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Pipeline Design
Bab I Introduction
Parameter Design
Route
Survey
Enviromental Data
Thermal
Expansion
Wall Thickness
Buckling
PIPELINE DESIGN
Fatigue
Route
Selection
On Bottom-Stability
Cathodic
Protection
Material
Selection
Spanning
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Chemical composition
Strength data
Tolerance
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Late 1950
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1960 :
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Mid 1960s :
The early higher steel pipes, as the strength increased,
failure resulted in fractures over long distance.
Research showed that the distance a fracture would
propagate was a function of temperature and toughness
The requirement designed
The fracture was
ductile at operating temperature or operating temperature
was higher than brittle-ductile toughness transition
temperature of the steel
Research showed that a reduction of pearlite fraction and
additional grain refinement was needed to meet the
transition temperature requirement
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1970
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1980
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CO2
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z
1)
Austenite : Ferrite = 50 : 50
There are 2 types : one based on 22% chromium, and the
other based on 25% chromium (called super duplex
stainless steel)
22 % chromium duplex stainless steel has a PRE = 34,
resistant to pitting up to 30 C, but susceptible to crevice
corrosion at lower temperatures
25 % chromium super duplex stainless steel has a PRE >
34, resistant to pitting & crevice corrosion up to T = 60 C.
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Containing up to 25-65 % Ni
No limitation are given for CO2 corrosion,
whereas H2S corrosion resistance is determine
by nickel content
For nickel content of 25 52 %, temperature
limitation are 160 C 275 C
Incoloy alloy 825 & inconel alloy 625 are
probably most widely used in pipeline
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Containing up to 25-65 % Ni
No limitation are given for CO2 corrosion,
whereas H2S corrosion resistance is determine
by nickel content
For nickel content of 25 52 %, temperature
limitation are 160 C 275 C
Incoloy alloy 825 & inconel alloy 625 are
probably most widely used in pipeline
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For higher strength steel (i.e. X70 & X80) development have
been centered around the use of thermomechanical treatment
coupled with accelerated cooling
These process have enabled the production of higher strength
steels with reduced quantities of alloying elements, in particular
with low carbon contents (less than 0.01%)
For optimum strength/toughness combination, accelerated
cooling should be started around Ac3 transformation
temperature.
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CV =
2H R A C
E
Where :
= Charpy energy at 100% shear (ft/lbs)
CV
H
= nominal hoop stress (ksi)
R
= Pipe radius (inch)
= Cross sectional area of Charpy
i AC
impact specimen (inch2)
E
= Youngs modulus (103 ksi)
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Formula :
1
3
C V = 0.0873 2H (R t ) A C
Where :
CV
H
R
t
AC
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Mn Cr + Mo + V Cu + Ni
CE = C +
+
+
5
6
15
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Si Cr + Cu + Cr Mo Ni V
Pcm = C + +
+
+ + + 5B
20
30
15 60 10
Linepipe Material Selection
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b)
c)
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b)
c)
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Pipeline Design
Bab I Introduction
Parameter Design
Route
Survey
Enviromental Data
Thermal
Expansion
Wall Thickness
Buckling
PIPELINE DESIGN
Fatigue
Route
Selection
Burial & Crossing
Protection
Material
Selection
Spanning
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9
9
9
9
Strength
Toughness
Ductility
Constructability
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Methodology
Preliminary study & Data Collection
Establish Material Criteria
Choose Material Alternatives
Generate material typeproperties-operational
criteria matrix
Material
Accepted?
NO
YES
Material Recommendation
Unrecommended
Material
Back
Fluid Composition
z
Hydrocarbon
Water
Gas
Impurities
Wax..
etc
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Stainless Steel
Duplex Stainless Steel
Nonferrous Alloy
Cu - Ni Alloy
Ni Alloy
Aluminum - Magnesium Alloy
Composite Pipe
Carbon Steel
Stainless Steel
Stainless steel type:
Duplex Stainless Steel
Stainless Steel 304
Stainless Steel 316
Material Type
Advantages
Excellent forming
Disadvantages Expensive
Susceptible to sensitisation
Has lower stiffness compared (grain boundary carbide
to Polypropylene
precipitation) when heated
until 425-860 0C
High mould shrinkage and
Cannot be hardened by
poor UV resistance
thermal treatment.
