Robert Anderson - Salvador Dali

Artists in Their
Time
..-*"=
Salvador
I
1904
1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980
199
Artists in Their
Time
Salvador
Dali
Robert Anderson
Franklin Watts
New
York
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published in 2002 by
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Acknowledgements
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32tl.
fr
AKG London: 12t. Archive Photos/Hulton Archive 20tl. Archivio

Salvador Dali, Gala-Salvador Dali Foundation, DACS, London 2002.
40.
1 1
cover be, 19b, 32b. Central Press/Hulton Archive: 25t. Fox Photos/Hulton Archive:
Daniel Frasnay/AKG London: 20cr, 42. Fundacio Gala-Salvador Dali
Salvador Dali Foundation,
DACS, London
DACS, London
2002, 13
Salvador
6, 7b, 9t
Salvador Dali, Gala-
Gala-Salvador Dali Foundation,
Dali,
Salvador Dali, Gala-Salvador Dali Foundation, DACS, London 2002, 39

DACS, London 2002. Fundacion Federico Garcia Lorca:
Daniel Malingue, Paris: Bndgeman 18t ADAGRParis and DACS, London 2002. Robert
2002, 33
Salvador Dali, Gala-Salvador Dali Foundation,

12b, 14t. Galerie
Harding PL:
7t, 8.
30tl, 34, 36b.
Charles Hewitt/Picture Post/Hulton Archive: 22bl. Hulton Archive:
Courtesy of Kobal Collection:
16tl, 17,
35b. Kunsthalle,
fr
cover br,18b, 24b,
Hamburg: Bridgeman 10
DACS
2002. Louvre, Paris: Bridgeman 14b, Giraudon/Bridgeman 30c. Courtesy Lee Miller Archives: 28t.
Museum
Modern Art, New York: Artothek fr cover c & 21 Salvador Dali, Gala-Salvador Dali Foundation,
DACS, London 2002, 23 Salvador Dali, Gala-Salvador Dali Foundation, DACS, London 2002. Musee
National dArt Moderne, Paris: Lauros-Giraudon/Bndgeman 35t ARS, NY and DACS, London, 2002.
of
Musee
d'Orsay, Paris:
Bridgeman
22c. Philadelphia
Museum
of Art: Corbis 28b. Prado, Madrid:
Giraudon/Bridgeman 26b. Private Collection: Index/Bridgeman 15

Foundation,
DACS, London
2002. Rex Features: 41c.
Glasgow: Artothek 37
2002
Salvador Dali, Gala-Salvador Dali

ADAGP, Paris and DACS, London
Lauros-Giraudon/Bridgeman 24t
Ewa Rudling/Sipa
Press/Rex Features: 41b. St
Glasgow Museums: The St
Mungo Museum
Mungo Museum
of Religious Life
of Religious Art,
& Art. Sipa
Salvador Dali, Gala-Salvador Dali

Salvador Dali, Gala-Salvador Dali Foundation, DACS, London
29 Salvador Dali, Gala-Salvador Dali Foundation, DACS, London 2002, 31 Salvador Dali, Gala-
Press/Rex Features: 36b, 38. Tate Picture Library-: 26t detail
Foundation,
2002,
DACS, London
Salvador Dali Foundation,
2002, 27
DACS, London
2002. Topical Press Agency/Hulton Archive:
Whilst every attempt has been made to clear copyright

should there be any inadvertent omission please applv
in
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first
instance to the publisher regarding rectification.
16tr.
Contents
Who Was Salvador Dali?
An Artist From Catalonia
6
8
Studying in Madrid
10
Close Friends
12
Painting
Making
From
Life
14
a Surrealist
Movie
16
Surrealism
18
To Confuse and Disturb
20
Love and Marriage
22
The Spanish
The Horror
Star of the
Civil
of
War
War
26
Show
Painting the Unconscious
The Power
24
28
Mind
of Hitler
30
32
Dali in the United States
34
The Man With
36
The
the Mustache
Final Performance
Dali's
Legacy
Two Catalan
38
40
Surrealists
42
Timeline
42
Glossary
44
Museums and
Index
Galleries
45
46
"
Who Was Salvador Dali?

Salvador
Dali was born Salvador
Felipe Jacinto Dali
May
Domenech on
11, 1904, in Figueres, a
town
situated in a region of northeast
Spain called Catalonia.

Dali's father, also
named
Salvador,
was an important and respected

person in Figueres.
He had many
friends in the town,
some of whom
were writers or painters.
Dali's
Roman
mother, Felipa, was a devout
Catholic. She was loving and very
warmhearted. Dali
as the
later described
"honey of the
At
family."
the age of six I
wanted
At
her
to be
seven
a cook.
wanted
to
be Napoleon.
And my
ambition has
been growing steadily

ever since.
A. Salvador
Salvador Dali
baby,
less
DAYDREAMER
age
his
younger
sister,
Maria, spent most of their childhood in
five, in
a park
in
Barcelona. As a boy, Dali
spoiled. His older brother died while
than a year before Dali's
intelligent,
The young Salvador and
Ana
Dali, at
was pampered and
although he found
it
concentrate on his work during lessons.
apartment in the bustling center of town.
his school books.
Between the ages of six and twelve, Salvador

went to a Roman Catholic primary school
at the stains
on the classroom
by the leaky
roof,
He was
very
He
often found himself daydreaming in the

classroom. Sometimes he doodled
priests.
difficult to
and around the comfortable family
run by French
still
birth.
all sorts
At
all
over
other times, he stared

ceiling
made
and imagined they were
of wonderful things.
NATURAL INSPIRATION
On
weekends and during
summer
went
long, hot,
vacations, the Dali family
to the seaside village of
Cadaques. There they had a house

surrounded by beautiful gardens,
fields,
and
and orange groves. Salvador
Ana Maria
spent their days
exploring the rock pools and

beaches, or watching their father's
friends painting the breathtaking
views across the Mediterranean Sea.
The
Dalis'
house was always
aunts, uncles,
many
life,
as
and cousins,
full
of
as well as
other guests. Despite this ideal
Dali
remembered
his
childhood
sometimes troubled and unhappy.
A The picturesque
fishing village of
favorite place throughout his
many
life. Its
Cadaques remained
beaches and
cliffs
Dali's
are
in
of his paintings.
MEMORIES AND MYTHS

In 1942, Dali published his
autobiography, or
which he
called
life story,
The
of Salvador Dali. In
made up many
Secret Life
it,
stories
Dali
about his
childhood. For instance, he
wrote that his older brother
had died
at age
seven and that
his parents always loved his
brother more than him. In

reality, his
he was
still
brother died
when
a baby, less
than a
year before Dali was born. Dali
saw nothing wrong with
making up
stories.
He
claimed
that they told an "emotional"
A The
truth that
Cadaques around 1910. Left to right is Dali's aunt
mother and father, Salvador himself, his aunt
went
Dali family at
Maria Teresa,
Catalina, his
his
sister,
Ana Maria, and
his
grandmother Ana.
simple
facts.
far
deeper than
An Artist From Catalonia

father often took
Dali's
him
to
Barcelona, the Catalan capital.
At
the time, the city was flourishing,
and there were new buildings and

parks to see.
Many
of the buildings
were designed by the famous architect
Antonio Gaudi (1852-1926). His

most famous building
is
the Sagrada
Holy Family, a church
Familia, or
extravagant that
it is still
so
under
construction.
Barcelona had
One
many busy
cafes.
of the most popular was the els
Quatre Gats. Painters and writers

gathered there to discuss the latest
ideas
was
from
Paris.
At
the time, Paris
new
Many Spanish
at the forefront of
developments in
artists,
art.
including Pablo Picasso (1881-
1971), lived and worked there.
AND TRAGEDY
VIOLENCE
In spite of
prosperity, Barcelona
its
was sometimes rocked by unrest and

violence.
The
city's
many
factory
workers were usually poorly paid and

treated badly.
socialist
Some
supported the
and communist
ideas of Karl
Marx (1818-83). Others supported

anarchism, which
is
the belief that
people should be able to live their
One
of the most astonishing sights that Dali
the church of the
saw
in
Barcelona
was
lives free of
church or government
Sagrada Familia designed by Antonio Gaudi. The
church's "melting" shapes helped inspire Dali's Surrealist masterpieces.
laws.
TIMELINE
|
May
11,
904
1907
The Spanish
Domenech
Picasso paints his
born
in
is
Figueres,
Catalonia, Spain.
artist
Cubist pictures
1914-18
|
Salvador Dali
1914
1909
1908
War
Pablo
Dali's sister,
The "Tragic
Gaudi's Guell
World
first
Ana Maria,
Week": workers
Park opens.
Spain does
in Paris.
is
born.
strike in
Barcelona.
1;
not take part.
1917
Dali holds
an
exhibition of his
paintings
in
the
family apartment.
many Barcelona workers rose up against

the government and burned down churches and
schools. The army stopped the uprising, and 1 16
In 1909,
remember
the "Tragic Week."
people died. Catalans
event as
still
this terrible
YOUTHFUL PROMISE
Anarchist and
socialist ideas
but Dali chose to concentrate
Dali's classmates,
on what he loved
He
started to
were popular among
best,
drawing and painting.
draw and paint
young
as a very
boy.
His parents encouraged him and even gave him

his
own
studio.
At
the age of thirteen, Dali
a prize for his drawing,
and
threw a party to celebrate.
his
won
proud father
Dali's early paintings
included seaside views of sailing boats,
whitewashed houses, and green olive groves.

