x
eK)an ³
(1  sin x )' (2  sin x  cos x )  (2  sin x  cos x )' (1  sin x )
f ' (x) 
(2  sin x  cos x ) 2
cos x.(2  sin x  cos x)  (cosx  sin x)(1  sin x)

(2  sin x  cos x) 2
2 cos x  sin x cosx  cos2 x  cosx  sin x cosx  sin x  sin2 x

2  sin x  cosx 2
cosx  sin x  (cos2 x  sin 2 x) cosx  sin x  1
 
2  sin x  cosx 2 (2  sin x  cosx) 2
dUcenH f ' (x)  (2cos sinx xsin cosx x1) . 2
x-KNnatémø f ' 0 nig f '  2 

eK)an f ' 0  (2cos sin0 0sin cos0 01)  (21 0011)
2 2
0
 
cos  sin  1
  2 2 0 11 2
nig f '    2
  .
 2  ( 2  sin   cos  ) 2 (2  1  0) 9 148
2 2
lMhat;TI10
eKmanGnuKmn_ f x   1 cossinx x
k-cUrKNnaedrIev f ' (x) nig f ' ' (x)
x-KNnatémø f ' (0) nig f ' ' (0) .
dMeNaHRsay
k-KNnaedrIev f ' (x) nig f ' ' (x)
eKman f x   1 cossinx x
eK)an f ' (x)  (cos x)' (1  sin(1x)sin (1x) sin x)' (cos x)
2
 sin x  sin 2 x  cos 2 x sin x  (sin 2 x  cos 2 x )

 
(1  sin x ) 2 (1  sin x ) 2
sin x  1 1
  
(1  sin x ) 2 1  sin x
1
dUcenH f ' (x)   .
1  sin x
1 (1  sin x )' cos x
müa:geTot f ' ' x   (  )'  
1  sin x (1  sin x ) 2 (1  sin x ) 2
cos x
dUcenH f ' ' (x) 
(1  sin x ) 2
x-KNnatémø f ' (0) nig f ' ' (0)

1 1
eK)an f ' 0   1  sin 0

1 0
 1
nig f ' ' (0)  (1 cossin00)  (1 10)  1 .

2 2
149
dUcenH f ' 0  1 nig f ' ' 0  1 .
lMhat;TI11
cUrKNnaedrIevénGnuKmn_ ³
n 1
f ( x )  sin x. sin(n  1) x nig g( x )  cos n 1 x. cos(n  1) x
Edl n CacMnYnKt;FmµCati .
dMeNaHRsay
KNnaedrIevénGnuKmn_ ³
n 1
eKman f (x)  sin x.sin(n  1)x
n 1 n 1
eK)an f ' (x)  (sin x)'.sin(n  1)x  (sin(n  1)x)'.sin x
 (n  1) cos x. sinn x. sin(n  1)x  (n  1).cos(n  1)x. sinn1 x
 (n  1).sinn x.sin(n  1)x. cos x  sin x. cos(n  1)x
 (n  1).sinn x. sin(n  1)x  x   (n  1).sinn x. sin(n  2)x
n
dUcenH f ' (x)  (n  1).sin x. sin(n  2)x .
n 1
eKman g(x)  cos x. cos(n  1)x
n 1 n 1
eK)an g' (x)  (cos x)'.cos(n  1)x  (cos(n  1)x)'.cos x
 (n  1) sin x. cosn x. cos(n  1)x  (n  1).sin(n  1)x. cosn 1 x
 (n  1). cosn x.sin x. cos(n  1)x  sin(n  1)x. cos x
 (n  1). cosn x. sinx  (n  1)x   (n  1). cosn x. sin(n  2) x
dUcenH g ' ( x )  ( n  1). cos n x. sin(n  2) x .
 150
lMhat;TI12
2
eK[GnuKmn_ f (x)  x x mx 1 4 2
Edl x CacMnYnBit nig m Ca)a:ra:Em:Rt .

k-cUrkMnt;témø m edIm,I[GnuKmn_ f (x) mantémøbrmaRtg;cMnuc x  2
x-cUrkMnt;témø m edIm,I[GnuKmn_ f (x) mantémøbrmaEtmYyKt; .
dMeNaHRsay
k-kMnt;témø m
edIm,I[GnuKmn_ f (x) mantémøbrmaRtg;cMnuc x  2 luHRtaEt f ' (2)  0
2
eKman f (x)  x x mx 1 4

2
2 2 2 2
eK)an f ' (x)  (x  mx  4)' (x (x1)  (1x)  1)' (x  mx  4)

2 2
(2 x  m)( x 2  1)  2 x ( x 2  mx  4)

( x 2  1) 2
2 x 3  2 x  mx 2  m  2 x 3  2mx 2  8x

( x 2  1) 2
 mx 2  6x  m
f ' (x) 
( x 2  1) 2
 4m  12  m 12  3m
cMeBaH x2eK)an f ' 2   2
 0
(4  1) 25
naM[ m 4 .
151
x-kMnt;témø m
edIm,I[GnuKmn_ f (x) mantémøbrmaEtmYyKt;luHRtaEtsmIkar
2
f ' ( x )  0 smmUl  mx  6 x  m  0 manb¤sEtmYyKt;
eBalKWRtUv[ m  0 .
lMhat;TI13
2
eK[GnuKmn_ f (x)  ax x bx4

3
2
cUrkMnt;témøéncMnYnBit a nig b edIm,I[GnuKmn_ f mancMnucbrma

EtmYyKt; ehIyExSekagrbs;vamanbnÞat; y  2 CaGasIumtUtedk .
dMeNaHRsay
kMnt;témøéncMnYnBit a nig b
2
eKman f (x)  ax x bx2

4
3
2 2
eK)an f ' (x)  (2ax  b)(x x4)  42x(ax

2 2
 bx  3)
2ax 3  8ax  bx 2  4b  2ax 3  2bx 2  6 x

( x 2  4) 2
 bx 2  (8a  6) x  4b

( x 2  4) 2
edIm,I[GnuKmn_ f (x) mantémøbrmaEtmYyKt;luHRtaEtsmIkar

152
f ' ( x )  0 manb¤lEtmYyKt; .
 bx 2  8a  6 x  4b
eday f ' x   0
x 2  42
2
naM[  bx  8a  6x  4b  0 manb¤leTalEtmYyKt;luHRtaEt
b0 .
müa:geTotExSekagrbs;vamanbnÞat; y  2 CaGasIumtUtedkluHRtaEt
lim f ( x )  2 .
x 
2 2
eK)an lim f x   lim ax x bx

x  x 
4
3
 lim
2
ax
x
a2 .
x  2
dUcenH a  2 , b  0 .
lMhat;TI14
2
eK[GnuKmn_ f (x)  x  pxx  q Edl x CacMnYnBitxusBIsUnü .

k-cUrKNnaedrIev f ' (x) nig f ' ' x  .
x-cUrkMnt;cMnYnBit p nig q edIm,I[GnuKmn_ f (x) mantémøGtibrmaesµI 1
cMeBaH x  2 .
dMeNaHRsay
k-KNnaedrIev f ' (x) nig f ' ' x 
2
eKman f (x)  x  pxx  q  x  p  qx RKb; x  0 .

eK)an f ' (x)  (x  p  qx )'  1  xq nig f ' ' x   (1  xq )'  2xq
2 2 3
153
dUcenH f ' x   1  xq , f ' ' x   2xq .
2 3
x-kMnt;cMnYnBit p nig q
edIm,I[GnuKmn_ f (x) mantémøGtibrmaesµI 1cMeBaH x  2
f '  2   0

luHRtaEt f  2   1
f ' '  2   0

 q
 f '   2   1  0 
4 q  4

 4  2p  q 
eKTaj)an f ( 2)  1 naM[ p  5
 2  q 4
 2q f ' '  2       1  0
f ' '  2    4 4
8
dUcenH p  5 ,q  4 .
lMhat;TI15
eK[GnuKmn_ f (x)  ax  1  xb Edl x CacMnYnBitxusBIsUnü .
k-cUrKNnaedrIev f ' (x) nig f ' ' x  .
x-cUrkMnt;cMnYnBit a nig b edIm,I[GnuKmn_ f (x) mantémøGb,brma
esµI 5 cMeBaH x  1.
dMeNaHRsay
k-KNnaedrIev f ' (x) nig f ' ' x  154
eKman f (x)  ax  1  xb
eK)an f ' (x)  (ax  1  xb )'  a  xb nig f ' ' x   (a  xb )'  2xb
2 2 3
dUcenH f ' x   a  xb , f ' ' x   2xb .

