BFC21103 Chapter6 PDF

BFC21103Hydraulics
Chapter6.HydraulicMachinery
TanLaiWai,WanAfnizan &Zarina Md Ali
laiwai@uthm.edu.my
Updated:September2014
LearningOutcomes
Attheendofthischapter,studentsshouldbeableto:
i. Calculatetheefficiencyofpumpandturbine;
ii. Determinethedischargeandenergyheadof
pumpsinparallelandseries;and
iii. Carryoutsimilitudeanalysisbetweenmodeland
prototypeofpumpandturbine.
BFC21103Hydraulics
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
6.1Turbines
Turbineisahydraulicmachinethatutilisestheenergyoffluids to
moveothertypesofmachineries.
Acommonuseofturbineisinthe
hydroelectricpowergenerationplant.
BFC21103Hydraulics
ClassificationofTurbines
Basedonthehydraulicactionattheinlet,turbinescanbeclassifiedas:
a. Impulseturbine (Peltonwheelorturbine) derivesitsenergyfromajetof
waterexitingoutofanozzleandshootingatthebladesofturbine.
b. Reactionturbine (FrancisturbineorKaplanturbine) derivesitspower
fromtheequaland
oppositereactive
poweroffluid
passingbetweenits
blades.
BFC21103Hydraulics
Pelton wheel
Basedonthedirectionofflowthroughtherunner,turbinescanbeclassifiedas:
a. Tangentialflowturbine (Peltonwheel)
b. Radialflowturbine (Francisturbine,ThomsenandGirardturbines)
c. Axialflowturbine (Kaplanturbine)
d. Mixedflowturbine (modernFrancisturbine)
Radial
flow
turbine
Pelton wheel
Francisturbine
Kaplanturbine
BFC21103Hydraulics
Mixed
flow
turbine
BasedontheheadofwaterH,turbinescanbeclassifiedas:
a. Highheadturbine (Peltonwheel,H >250m)
b. Mediumheadturbine (modernFrancisturbine,60m H 250m)
c. Lowheadturbine (Kaplanturbine,H <60m)
Peltonwheel issuitableformediumhead andlowdischarge.
Francisturbines areeffectiveonaverywiderangeofheads(mediumhead)
andareverymuchusedinspiteoftheirrelativelyhighcost.Usuallyworkin
radialflowbutalsoinmixedflow.
AKaplan(propeller)turbine isanaxialflowmachinewithitsrunnerconfined
inaclosedconduit.Apropellerturbineisoftensetonaverticalaxis,andcan
alsobesetonahorizontalaxisoraslightlyinclinedaxis.Apropellerturbineis
suitableforoperationwithlowhead andhighdischarge.
BFC21103Hydraulics
BasedonthespecificspeedNs,turbinescanbeclassifiedas:
a. Lowspecificspeedturbine (Peltonwheel,Ns of10to35)
b. Mediumspecificspeedturbine (Francisturbine,Ns of60to400)
c. Highspecificspeedturbine (Kaplanturbine,Ns of300to1000)
Kaplanturbine
BFC21103Hydraulics
6.2Pumps
Apumpisahydraulicmachinewhichsuppliesenergytofluid in
certainoperation,e.g.inwaterdistributionsystem.
Basedonthemodeofactionofconversionofmechanicalenergy
intohydraulicenergy,pumpsareclassifiedas:
a. rotadynamicpumps (centrifugalpump)and
b. positivedisplacementpumps.
BFC21103Hydraulics
Rotadynamic pump
Discharge
Rotadynamicpumpsconsistofarotatingdeviceknownasanimpeller.Fluids
tobepumpedentersacasingneartheshaftoftheimpeller.Vanesattached
tothespinningimpellerincreasesthevelocityofthepumpedfluidandmoves
thefluidoutthroughanoutlet.Themostcommonrotadynamicpumpare
centrifugalpump andpropellerpump.Centrifugalpumpsproduceradialflow
andmixedflowaccordingtothefluidpath.Propellerpumpswhichalso
consistofanimpellerproducesaxialflow.
Centrifugalpump
Impellereye
Propellerpump
Suction
Impeller
Casing
BFC21103Hydraulics
6.2PowerandEfficiencyofPump
Inpumpoperation,themechanicalenergythroughtheshaftandimpeller
isconvertedtofluidenergy.Thedifferencebetweenthetotalheadof
energybetweentheintakeanddischarge flangesofthepumpisdenoted
asnetheadH developedbythepump.Theintakeend(flowinlet)ofa
pumpiscommonlyknownasthesuctionend andthedischarge(flow
outlet)ofapumpisthedeliveryend.
D
pd
S
ps
Delivery
P
Suction
zd,Vd
zs,Vs
pd
Vd2 ps
Vs2
H = Hd H s = + z d + + z s +
2g
2g
BFC21103Hydraulics
Dischargethroughapumpisgivenas
Q = DsBsVfs = Dd BdVfd
where, Bs,Bd = widthsoftherunneratthesuctionanddeliveryends
= velocityofflowthroughtherunner
Vf
PowerofpumpatsuctionendPs (orinputpowerPi)
Ps = Pi = T = Q(udVud usVus )
PowerdeliveredatthedischargeendPd (oroutputpowerPo)
Pd = Po = QH
where, Vu = swirlvelocityortherateofshaftrotationinradianspersec
BFC21103Hydraulics
Efficiencyofapumpisgivenas
power delivered to the fluid