also
A
age
made
portraits of his father,
showed wearing
My Father,
Portrait of
sixteen.
clearly
show
known as
1920. Dali painted
The shimmering colors and

the influence of a
this portrait
lively
at
and chain. Even
a suit
whom
He
he often
and a heavy, gold watch
as a teenager, Dali
experimented
brushstrokes
group of French
with the bold
artists
new
styles
from
Paris.
the Impressionists.
Until the
8th century, Catalonia
was an independent
country, separate from Spain. To this day, Catalonia's people
- the Catalans - remain very proud of
and customs, including

father
was a
was spoken
their
(see
page
in
the family
of his
and a long
washed by
home, although
well.
in
Dali
was
Throughout
homeland and he
the
is
often
taught to
his life Dali
wore a barretina
the
beaches
warm Mediterranean
town
Catalonia, about
of Figueres,
Mediterranean
Sea
60
is
that are
Sea. Catalonia's
on the coast. Dali was
which
lies in
the far north of
A Catalonia
miles (97 km) northeast of Barcelona.
town
is
nestled at the foot of the
Pyrenees Mountains, not very far from Spain's border with
lies in
the northeast corner
of Spain. The surrounding mountains
and sea helped keep

from the
This small, prosperous
France.
Catalonia
comprised of a great, rugged
coastline of rocky
capital, the port of Barcelona,
born
36), a traditional Catalan soft hat.
Catalonia's landscape
plain
Catalan. Dali's
strong supporter of Catalan culture. Catalan
speak Spanish and French as
was proud
their local traditions
own language,
gave
it
rest of the
the region apart
country and
a strong, separate
identity.
Studying in Madrid
In
1922, Dali,
capital,
now
Madrid, to study at the San Fernando
o{ Fine Art. Dali quickly
Academy
wander around Madrid's huge
art
He
such
met
museum, the Prado.
Goya (1746-1828). He
young
and
painters, including
Federico Garcia Lorca (1898-
painters,
1936) and Luis Bunuel (1900-
also kept close contact with the
developments in modern
There he
a group of radical
writers
Diego Velazquez (1599-1660) and Francisco de
as
latest
university residence.
preferred
There he admired the works of the great Spanish
ECCENTRIC STUDENT
In Madrid, Dali lived in a
became unhappy with the
teaching given by the academy's professors.

to
AN
age seventeen, went to the Spanish
83).
art.
life
The
students led a wild
in Madrid's cafes
clubs. Dali
and night
became known
One
an eccentric.
favorite tricks
of his
was to
banknote dissolve
let a
in his
beverage before he drank
NEW
as
it.
KINDS OF ART
War
During and after World
(1914-18), many European
grew
painters
tired of the
endless
experiments of the previous
decades and began
more
traditional
such as
ways.
Italian painter
Artists
Giorgio de
Chirico (1888-1978) rejected the
"^ Melancholy:
The Street, Giorgio
bold colors used by the

Expressionists
deChirico, 1924.
In this
to paint in
and
the shattered
shapes of the Cubists. Instead,
painting,
de Chirico uses
they painted
a traditional,
fashion, using sober colors
realistic style to
in
a straightforward
and
conventional techniques such as
create a disturbing
image
girl
of
perspective. However, they often
a small
running
down
new
a deeply
shadowed
put these old styles of painting to
uses by creating startling or
even disturbing images. Dali found
street.
this
approach very
exciting.
TIMELINE
1917
Revolution
in
Russia
brings about the
world's
first
government.
communist
February 1921
Dali's
mother dies.
October 1921
Dali
goes
to
Madrid
to study at the
San
Fernando Academy
of Fine Arts.
1922
The
Surrealist
forms
Andre
in Paris,
Breton.
October 1922
group
led
by
1923
Benito Mussolini
Sigmund
becomes
Interpretation of
Fascist
dictator of
Italy.
Dreams
in
Freud's The
is
published
Spanish.
Portrait of Luis Bunuel,

oil
on canvas, 26 x 23
Luis
Bunuel
filmmaker.
colors
was one
in
(68.5 x 58.5 cm),
924
Museo Nacional
Central de Arte Reina Sofia, Madrid, Spain
of Dali's closest friends at his student residence in
In his portrait, Dali
and shades - brown,
shows
his friend
grey, black,
standing
in
Madrid and
later
became a famous
Surrealist
a strange, wintery landscape and uses only a few gloomy
and white.
11
"
Close Friends
1923, a Spanish general
In
set
up a dictatorship
named Miguel Primo de Rivera
in Spain. Dali's father
opposed the
regime, and the government took revenge by sending his son
The young
to prison for thirty-five days.

to
mind prison very much and spent
Dali did not seem
his time drawing.
AND PAINTING
POETRY
Dali's closest friend
during the 1920s was the poet Federico
Garcia Lorca. Lorca came from the hot, sunny region of

Andalucia, in the
far
south of Spain. His poetry
passion and dreamlike images.
A Picasso
in his
other's
studio in 1929.
work
deeply,
and each
result o{ their friendship.
DALI
AND PICASSO
For Dali, Pablo Picasso
The two
as
he showed
of
full
friends admired each
that their art evolved as a
felt
They grew
so close that Dali
thought of himself and Lorca almost
was
is
as a single person, just
in Pierrot Playing the Guitar.
the
greatest living painter. At the

-4 Dali
beginning of the 20th century,
(left)
and Lorca
Cadaques. After
Picasso helped pioneer a
revolutionary
Cubism.
new
art
Lorca wrote a
(right) in
his first visit there,
poem
praise of Dali.
in
known as
"May
Cubist painting shows
stars like
several views of a subject at
falconlcss fists shine
once. During the 1920s, Dali
produced
his
own
Cubist
on you, while your
pictures, including Pierrot Playing
painting and your
the Guitar.
saw and praised
Picasso
exhibition at the
1
926, Dali
first
Dali
went
visited Paris for the
to visit
On
declared,
break into flower.
In
Federico Garcia Lorca,
The moment he arrived,
time.
studio.
Dalmau.
Ode
is
from
his
to Salvador Dali
Picasso at his
meeting him, Dali
"I
have
visited
In 1925, Barcelona's most important art gallery, Dalmau,
you
gave Dali his
before going to the Louvre." The

Louvre
life
Dali's
one
first
exhibition.
about the new, young
of the world's
He
greatest art museums.
artist,
The
critics
wrote favorably
and Dali sold many paintings.
only sent Lorca his bad reviews, saying "the others aren't
of interest because they are so enthusiatic."
iUNE
|
September 1923
October 1923
May 1924
October 1924
|
March 1925
|
Miguel Primo de
The San Fernando Dali serves a one-
Breton launches
Lorca goes with
Rivera sets up a
Academy
month prison
the
Dali to
dictatorship
suspends
sentence.
Manifesto
Spain.
12
in
Dali.
first
Surrealist
in Paris.
November 1925
The Dalmau
Cadaques. Gallery holds
Close friendship
Dali's
develops.
exhibition.
first
solo
April
|
Dali
1926
makes
first trip
his
to Paris
and visits Picasso

and Joan Miro.
Pierrot Playing the Guitar,

oil
on canvas, 78 x 58
Pierrot
was a
/3 in
925
(198 x 149 cm), Museo Nacional Central de Arte Reina Sofia, Madrid, Spain
clownlike character from French pantomimes and
picture of Pierrot, Dali
and some playing
mixed up
his
own
is
featured
in
several of Picasso's paintings.
features with those of his friend Lorca.
On
the floor
cards. The ace of hearts suggests the tender friendship that united the
is
bottle,
In this
flute,
two men.
13
From
Painting
Life
Dali did not concentrate on one style of art

years. In
developing his
art,
he imitated and
experimented with many different
styles
his
life,
Dali
admired
Lacemaker by
intently
the Dutch artist
shows a
girl
Dali spent his vacations from
tiny
at
Figueres or at the seaside in
on a delicate piece of
traditionally
Cadaques. His paintings of

time often showed his
sister
looking out across Figueres
at
harbor or quietly working.
beautiful
painting inspired Dali to paint

sister at
this
skill
done by women
home. Vermeer's
own
home
the Madrid academy at
and patience and was
his
SISTER
working
Lacemaking requires
lace.
the past.
A MODEL
was The
Jan Vermeer (1632-75). This

painting
to
One
the great artists of the past.

of his favorite pictures
and was open
and Old Masters of
influences from avant-garde painters

