Chapter 15 Outline

Section 1: Struggle in Latin America

In Latin America, the economy boomed as the states in the region sold crops and other raw
materials to wealthy developed nations such as the United States and European countries. In
exchange, these wealthy countries sold manufactured goods. These wealthy states controlled
Latin American economy. Many states had small ruling class (land owning or military elites) that
wield real power. They were the ones that actually benefitted from the trade, while the middle
and lower class (peasants and workers) had little say in their government. In Mexico, this
developed into a revolution.
The Mexican Revolution
In Mexico, Porfirio Diaz ruled Mexico as a virtual dictator as he continues to win elections. On
the surface, Mexico seemed to be peaceful and prosperous, with foreign companies building
railroads and develop industries such as mines and oil. Yet only a small group of people
benefited; most were peasants that worked on haciendas with meager wages. The urban middle
class wanted democracy while the elites loathed foreign companies power. As a result, turmoil
ensued. Facing rebellions and chaos throughout Mexico, Porfirio Diaz resigned.
Revolution Leads to Change
In 1917, Voters elected Venustiano Carranza as the President of Mexico. He reluctantly
approved of a new constitution along with other reform.
I. The Constitution of 1917
A. There were three major areas of reforms: Land, Religion, Labor
1. The government had more say on the economy (more power on it)
2. Land
a) Large estates were broken up
b) Foreigners owning of land was limited
c) Nationalization, or government taking of industries, were done
3. Religion
a) Churchs land was made the nations property
4. Labor
a) Rights to strike was protected
b) Minimum wage was made
B. Womens Rights
1. Although only women can vote, there are many womens rights
2. Women working in the same job as men are entitled to equal pay
3. Women had the right to make contracts and have law suits even during marriage
4. Have equal say with men when spending family funds
II. The PRI Controls Mexico
A. Carranza was overthrown and Institutional Revolutionary Party came in power
B. Merged the Workers, Peasants, Military, and Business class
C. Keep some of their ideals while excluding some
D. Stayed in power until 2000
E. Passed reforms and kept Mexico stable
III. Reforms Materialize
A. After revolution, the government was able to pass reforms as it got more stable
1. Land was distributed among peasants

2. Land was granted to Indians

3. Illiteracy was combatted through the establishment of schools
4. Nationalism grew, causing regional and central government to be bridged
5. First Latin American country to pass so much reforms
B. Economic independence
1. After fighting broke out between foreign petroleum forms and Mexican workers,
Mexicos oil was nationalized while the foreign companies received compensation
Nationalism at Work in Latin America
Mexicos nationalization of oil is an example of Mexico trying to regain economic control, as it
also started to had cultural and political nationalism.
I. Economic Nationalism
A. Due to economic disaster all over Europe, the Latin American economy was in shambles
because export fell while imports grew
B. Latin American did not want to stay so dependent on foreign industries, they want to
develop their own industries
C. Tariffs were raised, government invested in national industries, other nations took over
foreign owned assets
D. This is not entirely successful due to unequal wealth distribution issue
II. Political Nationalism
A. With economic failures, people believed that ruling oligarchies and liberal principles do
not work
B. Since liberalism is European idea, they think it does not work in Latin America
C. Rather, they believe in dictatorships and stronger government that can control Latin
American economy and politics more effectively
III. Cultural Nationalism
A. The Mexicans rejected foreign cultural values
B. They believed in a mixture of native and European art
C. They took the art form of Murals with Aztec and Mayan styles
IV. The Good Neighbor Policy
A. The United States continued to intervene in Latin America when its interest is
compromised
1. The US attacked a Mexican port when American sailors were capture
2. The US invaded Mexico when Pancho Villa killed more than a dozen Americans
3. The US favored prom-US leaders
B. The anti-American feelings grew in Latin America
1. In Nicaragua, guerilla warfares were fought against US occupation
C. The Good Neighbor policy
1. Promised the reduction of American interference
2. With drawled American troops in Nicaragua and Haiti
3. Support Mexican nationalization of petroleum
4. Lift Platt Amendment
5. Improved relationship between US and Latin America

Section 2: Nationalism in Africa and the Middle East

Between 1920s and 1930s, new generation of leaders tried to reduce imperialism and build an
African for Africans.