2 3
x-kMnt;cMnYnBit a nig b
edIm,I[GnuKmn_ f (x) mantémøGb,brmaesµI 5 cMeBaH x  1
f ' 1  0

luHRtaEt f 1  5
f ' ' 1  0

f ' 1  a  b  0 a  b  0 a  2
  
eK)an f 1  a  1  b  5 naM[ a  b  4 b¤ b  2
f ' ' 1  2b f ' ' 1  2b f ' ' 1  4  0
  
dUcenH a  2 ,b  2 .

155
lMhat;TI16
2
eK[GnuKmn_ y  f (x)  x x ax 1 b manRkabtMnag c

2
kñúgtRmuyGrtUnremmYy.
k-ExSekag c kat;GkS½Gab;sIus x'0x  Rtg;cMnucmanGab;sIus x   .
bgðajfabnÞat;b:H c Rtg; x   manemKuNR)ab;Tis k  2  1a . 2
x-cUrkMnt;témø a nig b edIm,I[ExSekag c kat;GkS½Gab;sIus

)anBIrcMnuc M nig N EdlbnÞat;b:H c Rtg; M nig N EkgnwgKña .
dMeNaHRsay
bgðajfabnÞat;b:H c Rtg; x   manemKuNR)ab;Tis k  2  1a 2
eKman f x   x x ax 1 b
2
2 2 2 2
eK)an f ' x   (x  ax  b)' x (x1  (1x)  1)' x  ax  b

2 2
(2 x  a )( x 2  1)  2x ( x 2  ax  b)

( x 2  1) 2
ebI k CaemKuNR)ab;Tisén bnÞat;b:H c Rtg; x   eK)an k  f ' 
2 2
eK)an k  2  a (x (1) 21).(  a  b) 1

2 2
müa:geTotExSekag c kat;GkS½Gab;sIus x'0x  Rtg;cMnucmanGab;sIus

2
  a  b 2
x   eK)an f     0 naM[   a  b  0 2 
2
 1
2 156
yksmIkar 2 CYskñúg 1 eK)an k  (2(a)(1)  1)  2  1a
2 2 2
dUcenH k  2  1a . 2
x-kMnt;témø a nig b
smIkarGab;sIuscMnucRbsBV M nig N rvagExSekag c CamYy x'0x  ³
2
x  ax  b 2
f x   2
 0 b¤ x  ax  b  0 E 
x 1
tag k nig k CaemKuNR)ab;TisénbnÞat;b:H cRtg; M nig N eK)an
1 2
2x  a M
2x  a N
k  f ' x  
1 M
ni g k  f ' x  
2 2 N 2
x 1 M
x 1 N
¬ tamsRmayxagelI ¦.
edIm,I[bnÞat;b:HenHEkgKñaluHRtaEt
 2x  a   2x N  a 
k 1 .k 2   2M . 2   1
 Mx  1  Nx  1 
naM[ (2x M
 a )(2x N  a )  ( x 2M  1)( x 2N  1)
2x M
 a . 2x N  a   (x 2M  1)(x 2N  1)  0
4x M x N  2a(x M  x N )  a 2  x 2M x 2N  x 2M  x 2N   1  0
4x M x N  2a(x M  x N )  a 2  x 2M x 2N  (x M  x N )2  2x M x N   1  0
(x M  x N )2  x 2M x2N  2a(xM  x N )  2x M x N  a 2  1  0 3

 x M  x N  a
xM xN
eday nig Cab¤ssmIkar enaHeKman E  
x M x N  b
TMnak;TMng 3Gacsresr ³
a 2  b 2  2a 2  2 b  a 2  1  0
2
b 2  2b  1  b  1  0
naM[ b  1
müa:geTotedIm,I[ c kat;GkS½ x'0x  )anBIrcMnuc M nig N luHRtaEt 157
2
smIkar E  manb¤sBIrepSgKña eBalKWeKRtUv[   a  4b  0
2
eday b  1 eKTaj)an   a  4  0 BitCanic©RKb;cMnYnBit a .
dUcenH a  IR , b  1 .
lMhat;TI17
x
eK[GnuKmn_ f (x)  (ax  b).e Edl a  0, a, b  IR
k-cUrKNnaedrIev f ' x  nig f ' ' x 
x-kMnt;cMnYnBit a nig b edIm,I[GnuKmn_ f (x) mantémøGtibrmaesµI 2e
cMeBaH x  1 .
dMeNaHRsay
k-KNnaedrIev f ' x  nig f ' ' x 
x x
eK)an f ' x   (ax  b)' e  (e )' (ax  b)
 ae x  e x (ax  b)
 (ax  a  b).e x
nig f ' ' ( x )  (ax  a  b)' e x  (e x )' (ax  a  b)

 a.e x  e x (ax  a  b)
 (ax  2a  b).e x
dUcenH f ' x   (ax  a  b)e x , f ' ' x   (ax  2a  b)e x .

158
edIm,I[GnuKmn_ f (x) mantémøGtibrmaesµI 2e cMeBaH x  1
f ' (1)  0 f ' (1)  (2a  b)e  0
 
luHRtaEt f (1)  2e eK)an f (1)  (a  b)e  2e
f ' ' (1)  0 f ' ' (1)  0
 
2a  b  0 a  2
 
b¤ a  b  2 naM[ b  4
f ' ' 1  (3a  b)e f ' ' 1  2e  0
 
dUcenH a  2 , b  4 .
lMhat;TI18
x
eK[GnuKmn_ f (x)  axe b Edl a  0, a, b  IR

k-cUrKNnaedrIev f ' x  nig f ' ' x 
x-kMnt;cMnYnBit a nig b edIm,I[GnuKmn_ f (x) mantémøGb,brmaesµI e
cMeBaH x  1.
dMeNaHRsay
k-KNnaedrIev f ' x  nig f ' ' x 
x x
eK)an f ' (x)  (e )' (ax (axb)b()ax  b)' e2
e x (ax  b)  ae x (ax  b  a ).e x

 
(ax  b) 2 (ax  b) 2 159
(ax  b  a ).e x
dUcenH f ' (x)  .
(ax  b) 2
[(ax  b  a )e x ]' (ax  b) 2  [(ax  b) 2 ]' (ax  b  a )e x
f ' ' x  
(ax  b) 4
[aex  ex (ax  b  a)](ax  b) 2  2a(ax  b)(ax  b  a)ex

