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SECTION 5.2
CHAPTER 5
SECTION 5.2
1. Lf (P ) = 0( 14 ) + 12 ( 14 ) + 1( 12 ) = 58 ,

Uf (P ) = 12 ( 14 ) + 1( 14 ) + 2( 12 ) =

11
8

5
97
2. Lf (P ) = 23 ( 13 ) + 14 ( 12
) + 0( 14 ) + (1)(1) = 144
,
5
Uf (P ) = 1( 13 ) + 23 ( 12
) + 14 ( 14 ) + 0(1) =

3. Lf (P ) = 14 ( 12 ) +
4. Lf (P ) =

15 1
16 ( 4 )

1 1
16 ( 4 )

97
144

+ 0( 14 ) =

9
64 ,

Uf (P ) = 1( 12 ) + 14 ( 14 ) +

+ 34 ( 14 ) + 0( 12 ) =

27
64 ,

Uf (P ) = 1( 14 ) +

5. Lf (P ) = 1( 12 ) + 98 ( 12 ) =

17
16 ,

1
3
5
7
9
Uf (P ) = 15 ( 25
) + 25 ( 25
) + 35 ( 25
) + 45 ( 25
) + 1( 25
)=
1 3
16 ( 4 )

+ 0( 12 ) +

8. Lf (P ) =

9 1
16 ( 4 )

Uf (P ) = 1( 14 ) +

1 1
16 ( 2 )

9 1
16 ( 2 )

1 1
16 ( 4 )

+ 14 ( 12 ) =

+ 0( 12 ) +

1 1
16 ( 2 )

1 1
16 ( 4 )

3
16 ,

37
64

+ 34 ( 12 ) =

55
64

+ 14 ( 12 ) =

6,

19
25

11. (a) Lf (P ) Uf (P ) but 3  2.

 1
(b) Lf (P )
f (x) dx Uf (P ) but

1 1
16 ( 2 )

+ 14 ( 14 ) + 1( 12 ) =

43
32

5
16 ,

9
8

Uf (P ) =

10. Lf (P ) = 12 ( 3 ) + 0( 6 ) + (1)( 2 ) = 3 ,

25
16

14
25 ,

Uf (P ) = 1( 34 ) +

+ 14 ( 14 ) + 1( 12 ) =

 
 
 
9. Lf (P ) = 0 6 + 12 3 + 0 2 =

1
1

Uf (P ) = 98 ( 12 ) + 2( 12 ) =

1
3
5
7
9
6. Lf (P ) = 0( 25
) + 15 ( 25
) + 25 ( 25
) + 35 ( 25
) + 45 ( 25
)=

7. Lf (P ) =

15 1
16 ( 4 )

1 1
16 ( 4 )

 

1
2 6

 
 
+ 1 3 + 1 2 =

Uf (P ) = 1( 3 ) + 12 ( 6 ) + 0( 2 ) =

11
12
5
12

3  2 6.


(c) Lf (P )

f (x) dx Uf (P )

but

3 10  6.

12. (a) Lf (P ) = (x0 + 3)(x1 x0 ) + (x1 + 3)(x2 x1 ) + + (xn1 + 3)(xn xn1 ),

Uf (P ) = (x1 + 3)(x1 x0 ) + (x2 + 3)(x2 x1 ) + + (xn + 3)(xn xn1 )
(b) For each index i
xi1 + 3

1
(xi1 + xi ) + 3 xi + 3
2

Multiplying by xi = xi xi1 gives


1
(xi1 + 3)xi x2i x2i1 + 3(xi xi1 ) (xi + 3)xi .
2
Summing from i = 1 to i = n, we nd that



1
1
Lf (P ) x21 x20 + 3(x1 x0 ) + x2n xn1 2 + 3(xn xn1 Uf (P )
2
2

229

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SECTION 5.2
The middle sum collapses to