=
powerintotheshaft
Po
=
Pi
Also,
= mH
where, = volumetricefficiency
m = mechanicalefficiency
H = hydraulicefficiency
BFC21103Hydraulics
Activity6.1
Acentrifugalpumpisneededtosupply23m3/sofwaterforacity.
ThisoperationwillutiliseanetheadH =20mandspecificspeedN =
450rpm.IftheinflowpowerPs is5000kWanddensityofwater is
1000kg/m3 at5C,calculate:
(a) OutputpowerPd
(b) Overallefficiencyofthepump
BFC21103Hydraulics
GivenQ =23m3/s,H =20m,N =450rpm,Pi =5000kW, =1000kg/m3

(a) Outputpower
Po = QH = 9810 23 20 = 4512.6 kW
(b) Efficiencyofthepump
Po 4512.6
=
= 0.9025 = 90.25%
Pi 5000
BFC21103Hydraulics
6.3CharacteristicCurvesofPump
Thecharacteristiccurvesofapumpisusuallyprovidedbythepump
manufacturerthroughlaboratorytests.
500
Head
i ci
en
cy
60
400
300
BEP
40
20
te
Wa
power
e
s
r
o
h
Brake
er
w
o
ep
s
r
o
r h
200
Horsepower(kW)
80
Eff
HeadH (ft)andpumpefficiency (%)
100
100
0
0
12
15
18
CapacityQ ('000gpm)
Characteristiccurvesofatypicalmixedflowcentrifugalpump
BFC21103Hydraulics
Thispumphasanormal
capacity orratedcapacity
of10,500gpm when
developinganormalhead
of60ftatanopening
speedof1450rpm.
RelationshipbetweeninputpowerPi,efficiency andheadH starts

whenintakevalveisclosed,andtheimpellerspinsuntilpressureat
outputincreasetothemaximumhead(shutoffhead).Whenthevalveis
open,waterwillflowthroughthepipeandtheheadofpumpwill
decrease.Withadditionofflowrate,thepumpefficiencywillincrease
untilitreachamaximumandthendecreasetoendofoperation.
Intersectionbetweenheadandpowercorrespondstothepointof
optimumefficiency isthebestpointtousepump(knownasthebest
efficiencypoint,BEP).
BFC21103Hydraulics
BFC21103Hydraulics
6.4Cavitation
Animportantfactorinthesatisfactoryoperationofapumpisthe
avoidanceofcavitation,bothforgoodefficiencyandforpreventionof
impellerdamage.
Asliquidpassesthroughtheimpellerofapump,thereisachangein
pressure.Iftheabsolutepressure oftheliquiddropstothevapour
pressure,cavitationwilloccur.Theregionofvaporizationhindersthe
flowandplacesalimitonthecapacityofthepump.
Asthefluidmovesfurtherintoaregionofhigherpressure,the bubbles
collapseandtheimplosionofthebubblesmaycausepittingofthe
impeller.
Cavitationismostlikelytooccurnearthepointofdischarge (periphery)
ofradialflowandmixedflowimpellers,wherevelocitiesarehighest.It
mayalsooccuronthesuctionsideoftheimpeller,wherethepressures
arethelowest.
BFC21103Hydraulics
6.5PumpsinParallel
IftwosimilarpumpsAandBareconnectedinparallel,thecombined
dischargeisthesumofindividualdischargesQA andQB.
However,thepressureheadH remainsthesameasinsinglepump.
Theoverallsystempowerrequirementisthesumofthepowerrequired
foreachpumpatthesamehead.
QA,HA
QT = QA + QB
QB,HB
HT = HA = HB
PT = PA + PB
T =
(QA + QB )HT
K (PA + PB )
K =unitconstant (=0.102forP inkWandQ inm3/s)