Africans Resist Colonial Rule

Agricultural boom in Africa benefitted the White only. The Africans were forced to work in mines
or farms and their salaries paid taxes for the colonial governments. They were forced off the
best lands and banned to farm certain crops even if they had the best lands. Only white settlers
could farm the best crops on the land. Moreover, Africans had to carry identification cards and
were forced to live in certain areas. They sometimes had to grow cash crops only, not food,
causing famines at other times. When WWI broke out, many Africans served, hoping to improve
the White settlers treatment of them. But to their disappointment, the terrible treatment of them
maintained, or even worsened
I. Opposing Imperialism
A. Western educated Africans opposed imperialism
B. The best jobs were limited to Europeans
C. The educated Africans support Woodrow Wilsons call for self determination in colonies
D. Socialism gained audience while protests against imperialism grew
II. Racial Segregation and Nationalism in South Africa
A. The Whites imposed racist laws
B. The best jobs were granted to Africans while the lowest paying jobs that were the least
skillful were for Africans
C. The Whites forced Africans off the best land on to reserves that were dry
D. The Africans had to carry a pass
E. The Whites wanted to ensure white economic, political, and social dominance
F. The Africans were treated worse
1. In South Africa, laws prevented Black who could vote from voting
2. The apartheid system was imposed that ensure strict racial discrimination
G. South African nationalism grew
1. Black Church and newspaper protested the system
2. The African national Congress was formed, a political party and protest unfair laws
Nationalism and an Africa for Africans
Pan Africanism gained hold that supported African people world wide. A famous African guy
called Marcus Garvey preached an Africa for Africans. In Ethiopia, the emperor was idolized
helping economic and social reforms be passed.
I. Pan-African Congress Forges Ties
A. Pan-African Congress was formed and met at the Paris Peace Conference
B. Along with West Indies, United States, Pan-African Congress demanded the Allies sign a
charter of rights for African
C. Although the Western power declined, the African American and African begun
cooperating
II. The Negritude Movement Shows Pride
A. French-speaking writers started Negritude movement that celebrated their African roots
and protested the colonial system
B. The Senegalese poet would help Senegal gain independence, and become president
III. Egypt Gains Independence
A. Egypt suffered much from WWI
B. Egyptians protested, went on strikes and riots, forcing the British to grant Egypt
independence
C. The British still controlled Egyptian monarchy
D. The unsatisfied young Egyptians joined into Muslim brotherhood that fostered Islamic
nationalism and denounced Western culture and Egyptian governments corruption

Turkey and Persia Modernize

WWI brought great changes to Middle East. As Ottoman Empire collapsed, the Allies controlled
the Arab lands. The Turks fought for control of Turkey and its surrounding region.
I. Ataturk Sets Goals
A. In 1920, the Sultan signed an agreement that gave up lands in Asia minor to Allies such
as Greece while gave up lands in North Africa and Middle East
B. The Turkish nationalists led by Mustafa Kemal overthrew the Sultan and defeated
Greece
C. They made a deal for Turks to return to Turkey from Greece while the Greeks leave
Turkey
D. Kemal later named himself Ataturk and established a Turkish Republic
E. Ataturk passed through ambitious reforms, such as replacing Islamic laws with Western
alternative
F. Religion was separated from government, modernization of Turkey like the Wester
II. Westernization Transforms Turkey
A. Ataturk rule like a dictator
1. Built railroads, establish factories, hired westerners to teach Turkey how to become
economically independent
B. Pros

To the left is a portrait of Ataturk, to many the

hero of the Turkish republic. He helped
modernized Turkey by passing a multitude of
reforms that adopt Western ways such as
replacing Islamic laws with secular ones similar
to Western laws.