(ax  b) 4
(ax  b) 2 .e x  2a(ax  b  a)ex (ax  b) 2  2a(ax  b  a).ex
 
(ax  b)3 (ax  b)3
2
( ax  b )  2 a ( ax  b  a ) .e x
dUcenH f ' ' x   .
( ax  b ) 3
edIm,I[GnuKmn_ f (x) mantémøGb,brmaesµI e cMeBaH x  1
f ' (1)  0

luHRtaEt f (1)  e bnÞab;BIedaHRsayeK)an a 1 ,b  0 .
f ' ' (1)  0

lMhat;TI19
x
eK[ f CaGnuKmn_kMnt;elI IR eday f (x)  (x  2)(e  1)
cUrsresrsmIkarbnÞat; (T) EdlRsbnwgbnÞat; d  : y  x  2
ehIyb:HnwgRkab (c) tMnagGnuKmn_ y  f (x) .
dMeNaHRsay
sresrsmIkarbnÞat; (T) ³ 160
tag M (x , y ) CacMnucb:HrvagbnÞat; T  eTAnwgExSekag (c) .
0 0 0
tamrUbmnþ (T) : y  y  f ' x .(x  x )

0 0 0
edayeKman T  //d  : y  x  2 naM[eKTaj)an f ' (x )  1 0
¬emKuNR)ab;TisesµIKña¦.
x
eKman f (x)  (x  2)(e  1)
x x
eK)an f ' (x)  (x  2)' (e  1)  (e  1)' (x  2)
 e x  1  e x ( x  2)
 1  ( x  1).e x
x0 x0
eKTaj f ' (x )  1  (x  1).e  1 b¤ (x  1).e  0 naM[ x  1
0 0 0 0
cMeBaH x  1 eK)an y  f (1)  (1  2).e  e .

0 0
smIkarbnÞat; T  Gacsresr T  : y  e  1.(x  1) b¤ y  x  1  e

dUcenH (T) : y  x  1  e .

161
lMhat;TI20
6 6 2 2
eK[ f CaGnuKmn_kMnt;eday f (x)  sin x  cos x  k. sin x. cos x
x-cUrkMnt;cMnYnBit k edIm,I[ f (x) CaGnuKmn_efrCanic©cMeBaHRKb;
x  IR .
dMeNaHRsay
f ' ( x )  6.(sin x )' sin 5 x  6.(cos x )' cos 5 x  k (sin 2 x )' cos 2 x  k (cos 2 x )' sin 2 x
 6 cos x sin 5 x  6 sin x cos 5 x  2k sin x cos 3 x  2k cos x sin 3 x
 6 cos x sin x (sin 4 x  cos 4 x )  2k sin x cos x (cos 2 x  sin 2 x )
 3 sin 2x (sin 2 x  cos 2 x )(sin 2 x  cos 2 x )  k sin 2 x. cos 2x
 3 sin 2x ( cos 2 x )  k sin 2x cos 2 x
 3 sin 2 x cos 2 x  k. sin 2 x cos 2 x
1
 (3  k ). sin 2 x cos 2x  (k  3) sin 4x
2
dUcenH f ' (x)  12 (k  3).sin 4x .
x-kMnt;cMnYnBit k
edIm,I[ f (x) CaGnuKmn_efrCanic©cMeBaHRKb; x  IR luHRtaEt
f ' ( x )  0 RKb; x  IR .
162
eday f ' (x)  1 (k  3).sin 4x eKTaj k  3  0 naM[ k  3 .

lMhat;TI21
ln x
eK[GnuKmn_ f  x   ax  b  Edl x  0 ehIy a nig b
x
CacMnYnBit.
k-bgðajfacMeBaHRKb;cMnYnBit a nig b Edl a  0 ExSekag C
tagGnuKmn_ f x manGasIumtUteRTtmYyEdleKnwgbBa¢ak;smIkar .
x-kMnt;cMnYnBit a nig b edIm,I[ExSekag C tagGnuKmn_ f (x)
b:HeTAnwgbnÞat; T : y  x  4 Rtg;cMnuc A1,5 .
dMeNaHRsay
k-bgðajfaExSekag C tagGnuKmn_ f x  manGasIumtUteRTtmYy
ln x
eKman f  x   ax  b  Edl x  0
x
eday lim lnxx  0 naM[bnÞat; y  ax  b CaGasIumtUteRTt
x  
énExSekag C .
dUcenH ExSekag C tagGnuKmn_ f x  manGasIumtUteRTt
y  ax  b .
eKman f x   ax  b  lnxx 163
eK)an f ' x   (ax  b)' (ln x)'.x x (x)'.ln x  a  1 xln x .
2 2
edIm,I[ExSekag C tagGnuKmn_ f x  b:HeTAnwgbnÞat;

T  : y  x  4
 1  ln 1
a  12  1
Rtg;cMnuc A1,5 luHRtaEt ff ' xx ya naM[
A T

A A a.1  b  ln 1  5
 1
b¤ aa  1b15 b¤ ab  23

dUcenH a  2 , b  3 .
lMhat;TI22
2
eK[GnuKmn_ f (x)  x x px 2 q Edl x  2 .

2
x-cUrkMnt;cMnYnBit p nig q edIm,I[ f ' (x)  x (x4x2) 3 nig f (3)  3 .

2
dMeNaHRsay
2
eKman f (x)  x x px 2 q Edl x  2

2 2
eK)an f ' (x)  (x  px  q)' (x (2x)2()x  2)' (x

2
 px  q )
164
( 2x  p)( x  2)  ( x 2  px  q )

( x  2) 2
2 x 2  4 x  px  2p  x 2  px  q x 2  4 x  2p  q
 
( x  2) 2 ( x  2) 2
x 2  4 x  2p  q
dUcenH f ' (x)  .
( x  2) 2
x-kMnt;cMnYnBit p nig q
2 2
eday f ' (x)  x (x4x2) 3 nig f ' (x)  x (4xx22) p  q

2 2
2 2
eKTaj x (4xx22) p  q  x (x4x2) 3 naM[  2p  q  3 (1)

2 2
nig f (3)  9 33p2 q  3 naM[ 3p  q  6 (2)

bUksmIkar ¬!¦ nig ¬@¦ eK)an p  3
bnÞab;mk q  6  3p  6  9  3 .
dUcenH p  3 , q  3 .
lMhat;TI23
eK[GnuKmn_ f kMnt;elI IR eday f (x)  sin x
(n ) n
cUrbgðajfaedrIevTI n énGnuKmn_ f kMnt;eday f ( x )  sin( x 
2
) ?
dMeNaHRsay
(n ) n
bgðajfaedrIevTI n énGnuKmn_ f kMnt;eday f ( x )  sin( x 
2
) 165
eKman f (x)  sin x
eK)an f ' (x)  cos x  sin(x  2 ) ¬ eRBaH 
sin(  )  sin 
2
¦
 
f ' ' ( x )  ( x  )' cos( x  )  sin( x  )
2 2
3
f ' ' ' ( x )  ( x  )' cos( x  )  sin( x  )
2
]bmafavaBitdl;edrIevlMdab;TI n KW f (x)  sin(x  n2 ) Bit
(n )
eyIgnwgRsayfavaBitdl;edrIevlMdab;TI (n  1) KW
( n 1)  (n  1) 
f ( x )  sin x   Bit
 2 
eyIgman f (x)  (f (x))' eday f (x)  sin(x  n2 ) eK)an ³
( n 1) (n) (n )
( n 1) n n n   (n  1) 
f (x)  (x  )'cos(x  )  sin(x   )  sin x   Bit
2 2 2 2  2 
dUcenH f (x)  sin(x  n2 ) .