Throughout
in his early
also painted
work on a
still lifes,
He
or
pictures of everyday objects,
piece of lace.
such as
fruit
and bread, and
knives and bottles.
Dali with
Ana Maria
in
Cadaques, 1925.
EXPELLED
In October of 1926, Dali was expelled from the
San
Fernando Academy shortly before graduating. He

refused to finish his final examinations. His excuse
was that he knew more than
he was
and
right,
his
his examiner. Perhaps
he already had a growing reputation
work had attracted the attention of not only
Picasso but the Catalan artist Joan
Miro (1893-
1983). However, Dali's extraordinary self-confidence
and boastfulness were an important part of his

personality.
The Lacemaker, Jan Vermeer,
Vermeer's painting
intricate detail
is
less
669-70.
than 10 inches (25 cm) high.
Its
matches the painstaking work of the servant
girl.
TIMELINE
October 1926
Dali
is
expelled from the
San Fernando Academy,
January 192
Dali has his
at
Figueres.
14
second one-man
show. Includes
Sewing
ebruary 1927
Woman
a Window
in
Dali begins
a 9 month
military service
in
Figueres.
based
June 1927
Lorca's play
Mariana
Pineda opens
in
Barcelona, Dali designs

set
and costumes.
September
The Catalan Surrealist
Joan Miro
writes to
move
visits
Dali
artist
and
encourage him
to Paris.
later
to
"
Woman
oil
at the
on canvas, 9
Ana Maria
sits
7 /'6
x 9
Window Sewing
5 /i6
(24 x
25
in Figueres,
tell
be deeply absorbed
"Those
us
in
it
is
1926
cm), Private Collection
on a balcony overlooking Figueres's main square.
Mountains. The budding trees

feels like to
in
In
the
background are the blue Pyrenees
the beginning of spring. Like Vermeer, Dali
a task - whether
who do
it is
shows us
just
what
it
lacemaking or painting.
not want
to imitate
anything
produce nothing.
Salvador
Dah
15
Making
Movie
a Surrealist
In
the late 1920s, Dali became increasingly attracted to the
art of the Surrealists.
He began
The Catalan
strange, dreamlike images.
encouraged Dali to go to
Miro
A A poster
told
him
experimenting with their
When
Paris.
Surrealist
Dali
made
Joan Miro
it
to Paris,
that he would find success.
for Battleship Potemkin,
a film directed by Sergei Eisenstein.
MONTAGE
In their
movie, Dali
used a
new
montage
and Bunuel
audience.
to startle the
In
means a
filmmaking, montage
rapid succession of different images.
The pioneer of montage was
898-1 948).
Earlier filmmakers
camera
had simply
let
watching a
film
a play
theater.
at
Eisenstein
the
was
like
In
watching
the
developed a
run, so
920s,
way
of
editing together different shots to
make
his films
more gripping by
quickly cutting from
In early 1929, Dali began working
on
his old college friend Luis Bunuel.
The movie was
moon
in half, while Dali's
The movie was
called
16
movie with
inspired
slicing the
was of a hand swarming with
ants.
Un
chien andalou, or
An Andalusian
Dog.
Un
and
it
eight
chien andalou
was unlike any other movie made before
attracted a great deal of attention.
months
at a theater in Paris. It
is
The movie
ran for
only seventeen
made up of a series of dreamlike images,

hand crawling with ants and a dead donkey
minutes long, and
is
lying over a grand piano.
TIMELINE
March 1928
a Surrealist
In April, Dali went to Paris to shoot the movie with Bunuel.
which includes a
April
goes
Dali publishes the
Dali
Yellow Manifesto
make
1929
to Paris to
the film
denouncing
andalou with
Catalan
Bunuel.
art.
the artistic capital of the world.
DREAMS
INSPIRED BY
one viewpoint
to another.
was
by their dreams. Bunuel's dream was of a cloud
Russian filmmaker Sergei Eisenstein

(1
During the 1920s and 30s, Paris
technique called
Un chien
Luis
Summer 1929
Dali begins affair with
November 1929
October 1929
Gala
Eluard, wife of Surrealist poet Paul
Un chien andalou opens
to the
Dali has his
The Wall
Street
exhibition
public
in Paris.
Eluard (1895-1952). Dali's father Crash: economic depression
bans him from
the family
home,
the United States
hits
and Europe.
first
in Paris.
Still
This
is
from Un
just
many
in
later
found
andalou,
one of many strange and unnerving images
cork, a melon,
ants
Men
it
two Roman Catholic
of his paintings. For Dali they
"Why
...
my palm,
in Dali
and Bunuel's movie. Another scene
and two grand pianos, on each
priests,
dead and swarming with
929
were a symbol
of death
of which
and decay. As a
is
includes shots of a
a dead donkey. Dali included
child,
he had rescued a bat but
ants.
did a black hole appear in the middle of
filled
with a swarming anthill that
scoop out with a spoon?
I try to
,f
Salvador Dali
17
Surrealism
Un
chien andalou tirmlv
established Dali at the
center ot the Surrealist
movement. The Surrealists

liked the movie because it
used
many
oi their ideas.
INTERPRETING DREAMS
The Surrealists explored the
world of dreams. They were
not the
first artists
but they were the
much
to
do
first
this,
to take
of their inspiration
from the Austrian thinker
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939).

In his book The Interpretation
of Dreams (1900), Freud
showed how a psychiatrist could help people
Dialogue of
Joan Miro, 1924-25.
Insects,
Andre Breton called Miro
"the most surrealist of all." This
solve their problems by analyzing, or
painting
interpreting, their dreams. Freud believed
joyous colors and childlike imagination.
dreams could reveal the unconscious mind.
BETTER
is
typical of Miro's
work
in
the 1920s,
full
of
THAN REAL
"Surreal" was a
"more than
made-up word, meaning
real" or "better
than
real."
The
leader of the group was the French poet
Andre Breton (1896-1966). In 1924, Breton

organized the publication of the
Surrealist Manifesto,
group's ideas.
The
first
which outlined the
first
exhibition of
Surrealist paintings took place in Paris in
1925, and included works by the
Max
German
Ernst (1891-1976) and Joan Miro.
Soon many other
artists in
United States used the
Europe and the
Surrealists' ideas.
Dali belonged to this second, younger

generation.
The
older Surrealists, including
Breton, quickly recognized Dali's
importance.
^
Andre Breton as he was pictured
Surrealist Manifesto in
18
924.
in
the
first
UNCOMFORTABLE ART
The
Surrealists disliked
art of their
photographs and words cut out o{ newspapers and
much
time because they
of the
magazines. Another Surrealist technique was
felt it
frottage.
was too cosy and comfortable. They

particularly despised the
work of the
French painter Henri Matisse (1869-
This involved making rubbings o{ an object
and then using the shapes and textures produced

starting point for a
as a
drawing or painting.
The people who saw
the Surrealist pictures at the
1954). Matisse once declared that a
time were often shocked or surprised. Today, we see
good painting should be
"surreal" images everywhere.
just as
soothing as "a good armchair." By

contrast, the Surrealists
wanted
shock and unsettle the people
shows and
to
than
to think rather
One way
are
on
television
in advertisements everyday. Since
these images everyday they do not shock us.
who
looked at their pictures, forcing
them
They
original Surrealist pictures, however,
can
still
we see
The
be
very disturbing.
just look.
the Surrealists did this
"The art of Dali
was to put objects together in

unusual combinations - for example
placing a donkey
and Bunuel did
on
in
lis] the
most
hallucinatory known."
a piano, as Dali
Un
Andre Breton
chien andalou.
Sometimes the
Surrealists did this
using a collage,
which combined
by
Surrealist exhibition in Paris in 1938.
The Surrealists loved
people. Here they have turned a gallery into a
bedroom and a
to
shock
jungle.
19
To Confuse and Disturb

Dali was now an important member of the Surrealist group.
He was even chosen
to design the
opening image of the
Second Surrealist Manifesto published in 1930. In that year,

Dali and Gala Eluard went to live in a cottage at Port Lligat,
just outside of
Cadaques. Here Dali painted some of his most
famous paintings, including The
Persistence of
-^ Dali
Memory.
and Gala's house
at Port Lligat.
Over the
years, the couple
transformed a fisherman's
cottage into a large and
home
beautiful
studio.
with a
Today the house
a museum devoted
and
Albert Einstein,
c.
is
to Dali
work.
his
925. His ideas
about time and space revolutionized

the
way
DALI
Dali
people look at the world.
AND
was
EINSTEIN
fascinated by the ideas
of the scientist Albert Einstein
(1879-1955).
Einstein's theories
about the nature of time and
space changed the
way people
At
looked at the world. Before

Einstein,
people thought of the
Woman
however, suggested that
everything
was
for instance,
in flux.
down
speeds up according
was developing his

in a
book
ideas about
The
called
Visible
that Surrealist artists should depict a
felt
moment and
Dali's paintings
or
He
them
own
kind of madness or fever in which a thing could look

thing at one
like
another the next.
like
Many
one
of
used these "double" images to confuse and
disturb people looking at them. For example, at the center of
to
circumstances. Einstein's idea
known as
(1930).
Even time,
does not flow
constantly but slows
this time, Dali
Surrealism and published
world as solid and constant.

Einstein,
DOUBLE TAKE
is
the "Theory of
The
Persistence of
Memory
strange, pale-colored rock.
Relativity."
closely, the
watch
flops over
However,
if
what looks
we look
at
it
like a
more
rock looks like a person curled up on the sand.
TIMELINE
January 1930
De
Rivera's rule
in
Spain ends, partly
20
April
Summer 1930
1930
The Second Surrealist
Dali
Manifesto
published.
begin to restore a
its
fisherman's cottage at
is
because of the
Dali designs
economic depression.
opening image.
and Gala buy and
Port Lligat,
Cadaques.
December 1930
October 1930
Age
I'
d'or,
a new
Bufiuel movie,
Paris.
after
It
is
later
Dali-
opens
in
banned
newspaper
protests.
The Visible
is
Woman
published.
1931
Spain
is
declared a
republic.
The Persistence of Memory,

oil
on canvas, 9
'/2
Dali called his paintings
often look very real
Here he uses
tree;
his
in
(24 x 33 cm), The
93
Museum
of
Modern
"hand-painted dream photographs." By
like
Art,
this,
New
York,
New
York
he meant that the things he painted
photographs - but at the same time are impossible or improbable -
like
dreams.
show watches melting on a hot beach. One watch hangs limply from a dead
a swarm of ants (see page 17). All the watches tell different times. The painting seems
technique to
another attracts
to portray just the kind of unstable, uncertain
"It will
world Einstein proposed
in his
"Theory of
Relativity."
be possible to systematize confusion
and
contribute to the total discrediting of the world of reality/'

