N Y E R I
Menurut IASP (International Association of the Study of
Pain) nyeri didefinisikan sebagai berikut:
Akut
NYERI
Kronis
4
3
Dorsal Root
Ganglion
Dorsal
Horn
Spinothalamic
Tract
I dan V
Nociceptor, cold receptor,
2-4 m, tidak bermielin, transmisi
mechanoreceptor
lambat
Nyeri tajam yg terlokasi dgn
Ujung serat nosiseptif polimodal
baik
(nociceptor, thermoreseptor, mechanoreceptor)
Akhir serat aferen di lamina II
Nyeri
tumpul/terbakar, tidak
terlokasi
MIELIN
CELAH/SAMBUNGAN
SERABUT SYARAF
(SINAPS)
NEURON
(Sel Syaraf)
AXON
Ujung Syaraf
Ascending Pain
Pathway
Front
al
cortex
Primary
Afferent
Neuron
Somatosensory
cortex
Frontal
cortex
Hypothalamus
PENYEBAB
Inflamasi / Kerusakan Jaringan
MEKANISME NYERI
TRANSDUKSI
TRANSMISI
MODULASI
PERSEPSI
Tekanan
Panas
TRANSDUKSI
MODULASI
Perubahan
rangsa-ngan
kimiawi,
mekanik atau suhu
menjadi
signal
elektrokimiawi
Interaksi
antara
opiat
endogen (penghambat
nyeri) dan rangsangan
nyeri
perifer
(sinyal
nosiseptif)
TRANSMISI
Pengiriman
sinyal
elektrokimiawi
melalui
serabut
syaraf
sensoris
PERSEPSI
Zat Kimia
MEDIATOR NYERI:
Prostaglandin (PG)
Bradikinin (BK)
Histamin (HI), 5HT
(Serotonin)
K+
TRANSDUKSI
PELEPASAN MEDIATOR
NYERI
AKTIVASI PRIMER:
Kerusakan jaringan melepas K+ (potassium)
dan terjadi biosintesis prostaglandin (PG)
dan bradikinin (BK)
AKTIVASI SEKUNDER:
Sinyal dari ujung syaraf tidak hanya ditransmisi
ke spinal cord, tetapi juga ke cabang ujung syaraf yg lainnya, dimana peptid inkl. substance P
(SP) dilepas
Na+
Depolarisasi
K+
Potensial
Aksi
Repolarisasi
TRANSMISI
Action Potential
Electrical basis for signal
transmission within a nerve
cell.
Cell depolarizes due to a
change in internal ion
concentration.
Depolarization travels
down the axon away from
cell body.
Ascending
(Pain)
Pathway
Sinyal
Rangsangan
Nosiseptif Perifer
MODULASI
GABAA
Adensosine
Opiate
CB1
Activity
VGCC
NMDA
Glutamate
AMPA
Sub P
mGluR
NK1
Afferent Central
Terminal
Dorsal Horn
Neuron
PERIPHERAL SENSITIZATION
Reduced Transduction Threshold
Primary hyperalgesia
Primary allodynia
Inflammation
Innocuous/Noxious
stimulus
central neuron
CENTRAL SENSITIZATION
Increased Pain Responsiveness
Secondary hyperalgesia
Tactile allodynia
Noxious
stimulus
Irritants
Tissue damage
Inflammation
central neuron
P E R S E P S I
Hasil akhir dari rangkaian peristiwa nosiseptif dan
interaksi proses sentral dan rangsangan perifer yg
pada gilirannya menghasilkan suatu perasaan
subyektif yang dikenal sebagai persepsi nyeri
PERSEPSI
Modulation of
Pain Perception
The Descending Pain Pathway
The Periaqueductal Grey is the
major convergence point.
PENGELOLAAN NYERI
PERCEPTION
OPIOID
- Systemic
- Epidural
- Subarachnoid
MODULATION
LOCAL ANESTHETIC
- Epidural
- Subarachnoid
TRANSMISSION
NSAIDs
TRANSDUCTION
Pharmacotherapy
Non-opioid analgesics
Opioid analgesics
Nerve Blocks
Adjuvant analgesics (neurophatic,
musculoskeletal)
NSAID
Electrical Stimulation
Transcutaneous electrical nerve
stimulation (TENS)
Percutaneous electrical nerve
stimulation (PENS)
Alternative methods
Gottschalketal.,2001
Acupuncture
Physical Therapy
Chiropractics
Surgery
PERAN NSAIDs
NormalTissue
ArachidonicAcid
COX1
Constitutive
InflammationSite
+
Cytokines
Growthfactors
COX2
Inducible
COX2
Inhibitors
NSAIDs
Physiolgical
Prostaglandin
Production
NormalFunctions
Pathological
Prostaglandin
Production
Inflammation,pain,fever
BALANCED ANALGESIA
Reseptor , , ,
Agonis Reseptor Opoid
Analgesik Sentral
Sinyal
aferen
Anestetik
Lokal
Analgesik Perifer
Inhibitor Biosintesis
Prostaglandin Lokal
(Efek Anti-Nosiseptif)
Sensasi
Nosiseptif
Repolarisasi
Membran
29
Recommendations Grade A :
NSAID are not sufficiently effective as the sole agent after
major surgery in most patients
But are often effective after minor to moderate surgery
NSAID decrease opiod requirement ( decrease side effect
of opioid)
Quality of opiod analgesia is often enhance by NSAID
In situation where there are no contraindications, NSAID
are the drug of choice after many day case procedure
KESIMPULAN
Neuroanatomi
Neurofisiologi
Neurofarmakologi
KONSEPNYERI
NYERI
KONSEP
PRAKTISINYERI
NYERI MODERN
MODERN
PRAKTISI
INFORMASI
INFORMASI