1 2
1
xn x0 2 + 3(xn x0 ) = (b2 a2 ) + 3(b a)
2
2
Thus

(x + 3)dx =
a

1 2
(b a2 ) + 3(b a)
2

13. (a) Lf (P ) = 3x1 (x1 x0 ) 3x2 (x2 x1 ) 3xn (xn xn1 ),

Uf (P ) = 3x0 (x1 x0 ) 3x1 (x2 x1 ) 3xn1 (xn xn1 )
(b) For each index i


3xi 32 xi + xi1 3xi1 .
Multiplying by xi = xi xi1 gives


3xi xi 32 xi 2 x2i1 3xi1 xi .
Summing from i = 1 to i = n, we nd that




Lf (P ) 32 x1 2 x0 2 32 xn 2 x2n1 Uf (P ).
The middle sum collapses to


32 xn 2 x0 2 = 32 (b2 a2 ).
Thus
3
Lf (P ) (b2 a2 ) Uf (P )
2


so that
a

3
3x dx = (b2 a2 ).
2

14. (a) Lf (P ) = (1 + 2x0 )(x1 x0 ) + (1 + 2x1 )(x2 x1 ) + + (1 + 2xn1 )(xn xn1 ),

Uf (P ) = (1 + 2x1 )(x1 x0 ) + (1 + 2x2 )(x2 x1 ) + + (1 + 2xn )(xn xn1 )
(b) For each index i
1 + 2xi1 1 + (xi1 + xi ) 1 + 2xi
Multiplying by xi = xi xi1 gives


(1 + 2xi1 ) xi (xi xi1 ) + xi 2 x2i1 (1 + 2xi ) xi .
Proceeding as before, we get

(1 + 2x) dx = (b a) + (b2 a2 )


15.


17.


(x2 + 2x 3) dx

(x3 3x) dx


2

t sin(2t + 1) dt
0

16.

18.
1

t
dt
t2 + 1

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SECTION 5.2
19.

20.

21. x1 = x2 = 18 ,
m1 = 0,

x3 = x4 = x5 =

m2 = 14 ,

m3 = 12 ,

1
4

m4 = 1, m5 =

3
2

f (x1 ) = 18 , f (x2 ) = 38 , f (x3 ) = 34 , f (x4 ) = 54 , f (x5 ) =

M1 = 14 ,

M2 = 12 ,

(a) Lf (P ) =

22.

25
32

M3 = 1, M4 = 32 ,
(b) S (P ) =

15
16

3
2

M5 = 2

(c) Uf (P ) =

39
32

2x dx = 1.
0

23.

Lf (P ) = x0 3 (x1 x0 ) + x1 3 (x2 x1 ) + + x3n1 (xn xn1 )

Uf (P ) = x1 3 (x1 x0 ) + x2 3 (x2 x1 ) + + xn 3 (xn xn1 )
For each index i


x3i1 14 xi 3 + xi 2 xi1 + xi x2i1 + x3i1 xi 3
and thus by the hint
x3i1 (xi xi1 )

1
4


xi 4 x4i1 xi 3 (xi xi1 ).

Adding up these inequalities, we nd that



Lf (P ) 14 xn 4 x0 4 Uf (P ).
 1
1
1
Since xn = 1 and x0 = 0, the middle term is :
x3 dx = .
4
4
0
24. (a) Lf (P ) = x0 4 (x1 x0 ) + x1 4 (x2 x1 ) + + xn1 4 (xn xn1 ),
Uf (P ) = x1 4 (x1 x0 ) + x2 4 (x2 x1 ) + + xn 4 (xn xn1 )
(b) For each index i
xi1 4

xi 4 + xi 3 xi1 + xi 2 xi1 2 + xi xi1 3 + xi1 4

xi 4
5

Multiplying by xi = xi xi1 gives

xi1 4 xi


1 5
xi xi1 5 xi 4 xi .
5

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SECTION 5.2
Summing and collapsing the middle sum gives

1
Lf (P ) xn 5 x0 5 Uf (P ),
5
Thus
 1
1
1
x4 dx = (15 05 ) = .
5
5
0

25. Necessarily holds: Lg (P )

b
a

g(x) dx <

b
a

f (x) dx Uf (P ).

26. Need not hold. Consider the partition {0, 2, 3} on [0, 3] where f (x) = x and g(x) = 1.
b
b
1
Then a f (x) dx = 4 and a g(x) dx = 3, but Lg (P ) = 3 and Lf (P ) = 2.
2
27. Necessarily holds: Lg (P )

b
a

g(x) dx <

b
a

f (x) dx

28. Need not hold. Consider the partition {0, 1, 3} on [0, 3] where f (x) = 2 and g(x) = 3 x.
b
b
1
Then a f (x) dx = 6 and a g(x) dx = 4 , but Ug (P ) = 7 and Uf (P ) = 6.
2
29. Necessarily holds: Uf (P )