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Nonferrous Alloy
Cu Ni alloy type:
90Cu - 10Ni
80Cu - 20Ni
70Cu - 30Ni
Material
Type
90Cu - 10Ni
80Cu - 20Ni
Ni alloy type:
70Ni 30Cu
Inconel
Aluminum - Magnesium
Alloy
70Cu - 30Ni
70Ni - 30Cu
Inconel
excellent corrosion
resistance in
reducing chemical
environments and in
sea water
excellent ductility and
can be readily
fabricated and
formed into a variety
of shapes.
excellent
mechanical
properties and
presents the
desirable
combination of high
strength and good
workability.
Good resistance to
corrosion and heat
Very expensive
Aluminum Magnesium
Alloy
typically
displays
excellent
electrical and
thermal
conductivity,
Low density
Expensive
Lower strength
than
ferousbased
Metal
Composite Pipe
Composite type:
Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics (GFRP)
Carbon / Epoxy Composite
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
GFRP
Material
Aliphatic
Anhydiride
Aromatic
Type Amine Cured
Cured
Amine Cured
Epoxy
Epoxy
Epoxy
Corrosion Control - Resists corrosion
caused by CO2, H2S and salt water
Advantag Reduced cost of the piping and reduced
es
maintenance costs
Reduced weight on the platform deck
Disadvan
Low performance in high temperature
tages
Carbon / Epoxy
Composite
Good mechanical
properties
Good chemical
resistance
Lowest shrinkage
(highest stability).
Expensive
HDPE
Good low temperature impact
resistance
Excellent chemical resistance
Exceptional resistance to rapidcrack propagation
May react with oxygen and strong
oxidizing agents, such as chlorates,
nitrates, peroxides, etc.
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Advantages
FBE Coating
ease of application,
less waste of
material,
Can be applied to the bell and spigot of ductile iron pipe for
total "Wet Area" protection
rapid application,
Excellent adhesion
cure schedules,
which means faster
production rates.
Excellent abrasion resistance (Alpha Phase alumina ceramics Hardness just below s diamond)
Finished coated
pieces can be moved
to the storage area
within minutes after
the application
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Carbon Steel
Material Type Carbon Steel
Serviceable under a wide variety of conditions and especially
adaptable to low-cost techniques of mass production.
Ease of fabrication
adequate strength
Advantages
Disadvantages
Back
General Matrix
Degradation
Resistance
Construction/
Joinability
Chemical/corrosion
Resistance
Material
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
X1
X2
X3
X4
X5
X6
X7
X8
X9
X10
Availability
Selected
Material
Mechanical
Strength
No
Maintainability
Cost
External
Damage
Resistance
Final
Corrosion/ Stren
Pressure Tough Construction Expansion Due To Maintaina Life Availabil
Cost
to injection
bility
time
ity
Score
Degradation gth Containment ness / Joinability / Flexibility Accidental
Fluid
Load
Resistance
20%
B
C
B
A
A
A
A
A
E
B
5%
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
C
C
10%
A
A
A
C
C
C
B
A
C
E
5%
A
A
A
C
C
C
B
A
C
E
5%
A
A
A
C
C
C
B
A
C
E
10%
C
B
B
C
C
B
C
E
C
B
5%
C
A
A
A
A
A
C
A
B
A
3%
A
A
A
C
C
C
B
A
C
E
7%
A
A
A
C
C
C
C
A
C
A
5%
A
A
A
B
B
B
B
A
C
D
10%
D
B
B
D
D
D
D
E
C
B
15% 100%
E
72
C
82
D
83
B
74
B
74
B
76
B
76.6
E
72
C
53
A
68.6
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