Salvador Dali on using double imagery,
The
Visible
Woman
21
Love and Marriage

She had been his
muse and great love ever since they had met in
1929. At the time, Gala was already married to the
1934, Dali finally married Gala.
In
Surrealist poet Paul Eluard (1895-1952). Dali's father
was so angered by Dali and Gala's relationship that he

threw Dali out of the family home. In protest, Dali
shaved
off his hair.
She had helped him recover

from a deep depression that he had suffered from
before they met, and he often used her as a model.
They spent most of their time happily at Port Lligat.
Dali adored Gala.
Dali's success
his
to
first
London
New York,
continued. Shortly after his marriage, he had

exhibition.
A little later the couple traveled
where they received
a lot of flattering attention.
The Angelus, Jean-Francois
1857-59. The Angelus
Millet,
a Christian
is
prayer said at morning, noon, and

evening.
THE ANGELUS OF GALA

Gala a
Dali painted this portrait of
few years
after they
first
shows her from both

back,
as
just
if
met.
He
the front
and
she were looking
a mirror. However, there
in
no
is
mirror to be seen. There are also
some odd
differences between the
two Galas. While one of them

sitting
on a box, the other
is
is
perched on a wheelbarrow.
In
background there
the
based
two farm workers
picture of
praying
is
in
dusk. Dali
field at
the picture
on a popular
painting called The Angelus by the
19th-century French
artist
Jean-
Francois Millet (1814-75).

Dali poses
the
Gala
for
one
of his paintings at Port Lligat.
He thought
of the painting
had hung
A copy
in Dali's
shape of her back and hips was that of the perfect female.
first
school and haunted Dali
throughout
his
life.
TIMELINE
January 1933
Nazi party comes to
power in Germany,
22
November 1933
Dali has his
exhibition
in
first
solo
the United
under leader Adolf
States at the Julien Levy
Hitler.
Gallery,
New
York.
1934
Dali quarrels with
Andre
to
Breton. Begins
move away from
the Surrealist group.
January 1934
Dali marries Gala.
October 1934
Dali has his
first
solo
exhibition in Britain, at
the
Zwemmer
London.
Gallery,
November 1934
and Gala
Dali
New
first
visit
York for the
time.
The Angelus of Gala, 1935

oil
on panel,
3 /4
x 10
Dali leaves us unsure
V2
in
whether
Whatever we decide, the
it
picture
painstaking way, paying a
lot
(32 x
is
27 cm) Museum
Gala who
shows
Dali's
is
of
Modern
Art,
New
York,
praying or whether the painting
deep devotion
to
Gala. As
in
New
is itself
many
York
a kind of prayer
to his wife.
of his pictures, Dali painted this portrait in
of attention to detail. Gala's beautiful embroidered jacket, for example, could almost be real.
23
The Spanish
Civil
War
While Dali was enjoying his international

success, the situation in
Spain was
less
happy.
From 1936 to 1939, a bloody civil war raged in Spain.

The Spanish Civil War was fought between those
who believed that Spain should be a monarchy that is, ruled by a king - and those who thought it
should be a republic led by an elected president.
Many
republicans were ordinary workers or the
supporters of left-wing parties such as the socialists
and communists. The monarchists, by contrast, were

often landowners and business people, or
the army or the
A NEW
Roman
members
of
Catholic Church.
REPUBLIC
For hundreds of years, Spain had been a monarchy.
However, in 1931, the Spanish people voted

their country to
become
a republic.
for
The new
government earned out wide-ranging reforms and gave

regions such as Catalonia
Kt
Republicans. This poster calls on the French to
more independence.
"Help Spain" and
^*
Aidez i'Espagne, Joan Miro, 1937.
Joan Miro was a passionate supporter of the
3H
fight
against Franco.
AN END TO REFORMS
Many
Spanish people came to
believe that the reforms were too
extreme. In 1933, a
came
s#
FT}
to
new government
power and brought an end
to the reforms. In
some
parts of
Spain, workers rebelled against the
government. In Barcelona,
for
example, workers declared Catalonia
*
i
ffc P
'i
an independent republic.
Government
soldiers brutally
the revolts, killing
more than
ended
a
thousand people.
J
24
^ The Nationalist leader, General Franco,

ruthless in his determination to
was
overthrow the
elected Republican government.
Civilians
defend a makeshift barricade
in
Barcelona, 1937. Most people
In 1936, the Spanish
Germany and
president called for another
Fascist Italy, sent tanks,
election. This time, the left-
planes,
and
in
Barcelona supported the Republican cause.
Mussolini's
dictatorship.
remain
soldiers to help
in
He was
power
to
for over
thirty-five years.
by a small number of votes.
The
communist Soviet Union
TAKING SIDES
Right after the election a
sent military aid to the
During the Spanish Civil
monarchist rebellion broke
Republicans. In addition,
War, most Spanish
thousands of volunteers
including Pablo Picasso and
General Francisco Franco
came from
Joan Miro, supported the
(1892-1975), soon gained
to help the Republican cause.
wing republican
out.
The
parties
rebels, led
won
by
control of about a third of

Spain.
The
rebels
were
the Nationalists.
all
over the world
Altogether more than
500,000 Spaniards died
Many
artists,
Republicans. In 1937,
Picasso produced
as a
of
commemorate the Spanish

town of Guernica, which
had been bombed by
German planes. The
huge painting to
known as Nationalists. The

forces who defended the
result of the war.
republic were called
soldiers,
Loyalists or Republicans.
when their towns and cities

were bombed or died due to
FOREIGN INTERVENTION
lack of food. Eventually, in
Republicans. Dali refused to
Neither side was strong
March
support either side, even
enough
win the war
Nationalists defeated the
after the Nationalists
and sought help
Republicans and General
executed his friend Fredrico
Franco established a
Garcia Lorca in 1936.
quickly,
to
from abroad.
Hitler's
Nazi
these were civilians, or non-
who were
killed
of 1939, the
Surrealists also supported the
25
The Horror
War
of
Although
Dali did not take sides in the Spanish Civil
War, he was horrified by the destruction

painted
Autumn Cannibalism soon
war. In this
dine off
after the
first
caused.
He
outbreak of the
famous painting, two monstrous
of each other's bodies. The
it
human
beings
person scoops out a
spoonful of the second person's flesh, while the second
person
slices into
the
first
person's skin.
A SPANISH TRADITION
Dali was not the
first
Spanish
artist to try to
convey the
horror of war. In the early 19th century, the Spanish

Francisco
Goya was moved
in Spain's history
A The brushstrokes
of
subject. In
in this
Autumn Cannibalism are
to paint by another period of
The Colossus (below), Goya showed a
spreading fear and panic
among hundreds
fierce giant
Many
of people.
experts think that Goya's "colossus," or giant figure,
Roman God,
Dali created his paintings with a
Many
of care.
is
symbol of war. In another picture, he depicted the giant
IN DETAIL
lot
war
and produced many pictures on the
close-up
invisible.
artist
Saturn eating his
own
child. Like Dali,
he uses
cannibalism to show his disgust of war.
artists at this
time painted very freely, using

big, bold brushstrokes that are
visible in their paintings.
By
contrast, Dali painted so that
we
are unable to see a single
making
his pictures
appear smooth and
glossy. This
brushstroke,
way
of painting
was sometimes
called "academic"
popular
in
Dali used the
make
and was very
the 19th century.
academic
the strangest things
real. In the detail of
style to
seem
Autumn
Cannibalism above,
it
is
hard
not to shudder as you watch the

shiny, metal knife slice into the
soft,
caramel-colored
flesh.
The Colossus, Francisco Goya,
pointless destruction
c.
1810.
French emperor Napoleon invaded Spain
26
Many
artists
caused by war. Goya painted

in
809.
have
tried to
this after the
show
the
troops of the
Autumn Cannibalism/ 1936

oil
on canvas, 25
This
5 /8
25
5 /8
gruesome painting uses
65 cm), Tate Modern, London, England

mostly gloomy colors - chocolate browns and milky
in
(65 x
greys. Even the sky
many
except for a looming storm cloud. Drawers, such as the one bottom
- he saw them both as a symbol of the hidden unconscious and also as a source of bad smells,
right,
"From
all
featured
in
is
grey and empty,
of Dali's pictures
in this
about
this
time
case the smell of war.
parts of martyred Spain rose a smell ...of
burned curates' fat and of quartered spiritual flesh

that mingled with the smell of ... death."
Salvador Dali
27
Show
Star of the
AND DESIGN
DALI
From
1930s, Dali spent a
the
lot
of his time designing Surrealist
objects as well as painting.

critics
Some
even think that Dali was a
better designer than painter. Dali
was
interested
in
and
fashion
designed extravagant jewelery
and
clothes.
He worked
closely
with Italian designer Elsa

Schiaparelli
(1
890-1973). They
created a women's
with pockets that
suit
looked
like
drawers, as
we
and
writers in
London
in
936.
^r^espite the civil war, Dali continued to travel and his
as a dress with
Dali in his diving suit with other Surrealist painters
\^J international
lobster,
reputation reached
new
heights. In 1936,
there was an exhibition of Surrealist art in London. Dali was
parsley,
and
the star of the show.
mayonnaise
He
attracted a lot of attention from the
when he gave a lecture at the gallery while

diving suit. Some Surrealist artists, especially
press, especially
pattern.
wearing a
Breton, criticized Dali for seeking fame. Breton was a
communist, and he also accused Dali of supporting
wing extremists such

