Foundations of Mathematics

Exercise 1.4
1. Simplify the following:
(a) a a
2

1
2

(b) a 2 a 4 a 6

(c) 4a 3 3b 2 5b 3 a 4

(d) 2a 3 4ab 2 6bc3 c 5

2
3
1
2
(f) ap 3 pa 2 aq 2 qa 2
3
4
2
5

(e) 6 p 3 2q 3 pq 7

Solution:

(a) a a
2

1
2

=a

1
2
2

= a2

(b) a 2 a 4 a 6 = a 2 46 = a12
(c) 4a 3 3b 2 5b 3 a 4 = 4 3 5 a 34 b 23 = 60a 7 b 5
(d) 2a 3 4ab 2 6bc3 c 5 = 2 4 6 a 31 b 21 c 35 = 48a 4 b 3 c 8
(e) 6 p 3 2q 3 pq 7 = 6 2 7 p 31 q 31 = 84 p 4 q 4

(f)

2 3 3 2 1 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 1 21 2
1
ap pa aq qa = a
p 31 q 21 = a 6 p 4 q 3
3
4
2
5
3 4 2 5
10

2. Simplify the following:

(a) ( x 3 ) 5

(b) (3x) 3

(c) (a 2 b 3 ) 4

(d) (4a 2 b 0 ) 2

(e) ( x 2 y 3 ) 3

(f)

(g) 21p10 3 p 6

(h) 15a 2 b 7 5ab3

(i) 14a 3b 2 c 7abc

(k) 20( x 3 ) 9 4( x 2 )10

(l) 15(a 2 b) 3 3ab4

(n) 9xy 5 2x 7 yz 3 6( x 2 y 4 z) 3

(o) a

(j)

a a

1
2

(m) 18a 2 b 3 c 4 2(ab) 2

(p)

4 x 3 27 x
6

x5

1
2 2

(x )

(q) y y 3 y

(r)
1

1
2

1
(a 2 ) 2
a

a 4b8
ab

Solution:
(a) ( x 3 ) 5 = x ( 3)5 = x 15 =

1
x15

(b) (3x) 3 = (3)3 ( x)3 = 27x 3

(c) (a 2 b 3 ) 4 = (a 2 ) 4 (b 3 ) 4 = a 24 b 34 = a 8 b12

(d) (4a 2 b 0 ) 2 = (4a 2 ) 2 = (4) 2 (a 2 ) 2 = 16a 4 =

16
a4

(e) ( x 2 y 3 ) 3 = (1) 3 ( x 2 ) 3 ( y 3 ) 3 = x 6 y 9

(f)

1
2 2

(x )

1
= x4
4
x

(g) 21p10 3 p 6 =

21 106
p
= 7 p4
3

(h) 15a 2 b 7 5ab3 =

15 21 73
a b = 3ab 4
5

(i) 14a 3b 2 c 7abc =

14 31 21 11
a b c = 2a 2 b
7

(j)

a a

1
2

1
2

= a a

1
2

=a

1 1

2 2

=a

(k) 20( x 3 ) 9 4( x 2 )10 = 20x 27 4x 20 =

20 2720
x
= 5x 7
4

(l) 15(a 2 b) 3 3ab4 = 15a 6 b 3 3ab 4 =

15 61 34
5a 5
a b = 5a 5b 1 =
3
b

(m) 18a 2 b 3 c 4 2(ab) 2 = 18a 2 b 3 c 4 2a 2 b 2 = 18 2 a 22 b 32 c 4 = 36a 4 b 5 c 4

(n) 9xy 5 2x 7 yz 3 6( x 2 y 4 z) 3 =

9 xy5 2 x 7 yz 3 9 2 176 5112 33

3x 2
2 6
x
y
z
=
=
=
3
x
y
6
6 x 6 y12 z 3
y6
2

(o) a

1
2

4 x 3 27 x

(p)