b
a

f (x) dx >

b
a

g(x) dx

30. Need not hold. Use the same counter example as Exercise 30.
31. Let P = {x0 , x1 , x2 , . . . , xn } be a regular partition of [a, b] and let x = (b a)/n.
Since f is increasing on [a, b],
Lf (P ) = f (x0 )x + f (x1 )x + + f (xn1 )x
and
Uf (P ) = f (x1 )x + f (x2 )x + + f (xn )x.
Now,
Uf (P ) Lf (P ) = [f (xn ) f (x0 )]x = [f (b) f (a)]x.
32. Proceed as in Exercise 31.
x
> 0 for x [0, 2]. Thus, f is increasing on [0, 2].
1 + x2
(b) Let P = {x0 , x1 , . . . , xn } be a regular partition of [0, 2] and let x = 2/n

33. (a) f  (x) =

By Exercise 30,


2( 5 1) 2.47
2
f (x) dx Lf (P ) |f (2) f (0)| =
=
n
n
n
0
2
It now follows that 0 f (x) dx Lf (P ) < 0.1 if n > 25.
 2
f (x) dx
(c)
= 2.96
2

34. (a) f  (x) =

2x
< 0 on (0, 1)
(1 + x2 )2

f is decreasing.

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SECTION 5.2
(b) Uf (P )
so need

1
0

f (x) dx |f (1) f (0)|x = | 12 1| n1 =

1
= 0.05, or n = 10.
2n

(c) Using Uf (P ) with n = 10, we have

0

233

1
.
2n

1
dx
= 0.78
1 + x2

35. Let S be the set of positive integers for which the statement is true. Since
that k S. Then

1(2)
= 1, 1 S. Assume
2

k(k + 1)
+k+1
2
(k + 1)(k + 2)
=
2

1 + 2 + + k + k + 1 = (1 + 2 + + k) + k + 1 =

Thus, k + 1 S and so S is the set of positive integers.

36. See Exercise 5 in section 1.8.
37. Let f (x) = x and let P = {x0 , x1 , x2 , . . . , xn } be a regular partition of [0, b]. Then x = b/n and
ib
xi = , i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n.
n
(a) Since f is increasing on [0, b],

 
 


b
2b
(n 1)b
b
Lf (P ) = f (0) + f
+f
+ + f
n
n
n
n


b
2b
(n 1)b b
= 0+ +
+ +
n
n
n
n
b2
[1 + 2 + + (n 1)]
n2
  
 



b
2b
(n 1)b
b
Uf (P ) = f
+f
+ + f
+ f (b)
n
n
n
n


b
2b
(n 1)b
b
=
+
+ +
+b
n
n
n
n
=

(b)

b2
[1 + 2 + + (n 1) + n]
n2

(c) By Exercise 35,


1 2
b 1
2
 2


2
b n(n + 1)
1 2 n +n
1 2
Lf (P ) = 2
= b
= b 1+
n
2
2
n2
2

Lf (P ) =

b2 (n 1)n
1

= b2
2
n
2
2

n2 n
n2

1
n
1
n

(d) For any partition P, Lf (P ) (P ) Uf (P ). Since

lim Lf (P ) = lim Uf (P ) =

||P ||0

lim S (P ) =

||P ||0

1 2
b by the pinching theorem.
2

||P ||0

1 2
b ,
2


=

1 2
b (1 ||P ||)
2

1 2
b (1 + ||P ||)
2

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SECTION 5.2

38. Let f (x) = x2 and let P = {x0 , x1 , x2 , . . . , xn } be a regular partition of [0, b]. Then x = b/n and
ib
xi = , i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n.
n
(a) Since f is increasing on [0, b],
 



 
2b
(n 1)b
b
b
Lf (P ) = f (0) + f
+f
+ + f
n
n
n
n


b2
4b2
(n 1)2 b2 b
= 0 + 2 + 2 + +
n
n
n
n
=

b3
[1 + 22 + + (n 1)2 ]
n3

  
 



b
2b
(n 1)b
b
Uf (P ) = f
+f
+ + f
+ f (b)
n
n
n
n
 2

b
4b2
n 2 b2 b
=
+ 2 + + 2
n2
n
n
n

(b)

b3
[1 + 22 + + n2 ]
n3

(c) By Exercise 36,

Lf (P ) =

b3 (n 1)n(2n 1)

= b3
n3
6

Uf (P ) =

b3 n(n + 1)(2n 1)