1. Think Ataturk is a hero who strengthened Turkey

C. Cons
1. Questioned his dictatorial rule and elimination of Islam in government and laws

III. Nationalism and Reform and Work in Persia

A. Ataturks reformation of Turkey inspired Perisan nationalists, who are angry as Britain
and Russia have won sphere of influence in Persia
B. An army officer Reza Khan, overthrew the shah in 1925 and established a new
dynasty with him as the shah
C. He introduced Wesern Ways
1. Women come out to public
2. People need to wear Western clothes
3. Secular schools be built
4. Railroads, roads, and factories be built
5. Religious laws be replaced by secular laws
6. Strengthen Persian Armies
D. The Muslim leaders condemned Reza Khans reforms and ways of doing
E. Reza Khan persuaded British oil company to give Persia more profit and hire Perisan
workers at all levels
F. Petroleum will influence Persia deeply, both economically and politically
Arab Nationalism in the Middle East
Oil was used in WWI for vehicles and other machines. This show how oil is useful causing
foreign companies to flood into Middle East to exploit its oil resources.
I. Pan-Arabism Grows
A. Pan Arabism grows as foreign influence grew in the Arab World
B. Pan Arabism stress the common heritage of Arabs and the golden age of Arab
civilization
C. They wished to free Arab states from foreign dominance
II. Betrayal at the Peace Conference
A. The Arabs felt betrayed by the Allies for the mandates the Allies imposed
B. The Arabs helped the Allies in WWI wishing to be free and become independent, yet
they were later divided up and to be controlled by France and Britain
C. As a result, the hatred developed, especially in British Palestine
1. Arab nationalists clashed with Jewish zionist
III. Promises in Palestine
A. Since the Roman times, the Jewished had wished to return to their ancient homeland:
Palestine
B. With Zionist movement launched by Herzl due to the growth of anti-Semitism, they begin
planning for returning to Palestine
C. Thousands of Russian Jews migrated to Palestine in response to pogroms
D. The Allies during WWI made two sets of promises
1. To the Arabs, the Allies promised them their own kingdoms
2. To the European Jews, Britain wanted to win them over and supported their Zionist
movement
E. Hence, the stage is set for Jewish and Arab struggle
IV. A Bitter Struggle Begins
A. The Jewish migrated to Israel massively and set up factories, build new towns and
farming communities
B. Both Arab and Jewish population increased
C. The Arab initially welcomed Jewish for the wealth and skills they brought, but eventually
started to resent as more and more Jewish people immigrated
D. The Arab attacked Jewish towns wishing to discourage Jewish immigration

This is an image of the Balfour Declaration by the British that declared Britains support of
the establishment of essentially Israel under the condition that Palestinian rights will not be
violated. The man to the left is Arthur Balfour, while to the right is the letter from Balfour to
the leader of the British Jewish Community.
E. Jewish responded by building their own military force
F. Conflicts continues
Section 3: India Seeks Self-Rule
As Indians protested violently, protests turning into riots, a group of Indian proctors protested
peacefully. But as the British commander called for open fire on them, resulting on the deaths of
400 at the Amritsar massacre, the Indians believed that they need independence.
Calls for Independence
During WWI, a million Indians fought for the Allies in return for the greater self-government for
the Indians as the British promised. Yet after WWI, only a few minor reforms were proposed. As
Indian National Congress was established earlier and fought for independence, it continues to
do so. Yet the members of the Indian National Congress were middle class elites who had little
to relate with the Indian Peasants. Gandhi then appeared to united the Indians across all
borders. Gandhi is also a Western educated Indian lawyer from a middle class family. He stayed
at South Africa to fight for rights for Indian in South Africa. He then returned to India and became
the leader of the INC.
The Power of Nonviolence

Gandhis ideas inspired Indians across different backgrounds while his peaceful methods
shocked the Brits and the World.
I. Gandhis Ideas
A. Gandhi preached the ancient doctrine of ahimsa, the reverence of all living things
1. Believed it is possible to turn the worse criminals into good person
2. Admired the power of love
B. Admired Christian preachings about love
C. Believed in civil disobedience
1. Not adhering to unjust laws
D. Believed in democracy and nationalism
1. Fought for rights for men, women and untouchables, the lowest class in the Caste
system
II. Gandhi Sets an Example
A. Gandhi protested with peaceful means
B. Called for a boycott of British goods, especially textiles
C. Brought pride in Indian textiles
D. Spinning wheel became a symbol for Indian nationalism
Gandhi Takes a Stand: The Salt March
Gandhi resented the British salt monopoly. British forced Indians to buy salt from British salt
monopoly rather than use the natural salt in the sea.
I. Breaking the Law
A. Gandhi begin protest by marching towards salt
B. As they walked farther and farther, more and more supporters came
C. Finally, Gandhi and his supporters reached the ocean and they picked up salt
D. The Brits jailed Gandhi while the Indians sold salt in the street
II. Steps Toward Freedom
A. The international community criticized Britains harsh treatment of the Indians
B. They criticized their beating of protestors who occupied British salt work
C. The British met some demands of the Congress Party

To the left is an image

of the Salt March led
by Gandhi, who
marched to the ocean
to get salt. In colonial
India, people had to
buy salt from the
British salt monopoly;
they were not allowed
to use sea salt.
Getting sea salt is a
sign of protest;
Gandhi was later
jailed.