1 1 5

3 6

= 2 x 2 3x 3 x 6 = 6 x 2

y y 3 y = y y2 y3 = y

(q)

(r)

( 2 ) 1

3
1
1
= a 2=
(a 2 ) 2 = a 2 2 a 2 = a 2
a
a

a b
ab

a b

1
8 4

ab 2
1

4
4

8
4

1
2

1
2

a b
a b

1 1
1
2 3

= a

4 1

4 2

1
a

1
2

= 6x 0 = 6

11

= y6

8 1

4 2

1
2

= a b

3
2

3. Evaluate:
(a) 10

(e)

(b) (7)

8

27

5
(c)
6

(d)

12
(f) 6
4

(g) 8

2
3

Solution:
(a) 10 2 =

1
1
=
2
100
10

(b) (7) 3 =

1
1
1
=
=
3
3 3
343
(1) 7
(7)

5-2 6 2 36
11
5
(c) = -2 = 2 =
=1
25
25
6
5
6

(d)

3
5

243 = 243 = (3 ) = 35 5 = 33 = 27

3
3
4
22
8
8 3 2 3 2 3 2
= = 3 = = = 2 =
9
3
3
27
3
27
3

(e)

3
5

2433

16
(h)
25

1
2

2
1 2 25 2 5
(f) 6 = = 2
4
4
2

(g) 8

2
3

= (2 )

16
(h)
25

1
2

2
3

=2

42
= 2
5

2
3
3

1
2

2 5 2 2 5
=
=

2
2

= 2 2 =

4
=
5

1
2
2

1
1
=
2
4
2

4
=
5

5
4

4. Simplify the following and express with positive indices.

12 32
a b
(a) 1 2
a b

a 3b 2
(b) 2 4
a b

(c)

a 2 b 2
a b

(d)

a 1 b 1
(a b) 1

Solution:

12 32
a b
(a) 1 2
a b

a 3b 2
(b) 2 4
a b

(c)

b
a b

2
2

1
1
2 2
12 ( 1) 32 2
12 12

a
2

b = a b = a b 2 = ab 1 =
= a
b

= [a 3( 2) b 24 ]1 = (a 5b 6 ) 1 = a 5( 1) b ( 6)( 1) = a 5b 6 =

b6
a5

2
2
1
1 b a

2
2
2
(b a )(b a ) (a b)(a b) (a b)
b 2 = a 2b 2 = b a
=a
= 2 2
=
=
2 2
ab
(a b )(a b) (a b )(a b) (a 2 b 2 )(a b)
a 2b 2
ab

[ a 2 b 2 (a b)(a b) ]

a 1 b 1
1 1
b a (a b)(b a)
(d)
= (a b)(a 1 b 1 ) = (a b) = (a b)
=
1
ab
( a b)
ab
a b

(a b)(a b)
( a b) 2
=
ab
ab

5. Simplify the following and express with positive indices.

(2 2 0 ) n1
2 n 2 2 n1
(a)
(b)
2 1
2 n 3
(c) (3n1 3n1 ) 3n

(d) (3n1 ) 2 3n1 27n

3n 1 2 3n 1
(e) n 1
3 2 3n 1

5 n 2 35 5 n 1
(f)
27 5 n

(g)

2 n 1
4 n 3

2 n ( n 1) (2 n 1 ) n 1

(h)

a 2 n 1
a 1 n

Solution:

(2 2 0 ) n1
(a)
= 2(2 1) n1 = 2(1) n1 = 2
1
2
(b)

2 n 2 2 n1 2 n 1 (2 1) 2 n 1
1
1
=
= n 3 = 2 ( n 1) ( n 3) = 2 n 1n 3 = 2 2 = 2 =
n 3
n 3
4
2
2
2
2

(c) (3n1 3n1 ) 3n = 3n1 (32 1) 3n = 8 3n1 3n = 8 3n1n = 8 31 =

8
3

(d) (3n1 ) 2 3n1 27n = 32n2 3n1 (33 ) n = 32n2n1 33n = 33n1 33n = 33n13n = 31 =

(e)