Dali
and
as the
German
dictator,
right-
Adolf
Hitler.
Elsa
Schiaparelli's
SURREALIST FURNITURE
At this time, Dali became friends with an English millionaire
named Edward James. From 1936 to 1939, James gave Dali a
monthly income in return for all of his paintings and
lobster dress.
drawings. Dali also created Surrealist pieces of furniture for
James, including a pink sofa in the shape of
lips,
telephone with a lobster instead of a receiver, and a chair
with hands.
TIMELINE
June 1936
July
1936
August 1936
The International Surrealist

Exhibition
opens
Dali lectures at
diving
28
suit.
it
in
The Spanish
War
London.
dressed
in
begins.
Civil
Lorca
is
killed
Nationalists.
by
December 1936
December 1936
appears on the
front
Dali signs a contract with
Dali
Edward James ensuring a
cover of the U.S. magazine
monthly income for next
Time.
3 years.
Lobster Telephone,
telephone with painted plaster
lobster,
936
6x11
,3 /i6
x 6 n /i6
in
(15 x
30 x 17
cm), Tate
Modern,
London, England
Imagine answering a telephone
like this! Dali's
sense of the absurd and ridiculous
is
apparent
in
"Surrealist" objects like this one.
"It is
not necessary for the public
am joking
am
me
to
or whether
necessary for
to
know whether
serious, just as
know
it
it is
not
myself/'
Salvador Dali
29
Painting the Unconscious

In
Mind
1938, Dali went to visit the famous thinker
Sigmund
Freud in London and drew several pictures of him.
showed him
He
also
The Metamorphosis of Narcissus.
his painting
ROMAN MYTH
Roman writer Ovid told a story about a
handsome young man named Narcissus. Looking into a
Narcissus fell so in love with his own reflection that he
The
ancient
pool,
was
unable to move. Eventually, he died and the gods changed
him
into a spring flower
- the
narcissus.
Sigmund Freud, 1936.
DALI
AND FREUD
Freud's ideas about the
personality
human
were a powerful
work and
influence on Dali's
whole
Surrealists as a
(see
the
page
18). Freud described a condition

in
which a person becomes so
obsessed with himself that he

unable
to love
anyone
else.
is
Freud
called this condition narcissism,

after the
legendary Narcissus.
Freud often used characters
in
ancient myth to describe

particular psychological types
another example
is
the
Narcissus
is
obsessed with
dead as
his
after his
mother.
we can
On the
right,
On
both
which
June 1937
July
|
bursts a white flower.
1937
There
is
January 1938
Dali paints The
International
Hitler
Guernica,
Metamorphosis of
Surrealists Exhibition
of
famous anti-war
Narcissus and writes a
opens
Surrealists
picture.
poem
takes part
brothers.
his
left,
of the
same name.
in Paris.
in
it.
Narcissus
body and
reflection
egg, out of
another Narcissus in
March 1938
Picasso shows
Marx
the
it?
Hollywood and meets
his
have painted the
both before and
have turned to stone. His head has become an
who
Dali travels to
the
30
see Narcissus
metamorphosis, or change.
the painting, can you find
artists
narcissus flowers sprout from his head.
kneels over a pool.
mistakenly married his mother.
January 1937
Many
version by the 17th-century French painter Poussin,
In Dali's painting,
Oedipus was a character from

ancient Greek myth
lies
In this
"Oedipus
complex," a condition where a
man
Echo and Narcissus, Nicolas Poussin, 1627-28.
story of Narcissus.
Dali
makes
July
Austria part
Germany. Breton and
condemn
comments on
Hitler.
1938
Dali's
Dali meets Freud

in
London.
"
The Metamorphosis of Narcissus, 1937

oil
on canvas, 20 x 31
In his
painting, Dali
in
(51 x
78
shows how the
cm), Tate Modern, London, England

self-love of narcissism
However, he also suggests that narcissism

things, such as the springtime flower.
long
poem about
it
at the
"They
is
not
all
it
to
death and decay.
may
The story of Narcissus fascinated
same time he was working on
...
can lead
negative, that
create beautiful
Dali.
He even wrote a
this painting.
scent out the countless narcissistic smells
that waft out of all our drawers.

Salvador Dali on Freud's theories
31
The Power
of Hitler
German
1938, the
In
dictator,
Adolf
Hitler, sent troops
into the neighboring country of Austria.
He had
never tried to hide the fact that he wanted to build a
mighty German empire and aggressively pursued his
Other European countries
goal.
(see panel),
and
tried to
Hitler take part of Czechoslovakia
let
modern Czech Republic and
(the
keep the peace
Slovakia), too.
Dali was fascinated by Hitler's power and charisma,
although he did not always admire his
beliefs.
Many
of
the other Surrealists were communists and opposed
They accused Dali of supporting

and eventually expelled him from the group.
Hitler wholeheartedly.
Hitler,
Hitler
stands next to Chamberlain
(second from
Munich Pact
right) after
in
signing the
September of
EUROPE AT
938.
WAR
In September of 1939,
German
LOOMING WAR
troops invaded
Poland, and Britain

In
1938,
Neville
went
to
hoping
Britain's
prime minister,
Chamberlain
Munich
to
to
(1
869-1 940),
meet
avoid war.
Hitler,
on Germany.
The Second World War
had begun. At the time,
declared war
Britain's
Dali and Gala were in
was known as
policy
Paris.
"Appeasement." At the meeting,

Hitler
that
was
part of
they
moved
away from any possible
could take over the
Sudetenland, which
first,
to southwest France, far
and Chamberlain agreed
Germany
At
However in
Germany invaded
fighting.
Czechoslovakia. Chamberlain
1940,
returned to Britain claiming he
and occupied France. Dali
brought "peace
in
our time." Dali
and Gala, along with
painted The Enigma of Hitler
soon
many
trip,
artists,
unconvinced by the agreement.
for the safe
March
United
1939,
had taken over
Hitler's
all
armies
he received a
lot
his ship
936. During
this
of press attention.
appeared on the cover of the popular
decided to leave
History proved him right. By
on deck as
New York,
At the end of the year, he even
other writers and
after this event,
of
Dali stands
arrives in
Time magazine.
haven of the
the city in
When
Dali returned to
940, he was already a
celebrity there.
States.
of
Czechoslovakia.
TIMELINE
September 19381 Early 1939 (September 19391 June 19401 August 19401 November 1941
Chamberlain
Surrealist
World War
Germany
Dali
meets
group expels
begins. Spain
occupies
escape
remains neutral
France.
United States.
Hitler in
Munich.
Dali.
Civil
Spanish
War
ends.
II
and Gala
to the
Dali
and Miro
joint
Museum
of
New
December 19411 October 1942

The United States
war after
Modern Japan bombs
exhibition at the
Art,
York.
Dali publishes his
enters
autobiography,
Pearl Harbor.
Salvador
The Secret
Life
Dali.
of
"
The Enigma of
oil
on canvas, 20
'/6
Hitler,
x 31 '/4
939
(51 .2 x
in
79.3 cm), Museo Nacional Central de Arte Reina
Sofia,
Madrid, Spain
The Enigma of Hitler
newspaper,
showing
Hitler
lies
on a
how war
is
is full
plate.
of
gloom and the threat
One end
breaking out, despite
would do next -
this is the
of war.
photograph of
all
the talk. Before
enigma, or "mystery," of the
"If Hitler were to ever
away with
me
is
World War
Hitler,
torn out of a
turning into a lobster claw,
II,
no one was sure what
title.
conquer Europe, he would do
my kind... Hitler interested me

my own mania and because he
hysterics of
purely as a focus for

struck
of a giant black telephone receiver
as having
an unequaled
disaster value.
Salvador Dali
33
Dali in the United States
New York's
In
famous Manhattan skyline
1940s seemed
to
sum up America's glamorous image.
LIVING THE AMERICAN
the mid- 1930s, the
United States was
During his
visits to
DREAM
the United States in the 1930s, Dali had
When he
and Gala went
emerging from the years of
fallen in love
depression that had followed
live there in 1940,
the Wall Street Crash of
They lived at the house of a rich

American woman named Caresse Crosby in the state of
1929.
wide
To many Europeans,
the U.S. seemed to be
full
of
energy and hope once again,

just as
it
start of
had been
with the country.
they were already well
to
known and had
circle of friends.
Virginia. Dali
and
hostesses
was
much
journalists
sought after by high-society
and had plenty of
offers of
work.
in the
the 20th century.
They were excited by

American music, by the
SECRET LIFE
American magazines
lifestyle.
One
liked to report
on
Dali's eccentric
report called "Dali's Daffy
Day" included
on
picture of the painter at work, sitting
America's bustling
four turtles. Dali also attracted attention in 1942,
cities,
a chair balanced
dizzying skyscrapers of
on
when he
and by Hollywood movies
published his autobiography The Secret Life of Salvador Dali.
and
The book is full of fantastic stories about

Some of the stories are true, while others
their glamorous stars.
Everything about Europe, by

contrast,
seemed
old-fashioned.
34
in the
tired
and
Dali's early
life.
Dali made-up.
believed that, like fake jewels, false memories were "the
most
real,
the most brilliant."
He
MONEY
IN THE
made
In the United States, Dali

a lot of
money by
portraits of
painting
famous people and
Andre
designing advertisements.
Breton accused Dali of being

greedy,
and joked that he was
"Avida Dollars," that
is,
"mad
about dollars." (Avida Dollars

is
an anagram of the name
Salvador Dali.)
Dali also went to work in
He
helped the
director Alfred
Hitchcock
Hollywood.
(18894980) make
his thriller
Spellbound (1945). In the movie,

a psychiatrist solves a
murder by
analyzing her patient's dreams.
The Moon,
Woman
Cuts the Circle, Jackson Pollock,
1943. Jackson
c.
was one of a new generation of American artists who were taking

radical and exciting directions. As a result, New York was replacing
Pollock
Dali designed the film sets used
art in
to represent the man's dreams.
Paris as the center of the art world.
THE ATOMIC AGE