(n)

166
lMhat;TI24
eK[GnuKmn_ f (x)  2x1 3 Edl x  32
cUrbgðajfaedrIevTI n énGnuKmn_ f kMnt;eday
n
(n ) n!.2 n
f ( x )  (1) . n 1
(2 x  3)
dMeNaHRsay
(n ) n n!.2 n
bgðajfaedrIevTI n énGnuKmn_ f kMnt;eday f (x)  (1) (2 x  3) n 1
eKman f (x)  2x1 3 tamrUbmnþ ( 1v )'   vv' 2
eK)an f ' (x)   ((22xx 33))'   (2x 2 3)  (1) (21x!.2 3)

2 2
1
2
2[(2x  3) 2 ]' 8 2 2!.2 2

f ' ' (x)  4
 3
 (1)
(2x  3) (2x  3) (2 x  3) 3
(n ) n n!.2 n
]bmafavaBitdl;edrIevlMdab;TI KW n f ( x )  (1) Bit
(2 x  3) n 1
n 1
( n 1) (n  1)!.2 n 1
f ( x )  (1) Bi t n2
(2 x  3)
( n 1) (n) (n ) n n!.2 n
eyIgman f (x)  (f (x))' eday f (x)  (1) (2 x  3) n 1
n n 1
eK)an f (x)  (1) . n!.2(2[(x2x3) 3) ]'

( n 1) n
2 n 2
n!.2 n.( n  1).2

n 1 n 1 ( n  1)!.2
n 1
 (1)  (1) Bit .

( 2x  3) n  2 (2 x  3) n  2
(n) n n!.2 n 167
dUcenH f ( x )  (1) .
(2x  3) n 1
lMhat;TI25
2x
eKmanGnuKmn_ f (x)  (x  1).e Edl x CacMnYnBit .
(4)
k> cUrKNnaedrIev f ' (x) , f ' ' (x) , f ' ' ' x  nig f x  .
(n ) 2x
x> cUrbgðajfaedrIevTI n énGnuKmn_ f manTRmg; f (x)  (a x  b ).e n n
Edl a  nig b  CasIVútcMnYnBitepÞógpÞat;TMnak;TMng ³

n n
a n 1  2a n

b n 1  a n  2b n , n  IN *
(n )
K> cUrkMnt; a nig b CaGnuKmn_én n rYcTajrkkenSam f
n n
(x) .
dMeNaHRsay
k> KNnaedrIev f ' (x) , f ' ' (x) , f ' ' ' x  nig f ( 4 ) x 
2x
eKman f (x)  (x  1).e
f ' ( x )  ( x  1)' e 2 x  (e 2 x )' ( x  1)
 e 2 x  2e 2 x ( x  1)  e 2 x (1  2 x  2)  (2x  3)e 2 x
2x
dUcenH f ' (x)  (2x  3)e
2x 2x
eK)an f ' ' (x)  (2x  3)' e  (e )' ( 2x  3)
 2e 2 x  2e 2 x (2x  3)  e 2 x (2  4 x  6)  (4 x  8)e 2 x
2x
dUcenH f ' ' (x)  (4x  8)e
2x 2x 168
eK)an f ' ' ' (x)  (4x  8)' e  (e )' (4x  8)
 4e 2 x  2e 2 x (4x  8)  e 2 x (4  8x  16)  (8x  20).e 2 x
2x
dUcenH f ' ' ' (x)  (8x  20)e
(4) 2x 2x
eK)an f (x)  (8x  20)' e  (e )' (8x  20)
 8e 2 x  2e 2 x (8x  20)  e 2 x (8  16x  40)  (16x  48)e 2 x

( 4) 2x
dUcenH f (x)  (16x  48)e .
(n ) 2x
x>bgðajfaedrIevTI n énGnuKmn_ f manTRmg; f (x)  (a x  b ).e n n
tamsRmayxagelIeyIgman ³
2x 2x
f ' ( x )  (2x  3)e  (a x  b )e 1
Edl a  2 , b  3
1 1 1
2x 2x
f ' ' ( x )  (4x  8)e  (a x  b )e 2
Edl a  4 , b  8
2 2 2
2x 2x
f ' ' ' ( x )  (8x  20)e  (a x  b )e 3
Edl a  8 , b  20
3 3 3
(4) 2x 2x
f ( x )  (16x  48)e  (a x  b )e 4
Edl a  16 , b  48
4 4 4
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
(n ) 2x
]bmafavaBitdl;edrIevlMdab;TI n KW ³ f (x)  (a x  b )e Bit n n
eyIgnwgRsay[eXIjfavaBitdl;edrIevlMdab;TI (n  1) KW ³
f ( n 1) ( x )  (a n 1 x  b n 1 )e 2 x
eyIgman f ( n 1) ( x )  (f ( n ) ( x ))' eday f ( n ) ( x )  (a n x  b n )e 2 x
eK)an f ( n 1) ( x )  (a n x  b n )' e 2 x  (e 2 x )' (a n x  b n )

f ( n 1) ( x )  a n e 2 x  2e 2 x (a n x  b n )
f ( n 1) ( x )  e 2 x (a n  2a n x  2b n ) 169
f ( n 1) ( x )  ( 2a n x  a n  2b n )e 2 x
( n 1) 2x
eKTaj f (x)  (a x  b )e Bit n 1 n 1
Edl a  2a nig b  a  2b .
n 1 n n 1 n n
(n ) 2x
dUcenH edrIevTI n énGnuKmn_ f manTRmg; f (x)  (a x  b ).e n n
Edl a  nig b  CasIVútcMnYnBitepÞógpÞat;TMnak;TMng a  2a

n n n 1 n
nig b  a  2b .
n 1 n n
K>kMnt; a nig b CaGnuKmn_én n

n n
tamsRmayxagelIeKman a  2a nig b  a  2b n 1 n n 1 n n
cMeBaHRKb; n  IN *.
tamTMnak;TMng a  2a naM[ (a ) CasIVútFrNImaRtmanersug q  2
n 1 n n
nigtY a  2
1
n 1 n 1 n
tamrUbmnþ a  a .q  2.2  2 .
n 1
müa:geToteKman b  a  2b n 1 n n
naM[eKTaj b  2b  a  2 b¤ 21 b  21 b  1
n 1 n n
n
n n 1 n 1 n
ebIeKtag c  21 b n n 1 n
eK)an c  c  1 efr naM[ (c ) CasIVútnBVnþmanplsgrYm d  2

n 1 n n
nigtY c  b  3
1 1
tamrUbmnþ c  c  (n  1)d  3  2(n  1)  2n  1

n 1
eday c  21 b naM[ b  2 .c  (2n  1).2

n n 1 n n
n 1
n
n 1
170
n n 1
dUcenH a  2 , b  (2n  1).2 .
n n
(n )
TajrkkenSam f (x) ³
(n ) 2x n n 1
eKman f (x)  (a x  b ).e eday a  2 nig b  (2n  1)2
n n n n
eK)an f (x)  [2 x  (2n  1)2 ].e  2 (x  2n2 1).e

(n ) n n 1 2x n 2x
dUcenH f (x)  2 (x  2n2 1).e .