(=6,116forP inkWandQ inL/min)
BFC21103Hydraulics
Activity6.2
Determinethesystemdischarge,powerrequirementsandefficiencyif
thefollowingpumpsareoperatedinparallelagainstaheadof27.4m.
PumpA
PumpB
QA =0.0473m3/s
QB =0.052m3/s
EA =83%
EB =73%
PA =15.3kW
PB =19.1kW
BFC21103Hydraulics
GivenH =27.4m
PumpA
PumpB
QA =0.0473m3/s
QB =0.052m3/s
EA =83%
EB =78%
PA =15.3kW
PB =19.1kW
QT = QA + QB = 0.0473 + 0.052 = 0.0993m3 /s

HT = HA = HB = 27.4m
PT = PA + PB = 15.3 + 19.1 = 34.4 kW
(QA + QB )HT 0.0993 27.4

T =
=
= 0.7754 = 77.54%
0.102 34.4
K (PA + PB )
BFC21103Hydraulics
6.6PumpsinSeries
IftwosimilarpumpsAandBareconnectedinseries,thecombined
dischargeisthesamedischargeassingledischargeQT =QA =QB.
ThepressureheadH producedisthecombinedheadproducedbythe
twopumps.
Theoverallsystempowerrequirementisthesumofthepowerrequired
foreachpumpatthesamehead.
QA,HA
QB,HB
QT = QA = QB
HT = HA + HB
PT = PA + PB
Pumpsconnectedinseries
BFC21103Hydraulics
T =
QT (HA + HB )
K (PA + PB )
Activity6.3
Calculatethedischarge,pressurehead,totalpowerrequiredand overall
pumpsystemefficiencyfortwopumpslinkedinseries.Thepumps are
operatedat1750rpmandthesystemdesigndischargeis0.0473m3/s.
TheimpellerdiametersareDA =25.4cmandDB =30.5cm.
PumpA
PumpB
HA =26.8m
HB =33.5m
EA =83%
EB =78%
PA =15kW
PB =19.9kW
BFC21103Hydraulics
GivenQ =0.0473m3/s
PumpA
PumpB
HA =26.8m
HB =33.5m
EA =83%
EB =78%
PA =15kW
PB =19.9kW
QT = QA = QB = 0.0473m3 /s
HT = HA + HB = 26.8 + 33.5 = 60.3 m
PT = PA + PB = 15 + 19.9 = 34.9 kW
QT (H A + HB ) 0.0473 60.3
T =
=
= 0.8012 = 80.12%
0.102 34.9
K (PA + PB )
BFC21103Hydraulics
6.7SimilitudeforPumpsandTurbines
Similaritylawshelptointerprettheresultsofmodelstudies.Therelation
betweenmodelandprototypeisclassifiedinto3,i.e.:
a. Geometricsimilarity prototypeandmodelhaveidenticalshapesbut
differinsize.
b. Kinematicsimilarity ratioofvelocities atallcorrespondingpointsin
flowarethesameandinvolvelengthandtime.
c. Dynamicsimilarity twosystemshavedynamicsimilarityif,in
additiontodynamicsimilarity,correspondingforces areinthesame
ratioinboth.
BFC21103Hydraulics
ScaleRatio
Model(m) similarwithobject/structurerequiredincertainscaleratio.
testedinlaboratoryandsimilarinrealphenomenon.
notalwayssmallerthantheprototype.
Prototype(p) actualobject/structure
testedinactualcondition,e.g.hydraulicstructures,ship
etc.
AdvantagesofSimilarity
1. Performancesofobject/structurecanbepredicted.
2. Economicalandeasiertobuild,wheredesignofmodelcanbe
reproducedmanytimestoachievethedesireddesign.
3. Nonfunctionalstructuresuchasdamcanalsobemeasured.
BFC21103Hydraulics
BFC21103Hydraulics
SimilarityinPump
Insimilarityrelations,thebasicrepeatingvariablesaretherotational
speedN andpumpdiameterD.Therefore,thesimilitudelaws forhead
H,dischargeQ andpowerP canbeexpressedas
H
CH = 2 2
ND
Q
CQ =
ND 3
P
CP =
N 3D 5
Applyingsimilitudelawsbetweenmodelandprototype:
Hp
Hm
= 2 2
2 2
NmDm Np Dp
Qp
Qm
=
3
NmDm NpDp3
Pp
Pm
=
3 5
m NmDm p Np3Dp5
BFC21103Hydraulics
Specificspeed Ns =
N Q
H
3
4
where,N inrpm,Q inm3/sandH inm.