3 n 1 (7)
3n 1 2 3n 1 3 n 1 (3 2 2)
7
=
=
=
n 1
2
n 1
n 1
n 1
3 (3 2) 3 (11) 11
3 23

(f)

5 n 2 35 5 n 1 5 n 2 7 5 5 n1 5 n 2 7 5 n
5 n (5 2 7) 18 2
=
=
=
=
=
3
27
27 5 n
27 5 n
27 5 n
27 5 n

2 n 1
4 n 3
2 n 1
( 2 2 ) n 3
2 n 1 2 2 n 6
2 n1 2 n 1
(g) n ( n 1) n 1 n 1 = n 2 n ( n 1)( n 1) = n 2 n n 2 1 = n2 n 2 n6
2
2
(2 )
2
2
2
2
2
2

= 2 n1( n

n ) n 2 1( 2 n 6 )

= 2 n1n nn 12 n6 = 2 6 = 64
2

1
a 2 n 1 n ( 2 n 1) (1 n ) n 2 n 11 n n 3n
3n n
3 n n
a
a
a
(
a
)
=
=
=
=
=
= a3
a
1 n
a
1

(h)

1
3

6. Solve the following equations for x.

1

(a) 8x 3 = 4 3

(b) 2(4 x2 ) = 8 x2

(c) 92 x1 = 273 (8112 x )

(d) 5 x1 5 x1 = 120

(e) 2 x 1 2 x 2 x 1 = 40

(f) 32 x 10(3 x ) 9 = 0

(g) 4 x 3(2 x ) 2 = 0

(h) 6 2 x1 7(6 x ) 1 = 0

(i) 3 x 3 x = 2

Solution:

(a)

1
3

8x =
1
3

x =

2
43
2
3

4
8

1
3

(22 ) 3
x =
23
4
3

1
3

2
23

x =

x3 = 23
1

x3 = 2

3
5
3

5
13
x = 2 3

5
x= 2
x=

(b)

1
32

2(4 x2 ) = 8 x2
2[( 2 2 ) x2 ] = (23 ) x2

2(2 2 x4 ) = 2 3 x 6
21( 2 x 4) = 2 3 x 6
2 2 x 3 = 2 3 x 6
2x 3 = 3x 6
x=3

(c)

92 x1 = 273 (8112 x )

(32 ) 2 x1 = (33 ) 3 [(34 )12 x ]

34 x 2 = 39 (348 x )
34 x 2 = 39 48 x
3 4 x 2 = 3138 x
4x 2 = 13 8x
12x = 15

(d)

x=

15
12

x=

5
4

5 x1 5 x1 = 120
5 x1 (52 1) = 120

5 x1 (24) = 120
5 x1 = 5
5 x1 = 51
x1=1
x=2
(e) 2 x 1 2 x 2 x 1 = 40
2 x1 (2 2 2 1) = 40

2 x1 (5) = 40
2 x 1 = 8
2 x 1 = 2 3
x1=3
x=4

(f)

32 x 10(3x ) 9 = 0
(3x )2 10(3x ) 9 = 0
(3x 9)(3x 1) = 0
3x 9 = 0
3x = 9
3x = 3 2
x=2

or
or
or
or

3x 1 = 0
3x = 1
3x = 30
x=0

(g)

4x 3(2x ) 2 = 0
(22 ) x 3(2x ) 2 = 0
22 x 3(2 x ) 2 = 0

(2x )2 3(2x ) 2 = 0
(2 x 1)(2 x 2) = 0

(2 x 1) = 0 or (2 x 2) = 0
2 x = 1 or
2 x = 2 0 or
x = 0 or

(h)