(n) n 2x
lMhat;TI26
x
eKmanGnuKmn_ f (x)  e . sin x
(4)
k> cUrKNnaedrIev f ' (x) , f ' ' (x) , f ' ' ' x  nig f x  .
x> cUrbgðajfaedrIevTI n énGnuKmn_ f manTRmg; ³
f ( n ) ( x )  (a n sin x  b n cos x ).e x

n n
a n 1  a n  b n

b n 1  a n  b n , n  IN *
K> eKtag z  a  i.b .n n n
cUrbgðajfa z  (1  i).z rYcsresr z CaTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt .

n 1 n n
(n )
X> cUrkMnt; a nig b CaGnuKmn_én n rYcTajrkkenSam f (x) .
n n
171
dMeNaHRsay
k> KNnaedrIev f ' (x) , f ' ' (x) , f ' ' ' x  nig f ( 4 ) x 
x
eKman f (x)  e . sin x
x x
eK)an f ' (x)  (e )' sin x  (sin x)' e
 e x sin x  cos x.e x  e x (sin x  cos x )
x
dUcenH f ' (x)  e (sin x  cos x) .
x x
eK)an f ' ' (x)  (e )' (sin x  cos x)  (sin x  cos x)' e
 e x (sin x  cos x )  (cos x  sin x )e x
 e x (sin x  cos x  cos x  sin x )  2e x cos x
x
dUcenH f ' ' (x)  2e cos x .
x x
eK)an f ' ' ' (x)  2(e )' cos x  2(cos x)' e
 2e x cos x  2 sin x.e x  2e x (cos x  sin x )
x
dUcenH f ' ' ' (x)  2e (cos x  sin x) .
(4) x x
eK)an f (x)  2(e )' (cos x  sin x)  2(cos x  sin x)' e
 2e x (cos x  sin x )  2( sin x  cos x )e x
 2e x (cos x  sin x  sin x  cos x )  4e x sin x
(4) x
dUcenH f (x)  4e sin x .
x> bgðajfaedrIevTI n énGnuKmn_ f manTRmg; f (n) (x)  (an sinx  bn cosx).ex
tamsRmayxagelIeKman ³
172
x x x
f ' ( x )  e (sin x  cos x )  (sin x  cos x )e  (a 1 sin x  b1 cos x )e
Edl ab  11
1
 1
f ' ' ( x )  2e x cos x  (0. sin x  2 cos x )e x  (a 2 sin x  b 2 cos x )e x

a 2  0
Edl 
b 2  2
f ' ' ' (x)  2e x (cos x  sin x)  (2 sin x  2 cos x)e x  (a 3 sin x  b3 cos x)e x
a3  2
Edl 
b3  2
f ( 4 ) ( x )  4e x sin x  (4 sin x  0. cos x )e x  (a 4 sin x  b 4 cos x )e x

a 4  4
Edl 
b 4  0
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
(n ) x
]bmafavaBitdl;edrIevlMdab;TI n KW f (x)  (a sin x  b cos x).e Bit n n
f ( n 1) ( x )  (a n 1 sin x  b n 1 cos x )e x
( n 1)
eyIgman f ( x )  (f ( n ) ( x ))'
 (a n sin x  b n cos x )' e x  (e x )' (a n sin x  b n cos x )
f ( n 1) ( x )  (a n cos x  b n sin x )e x  e x (a n sin x  b n cos x )

 (a n cos x  b n sin x  a n sin x  b n cos x )e x
 (a n  b n ) sin x  (a n  b n ) cos x .e x
f ( n 1) ( x )  (a n 1 sin x  b n 1 cos x ).e x Bit 173
¬eRBaH a a b nig b a b ¦
(n ) x
dUcenH edrIevTI n énGnuKmn_ f manTRmg; f (x)  (a sin x  b cos x).e n n

n n
a n 1  a n  b n

b n 1  a n  b n , n  IN *
K> bgðajfa z n 1
 (1  i).z n
sresr z CaTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt ³
n
eKman z  a n n
 i.b n naM[ z  a  i.b eday ³
n 1 n 1 n 1
a n 1  a n  b n

b n 1  a n  b n , n  IN *
eK)an z n 1  (a n  b n )  i.(a n  b n )
 a n  b n  i.a n  i.b n  (1  i)a n  (1  i)b n
1 i
 (1  i)(a n  b n )  (1  i)(a n  i.b n )  (1  i)z n
1 i
dUcenH z  (1  i)z . n 1 n
edayeKman z  (1  i).z naM[ (z ) CasIVútFrNImaRténcMnYnkMupøic

n 1 n n
Edlmanersug ³
2 2  
q  1  i  2(  i. )  2 (cos  i. sin ) nigtY z  a  ib 1 1 1
2 2 4 4
Et a  1, b  1naM[ z  1  i  q  2 (cos 4  i. sin 4 ) .
1 1 1
tamrUbmnþtYTI n énsIVútFrNImaRteKGacsresr ³
n 1
n 1     
z n  z1  q  2 (cos  i.sin ). 2 (cos  i.sin )
4 4  4 4 
 
 ( 2 ) n (cos  i.sin ) n
4 4 174
n n
dUcenH z n  2 n (cos  i. sin ) ¬ tamrUbmnþdWmr½ ¦ .
X> kMnt; a nig b CaGnuKmn_én n
n n
eKman z  a  i.b eday z  2 (cos n4  i. sin n4 )

n n n n
n
 n n
a
 n  2 . cos
n n 4
eKTaj a n  i.b n  2 n (cos  i.sin ) naM[ 
4 4  b  2 n .sin n
 n 4
dUcenH a  2 . cos n4
n
n
, b n  2 n . sin
n
4
.
(n )
TajrkkenSam f (x) ³
f ( n ) ( x )  (a n sin x  b n cos x )e x eday
n n
a n  2 n . cos , b n  2 n . sin
4 4
n n x
eK)an f ( n ) ( x )  ( 2 n . cos .sin x  2 n cos x.sin ).e
4 4
n n n
 2 n (cos sin x  sin cos x ).e x  2 n . sin( x  ).e x
4 4 4
n
dUcenH f ( n ) ( x )  2 n .e x sin( x  ) .
4
175
lMhat;TI27
eKmanGnuKmn_ f (x)  3x  1 kMnt;elI  13 ,
k> cMeBaHRKb; x  1,5 cUrbgðajfa 83  f ' (x)  34 .
x> edayeRbIvismPaBkMeNInmankMnt;eTAnwgGnuKmn_ f cMeBaHRKb;
3 13 3 5
x  1,5 cUrbgðajfa x   3x  1  x  .
8 8 4 4
dMeNaHRsay
k> cMeBaHRKb; x  1,5 bgðajfa 83  f ' (x)  34
eKman f (x)  3x  1 naM[ f ' (x)  2 33x  1
cMeBaHRKb; x  1,5 eKman 1  x  5 b¤ 4  3x  1  16
1 1 1
 
4 3x  1 2
3 3 3
 
8 2 3x  1 4
dUcenH 83  f ' (x)  34 cMeBaHRKb; x  1,5 .

x> bgðajfa 83 x  138  3x  1  34 x  54
cMeBaHRKb; x  1,5 eKman 83  f ' (x)  34
cMeBaH x  1 eKman 83 (x  1)  f (x)  f (1)  34 (x  1) Et f (x)  3x  1
eK)an 83 x  83  3x  1  2  34 x  34
dUcenH 83 x  138  3x  1  34 x  54 . 176
lMhatTI28
2
eK[GnuKmn_ y  f (x)  x 23xx  3
k> cUrkMnt;bIcMnYnBit a, b nig b edIm,I[ f (x)  ax  b  2 c x
cMeBaHRKb; x  2 .
x> cUrkMnt;smIkarGasIumtUtQr nigGasIumtUteRTténRkab c
tMnagGnuKmn_ f .
K> KNnaedrIev f ' (x) rYcKUstaragGefrPaBénGnuKmn_ f (x) .
X> RsayfacMnuc I(2 , 1) Cap©itbMElgqøúHénRkab c .
 
