special education

PERSPECTIVES
Volume 21, Number 2, 2012

Published by the Australian Association of Special Education

SPECIAL
EDUCATION
PERSPECTIVES
VOLUME 21, NUMBER 2, 2012
The Australian Association of Special Education Inc (AASE) aims to assist the preparation and support of all educators to enable provision of quality education for students with special education needs through the dissemination
of information about quality programs and practices. Special Education Perspectives publishes articles to inform
practicing teachers in regular and special education settings and others interested in the education of students with
special needs.
EDITOR:
David Paterson
School of Education, Room 322
University of New England
ARMIDALE NSW 2351
Phone: (02) 6773 3846
Fax: (02) 6773 2445
Email: dpaters1@une.edu.au
PRACTICALLY SPEAKING
ASSOCIATE EDITOR:
Checka MacLaurin
Email: checka.maclaurin@det.nsw.edu.au
BOOK REVIEW EDITOR:
Sue McGarrity
Email: Sue.McGarrity@det.nsw.edu.au
EDITORIAL ASSISTANT:
Merran Pearson
School of Education
University of New England
ARMIDALE NSW 2351
Email: mpearso6@une.edu.au
DESIGN AND DESKTOP
PUBLISHING:
Merran Pearson
University of New England
Cover artwork by Amelia, aged 5
Cover design by Jane Dillon

EDITORIAL COMMITTEE:
Michael Arthur-Kelly, University of Newcastle; Greg Auhl,
Charles Sturt University; Jeff Bailey, University of Alaska; Hank
Bohanon, Consultant; Christopher Boyle, Charles Sturt University;
Gail Brown, Instructional Designer; Mark Carter, Macquarie
University; Mark Clayton, Consultant; David Evans, University
of Sydney; Phil Foreman, University of Newcastle; Gerry Gray,
Catholic Education Commission; Brian Hemmings, Charles Sturt
University; Barbara Hinchey, NSW DET; Bruce Knight, Central
Queensland University; Wendy Kortman, Deakin University;
Cathy Little, University of Sydney; Alison Madelaine, Macquarie
University; Sue McGarrity, NSW DET; Margaret McKay,
Consultant; Jonathan Munro, Southern Cross University; Michelle
Pointon, Consultant; Meree Reynolds; Sally Roberts, University
of Kansas; Jeff Sigafoos, Victoria University of Wellington;
Paul Sleishman, Catholic Schools Office; Jennifer Stephenson,
Macquarie University; Ian Thompson, Consultant; Peter Westwood,
Consultant; Stephen Winn, University of New England.
PRACTICALLY SPEAKING ADVISORY COMMITTEE:
Jacqui Cashmore; Sandra Hook; Cathy Little; Teresa Llewellyn
-Evans; Checka MacLaurin; Mark Pearce; Georgina Reynhout;
Meree Reynolds; Shelley Robins; Maria Sprem; Tony Tenney;
Christine Vandenberg; Robyn Yates.
Australian Association of Special Education Incorporated
National Executive
President: Lynne James (Tas)
Vice-Presidents: Jennifer Stephenson (NSW) and Virg Summers (NT)
Secretary: Colleen Crawford (Tas)
Treasurer: Peter Kirby (Tas)
Contact: PO Box 211, Glen Iris, Vic 3146, Australia
Membership Office: PO Box 2226, Bombaderry, NSW 2541, Australia
Website: www.aase.edu.au <http://www.aase.edu.au>

This issue published on 26 February 2013.

Published by the Australian Association of Special Education Inc.

ISSN: 1038 6475

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Special Education Perspectives, Volume 21, Number 2, 2012

NOTES FOR CONTRIBUTORS

1.

Contributions to Special Education Perspectives 5.

may refer to any aspect of special education practice, policy, or research. They may take the form of
position papers, critical reviews of literature, brief
reports of action research, or empirical studies. In
line with the practical focus of the journal, papers
that provide practitioners with research-based support and strategies are especially welcome. Potential
authors may like to look at Teaching Exceptional
Children as a model for this type of submission.

2.

The journal has three sections: (A) Practically

Speaking, containing papers that have received
editorial review; (B) Refereed papers (see 5.); and
(C) Positively Influencing.

3.

Please send your paper electronically as an email

attachment to:
David Paterson
email: dpaters1@une.edu.au
with a covering email listing the names of all
authors, contact details for correspondence, and a
statement to indicate that the paper has not been
published elsewhere, nor is the paper currently
under review elsewhere.

4.

It is imperative that prospective authors follow

the conventions of the Publication Manual of
the American Psychological Association (APA)
Sixth Edition when preparing papers. Authors are
advised to consult published referencing guides or
previous journal issues in which APA guidelines are
followed. The manuscript should be wordprocessed
on A4 size. Italics should be used for sources in the
reference list rather than underlining. An abstract of
approximately 100 words should be included. All
figures, graphics and tables should be high-quality
camera-ready copy, in black and white, presented
on separate sheets with a descriptive caption. The
location of each figure, graphic or table should
be indicated in the body of the paper. We cannot
guarantee the reproduction clarity of colour
figures, graphics or tables.

All papers submitted to the refereed section of

the journal follow a double-blind review process. A minimum of two members of the editorial committee (or other invited experts) provide
feedback on the papers and monitor revisions
as appropriate. It is therefore important that
you do not identify yourself in the body of the
paper.
Advertising Policy
Special Education Perspectives accepts advertisements for products or services of interest to
educators, special educators, families and caregivers of children with special education needs
and others with an interest in special education.
Disclaimer: The Australian Association of
Special Education does not endorse any of the
products or services advertised. The Editor has
the discretion to accept or refuse advertisements and may request changes to advertisements before accepting them for publication.
For further information about submissions and
advertisement deadlines, please contact the
editorial team:
Editor: David Paterson
email: dpaters1@une.edu.au
phone: 02 6773 3846
fax: 02 6773 2445
Editorial Assistant: Merran Pearson
email: mpearso6@une.edu.au
phone: 02 6773 2309
fax: 02 6773 2445.

SPECIAL EDUCATION PERSPECTIVES

VOLUME 21, NUMBER 2, 2012
A Journal of the Australian Association of Special Education Inc.

Contents
Editorial

Examining effective assessment in Special Education

schools in the USA. Guide to writing and assessing
IEP goals

Tim Byatt

The efficacy of the Natural Language Paradigm: An

illustration of three strategies for synthesising results
of single subject research

Mark Carter
Jennifer Stephenson
Leah Browne

Dilemmas in inclusive education: What does it mean

to be an inclusive educator?

Robyn Bentley-Williams 17
Jenny Morgan

Hearing loss in children: An overview for educators

Kathryn Crowe

AASE Conference

23
40

Self-regulation and learning difficulties

Lorraine Graham
Jeanette Berman

41

Positively Influencing

Jeff Bailey

53