Digestive System

Digestive System
Food provides the body with Energy.
Energy allows the body to move, and
grow.
There are two types of digestion;
mechanical digestion and chemical
digestion.

Mechanical Digestion
The actual, physical breaking apart
of food by chewing with teeth or
churning within the internal organs.

Chemical Digestion
Chemical reactions that separate
large molecules into simpler, smaller
molecules. This is achieved by
hydrolysis.

Digestion
Digestion begins in the alimentary
canal in the mouth.
Teeth grind the food.
The body secretes enzymes.

Types of
teeth
Incisors: cut
and slice
Canines: tear
Premolars:
grind and
mash
Molars: grind
and mash

Teeth
Teeth are composed
of dentine, similar
to bone.
Enamel covers the
teeth and is the
hardest substance
in the body.
Enamel is composed
of calcium salts.
Parts of the tooth:
Crown
Neck
Roots

Digestion
The uvula: guides food down the
esophagus and prevents it from
going into the pharynx and nasal
cavity.
Hard and soft palates: keeps food out
of the nasal cavity and helps make
sounds.
Tongue: moves food to be chewed
and to be swallowed.

Digestion
Saliva: produced by enzyme glands;
Parotid (largest), sublingual
submaxillary glands.
Amylase: enzyme in saliva, converts
polysaccharides to short chained
sugars.

Digestion
Epiglottis: flap that shuts up the
trachea.
Esophagus: muscular tube leading to
the stomach. Lined with mucosa.
Bolus: food mass
Peristalsis: occurs in the esophagus,
stomach, and intestines.

Stomach
Composed of three layers of muscle.
Circular sphincter: open and close to
allow food into the stomach.
Gastric juices break down food.
Gastric gases include enzymes,
water, hydrochloric acid three of the
four gasses secreted by mucosa.

Stomach
Mucous coats the walls of the
stomach.
Fat also protects the walls from
gastric acid that causes ulcers.
Ulcers: painful sores on the wall of
the stomach.

Stomach
Most of digestion occurs in the
stomach.
Some absorption also occurs in the
stomach.
Aspirin and alcohol are absorbed in
the stomach.

Small Intestine
When food leaves the stomach it is a
soupy substance called Chyme.
It moves to the first section of the
small intestine the Duodenum.
The small intestine measures 6
meters in length.
Much of the nutrient absorption
occurs here.

Small Intestine
Small villi project off of the small
intestines.
The villi contain capillaries and a
lacteal.
Capillaries absorb nutrients.
The lacteal absorbs fats.

Small Intestine
The small intestine contains three
parts: the duodenum, the jejunum,
and the ileum.

Liver
Nutrients are absorbed into the blood
and transported to the liver.
Liver cells remove the glucose
creating glycogen.
The liver also removes amino acids.
The liver secretes bile that emulsifies
fats.
Bile is stored in the gallbladder.

The Colon (for days)

The colon is known as the large
intestine.
The colon absorbs water, vitamins,
and minerals.
The appendix is located at the
junction of the small and large
intestine.
The appendix has no known purpose.

Excretion
Feces: solid waste stored in the
rectum the end of the colon.
Excreted through the anus.
It is brown due to bile.

Nutrients
Provide energy:
Protein
Carbohydrates
Fats
Do not provide energy:
Water
Vitamins
Minerals

Proteins
Responsible for cell growth
Enzymes, hormones, and antibodies
are composed of proteins.
20 amino acids to sustain life.

Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates provide the body with
energy.
Sugar, starches, and cellulose are
carbohydrates.
Cellulose also provides fiber which
aids in digestion.

Fats
Fats provide 2 times as much energy
as carbohydrates.
Maintain healthy skin and hair.
Fats help control blood pressure and
transport vitamins.
Fats can be saturated, unsaturated,
and trans fatty acid.

Water and Vitamins

67% of the human body is made up
of water.
Water is a coenzyme
Two types of vitamins:
Water soluble
Fat soluble

Vitamins
Vitamin A: healthy skin and hair.
Vitamin B1: maintains metabolism and
heart.
Vitamin B2: important for red blood
cells.
Vitamin C: tissue growth and repair.
Vitamin D: bone formation and
absorption of some minerals.
Vitamin K: blood clotting.

Minerals

Calcium
Chlorine
Phosphorous
Magnesium
Sodium
Potassium

Kidneys

Clean the blood

Humans have two kidneys.
They remove urea from the blood stream.
Maintain proper water balance in the
body.
Monitors and adjust the concentration in
the blood.
Without the kidneys the body would fill
with toxins and we could die.

Parts of the Kidneys

Cortex: exterior layer

Medulla: middle layer
Renal pelvis: central cavity
Nephron: smallest functional part of
the kidneys. Each kidney contains
one million nephrons.

Parts of Nephron
The glomerulus is a wad of capillaries
that filter out waste in a process
known as glomerular filtration.

Excretion
Arteries and veins bring blood in and
out of the kidneys.
Urea is formed from ammonia in the
liver.
Filtering happens in the Bowmans
capsule.

Excretion
Wastes that the kidneys form
becomes urine, which collects in the
medulla.
The urine goes through the ureter
into the bladder.