g> cUrsg;Rkab (c) tagGnuKmn_ f (x) kñúgtMruyGrtUnrm:al; (0, i , j) mYy
dMeNaHRsay
k>kMnt;bIcMnYnBit a, b nig b edIm,I[ f (x)  ax  b  2 c x cMeBaHRKb; x  2
2
eKman y  f (x)  x 23xx  3
( x 2  2 x )  ( x  2)  1

2x
x ( x  2)  ( x  2)  1 1
  x  1 
2x 2x
1 c
eK)an y  f (x)  x  1  eday f ( x )  ax  b 
2x 2x
dUcenH a  1, b  1, c  1 .
177
x> kMnt;smIkarGasIumtUtQr nigGasIumtUteRTt ³
2
eKman f (x)  x 23xx  3
CaGnuKmn_kMnt;elI D  IR  {2} . f
2
eday lim f (x)  lim x 23xx  3  
x 2 x 2
2
nig lim f (x)  lim x 23xx 3  
x 2 x 2
naM[bnÞat; x  2 smIkarGasIumtUtQrénRkab (c) .

müa:geToteKman f (x)  x  1  2 1 x
eday lim 2 1 x  0
x  
naM[bnÞat; y  x  1 CaGasIumtUteRTténRkab (c) .

K> KNnaedrIev f ' (x)
2
eKman f (x)   x x 3x2 3 CaGnuKmn_kMnt;elI D  IR  {2}
f
2
eK)an f ' (x)   (2x  3)(x (x2) 2)(x  3x  3)
2
2 x 2  4 x  3x  6  x 2  3x  3

( x  2) 2
x 2  4x  3

( x  2) 2
x 2  4x  3
dUcenH f ' (x )   .
( x  2) 2
KUstaragGefrPaBénGnuKmn_ f (x) ³
2
ebI f ' (x)   x (x42x) 3  0 eK)an x  4x  3  0
2
2
178
naM[ x  1 , x  ac  3
1 2
2
cMeBaH x  1 eK)an f (1)  1 231 3  1
1
cMeBaH x  3 eK)an f (3)  9 2 9 3 3  3

2
eday f (x)  x  1  2 1 x
eK)an lim f (x)  lim (x  1  2 1 x )  
x   x  
eKGacKUstaragGefrPaBdUcxageRkam ³
x  1 2 3 
f ' (x)
  3
f (x)
1  
X>RsayfacMnuc I(2 , 1) Cap©itbMElgqøúHénRkab c

eKman f (x)  x  1  2 1 x
tamrUbmnþ f (2a  x )  f (x )  2b
0 0
edIm,IRsayfacMnuc I(2 , 1) Cap©itbMElgqøúHénRkab ceKRtuVvRsay

[eXIjfa f (4  x )  f (x )  2 .
0 0
179
1
f (4  x 0 )  (4  x 0 )  1 
2  (4  x 0 )
1 1
 x0  3   x0  3 
2  x0 2  x0
nig f (x )  x  1  2 1 x .
0 0
eK)an f (4  x )  f (x )   x  3  2 1x     x  1  2 1x 

0 0 0
0
0
0
b¤ f (4  x )  f (x )  2 Bit .
0 0
dUcenH cMnuc I(2 , 1) Cap©itbMElgqøúHénRkab c .

 
g> sg;Rkab (c) tagGnuKmn_ f (x) kñúgtMruyGrtUnrm:al; (0, i , j)
y
0 1 x
180
lMhat;TI29
2
eK[GnuKmn_ y  f (x)  x3(x 4x2) 3 2
k> cUrKNnalImIt lim f (x) , lim f (x) nig lim f (x) rYcTajrksmIkar
x 1 x 3 x 
GasIumtUtTaMgGs;énRkab c tagGnuKmn_ f .

x> KNnaedrIev f ' (x) rYcKUstaragGefrPaBénGnuKmn_ f .
K> bgðajfabnÞat; x  2 CaGkS½qøúHénRkab c .
 
X> cUrsg;Rkab (c) tagGnuKmn_ f kñúgtRmuyGrtUnrm:al; (0, i , j) .
dMeNaHRsay
k> KNnalImIt lim f (x) , lim f (x) nig lim f (x)
x 1 x 3 x 
2
eKman y  f (x)  x3(x 4x2) 3 2
2
eK)an lim f (x)  lim x3(x 4x2) 3  
x 1 x 1
2
2
nig lim f (x)  lim x3(x 4x2) 3  
x 1 x 1
2
3( x  2) 2
lim f ( x )  lim 2  
x  3 x 3 x  4 x  3
3( x  2) 2
nig lim f ( x )  lim 2  
x  3 x 3 x  4 x  3
TajrksmIkarGasIumtUtTaMgGs; ³
edayeKman ³
lim f ( x )   nig lim f ( x )   naM[bnÞat; x  1CaGasIumtUtQr . 181
x 1 x 1
lim f ( x )   nig lim f (x)   naM[bnÞat; x  3 CaGasIumtUtQr.
x  3 x 3 
lim f ( x )  3 naM[bnÞat; y  3 CaGasIumtUtedk .

x 
x> KNnaedrIev f ' (x)

2
eKman f (x)  x3(x 4x2) 3 kMnt;elI D  IR  {1,3}
2 f
2 2
eK)an f ' (x)  6(x  2)(x (4xx  34)x33()2x  4)(x  2)
2 2
6( x  2)( x 2  4 x  3)  6( x  2)( x  2) 2

( x 2  4 x  3) 2
6( x  2) ( x 2  4 x  3)  ( x  2) 2
 
 6( x  2)
 
( x 2  4 x  3) 2 ( x 2  4 x  3) 2
dUcenH f ' (x )  (x  6 x4x 123) .

2 2
KUstaragGefrPaBénGnuKmn_ f ³
ebI f ' (x)  0 eK)an  6x  12  0 naM[ x  2 .
2
cMeBaH x  2 eK)an f (2)  34(2 8 2)3  0 ¬ CacMnucbrma ¦.
x  1 2 3 
f ' (x)
f (x)
182
K> bgðajfabnÞat; x  2 CaGkS½qøúHénRkab c
tamrUbmnþ f (2a  x )  f (x ) edIm,IRsayfabnÞat; x  2
0 0
CaGkS½qøúHénRkab (c) eyIgRKan;EtRsay[eXIjfa ³

f ( 4  x )  f ( x ) RKb; x  D .
0 0 0 f
2
eKman f (x)  x3(x 4x2) 3 kMnt;elI D  IR  {1,3} .
2 f
2
eK)an f (4  x )  (4  x3()4 x4(42)x )  3
0
0
2
0
0
2
3( 2  x 0 )
f (4  x 0 ) 
16  8x 0  x 02  16  4 x 0  3
3( x 0  2) 2
f (4  x 0 )  2  f (x 0 )
Bit .
x 0  4x 0  3
dUcenH bnÞat; x  2 CaGkS½qøúHénRkab c .