= b3
n3
6




2n3 3n2 + n
6n3
2n3 + 3n2 + n
6n3


=

1 3
b = (2 3||P || + ||P ||2 )
6

1 3
b = (2 + 3||P || + ||P ||2 )
6

(d) For any partition P, Lf (P ) (P ) Uf (P ). Since

lim Lf (P ) = lim Uf (P ) =

||P ||0

lim S (P ) =

||P ||0

||P ||0

1 3
b ,
3

1 3
b by the pinching theorem.
3

39. Choose each xi so that f (xi ) = mi . Then Si (P ) = Lf (P ).

Similarly, choosing each xi so that f (xi ) = Mi gives Si (P ) = Uf (P ).
1
Also, choosing each xi so that f (xi ) = (mi + Mi ) (they exist by the intermediate value theorem)
2
gives
1
1
Si (P ) = (m1 + M1 )x1 + + (mn + Mn )xn
2
2
1
= [m1 x1 + + mn xn + M1 x1 + + Mn xn ]
2
1
= [Lf (P ) + Uf (P )].
2
40. (a) Lf (P ) =
(b)

181
= 7.24,
25

Uf (P ) =

1
402
[Lf (P ) + Uf (P )] =
= 8.04
2
50

221
= 8.84
25
(c) S (P )
= 7.98

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SECTION 5.3
41. (a) Lf (P )
= 0.6105,
(b)

Uf (P )
= 0.7105

1
[Lf (P ) + Uf (P )]
= 0.6605
2

42. (a) Lf (P )
= 1.0224,
(b)

Uf (P )
= 1.1824

1
[Lf (P ) + Uf (P )]
= 1.1024
2

43. (a) Lf (P )
= 0.53138,
(b)

(c) S (P )
= 0.6684

(c) S (P )
= 1.1074

Uf (P )
= 0.73138

1
[Lf (P ) + Uf (P )]
= 0.63138
2

(c) S (P )
= 0.63926

SECTION 5.3


1. (a)

f (x) dx =
0

(c)

(e)




f (x) dx = 1

f (x) dx

1
3

(b)




f (x) dx = 7


f (x) dx

(d)
3

f (x) dx

1
4

(e)

f (x) dx = 5 7 = 2

f (x) dx = 11 (2) = 13


f (x) dx =

f (x) dx =

f (x) dx =

f (x) dx =

(f)

f (x) dx = 11 5 = 6

(c)

f (x) dx =

f (x) dx =

f (x) dx = 4

2. (a)


f (x) dx =

f (x) dx = 5 6 = 1

(f)

f (x) dx

(d) 0

f (x) dx = 4 6 = 2

f (x) dx =
1

f (x) dx

f (x) dx =


f (x) dx = 4 + 1 = 5

(b)

f (x) dx +

f (x) dx = 6

4
4

f (x) dx = 0
4

3. With P =


3
1
1, , 2 and f (x) = , we have
2
x
7
0.5
= Lf (P )
12


1

dx
5
Uf (P ) = < 1.
x
6

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SECTION 5.3


4. Using P = {0,

1
2 , 1},

we have 0.6 < 0.65 = Lf (P )

1
dx Uf (P ) = 0.9 < 1.
1 + x2

(c) F  (2) = 2 3

(b) F  (x) = x x + 1

5. (a) F (0) = 0


(d) F (2) =

t t + 1 dt

(e) F (x) =

(b) By Theorem 5.3.5, F  (x) = x sin x.

 2
(d) F (2) =
t sin t dt

t sin t dt = 0

sin 2 = 2

(e) F (x) =
t sin t dt.
(c)

t t + 1 dt

6. (a) F () =
F  ( 2 )

1
7. F  (x) = 2
;
x +9

(a)

8. F  (x) = x2 + 1

(a) 2

9. F  (x) = x x2 + 1;

(a)

1
10

(b)

1
9

(c)

4
37

(b) 1

(c) 12 5

(b) 0

(c) 14 5

(d)

2x
(x2 + 9)2

x
x2 + 1



x2
2
(d)
x +1+
x2 + 1
(d)

10. F  (x) = sin x

(a) 0

(b) 0

(c) 1

(d) cos x

11. F  (x) = cos x;

(a) 1

(b) 1

(c) 0

(d) sin x

12. F  (x) = (x + 1)3

(a) 0

(b) 1

(c)

13. (a) Since P1 P2 , Uf (P2 ) Uf (P1 )

but

5  4.