In 1941, Germany's ally Japan
bombed
Pearl Harbor, a U.S.
naval base in Hawaii, and the
United States entered the war
on the side of Britain. The

war came to an end in 1945,
soon
after a
dropped the
U.S. plane
first
atomic
bomb
on Hiroshima, Japan,
killing
240,000 people. This
terrible
explosion
filled
Dali with
wonder rather than
horror.
He
wrote that the explosion of an
atomic
scene designed by Dali for the dream sequences of Hitchcock's Spellbound.
Alfred Hitchcock
lot
about
was one
Dali's status
of the leading film directors of the time,
as a popular
artist since
and
it
says a
bomb reminded him
of
"mossy and mushroomy trees

of an earthly paradise."
he was invited to work with him.
35
The Man With
the Mustache
Dali and Gala did not return to Europe until

1949. For the rest of his
international star
as
mustache and walking
Dali would be an
life,
famous
for his long, curly
stick as for his paintings.
He
loved to appear on television, and he wrote more
books
full
of stories about his
published a book about his
"I shall
my
use
life.
own
In 1954, he even
mustache!
work
to
show
the
unity of the universe, by showing

the spirituality of all substance."
Salvador Dali
Dali in his studio at Port Uigat in the
1950s.
cross hangs on the wall
above him.
TURNING TO RELIGION
MYSTICAL EXPERIENCES
York, and Port Lligat, enjoying a

Dali
was brought up
a strong, Roman
in
only
Catholic country. Although Dali's father

did not believe
in
a god,
his
very religious. Nevertheless,
1940s, Dali paid

in his
work, except
fun at
drawn
it.
After
to religion
of luxury. This
Dali time to paint while visiting Port Lligat.
many
of his paintings were about
War
and
II,
he became
to mysticism.
Salvador Dali
front of
one of
visions that bring him or her into direct
walking
saw
Dali
to
belong
to the
is
As
holding a
stick.
He
also
wears a Catalan cap, or
such
barretina (see
experiences as Surrealist because they
seemed
in
his
paintings in 1957.
usual he
God.
in
1958, he and Gala were married again in a church.
mystic has religious experiences such as
contact with
and
occasionally poke
to
World
life
religion. In 1955, Dali visited the Pope,
the
until
left
After the war,
mother was
attention to religion
little
New
Dali and Gala divided their time between Paris,
page
9).
world of the
imagination and the unconscious mind.

Dali's later
work includes many
religious
paintings. These pictures are very unusual
and some people have questioned

sincerity of Dali's belief.
his religious
the
Others have found
work profoundly moving.
TIMELINE
1945
Dali
August 1945
works with
The U.S. drops the
director Alfred
Hitchcock on the
Spellbound.
36
first
film
atomic
bomb on
Hiroshima, Japan.
1949
Dali
and Gala
return to
Europe.
Dali's
is
Mustache
published.
1961
1958
1955
1954
Dali meets the
Dali marries
The Soviet Union
Pope.
Gala
puts the
in
church.
into
first
space.
human
Christ of St.
oil
on canvas, 81 x 45
John of the Cross,

2
/3
in
(205 x
16 cm),
St.
95
Mungo Museum
of Religious Art
and
Life,
Glasgow, Scotland
The inspiration for
this
painting
came from the vision of a 1 6th-century preacher called Saint John

saw Christ from above, as if from heaven. In Dali's
of the Cross. In the vision, the preacher
painting of the vision, the viewer seems to be floating in the
air,
gazing
down on
the cross from a
dizzying height.
37
The
Final Performance
THE THEATER-MUSEUM
1960, the mayor of Figueres
In
asked Dali
to
donate one of
paintings to the
his
town museum.
Dali refused. Instead, he
promised
a whole
to build
museum! The Theater-Museum
opened
70
1974, when
in
was
Dali
years old.
From outside the museum looks

very different from most art
museums. The walls are bright

pink,
and rows
eggs
line the roof.
the
museum
example,
bed with
in
The
one room,
bed
its
is
interior of
as strange. For
just
is
fish for
next to the
huge golden
of
there
feet.
is
up a
picture of Gala. This
photograph was taken

his
after her death in
beloved wife.
Even as he grew older,
Standing
Dali continued to be interested in
the world around him.
the skeleton of
He was
fascinated by
developments in physics and genetics and incorporated these
painted gold.
gorilla,
Dali holds
1982. Dali never recovered from the loss of
interests into his art.
He began
to paint using
an optical
instrument called a Wheatstone stereoscope (right).

Stereoscopy
is
the science of
dimensions rather than

sight as
something
how
human
the
just two. Dali
spiritual
eye sees in three
thought of the
gift
of
and almost miraculous.
LAST YEARS OF GRIEF

Dali carried on a life in the media
spotlight. In 1964,
he
published a second autobiography, which he half- jokingly,

half-boastfully called
A Outside of the Theater-Museum,

Figueres. The building
Surrealist
work
itself is
My
Life as
a Genius. In 1982, Gala died
and Dali was so grief-stricken that he,
a great
Thereafter he lived his
of art.
nurses.
He
life
too,
became
ill.
in virtual seclusion, cared for by
died in 1989, and was buried beneath the
Theater-Museum
in Figueres.
TIMELINE
1964
Dali's
second
Museum
My
opens
Life
as a
is
published.
1975
The Theater- Franco
autobiography,
Genius,
38
1974
in
Figueres.
dies.
Spain
1982
|June 19821
The Salvador Dali Gala
becomes a democratic
country headed by a
Museum opens
monarch.
Florida.
St.
Petersburg,
in
dies.
July
The Spanish
king,
Juan Carlos, gives

Dali the
1983
1982
title
of
Marquis of Pubol.
Dali finishes his
1989
Dali dies at
last painting,
Figueres on
The Swallow's
January
Ta/7.
23rd.
"
From the Back Painting Gala From the Back Externalized

by Six Virtual Corneas Provisionally Reflected in Six Real
Mirrors (unfinished), 1 972-73
Dali
oil
on canvas, (one section of two), 23
Dali's later paintings
x 23
/3 in
(60 x
are sometimes very complicated.
In this
/3
60
cm), Gala-Salvador Dali Foundation, Figueres, Spain
work, he used a stereoscope
to give the
viewer the
and not just onto a flat canvas. Here there are multiple layers of "real" space mirror and the landscape outside the window. We are looking at Dali painting Gala
sensation of looking into a real space
from the painting

watching
Dali,
itself
who
to the
looks back at her -
and us - out
of the mirror!
"The most extraordinary being you could possibly

.
encounter, the superstar
Salvador Dali on Gala

39
"
Legacy
Dali's
Salvador
Dali
is
one of the most popular modern
painters. His paintings
to surprise
and shock
us,
and objects are
or even
make
still
PARFUMS SALVADOR DALI
able
us laugh.
Although many of the themes that Dali painted

his art are very serious,
in
DALIMANIA
he always wanted his
paintings to entertain the people looking at them.
Because of
some
this,
critics
think of Dali as a kind
Jk. /
<
of
showman
or as a magician performing tricks.
Hjji
A
Dali enjoyed being famous and was happy

make money from of his fame. This perfume
bearing his name was launched in 1983.
REACT TO THE IMAGE

Many people find modern
difficult to
to
artists
understand. Dali tried to
appeal to people in a simple and

direct way. In fact,
he didn't want
people to understand his paintings

all,
but to react to them just as
they were their
own
Everyone
when
Dali's
popular appeal has meant Surrealist images have
entered our everyday
life,
through television and advertising.
"The
secret
of
my
that
it
remained
if
they saw a
their hand.
puzzled and disturbed
they see something that
normally solid melting, such
watches on the beach.
influence has always been
Salvador Dali
40
is
secret.
if
dreams.
Everyone would shiver
swarm of ants on
at
is
as the
POP ART
Dali's directness, sense of
fun,
his
to
and popular appeal are
most important legacies
modern
art.
Many
artists
working today want to make

art
not
just for a small
band
of experts but for a wide
audience made up o(
all sorts
of people. This was one of
the aims of the Pop
who worked
artists
during the
1960s and early 1970s.
The
most famous Pop
is
Andy Warhol
artist
(1928-87).
Warhol used popular images

from newspapers,
film,
TV,
and even everyday products

such
as
soup cans to create
entertaining artworks.
Like Dali,
Damien
Hirst
has become famous for shocking
ARTIST AS
Damien
artist
SHOWMAN
Hirst (b.1966)
who
Dali. Hirst
us.
is
modern
British
has learned a great deal from

is
not really a painter or a
sculptor. Like Dali,
he
is
showman,
conjurer of surprising and shocking objects.
Some
of his most famous works have
consisted of dead animals such as cows and

sharks sliced in half and displayed in cases.
Naturally enough,
by such
sights.
like Dali's,
can
we
are revolted
However,
and upset
Hirst's artwork,
also lead us to
ponder serious
subjects such as death
and decay. These are
the very same subjects
artists
have been
dealing with for hundreds of years.
Pop
Andy Warhol developed Dali's ideas about how

made extraordinary.
Dali, also became famous for his appearance.
artist
ordinary, everyday objects could be
Warhol,
like
41
Two Catalan
Surrealists
Dali was not the only Surrealist painter from