 
X> sg;Rkab (c) tagGnuKmn_ f kñúgtRmuyGrtUnrm:al; (0, i , j)
y
(C)
0 1 x
183
lMhat;TI30
x
eK[GnuKmn_ f x   x  1  e kMnt;elI IR .
k-KNnalImIténGnuKmn_ f x  kalNa x   nig x   .
x-bgðajfaExSekag c tagGnuKmn_ y  f x 
manGasIumtUteRTtmYykalNa x   .
K-KUstaragGefrPaBénGnuKmn_ f x  .
dMeNaHRsay
k-KNnalImIt
x
eK)an lim f x   limx  1  e   
x   x  
x
eRBaH limx  1   nig lim e  0 .
x   x  
x  x  x  1 
lim f  x   lim  x  1  e   lim
x   
e . x  1  
x   x  
  e 
x
lim
x  
e  

eRBaH  x 1
 x  x  0
lim
 e
x-bgðajfaExSekag c tagGnuKmn_ y  f x  manGasIumtUteRTtmYy³
x x
eKman f x   x  1  e eday lim e  0 naM[bnÞat; y  x  1
x  
CaGasIumtUteRTténRkab c.
184
K-KUstaragGefrPaBénGnuKmn_ f x 
x x
eKman f x   x  1  e naM[ f ' x   1  e
x
ebI f ' 0  0 eK)an e  1 naM[ x  0
0
ehIy f 0  0  1  e  1  1  0 .
eyIgGacKUstaragGefrPaBdUcxageRkam ³
x  0 
f ' (x)
f (x)
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
185
lMhat;TI31
eK[GnuKmn_ f kMnt;elI 0, eday f x   x  1  ln x
k-KNnalImIt lim f x  nig lim f x  .
x 0  x  
x-KUstaragGefrPaBénGnuKmn_ f x  .
K-cUrsg;Rkab ctMnagGnuKmn_ y  f x  kñúgtMruyGrtUNrma:l;
X-KNnaRkLaépÞxN½ÐedayExSekag c CamYyGkS½Gab;sIus
kñúgcenøaH 1, e .
dMeNaHRsay
k-KNnalImIt lim f x  nig lim f x 
x 0  x  
lim f x   limx  1  ln x    eRBaH lim ln x   .

x 0 x 0  x 0 
  1 ln x 
lim f x   lim x  1  ln x   lim  x 1     
x  x  x  
  x x 
 1 ln x 
eRBaH lim 1    1 .
x  
 x x 
x-KUstaragGefrPaBénGnuKmn_ f x 
eKman f x   x  1  ln x manEdnkMnt; D  0,
eK)an f ' x   1  1x  x x 1 ebI f ' x   x x 1  0 naM[ x  1
nig f 1  0 .
186
x 0 1 
f ' x 
f x 
K-sg;Rkab ctMnagGnuKmn_ y  f x  kñúgtMruyGrtUNrma:l;

y
-1 0 1 2 3 x
X-KNnaRkLaépÞ
tag S CaépÞxN½ÐedayExSekag c CamYyGkS½Gab;sIuskñúgcenøaH 1, e
e e e
eK)an S   x  1  ln x .dx   x  1.dx   ln x.dx

1 1 1
e e 2
x2   e2   1  e2 1 e  1
1 x  1.dx   2  x    2  e    2  1  2  e  2  2
1
e
e
 ln x.dx  x ln x  x  1  e ln e  e   1 ln 1  1  e  e  1  1
1
2
e 2  2e  1
dUcenH S  e  1 2
1 
2
¬ ÉktaépÞ ¦ .
187
lMhat;TI32
eK[GnuKmn_ f x   xe 1 manRkabtMnag c .
2x
k-KNnalImIt lim f x  nig lim f x  rYcbBa¢ak;smIkar

x   x  
GasIumtUtedkmYyénRkab c .
x-KUstaragGefrPaBénGnuKmn_ f x  .

K-cUrsg;Rkab ckñúgtMruyGrtUNrm:al; 0, i , j  .
X-KNnaRkLaépÞ S  énbøg;xN½ÐedayRkab CamYyGkS½Gab;suIs
kñúgcenøaH  1,  ,   1 rYcTajrk lim S  .   
dMeNaHRsay
k-KNnalImIt lim f x  nig lim f x  ³
x   x  
eK)an lim f x   lim xe 1   limx  1e

x   x   2x x  
2 x
 
lim x  
x  1  
eRBaH 
lim e 2 x
 
x  
 x  1 2 x
nig lim f  x   lim  2x
  lim  x  1e 0
x   x  
 e  x  
limx  
x  1  
eRBaH 
lim e 2 x
0
x  
naM[bnÞat; y  0 CasmIkarGasIumtUtedkmYyénRkab c .

188
x-KUstaragGefrPaBénGnuKmn_ f x 
eKman f x   xe 1  x  1.e kMnt;elI IR
2x
2 x
2 x 2 x
eK)an f ' x   e  2x  1.e
  2 x  1.e 2 x
ebI f ' x    2x  1.e  0 naM[ x   12
2 x
cMeBaH x   12 naM[ f   12   2e .

taragGefrPaB
1
  
x 2
f ' x 
f x 

K-sg;Rkab ckñúgtMruyGrtUNrm:al; 
y
0, i , j 
3
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 x
-1
189
X-KNnaRkLaépÞ S  ³
 
2 x
eyIg)an S    f x .dx   x  1.e
1 1
.dx
du  dx
u  x  1 
tag  2 x
naM[  1 2 x
dv  e .dx  v   .e
2

 1 2 x  1  2 x
S    x  1.e    e .dx
 2  1 2 1
1 1 
    1.e 2   e  2 x 1
2 4
1 1
    1.e 2   e  2   e 2 
2 4
 2  1  2  1 2  e 2
 e  e  e 
2 2 4 4
e2 1
  2  3.e 2 
4 4
e2 1
dUcenH S    2  3.e  2  ¬ÉktþaépÞ¦ .
4 4
 e2 1 2   e2
nig lim S   lim
  
 (2  3).e   .
  
 4 4  4
¬eRBaH lim 14 2  3.e
  
2 
0 ¦.

190
lMhat;TI33
x
eK[GnuKmn_ f x   1  x .e  1 kMnt;elI IR .
k> KNnaedrIev f 'x  rYcKUstaragGefrPaBén f .
TajbBa¢ak;sBaØaénGnuKn_ f x  .
x
x> eK[ g CaGnuKmn_ kMnt;elI IR eday gx   2  x .e  2  x .
cUrKNnalImIt lim gx nig lim gx  .
x   x  
K> KNnaedrIev g'x  rYcbBa¢ak;sBaØarbs; g'x .

KUstaragGefrPaBén gx  .
X> RsaybBa¢ak;fabnÞat; d  : y  2  x CaGasIumtUteRTténRkab C
tagGnuKmn_ g kalNa x   .
swkSaTItaMgeFobrvagExSekag C nigbnÞat; (d) .
g>sresrsmIkarbnÞat; T b:HnwgExSekag C ehIyRsbnwgbnÞat; d 
c> kMnt;kUGredaencMnucrbt; I rbs;ExSekag C .

q> cUrsg;Rkab C bnÞat; T  nig d kñúgtMruyGrtUNrm:al; 0, i , j .
dMeNaHRsay
k> KNnaedrIev f 'x  rYcKUstaragGefrPaBén f
x x
eKman f 'x   1  x '.e  e '.1  x 
191
 e x  e x 1  x 
 e x  e x  x.e x
  x.e x
x
ebI f 'x   x.e  0 naMeGay x  0 .
0
cMeBaH x  0 eK)an f 0  1  0.e  1  0 .
KNnalImIt³
x
lim
x  
f  x   lim
x  
1  x .e  1  1
x
nig lim f x   lim1  x .e
x   x  
 1  
x  0 
f ' x 
f x 
TajbBa¢ak;sBaØaénGnuKn_ f x  ³
tamtaragxagelIeKTaj)an x  IR : f x   0 .
x KNnalImIt lim gx  nig lim gx  ³
x   x  
x
eK)an lim gx   lim2  x .e  2  x   
x   x  
lim2  x   
x  
eRBaH lime   0 x
x 
x
eK)an lim gx   lim2  x .e
x   x  
 2  x   
192
lim
x  
2  x   
eRBaH 
lim e x
  
x  
K> KNnaedrIev g'x  rYcbBa¢ak;sBaØarbs; g'x ³

x x
eKman gx   2  x .e  2  x  2  x e  1
x x
eK)an g'x   2  x 'e  1  e  1'2  x 
 e x  1  e x .2  x 
 e x  1  2e x  x.e x  e x  x.e x  1
 1  x .e x  1
x
dUcenH g'x   1  x .e  1
x
müa:geToteday g'x   1  x .e  1  f x 
ehIyeKman x  IR : f x   0
dUcenH x  IR : g' x   0 .
KUstaragGefrPaBén gx  ³
x  0 
g ' x 
g x 
cMeBaH x  0 naMeGay g0  4