2x = 2
2 x = 21
x=1

62 x1 7(6 x ) 1 = 0
6(62 x ) 7(6x ) 1 = 0

6(6 x )2 7(6 x ) 1 = 0
(6x 1)[6(6x ) 1] = 0
6x 1 = 0

or 6(6 x ) 1 = 0

6x = 1

or

6 x = 6 0 or
x = 0 or
(i)

1
6
x
6 = 6 1
x = 1

6x =

3x 3 x = 2

3 x (32 x 1) = 2
32 x 1 = 2(3x )

32 x 2(3x ) 1 = 0

(3x 1) 2 = 0

( (a b) 2 a 2 2ab b 2 )

3x 1 = 0
3x = 1
3x = 30
x=0
8

7. Rewrite the following expressions in logarithmic forms

(a) 24 = 16
(d) 5-2x =

(b) 34 = 81

1
25

(e) 7x = 1

(c) 4-3 =
(f)

1
64

1
2

9 x

Solution:
(a) 24 = 16

4 = log 2 16

(b) 34 = 81

4 = log 3 81

3 = log 4

(c) 4-3 =

1
64

1
64

(d) 5-2x =

25

2x = log 5

(e) 7x = 1

x = log 7 1

1
= log 9 x
2

1
2

(f) 9 x

1
25

8. Rewrite the following expressions in exponential forms

(a) log3 243 = 5
(b) log 100 = 2
(d) y = log2 128

(e) y = log3 243

Solution:
(a) log3 243 = 5

35 243

(b) log 100 = 2

102 100

(c) log 0.2 125 = -3

0.23 125

(d) y = log2 128

2 y 128

(e) y = log3 243

3 y 243

2 y 2

(f) log 2y

4
1

3
2

4
3
9

(c) log 0.2 125 = -3

4
1
(f) log 2y
3
2

9. Find the values of the following correct to 3 significant figures

(a) log 4.79

(d)

log 4 60
log 2 30

(c)

(e) (log3 4) (log4 5) (log5 6)

(f) log 2 38 log 3

(h)log (27 + 43) (log 27 + log 43)

(g)10 2 log 7
Solution:
(a) log 4.79 = 0.680

(b) (log 8) (log 9) log (8 9) = 0.996

(c)

log 7
7
log = 1.40
log 3
3

log 60
log 4
log 60 log 2
log 4 60
(d)
=
=
= 0.602

log 30
log 4 log 30
log 2 30
log 2
(e) (log3 4) (log4 5) (log5 6) = 1.63
(f) log 2 38 log 3

log 7
7
log
log 3
3

(b)(log 8) (log 9) log (8 9)

1
= 7.97
20

(g) 10 2 log 7 = 49
(h) log (27 + 43) (log 27 + log 43) = 1.22

10

1
20

10. Evaluate (a) x = log20 400

(c) log50 ( x 4) = 1

(b) log 2 x = 3
(d) log x 0.04 = 2

Solution:
(a)

x = log20 400
( x loga y is equivalent to y a x )

400 = 20x

202 = 20x
x=2

(b) log2 x = 3
x = 23
x=8
(c) log50 ( x 4) = 1
x 4 = 501
x = 54
(d) logx 0.04 = 2
0.04 = x2
1
0.04 = 2
x

x2 =

1
0.04

x 2 = 25
x = 5 or 5 (Rejected, as x is the base and so must be greater than 0)
x=5

11

11. Simplify the following.

(a) log 5 7 log 5 3 log 5 2

(b) log(3x) log x log(4 x) (c) log 2 500 log 2 75

(d) log(5x 3 ) log x

(e) log 7 20 log 7 3 log 7 6

(f) log 2 + log(3x) log(2x)

(g) log(5x 2 ) log(4x) log(10x 2 ) (h) log(x 2 3x) log(x 3) (i) log(x 2 1) log(x 1)
(j) 6 log3 x log3 x 5
(m) 2 log(3x)

(k) 4 log x 5 7 log x 2

1
log(16x 2 )
2

3
1
log(4 x 2 ) log
2
x

(n)