Catalonia. Joan Miro (1893-1983)
To begin
there, too.
with, the two artists were
and admired each
friendly
JOAN MIRO
came from
Joan Miro grew up on a farm near
other's paintings. Slightly
Barcelona and was very proud of being
older than Dali, Miro encouraged the young artist to
Catalan. His paintings often include Catalan
broaden his horizons. In Paris in 1929, Miro
symbols such as the barettina. Even

he moved
introduced Dali to the Surrealists. Over the years,

the two
artists'
work developed
directions (see Miro's
1919, he always
to Paris in
spent the summers on his father's farm.
in very different
Miro was one of the
work on pages 18 and
after
24).
first artists
He signed
Surrealist group.
the
to join the
Surrealist
first
Manifesto, and remained committed to the
You are without doubt a very gifted

a brilliant career
ahead of you -
man
with
group's ideals. Like the other Surrealists,
Miro used
in Paris!
After visiting Dali's studio in Figueres in 1927, Miro wrote to him,
e
encouraging
him to come
his art to
explore the unconscious
mind. During
his early career,
great poverty
and was near
even wrote that one of
to Paris to further his career.
inspired "by
my
he
lived in
starvation.
his paintings
He
was
on
hallucinations brought
by hunger." Miro loved music and poetry
Mire
dot,
returns the line,
and
...
Dali
was
colors to
also
and
work. He wrote
this in
Miro's paintings in
928.
possibilities...
Miro's art
is
too big for
the stupid world of
and
artists
in his art.
review of an exhibition of
their pure, elemental,
magical
capture their qualities
tried to
about Miro's
enthusiastic
our
intellectuals.
Miro working on
a painting, 1967.
TIMELINE
1904
May 11,1 904

Dali
Domenech
1924
1921
Salvador
is
born
in
to
May 1924 Serves a oneSan Fernando Academy month prison sentence.
March 1928
the
the Yellow Manifesto.
dictatorship ends.
1929 Makes movie

Un chien andalou
April
with Bufiuel.
Surrealist Manifesto.
October
is
Sister,
Ana Maria,
1922 The
born.
forms
Surrealist
924
Surrealist
group Manifesto published.
in Paris.
November 1925
1914 Gaudi's
opens
in
Giiell
Park
Barcelona.
1914-1918 World War
1917 Holds an
923
Freud's The
Interpretation of
published
in
Dreams
Spanish.
I.
September 1923 De
exhibition
Rivero dictator of Spain.

in
the family apartment.
February 1921
mother dies.
Dali's
January 1930 De
October 1921 Goes
Figueres, Catalonia, Spain. of Fine Art, Madrid.
1908
1930
1928
exhibition held
in
First
April
1926
Picasso
1930 Designs
frontispiece of The
Second
Summer 1929
Begins
Summer 1930
Gala
Eluard.
Port Lligat,
Cadaques.
October
930
affair with
visits
Rivera
solo
Barcelona.
is
April
Publishes
Buys
home
First trip to Paris;
and Miro.
October 1926 Expelled

from the Academy.
October 1923 Suspended

January 1927 Dali has
by the Academy.
his second one-man show.
October
929 Un
andalou opens
chien
opens
The Wall Street Crash.
November 1929 Has

first
exhibition
in Paris.
Age
I'
a new Dali-Bufiuel
in Paris.
his
in Paris.
December 1930
Visible
d'or,
film,
Woman
is
The
published.
The spectacle of the sky overwhelms me. I'm

overwhelmed when see, in an immense sky, the
/
CONTRASTING
The two
moon, or
crescent of the
PERSONALITIES
forms
pictures: tiny
personalities
artists'
the sun.
huge empty spaces. Empty
in
empty horizons, empty plains
spates,
my
there, in
is
It
...
were very different. Miro
was very modest and disliked
He
appearing in public.
thought that Dali was
Miro points
Dali
to the inspiration
behind
his art.
tc>(
When
eager to be famous.
was always much more
arrogant than Miro.
Dali began to design clothes,
Miro accused him of being a

"painter of neckties."
two
men
also
me and
awake
joys
Miro was
a Surrealist.
is
the greatest of
mine -
that of
Dali
and Miro
attracted very different
the very
Alberto Giacometti (1901-66)

friend of
Miro and wrote
this
was a
about
close
royalty or circus
his art.
U.S. artist
Dali
before.
and Gala
seem
Andy Warhol
in
interested in Dali's art.
declared a
York for the
like
know
Visits
first
time.
being with Dali
because
He
being with an
liked Dali
Hitler
Germany.
June 1936 Attends
March 1938
Austria part of
July
Hitler
Life
First
of Salvador Dali
is
is
1936-39 The Spanish

Civil
January 1934 Marries

front
Expelled from
August 1940 Goes
part
exhibition
in Britain.
the film
Museum
Exhibition
in Paris.
New
of
Miro
Modern
964 My
Life
as a Genius
published.
974 The Theater-Museum
opens
in
Figueres.
Spellbound.
1949
Returns to Europe.
dies.
Spain
becomes a democracy.
II.
954
Dali's
Mustache
is
June 1982 Gala
dies.
to the
published.
1955 Meets
1983
the Pope.
Finishes last painting,
The Swallow's
Tail.
joint
at the
International Surrealists
solo
artist.
1975 Franco
November 1941 Has

exhibition with
First
945 Works on
United States.
cover of Time.
January 1938 Takes

in
Ocotober 1934
the
from
the Surrealist group.
1939
1939-45 World War
War.
December 1936 On
Gala.
Freud.
Surrealist group.
solo
the U.S.
1938 Meets
Early
like
1964
makes October 1942 The Secret
Germany.
International Surrealist
Exhibition in London.
it's
1942
published.
January 1933 Adolf
not
Warhol did not
1938
November 1934
New
republic.
1934 Moving away
star.
1934
1931
got to
the 1960s.
because he was a
in
why
airier, freer,
than anything
November 1933
being with
people. That's
His art was
had seen
It's like
admirers. The Swiss Surrealist sculptor
incarnation of freedom.
exhibition
page 25).
in
that
being Salvador Dali.
whereas Dali refused to take
gains power
is
the
During the
supported the Republicans,
is
am
Every morning when

I
1931 Spain
difference
Surrealists
Spanish Civil War, Miro
lighter
between
The
had opposing
political views.
sides (see
Vie only
He seemed to find inspiration in

himself. He loved being famous.
Art,
1958 Marries Gala

church.
in
1989
Dali dies at Figueres
on January 23.
York.
43
Glossary
anarchism: the belief that people
frottage: using rubbings of a
Old Masters: the name used
should be able to live their lives
surface to obtain a textured effect.
describe the greatest European
free of
church or government
to
painters from around 1500-1800,
genetics: the study o( genes, the
including Leonardo da Vinci
parts of living cells that are
(1452-1519), Michelangelo
avant-garde: describes new,
duplicated from one generation to
(1475-1564), Velazquez (1599-
experimental, or radical ideas.
the next and determine heredity.
laws.
1660), and Jan Vermeer
(1632-75).
made by
collage: a picture
pasting
photographs, newspaper cuttings,

string, labels,
and other objects on
hallucination: something which
the
mind
sees or experiences but
does not exist in
to a flat surface.
Impressionists: a group of
communism:
first
83 )
a political system
suggested by Karl
Marx (1818-
under which every one shares
a country's goods and property.
movement evolving
art
in Paris
who
broad brushstrokes of pure,

color.
Monet (1840-
1926), and Edgar Degas (1834-
(1881-1973) and Georges Braque
1917).
The
Cubists painted
to describe
object so they were
socialist
political
who
traditionalist political views.
manifesto: a declaration of
beliefs.
leader of the
Church
empire: a large number of
countries ruled by a
more
Catholicism: one of the
major Christian churches; the
has total
control over a country.
republic: a system of government
Roman
views.
dictator: a ruler
monarchy: a system of
government headed by
is
Roman
the Pope,
the Vatican City in
Catholic
who
Rome.
socialism: a political system in
queen.
enigma: a mystery.
montage: a method of editing film
make
so that the picture cuts quickly
income and equal
which the government
than external
Norwegian
reality.
artist
(1863-1944),
The
Edvard
who
Munch
painted The
rights.
Surrealism: an intellectual
movement
mysticism: a devout form of

religious belief
where a person
has direct contact with
through
God
spiritual experiences
as visions.
an extreme rightwing political system where

government has total power, usually
Nazi: anything to do with the
focused around a charismatic leader.
wing
dreams.
The
German
Workers' Party, the extreme rightpolitical party led
by Adolf
Germany
between 1933 and 1945.
life
Surrealists included
artists, writers,
National Socialist
Hitler that ruled
that emerged in the
1920s that tried to depict the

of our unconscious minds and
such
Scream, was a leading Expressionist.
fascist: describes
tries to
sure that everyone has a fair
from one image to another.
painting which communicates an
emotional state of mind rather
lives in
a king or
powerful country.
Expressionism: an approach to
Andy
describe conservative or
word used
or communist
left-wing: a
seen at once.
or well-known designs.
Warhol (1928-87) was one of the

most famous Pop artists.
right-wing: adjective used to
multiple angles of a person or

all
that
headed by an elected president.
around 1907 led by Pablo Picasso

(1882-1963).
movement
United States in
the 1960s which tried to make art
more popular by featuring
in the
The group
included Auguste Renoir (18411919), Claude
art: the art
everyday objects, famous people,
painted
"impressions" of the world with
unmixed
Cubism: the name of an
artists
based in Paris during the late
nineteenth century
Pop
emerged
reality.
and filmmakers.
unconscious: describes the part of
mind that lies outside

mind we use in
everyday waking life. Dreams and
a person's
the conscious
the imagination are expressions of

the unconscious.
Museums and
Works by
world.
Dali are exhibited in
Some
museums and
Galleries
around the
galleries all
of the ones listed here are devoted solely to Dali, but
most have a wide range of other artists' works on display.