193
X> RsaybBa¢ak;fabnÞat; d  : y  2  x CaGasIumtUteRTténRkab C
x
C  : g x   2  x .e  2  x
eKman d  : y  2  x

x
eK)an gx   y  2  x .e
x
edayeKman limgx   y  lim2  x .e   0
x   x  
dUcenH bnÞat; d  : y  2  x CaGasIumtUteRTténRkab C .

sikSaTItaMgeFobrvagExSekag C nigbnÞat; (d) ³
x
eKman gx   y  2  x .e mansBaØadUc 2  x
x
eRBaH x  IR : e  0
x
taragsBaØaén gx   y  2  x .e
x  2 
g x   y  
-cMeBaH x   ,2 ExSekag C enABIelIbnÞat; d  .

-cMeBaH x  2 ExSekag C RbsBVbnÞat; d Rtg;cMnuc A2,0 .
-cMeBaH x  2, ExSekag C enABIeRkambnÞat; d  .
g> sresrsmIkarbnÞat; T b:HnwgExSekag C ehIyRsbnwgbnÞat; d  ³
tag M x , y  CacMnucb:HrvagbnÞat; T CamYy C
0 0 0
tamrUbmnþ (T) : y  y  y' .x  x 

0 0 0
194
eday T //d  : y  2  x naM[ y'  1 0
x0
Et y'  g'x   1  x e  1
0 0 0
x0
eKTaj)an 1  x e  1  1 naM[ x  1
0 0
ehIy y  gx   e  1
0 0
eK)an T  : y  e  1  1.x  1
dUcenH T  : y  x  e  2 .
c> kMnt;kUGredaencMnucrbt; I rbs;ExSekag C ³
x
eKman g'x   1  x .e  1  f x 
x
eK)an g' 'x   f 'x   x.e manb¤s x  0 .
cMeBaH x  0 eK)an g(0)  4 .
x
taragsikSasBaØaén g' 'x   x.e
x  0 
g ' ' x 
g x 
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195
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196

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eroberogeday lwm pl:ún

briBaØabR&tKNitviTüa nig BaNiC¢kmµ

© rkßasiTæi lwm pl:ún 2008

át´dMbgéf¶TI 22 Ex kumÖ¼ qñaM 2008

-plEck zz'  aaa'bbb '  i. aba 'ab' b

k-ebIeKmancMnYnkMupøic z  a  i.b Edl a nig b

-plKuN z  z'  r.r' cos(  ' )  i.sin(  ')

Edl x nig y CaBIrcMnYnBit .

eKán (x  1)  i.(y  2)   2316i i

nig W  131 2ii Edl x  IR ; y  IR .

Ca¦srbs´smIkar (E) rYcTajrk¦s z mYYyeTot 2

eKTaján 41 3 2aa 3b  00 ¦ ab  74

Edl x nig y CacMnYnBit .

tam (1) eKTaj y  3x  1 (3) ykCYskñúgsmIkar (2)

tam (2) eKTaj y  4 ykeTACYskñúg (1) eKán

eyIgtag Z  a  i.b nig Z  c  i .d Edl a , b , c , d CacMnYnBit .

eyIg)an ZZ  ac  ii..db  ((ac  ii..db)()(cc  ii..dd))  ac  i.adc  ii.bc.d  i .bd Et i  1

eK)an ZZ  (ac  bdc) id(bc  ad)  acc  bdd  i. bcc  dad

naM[ ZZ   acc  bdd    bcc  dad 

(ac  bd) 2  ( bc  ad) 2

eyIgtag Z  a  i.b nig Z  c  i .d Edl a , b , c , d CacMnYnBit .

naM[ Z  Z  (ac  bd)  i.(ad  bc)

eK)an | Z1  Z 2  Z 3 | 7 2  24 2  49  576  625  25

k>cUrsresr z , z nig Z  zz CaragRtIekaNmaRt.

K>TajeGay)anfa cos 12  6 4 2 nig sin 12  6 4 2 .

eKman z  6 2i 2  2 23  i. 12   2  cos 6  i. sin 6 

eKman z  1  i  2 22  i. 22   2 cos 4  i. sin 4 

eKman Z  zz  22 cos( 6  4 )  i. sin( 6  4 )

dUcenH Z  cos 12  i. sin 12 .

eK)an Z  26(1i i)2  ( 26(1i i)(21)(1i) i)  6  i 6 4 i 2  2

x-cUrsresr Z  2z z CaTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt .

dUcenH S  2 .cos n24 .

tamrUbmnþb¤sTI n : W  r cos(  n2k )  i.sin(  n2k )

-ebI k  2 : W  cos 53  i sin 53  12  i. 23

K> cMeBaH n  4 eK)an W  cos (2k 4 1)  i.sin (2k 4 1)

-ebI k  2 : W  cos 54  i.sin 54   22  i 22

-ebI k  3 : W  cos 74  i.sin 74  22  i. 22

X> cMeBaH n  5 eK)an W  cos (1  52k)  i.sin (1  52k)

-ebI k  0 : W  cos 5  i.sin 5

-ebI k  1 : W  cos 35  i.sin 35

-ebI k  2 : W  cos   i.sin   1

-ebI k  3 : W  cos 75  i.sin 75

-ebI k  4 : W  cos 95  i.sin 95

g> cMeBaH n  6 eK)an W  cos (1  62k)  i.sin (1  62k)

-ebI k  0 : W  cos 6  i sin 6  23  i 12

-ebI k  1 : W  cos 2  i.sin 2  i

-ebI k  2 : W  cos 56  i sin 56   23  i 12

-ebI k  3 : W  cos 76  i.sin 76   23  i 12

-ebI k  4 : W  cos 32  i.sin 32  i

-ebI k  5 : W  cos 116  i.sin 116  23  i 12 .

tamrUbmnþeK)an W  cos (1 24nk)  i.sin (1 24nk)

k> cMeBaH n  2 eK)an W  cos (1  44k)  i.sin (1  44k)

-ebI k  0 : W  cos 4  i.sin 4  22  i 22

-ebI k  1 : W  cos 54  i.sin 54   22  i 22

-ebI k  0 : W  cos 6  i.sin 6  . 23  i 12

-ebI k  1 : W  cos 56  i.sin 56   23  i 12

K> cMeBaH n  4 eK)an W  cos (4k 8 1)  i.sin (4k 8 1)

-ebI k  0 : W  cos 8  i.sin 8

-ebI k  1 : W  cos 58  i.sin 58

-ebI k  2 : W  cos 98  i.sin 98

-ebI k  3 : W  cos138  i.sin 138

X> cMeBaH n  5 eK)an W  cos (1 104k)  i.sin (1 104k)

-ebI k  0 W  cos 10  i.sin 10