(l) log x 3 log(2x) + 2 log(4x)

2
2
(o) 2 log 2 3 log
x
x

Solution:
(a) log5 7 log5 3 log5 2 = log5 (7 3 2) = log5 42

(b) log(3x) log x log(4 x) = log[(3x)( x)(4 x)] = log(12x3 )

500
20
= log 2
75
3

(c) log 2 500 log 2 75 = log 2

5x 3
= log(5x 2 )
(d) log(5x3 ) log x = log
x

(e) log7 20 log7 3 log7 6 = log7 (

(f) log 2 + log(3x) log(2x) = log[

20 3
) = log7 10
6

(2)(3x)
] = log 3
2x

(g) log(5x 2 ) log(4x) log(10x 2 ) = log[

(5 x 2 )(4 x)
] = log(2x)
10x 2

x 2 3x
x( x 3)
= log
(h) log(x 3x) log(x 3) = log
= log x
x 3
x3
2

x2 1
( x 1)( x 1)
= log
(i) log(x 2 1) log(x 1) = log
= log(x 1)
x 1

x 1
12

 x6
(j) 6 log3 x log3 x = log3 x log3 x = log3 5 = log3 x
x
5

x 20
(k) 4 log x5 7 log x2 = log(x5 )4 log(x 2 )7 = log x 20 log x14 = log 14 = log x 6
x

(l) log x 3 log(2x) + 2 log(4x) = log x log(2x)3 log(4 x)2

= log x log(23 x3 ) log(42 x 2 )
= log x log(8x3 ) log(16x 2 )

x(16 x 2 )
]
8x3
= log 2
= log[

1
2 2

(m) 2 log(3x) log(16x ) = log(3 x) log(16 x )

2

1
2

= log(3 x ) log(16 x 2 2 )
2

= log(9x 2 ) log(4x)

9x2

= log
4x
9x
= log
4
3
1
(n) log(4 x 2 ) log = log(4 x 2 ) 2 logx 1
2
x
3

= log(4 2 x 2 2 ) log x
3
2 2

= log[( 2 ) x 3 ] log x
= log(23 x3 ) log x
= log[(8x3 )(x)]
= log(8x 4 )
13

2
2
2
2
(o) 2 log 2 3 log = log 2 log
x
x
x
x

22
23
= log 22 log 3
x
x
4
8
= log 4 log 3
x
x
8
4
= log 4 3
x
x

4 x 3
= log 4
x 8
1
= log
2x

12. Simplify the following.

(a)

(c)

log x n log x1n

log x

log( x 2 y) log( xy 1 )
log x

(b)

log( x 3 y 2 ) log( x 2 y )

(d) log 2

log xy
4 5 x2
16 x

Solution:

(a)

log x n log x1n log[( x n )( x1n )] log( x n1n )

log x
l
=
=
=
= =2
1
1
1
1
log x
log x
log x
log( x 2 )
2
2
2

x3 y 2
2
log
log( x 3 y 2 ) log( x 2 y)
x y = log( xy) = l = 2
(b)
=
1
1
1
log xy
log( xy)
log[( xy) 2 ]
2
2

14

log( x 2 y ) log( xy 1 ) log[( x 2 y )( xy 1 )]

(c)
=
1
log x
log( x 2 )

log[ x 21 y1( 1) ]
=
1
log x
2
log( x 3 y 0 )
=
1
log x
2
log x 3
=
1
log x
2
3 log x
=
1
log x
2

3
1
2

= (3)(2)
=6
5 x2

(d) log2

4
16 x

45 x2 2
= log2 x
16
=

45 x2
1
log2 x
2
16

(2 2 ) 5 x2
1
log2 4 x
2
(2 )

210 x4
1
log2 4 x
2
2

1
log2 (210 x 44 x )
2
1
= log2 (26 x4 )
2
1
= (6 x 4) log2 2
2
1
= (6 x 4)(1)
2
= 3x + 2
=

