Lecture 1
Highway
Route
Location
Prepared by
A.L Rawand Mohammed Badri
Contents
Introduction
Reconnaissance survey
Preliminary location survey
Final location survey
Introduction
Alignment :-The position or the layout of the central line
of the highway.
Horizontal alignment includes straight and curved
paths.
Vertical alignment includes curves and gradients.
The aim of alignment selection process is to find a location
for the new road that will result in the lowest total
construction, land, traffic and environmental costs
2- Reconnaissance Survey
The purpose of the reconnaissance survey is to evaluate the
feasibility of one or more corridor routes for a highway
between specific points that may be many kilometers
away and can taking in to account the following:
Highway Engineering
Lecture 2
Highway
Classification
Prepared by
A.L Rawand Mohammed Badri
urbanized areas
. Side drain
. Other facilities
Highway Engineering
Lecture 3
The Mass
Diagram
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Earthwork Analysis
Average End Area Method
Consideration for shrinkage
Balance line Considerations
Limit of Freehaul (LFD)
Limit of Profitable Haul (LFH)
CUT
FILL
Special Terms
Free haul distance (FHD)- distance earth is moved
without additional compensation
Limit of Profitable Haul (LPH) - distance beyond
which it is more economical to borrow or waste
than to haul from the project
Overhaul volume of material (Y) moved X Stations
beyond Freehaul, measured in sta yd3, or sta- m3
Borrow material purchased outside of project
Waste excavated material not used in project
Highway Engineering
Lecture 4
Prepared by
A.L Rawand Mohammed Badri
Environmental factors.
Economical factors.
Highway alignment
Plan View
Vertical Alignment
Profile View
Stationing
Horizontal Alignment
Vertical Alignment
Road alignment :
The position or the
layout of the central line
of the highway on the
ground is called the
alignment.
Horizontal alignment
includes straight and
curved paths.
Vertical alignment
includes level and
gradients.
Horizontal alignment :
Horizontal alignment in road design consists of straight sections of
road, known as tangents, connected by circular horizontal curves.
Horizontal Alignment
Tangents
Curves
Highway Engineering
Lecture 5
Prepared by
A.L Rawand Mohammed Badri
Curve
Tangent to
Circular Curve
Tangent to
Spiral Curve to
Circular Curve
L = (R) / 180
= R / 57.3
R = Radius of Circular Curve
L = Length of Curvature
= Deflection Angle
Properties of
Circular Curves
Other Formulas
Tangent:
T = R tan(/2)
Chord:
C = 2R sin(/2)
Mid Ordinate:
M = R R cos(/2)
Superelevation :
is the slope across pavement surface and is fully developed
in the circular curve.
(or)
Super-elevation (banking) is the transverse slope provided at
horizontal curve to counteract the centrifugal force, by
raising the outer edge of the pavement with respect to the
inner edge, throughout the length of the horizontal curve.
Side friction :
is the lateral friction, specifically its the Friction
between tyre and road surface which is taken at right
angles to the line of movement of the vehicle.
Highway Engineering
Lecture 6
Prepared by
A.L Rawand Mohammed Badri
Vertical
Alignment
Vertical alignment :
Vertical alignment is the longitudinal section (shown on
the y-axis of a road, it consists of straight grades joined
by vertical curves.
Vertical Alignment
Objective:
Determine elevation to ensure
Proper drainage
Acceptable level of safety
Primary challenge
Transition between two grades
Vertical curves
G
G1
G1
G2
y ax bx c
2
PVC
G1
PVI
G2
G1, G2 in percent, L in
stations
PVT
L/2
L
x
y ax 2 bx c
+
+
Level
+
-
Level
Vertical Curve
For a vertical curve, the general form of the
parabolic equation is;
1
Y = ax2 + bx + c
where, y is the roadway elevation of the curve at a
point x along the curve from the beginning of the
vertical curve (PVC).
C is the elevation of the PVC since x=0 corresponds
the PVC
dy
b
dx
Slope of Curve
To define a and b, first derivative of equation 1 gives the slope.
At PVC, x=0;
dy
2ax b
dx
dy
b
dx
or
dy
G
dx
G1 b
dy 2
2a
2
dx
dy 2 G2 G1
2
dx
L
2a
G2 G1
L
G2 G1
2a
L
or
G2 G1
a
2L
PVI
PVC
PVC
PVT
PVT
PVI
PVC
PVC
PVT
PVI
PVC
PVT
PVT
A
2
y
x
200 L
A L 2
ym
( )
200 L 2
AL
ym
800
A
yf
* L2
200 L
AL
yf
200
L
k
A
Sight Distances
Sight Distance is a length of road surface which a
particular driver can see with an acceptable level of clarity.
Sight distance plays an important role in geometric highway
design because it establishes an acceptable design speed,
based on a driver's ability to visually identify and stop for a
particular, unforeseen roadway hazard or pass a slower
vehicle without being in conflict with opposing traffic.
As velocities on a roadway are increased, the design must
be catered to allowing additional viewing distances to allow
for adequate time to stop. The two types of sight distance
are:
(1) stopping sight distance and (2) passing sight distance.
where V1
f
G
v1
2 g ( f G)
V1
SSD
V1t r
2 g ( f G)
PVI
PVT
PVC
L
H2
for sight distances that are greater than the curve length (S<L)
Lm 2S
200(
H1
A
H 2 )2
AS 2
Lm
200( H1 H 2 ) 2
SSD > L
1329
Lm 2SSD
A
SSD < L
ASSD 2
Lm
1329
L = K*A
where k is the horizontal distance in feet, required
to affect 1 percent change in slope.
H
PV
C
P
L VI
PV
T
Lm 2S
For S<L
AS 2
Lm
200( H S tan )
For the sight distance required to provide adequate SSD, use a head
light height of 2.0 ft and an upward angle of 1 degree.
Substituting these design standards and S = SSD in the above
equations;
400 3.5SSD
For SSD>L
Lm 2SSD
A
For SSD<L
ASSD 2
Lm
400 3.5SSD
As was the case for crest vertical curves, Kvalues can also be computed for sag vertical
curves.
Caution should be exercised in using the kvalues in this table since the assumption of
G=0 percent is used for SSD computations.