Looking Ahead
The Indians were angry because the British postponed their independence as WWII exploded
and brought India into it. The British jailed the Indians who did not cooperate, but India still
helped Britain win WWII. When the war ended, the Indian independence could not be delayed
anymore. Yet the struggle between the Hindus and Muslim worsened.
Section 4: Upheavals in China
As the new Chinese Republic took shape, Sun Yat-sen wished to catch up Western powers. Yet
it will still be long due to the turmoil in China.
The Chinese Republic in Trouble
As the new China appeared, Sun Yat-sen wished to build the new republic based on the three
principles. Yet China once again fall into turmoil from evil warlords.
I. The Warlord Problem
A. Sun Yat-sen gave power to Yuan Shikai hoping that he will build a strong central
government
B. Instead, General Yuan wished to build a new dynasty but the military opposed
C. When Yuan died, China fall into greater disorder with local warlords waging war
D. Famine occurred as bandits rage the land
II. Foreign Imperialism
A. With China weak, foreign merchants and soldiers dominated Chinese ports
B. Japan send Yuan 21 demands that would make China a Japanese protectorate
C. China was too weak to resist
D. Paris Peace Conference in 1919 gave Japan control over German protectorates in
China
E. This infuriated Chinese Nationalists
III. May Fourth Movement
A. Chinese students protest spread
B. May Fourth Movement spread, which reject Confucian tradition and learn from the West
1. Had similar goal with the Meiji reformation
2. Hope to strengthen China
C. Womens role
1. End foot-binding
2. Got educated and helped the economy
IV. The Appeal of Marxism
A. Some Chinese took the revolutionary ideas of Marxism and communism
B. The Soviet Union helped train Chinese to become the vanguard of communist revolution
C. Small group of Chinese communists emerged as a political party
Struggle for a New China
Sun Yat-sens led his KMT in wish of defeating warlords and spread his rule over China.
Incorporation with the Chinese communist and the support of the Soviet Union, Sun set out to
conquer China. Yet he believed more strongly in his three principles.
I. Jiang Jieshi Leads the Nationalists
A. After Suns death, Chiang Kai-Shek continued to lead the KMT to reconquer China
B. He did not believe in communism nor democracy
C. He started the Northern Expedition to win over war lords
D. In mid campaign, Kai Shek ordered the massacre of the communists and their
supporters everywhere, because he see them as threat to his power

The image above shows the May Fourth Movement, which started from student protest
against the result of the Treaty of Versailles that gave Japan German protectorate in China.
This led to attempts of modernization with Western knowledge and rejection of Confucian
values. Meanwhile, others turned towards Marxism.

II. Mao Zedong and the Communists

A. Mao was one of the young revolutionary who escaped the pursue of KMT
B. He believed in winning over the peasants rather than the workers
C. He started distributing lands to peasants in south east China
III. The Long March
A. The KMT went on extermination campaigns to eradicated the communists
B. In the end, Maos troops retreated to the remote Northern China and established a base
there
C. On the way, Mao made is soldiers not damage crops, pay for what the peasants wanted,
and won over the support of peasants
D. On the contrary, KMT made great damage for the Peasants