15

13. Without using calculator, evaluate

(a) log3 81

(b)

1
(c) 15 log7 5 7 log3
9

log16
log 8
(d)

log 27 log 8 log 125

log 6 log 5

Solution:
(a) log3 81 = log3 3 4 = 4 log3 3 = 4

log16 log 2 4 4 log 2 4

(b)
=
=
=
log 8
log 23 3 log 2 3
1
1
7 log3 = 15 log7 7 5 log3 2
9
3
1

= 15 log7 7 log3 32
5

= 3 log7 7 (2) log3 3

= 3(1) 2(1)
=5
1

(c) 15 log7

log( 27) 2 log( 8) 2 log(125) 2

log 27 log 8 log 125
(d)
=
log 6 log 5
log 6 log 5
1
3 2

1
3 2

1
3 2

log(3 ) log(2 ) log(5 )

log 6 log 5
3
3
3
log(3) log(2) log(5)
2
2
= 2
log 6 log 5

3
[log( 3) log( 2) log( 5)]
2
=
log 6 log 5

3 3 2

log
2 5
=
6
log
5
3 6
log
2 5
=
6
log
5
3
=
2
16

14. If log 2 = a and log 3 = b, express the following in terms of a and b.

(a) log 12

(b) log 1.2

(c) log 15

(d) log 18

Solution:
(a) log 12 = log(2 2 3) = log 2 + log 2 + log 3 = 2 log 2 + log 3 = 2a + b
(b) log 1.2 = log(12 10) = log 12 log 10 = log 12 1 = 2a + b 1
(c) log 15 = log(10 3 2) = log 10 + log 3 log 2 = 1 + b a
1
2

(d) log 18 = log(18 ) = log18 = log(2 32 ) = (log 2 log 32 ) = log 2 2 log 3 =

ab

15. Solve the following equations for x.

(a) log(x + 2) + log(3x 7) = 1

1
(b) log3 x log3 6 20 (c) log7 (5 x) log7 (3 2 x) 2
x

(d) log2 (3x 2) 2 log2 ( x 1) 3 (e) log5 (3x 2) 7 14

(h) log(x log x ) 9

(g) log x 2 = (logx) 2

(f) log3 (2 x 7) 4 20
(i) (log x) 2 2 log x 1 0

Solution:
(a) log(x + 2) + log(3x 7) = 1
log[(x + 2)(3x 7)] = 1

log(3x 2 7 x 6x 14) = 1
log(3x 2 x 14) = 1
3x 2 x 14 = 10
3x 2 x 24 = 0
(x 3)(3x + 8) = 0
x 3 = 0 or 3x + 8 = 0
x=3

or

x=

8
3

( Rejected as (x + 2) and (3x 7) will be negative and

so log(x + 2) and log(3x 7) are undefined
17

 1
(b) log3 x log3 6 = 20
x

1
log3 x 6 = 20
x
1
log3 5 = 20
x

log3 x 5 = 20

5 log3 x = 20

log3 x = 4
( y loga x is equivalent to x a y )

x = 34
x=

1
34

x=

1
81

(c) log7 (5 x) log7 (3 2x) 2

log7 [(5 x)(3 2 x)] 2

log7 (15 10x 3x 2 x 2 ) 2
log7 (2 x 2 13x 15) 2
2 x 2 13x 15 7 2
2 x 2 13x 15 49
2 x 2 13x 34 0
( x 2)(2 x 17) 0
x+2=0

or 2x 17 = 0

x = 2 or

x=

17

2
( Rejected as (5 x) and (3 2x) will be negative and

so log7 (5 x) and log7 (3 2x) are undefined

18

(d) log2 (3x 2) 2 log2 ( x 1) 3

log2 (3x 2) log2 ( x 1) 2 3

3x 2
log2
3
2
( x 1)
3x 2
23
2
( x 1)
3x 2
8
( x 1) 2
3x 2 8( x 1) 2
3x 2 8( x 2 2 x 1)
3x 2 8 x 2 16x 8
8 x 2 19x 6 0
( x 2)(8 x 3) 0
x 2 = 0 or 8x 3 = 0
3
x = 2 or
x=
8