TwohomologouspumpshavethesamespecificspeedNs.Thusbetween
ageometricmodelanditsprototype,
N sm = N sp
Nm Qm Np Qp
=
3/ 4
Hm
Hp 3 / 4
BFC21103Hydraulics
Activity6.4
TwohomologouspumpsAandBareoperatingatthespeedof600rpm.
PumpAhasanimpellerwithdiameter50cmanddischarges0.4m3/sof
waterunderanetheadof50m.DeterminethesizeofpumpB,net
head,andthespecificspeedifitistodischarge0.3m3/s.
BFC21103Hydraulics
GivenN =600rpm,DA =50cm,QA =0.4m3/s,HA =50m,QB =0.3m3/s

Fromthelawofsimilarity
QA
QB
=
NA DA3 NBDB3
1
3
1
3
NA QB 3 600 0.3
0.53 = 0.4543m = 45.43cm

DB =
DA =
NB QA 600 0.4
and
HA
HB
= 2 2
2 2
NA DA NB DB
NB2 DB2
6002 0.45432
HB = HA 2 2 = 50
= 41.28m
2
2
NA DA
600
0.5
BFC21103Hydraulics
Specificspeedis
N Q
Ns =
N sB =
3
4
NB QB
3
4
B
600 0.3
41.28
3
4
= 20.18
Itcanbeshownthat
N sA =
NA QA
H
3
4
A
600 0.4
50
3
4
= 20.18 = NsB
BFC21103Hydraulics
SimilarityinTurbine
Thecharacteristicrelationsbetweenaturbinemodelanditsprototype
canbeexpressedas
ND
CH =
H
Q
CQ =
ND 3
P
CP = 3 5
ND
Applyingsimilitudelawsbetweenmodelandprototypeofturbine:
NmDm NpDp
=
Hm
Hp
Qp
Qm
=
3
NmDm NpDp3
Pp
Pm
= 3 5
3 5
NmDm Np Dp
BFC21103Hydraulics
Specificspeed Ns =
N P
H
5
4
where,N inrpm,P inkW,andH inm.

TwohomologousturbineshavethesamespecificspeedNs.Thus
betweenageometricmodelanditsprototype,
N sm = N sp
Nm Pm Np Pp
= 5/ 4
5/4
Hm
Hp
BFC21103Hydraulics
Activity6.5
A1:5modelofwaterturbinedevelops2kWofpowerat400rpmunder
aheadof3m.Finditsspecificspeed?
Assumingtheoverallefficiencyof0.85forboththemodeland
prototype,calculatetherotationalspeed,poweranddischargeofthe
prototypewhenrununderaheadof20m.
BFC21103Hydraulics
Given1:5modelturbine,Pm =2kW,Nm =400rpm,Hm =3m, =0.85,Hp =20m

N sm =
Nm Pm
5
4
m
Forprototype,
400 2
3
5
4
= 143.3
NmDm NpDp
=
Hm
Hp
Dm Hp
1 20
Np = Nm
= 400
= 206.6rpm
Dp Hm
5
3
Pp
Pm
= 3 5
3 5
NmDm Np Dp
3
5
Np3 Dp5
206
.
6
5
2 = 861.2kW
Pp = 3 5 Pm =

Nm Dm
400 1
BFC21103Hydraulics
Specificspeedforprototype, Nsp =
Np Pp
5
4
p
206.6 861.2
20
5
4
= 143.3 = Nsm
Powerdevelopedbyprototype Pop = 861.2kW atefficiency =0.85.
Po
861.2
= 1013.2kW
Powersuppliedbywater Pi = =
0.85
Thus, pQpHp = 1013.2 103
1013.2 103 1013.2 103