Even if you can't visit any of these galleries yourself, you may be
able to visit their
web
sites.
Gallery
web
sites
often
show
pictures of
on display. Some of the web sites even offer

which allow you to wander around and look at different
the artworks they have

virtual tours
paintings while sitting comfortably in front of your computer.
Most of the international web sites listed below include an option

that allows you to view them in English.
Dali Universe,
London
Salvador Dali
Museum,
St.
Petersburg
County Hall
1000 Third Street South
Riverside Building
St. Petersburg,
London SE1 7PB
www.salvadordalimuseum.org
FL 33701-4901
www.daliuniverse.com
Museum
Fundacio Gala-Salvador Dali
This organization runs three Dali museums
in
Spain
(listed
connects to
below). Their
web
site
three museums.
all
www.dali-estate.org
Salvador Dali,
See web
1 1
New
York
site for further details.)
West 53
New
Art,
until 2005.
York,
Street
NY
10019
www.moma.org
Dali Theater-Museum
Placa Gala
Modern
of
(Under renovation
Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina

s/s
17600 Figueres
Spain
Santa
Isabel,
Sofia
52
Madrid
Spain
http://museoreinasofia.mcu.es
Gala-Dali Castle Museum-House, Spain
Casa-Museu Castell Gala Dali

Pubol
17120
Spain
National Gallery of Australia

Parkes Place
la
Pera
Canberra
ACT 2601
Australia
Salvador Dali
Museum-House
www.nga.gov.au
Port Lligat
Cadaques
Tate Modern,
Spain
Bankside
London
London SE1 9TG

Salvador Dali Art Gallery
www.tate. org.uk
virtual art gallery featuring 1,500 of
Dali's works.
www.dali-gallen-.com
45
Ind ex
anarchism
double images 20, 21
44
8,
dreams
The Angelus (Millet) 22
25
barretina (hat) 9, 36, 42
Bonaparte, Napoleon 6
Breton,
Andre
10, 12, 18, 28,
Bunuel, Luis 10, 11,
Cadaques
7,
Catalonia
6, 8, 9, 24,
Einstein, Albert 20, 21
Paris 8, 12, 14,
Eisenstein, Sergei 16
The
Gala See
Dali,
Gala
The Enigma of Hitler 33

Expressionism 10, 44
Pollock, Jackson 35
Pop
Figueres 6,
Portrait of Luis
Poussin, Nicolas 30
frottage 19,
30
Rivera, Miguel Primo de 12, 20
44
Roman
collage 19, 44
Gaudi, Antonio 8
The Colossus (Goya) 26
Goya, Francisco de
Catholicism
6, 17, 24, 36,
44
10,
26
Sagrada Familia (church) 8
44
San Fernando Academy
Damien 41
Crosby, Caresse 34
Hirst,
Cubism
Hitchcock, Alfred 35, 36
44
Adolf 22, 25,

Hollywood 30, 35
Hitler,
(sister) 6, 7, 8,
28, 30, 32, 33
of Fine
Arts 10, 12, 14

Schiaparelli, Elsa 28
The
Secret Life of Salvador Dali 7,
32,34
14, 15
Dali, Felipa (mother) 6, 7, 10
Gala
Prado, the (museum) 10

10, 18,
Christ of St. John of the Cross 36
Dali,
Bunuel
Franco, Francisco (General) 24,
25,38
Sigmund
42
38
7, 14,
Portrait of M>' Father 9
Chirico, Giorgio de 10
Ana Maria
44
filmmaking 16-17
Freud,
Dali,
art 41,
Port Lligat 20, 22, 36
20
8, 10,
Memory 20-21
Picasso, Pablo 8, 12, 13, 14, 25, 30

Pierrot Playing the Guitar
30
1647
8, 10, 25, 28,
44
16,30,32,35
Persistence of
Eluard, Paul 22
Chamberlain, Neville 32
communism
14, 22, 26, 30,
Echo and Narcissus (Poussin) 30
Eluard,
6, 7, 8-9, 24,
35
16, 18,
Old Masters
The Angelus of Gala 23

ants 16, 17,40
atomic bomb 35, 36
Autumn Cannibalism 26-27
Barcelona
Narcissus, legend of 30
Impressionism
9,
44
32,43
(wife) 16, 20, 22-23,
James, Edward 28
32, 38-39
The Lacemaker (Vermeer) 14

Lobster Telephone 29
Dali, Salvador
appearance of 10, 22, 36, 41

7,
color, use of 9, 11,
27
34, 38
lobsters 28,
London
and design 28
education
6,
and fashion
influences
22, 28,
14, 25,
30
Marx, Karl 8
6-9, 10, 14, 16,
Matisse, Henri 19
6, 7, 12, 14, 22,
28, 32, 36, 38
39
and science 20, 38

style of art 9, 10,21,23,26
writings of 31, 34, 36, 38
Dali From the Back Painting Gala.
39
38, 45
"Theory of Relativity" 20, 21

(movie by Dali
and Bunuel) 16-17, 18

still
from 17
unconscious mind 18, 27, 30, 36,
(de Chirico) 10
42,44
United States 22, 32, 34-35, 36
Miro, Joan 12, 14, 18,24,25,32,
42-43
montage
.
42
Melancholy: The Street
The Metamorphosis of Narcissus 30-31

Millet, Jean-Francois 22
and religion 36-37
Dialogue of Insects (Miro) 18
Theater-Museum
Lin chien andalou
26,36
portraits by 9, 11, 13, 23,
18-19,28,30,32,42-43,44
28
28, 40, 43
photographs of
16,
Surrealist manifesto 12, 18, 20,
29
Lorca, Federico Garcia 10, 12-13,
10
on
stereoscopy 38
Surrealism and the Surrealists 10,
Dali, Salvador (father) 6-9, 16, 22
autobiographies of
Spanish Civil War, 24-25, 26, 28,
Velazquez, Diego 10
Vermeer, Jan 14, 15
44
mysticism 36, 44
16,
Warhol,
Woman
narcissism 30
Andy
at a
41
Window Sewing
Figueres 14, 15
World War
II
32, 35
in
WITHDRAWN
No
longer the property of thi
Boston Public Ufarvy.

Sflte of this mtttrUri
btneftod tki
Llvwy
Artists in
heir Time
Salvador
Discover works of art that continue to

influence the world we live in.
This
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some
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influential artists of our time,

in relation to their
discussing their work
and what was happening

around them.
life
in
the world
TITLES IN THE SERIES:

Alberto Giacometti
Pablo Picasso
Andy Warhol
Paul Klee
Claude Monet
Salvador Dali
Henri Matisse
Vincent van Gogh
A FRANKLIN WATTS
LIBRARY EDITION

Robert Anderson - Salvador Dali

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Artists in Their

1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980

Division of Scholastic Inc.

American edition published

2002 by Franklin Watts

Division of Scholastic Inc.

Art Director: Jonathan Hair

A CIP catalog record for this

available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN 0-53 1-1223 1-X (Lib. Bdg.)

Hong Kong, China

Franklin Watts 2002

AKG London: 12t. Archive Photos/Hulton Archive 20tl. Archivio

Daniel Frasnay/AKG London: 20cr, 42. Fundacio Gala-Salvador Dali

Salvador Dali Foundation,

Salvador Dali, Gala-

Gala-Salvador Dali Foundation,

Salvador Dali, Gala-Salvador Dali Foundation, DACS, London 2002, 39

Salvador Dali, Gala-Salvador Dali Foundation,

30tl, 34, 36b.

Charles Hewitt/Picture Post/Hulton Archive: 22bl. Hulton Archive:

Courtesy of Kobal Collection:

cover br,18b, 24b,

of Art: Corbis 28b. Prado, Madrid:

Giraudon/Bridgeman 26b. Private Collection: Index/Bridgeman 15

2002. Rex Features: 41c.

Salvador Dali, Gala-Salvador Dali

Press/Rex Features: 41b. St

Glasgow Museums: The St

& Art. Sipa

Salvador Dali, Gala-Salvador Dali

Press/Rex Features: 36b, 38. Tate Picture Library-: 26t detail

Salvador Dali Foundation,

2002. Topical Press Agency/Hulton Archive:

Whilst every attempt has been made to clear copyright

instance to the publisher regarding rectification.

To Confuse and Disturb

Love and Marriage

Painting the Unconscious

Dali in the United States

The Man With

Who Was Salvador Dali?

Dali was born Salvador

Felipe Jacinto Dali

11, 1904, in Figueres, a

situated in a region of northeast

Spain called Catalonia.

was an important and respected

friends in the town,

were writers or painters.

mother, Felipa, was a devout

Catholic. She was loving and very

the age of six I

been growing steadily

Maria, spent most of their childhood in

Barcelona. As a boy, Dali

spoiled. His older brother died while

than a year before Dali's

The young Salvador and

was pampered and

concentrate on his work during lessons.

apartment in the bustling center of town.

his school books.

Between the ages of six and twelve, Salvador