( Rejected as (x 1) will be negative and so

log2 ( x 1) is undefined )

(e) log5 (3x 2) 7 = 14

7 log5 (3x 2) = 14

( Remark: As (3x 2) must be positive, we can use loga x n n loga x )

log5 (3x 2) = 2
3x 2 = 5 2
3x 2 = 25
3x = 27
x=9
(f)

log3 (2 x 7) 4 20

(2x 7)4 320

( Remark: As (2x + 7) can be negative, we cannot use

2x 7 4 3 20

loga x n n loga x )
1

2x 7 (3 20 ) 4
2x 7 35
2x 7 243
2x + 7 = 243 or 2x + 7 = 243
2x = 236 or
2x = 250
x = 118 or
x = 125

19

(g)

log x 2 = (logx) 2
2 log x = (logx) 2

(log x) 2 2 log x = 0
(log x)(log x 2) = 0
log x = 0 or log x 2 = 0
x = 100 or
log x = 2
x = 1 or
x = 102
x = 1 or
x = 100

(h)

log(xlog x ) = 9
( loga x n n loga x )

(log x)(log x) = 9

(logx) 2 = 9
log x = 3
x = 103

or log x = 3
or
x = 10 3

x = 1000 or

x=

1
1000

(i) (log x)2 2 log x 1 0

(log x 1)2 0

( (a b) 2 a 2 2ab b2 )

log x + 1 = 0
log x = 1
x = 10 1
x=

1
10

20

16. Solve the following equations for x and give your answer to 2 d.p. if necessary.
(a) 8(102 x1 ) 3 35

(b) 5e 4x 1 31

(c) 2 2 x 2 x 12 0

(d) 4 ln x 9 37

x
1
(e) ln 1 ln 1
3
x

(f) log(4x) + 5 log x = 2

Solution:

(a)

8(102 x1 ) 3 35
8(102 x1 ) 32
102 x1 4

log(102 x1 ) log 4

(Taking the common log on both sides of the given equation)

( loga x n = n loga x )

(2x + 1)log 10 = log 4

2x + 1 = log 4
( log 10 = 1 )
2x = log 4 1
log 4 1
= 0.20
2

x=

(b)

(correct to 2 d.p.)

5e4x 1 31
5e 4 x 30
e 4 x 6

ln(e4x ) ln 6

(Taking the natural log on both sides of the given equation)

(4 x)ln e = ln 6

( loga x n = n loga x )

4 x = ln 6
( ln e = 1 )
x = 4 ln 6 = 2.21
(correct to 2 d.p.)
(c)

22 x 2 x 12 0

(2 x 3)(2 x 4) 0
2x 3 0
2x 3

or
or

2x 4 0
2 x 4

(Rejected as 2 x 0 )

log(2 x ) log 3
x log 2 = log 3
x=

log 3
= 1.58
log 2

(correct to 2 d.p.)
21

(d) 4 ln x 9 37
4 ln x 28
ln x = 7
x = e 7 = 1096.63 (correct to 2 d.p.)
x
1
(e) ln 1 ln 1
3
x

x 1
ln 1 1
3 x
1
ln
3

1
1
x

1 1
e 1
3 x
1
1
e 1
x
3
1 1 1

x e 3
1 3e

x
3e
3e
x
= 28.95 (correct to 2 d.p.)
3e
(f) log(4x) + 5 log x = 2

log(4 x) log( x 5 ) 2
log[(4 x)( x 5 )] 2
log(4 x 6 ) 2
4 x 6 102
4 x 6 100
x 6 25
x = 1.71 or

x = 1.71
( Rejected as 4x and x will be negative and
so log(4x) and log x are undefined
)

22