Qp =
=
= 5.164m3 /s
pHp
9810 20
BFC21103Hydraulics
PerformanceofTurbinesunderUnitQuantities
Theunitquantitiesgivethedischarge,speed,andpowerforaparticular
turbineunderaheadof1massumingthesameefficiency.
(a) UnitdischargeQu thedischargeofaturbineworkingunderaunit
head.
Q
Qu =
H
Q1
Q2
Between2similarturbines,
=
H1
H2
BFC21103Hydraulics
(b) UnitspeedNu thespeedofaturbineworkingunderaunithead.
N
Nu =
H
N1
N2
=
H1
H2
(c) UnitpowerPu thepowerdevelopedbyaturbineworkingundera

unithead.
Pu =
P
H
3
2
P1
3
2
1
P2
3
2
2
BFC21103Hydraulics
Activity6.6
A Francis turbine produces 6750 kW of power at 300 rpm under a net
headof45mwithanoverallefficiencyof85%.Determinetherevolution
perminute(rpm),dischargeandbrakepowerofthesameturbineunder
anetheadof60minhomologousconditions.
BFC21103Hydraulics
GivenP1 =6750kW,N1 =300rpm,H1 =45m, =85%,H2 =60m
N1
N
= 2
H1
H2
N2 = N1
H2
60
= 300
= 346.4rpm
H1
45
Pi = QH =
Po
Po
6750 1000
Q1 =
=
= 17.99m3 /s
H 0.85 9810 45
Q1
Q2
=
H1
H2
Q2 = Q1
H2
60
= 17.99
= 20.77m3 /s
H1
45
BFC21103Hydraulics
P1
3
2
1
P2
H
3
2
2
3
2
3
2
H2
60
P2 = P1 = 6750 = 10392.3kW
45
H1
BFC21103Hydraulics
Assignment#6
Q1.
Whatarethefunctionsofhydraulicpumpsandturbines?
Q2.
0.5m3/sofwateristobepumpedtoatotalheadof250m.How
manypumpsconnectedinseriesshouldberequiredifeachpumphas
aspecificspeedof35andspeedof1500rpm.
Q3.
Aturbinedevelops8500kWunderaheadof18mat150rpm.
Calculate
(a) specificspeed
(b) normalspeedunderaheadof25m
(c) outputunderaheadof25m
BFC21103Hydraulics
Q4.
Acentrifugalpumphasanimpellerof200mmwithcapacity400L/s
atspeed1200rpmagainstaheadof12m.Calculatethespeedand
headofageometricallysimilarpumpwithimpellerdiameterof300
mmwhichisrequiredtodeliver700L/s.
Q5.
Aturbineistooperateunderaheadof28mat185rpm.The
dischargeis10m3/s.Iftheefficiencyis87%,determinethe
performance(N,Q,P)oftheturbineunderaheadof20m.
EndofQuestion
BFC21103Hydraulics
THANKYOU
BFC21103Hydraulics

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BFC21103Hydraulics

power delivered to the fluid

GivenQ =23m3/s,H =20m,N =450rpm,Pi =5000kW, =1000kg/m3

HeadH (ft)andpumpefficiency (%)

RelationshipbetweeninputpowerPi,efficiency andheadH starts

K =unitconstant (=0.102forP inkWandQ inm3/s)

QT = QA + QB = 0.0473 + 0.052 = 0.0993m3 /s

(QA + QB )HT 0.0993 27.4

where,N inrpm,Q inm3/sandH inm.

GivenN =600rpm,DA =50cm,QA =0.4m3/s,HA =50m,QB =0.3m3/s

0.53 = 0.4543m = 45.43cm

where,N inrpm,P inkW,andH inm.

Given1:5modelturbine,Pm =2kW,Nm =400rpm,Hm =3m, =0.85,Hp =20m

Powerdevelopedbyprototype Pop = 861.2kW atefficiency =0.85.

1013.2 103 1013.2 103

(b) UnitspeedNu thespeedofaturbineworkingunderaunithead.

(c) UnitpowerPu thepowerdevelopedbyaturbineworkingundera

GivenP1 =6750kW,N1 =300rpm,H1 =45m, =85%,H2 =60m

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