Japanese Invasion
As the Japanese invaded China, factions in KMT urged the party to united with the communists
to resist Japanese invasion. As WWII begun, the KMT government retreated to the interior of
China and established a new capital. As Japan seized Nanjing, the Japanese killed thousands
brutally, known to the world as the rape of Nanjing. The KMT continued to resist the Japanese
along with the Communist with the aid of Soviet Union, Britain, France, and the United States.
The united front against Japan stayed intact until the end of WWII.
Looking Ahead
The United States and China fought together against Japan. After WWII, KMT controlled
Chinese government, but the Communist control much of Norther and Central China. They
organized peasant forces at the village level. As KMT got more corrupted, Mao would eventually
win over China.
Section 5: Conflicting Forces in Japan
Hirohito reigned in Japan in the years of great success and tragedy. Japans economic success
and extreme nationalism set it on a track for militaristic expansion.
Japan on the Rise in the 1920s
Prosperity in Japan was obvious. The state tried to improve relationship by drawing back from
its imperialist expansion, winning over great prestige. But the Great Depression brought other
problems to light.
I. Growth and Expansion After World War I
A. During WWI, Japanese export to Allies countries increased dramatically while its
industrial production soared
B. Japan also won much territory in East Asia
1. Korea was annexed
2. German protectorate was give to Japan after WWI
II. Liberal Changes in the 1920s
A. Japanese democracy
1. Political parties gained power
2. Japanese diet exercised power
3. All Japanese men could vote by 1925
4. Womens rights were increased, but only get suffrage right in 1945 and still had less
rights than men
B. Conflicting Policies
1. Japanese business men
a) They had power from donations to political parties
b) They wished for Japanese expansion in international trade
2. Japanese moderates
a) In order to protect relations, the moderates slowed down Japanese expansion
b) Japan signed to limit their size of navy with Britain, France, and US
c) Japan reduced its military spending
d) Japan gave up Shandong (ex-German protectorate)
III. Problems Below the Surface
A. Peasants were poor and shared little benefit from Japanese prosperity along with
workers
B. Japanese youths rejected traditional order of respecting family elders with western fads
and ideas of individualism

Above is a map of the Long March. As shown, the Communist controlled Norther China and
Central China. They retreated northwards, suffering from KMTs harassment. Mao would
later build a Communist base in the north, win over the hearts of the peasants, and win the
Chinese Civil War and take over China.
C. Japanese military conservatives blasted corruption with the zaibatsu and denounced the
Western influence that undermined Japanese values
D. Earthquake in Tokyo was devastating, causing fire and widespread unemployment and
death rate
1. As Japanese economy revived, it hit the global economic crisis
The Nationalist Reaction
The Great Depression hit Japan hard as foreigners could not buy Japanese products.
Unemployment rate increased while peasants were starving.
I. Unrest Grows
A. Military general thought it was stupid to acquiesce to Westerners urge for them to stop
expanding
B. Ultranationalist, or extreme nationalists, believe that the Westerners have already
grabbed their empires, while Japanese Empires are tiny

C. The Ultranationalist were angry that Canada, Australia, and the United States have
stopped allowing Japanese immigrates enter
D. The Ultranationalist argued that they should expand their territory to help provide raw
materials for their industrial production and serve as an outlet for Japans population
E. They set their eyes on Manchuria, which is rich in natural resources and has already
been invested in by Japanese merchants
II. The Manchurian Incident
A. The Japanese military provoked an incident to serve as an excuse for Japan to invade
China
B. They put explosive on Japanese own railway line in China and claim the Chinese
responsible for this action
C. As a result, they claimed self-defense and invaded China
D. The military conquered all of Manchuria and set up a puppet state and have Puyi, the
last Chinese emperor, head the puppet state
E. When the Japanese government objected, the public opinion sided with the military

Above is the investigation after the Manchurian incident, an incident fabricated by Japan for an
excuse to attack China. In this incident, the Japanese put explosives on a Japanese railway track in
Manchuria, and detonated; they then claim the Chinese for responsibility and used the excuse of
defense to attack China.

F. The League of nations condemned Japanes aggression, but Japan responded by

leaving League of Nations and nullifying the naval treaty signed with US, France, and
Britain
G. League did not take action
Militarists in Power
The ultranationalist won support from people for foreign conquest and tough stand against
Western power. The ultranationalist assassinated political who opposed them and plan to
overthrow the government. They occupied Tokyo.
I. Traditional Value Revived
A. The government survived, but give in to military dominance
B. The government cracked down on socialists and undermined democratic freedoms
C. Emperor Hirohito was treated as a god, while ancient warrior values rose
D. The students in school were taught to obey to the emperor and devote service to the
state
II. More Expansion in China
A. Japan exploited Chinese civil war to expand
B. While Japan was still conquering China, WWII broke out in Europe
C. Japan sided with the Axis power Germany and Italy
D. The alliance would turn WWII to not only a war in Europe, but extend the battlefield to
Asia and Pacific islands8