(b) Since P1 P2 , Lf (P1 ) Lf (P2 )

but

5  4.

14. (a) constant functions.

27
8

(d) 3(x + 1)2

(b) constant functions.

15. constant functions

16. We know this is true for a < c < b. Assume a < b. If c = a or c = b, the equality becomes
 b
 b
f (x) dt =
f (x) dt, trivially true. If c < a, we get
a

f (t) dt +
a


f (t) dt =

f (t) dt +

f (t) dt =
c

f (t) dt, as desired

a

The other possible cases are proved in a similar manner.

17.

F  (x) =

x1
=0
1 + x2

F  (x) =

(1 + x2 ) 2x(x 1)
1
, so F  (1) = > 0 means x = 1 is a local minimum.
2
2
(1 + x )
2

x = 1 is a critical number.

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SECTION 5.3
18.

F  (x) =

x4
=0
1 + x2

F  (x) =

(1 + x2 ) 2x(x 4)
1
, so F  (4) =
> 0 means x = 4
(1 + x2 )2
17

237

x = 4 is a critical number.

is a local minimum.
1
> 0 for x > 0.
x
Thus, F is increasing on (0, );

1
< 0 for x > 0.
x2
The graph of F is concave down on (0, );

19. (a) F  (x) =

(b) F  (x) =

there are no critical numbers.

there are no points of inection.

(c)

20. (a) F  (x) = x(x 3)2 ,

(b) F  (x) = (x 3)2 + 2x(x 3) = 3(x 3)(x 1).

F is increasing on [0, );

The graph of F is concave up on (, 1) (3, );

F is decreasing on (, 0];

The graph of F is concave down on (1, 3);

critical numbers 0, 3.

Inection points at x = 1, x = 3.

(c)

y
6
4
2
1

21. (a) F is dierentiable, therefore continuous

(c) F  (1) = f (1) = 0

(b) F  (x) = f (x) f is dierentiable; F  (x) = f  (x)

(d) F  (1) = f  (1) > 0

(e) f (1) = 0 and f increasing (f  > 0) implies f < 0 on (0, 1) and f > 0 on (1, ).
Since F  = f, F is decreasing on (0, 1) and increasing on (1, );
F (0) = 0 implies F (1) < 0.
22. (a) G is dierentiable, therefore continuous
(c) G (1) = g(1) = 0
(e) G (x) = g(x) > 0 for all x = 0.

(b) G (x) = g(x) and g is dierentiable; G (x) = g  (x)

(d) G (x) = g  (x) < 0 for x < 1
G (x) = g  (x) > 0 for x > 1

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SECTION 5.3

23. (a)

(b)

4
6
2

x
1

F (x) =

2x 1 x2 +
2

5
2

1 x 0

2x + 1 x2 +
2

5
2

0<x3

(c) f is discontinuous at x = 0, but not dierentiable; F is continuous but dierentiable at x = 0.

24. (a)

(b)

3
x2
x

+
3
2
F (x) =

2 1

x
6

0x1
1<x3

(c) f is continuous at x = 1, but not dierentiable. F is continuous and dierentiable at x = 1.

 u
3
25. Let u = x . Then F (u) =
t cos t dt and
1

dF
dF du
=
= u cos u (3x2 ) = 3x5 cos x3 .
dx
du dx

dF
dF du 
26. Let u = cos x.
=
= 1 u2 (sin x) = 1 cos2 x (sin x) = | sin x| sin x
dx
du dx
 1
 x2
27. F (x) =
(t sin2 t) dt =
(t sin2 t) dt. Let u = x2 . Then
x2



dF
dF du
=
= (u sin2 u)(2x) = 2x sin2 (x2 ) x2 .
dx
du dx
28. Let u =

x.

1
1
x
dF du
u2
dF
=

=
=
dx
du dx
1 + u4 2 x
1 + x2 2 x

29. (a) F (0) = 0

(b) F  (0) = 2 +
(c) F  (0) =

sin 2(0)
=2
1 + 02

(1 + 0)2 2 cos 2(0) sin 2(0)(2)(0)

=2
(1 + 0)2

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November 25, 2006

SECTION 5.3
30. (a) F (0) = 0

(b) Let u = x . Then f (u) = 2 u +

sin 2t
dt.
1 + t2

dF
sin 2x2
dF du
sin 2u
(2x)
=
2
+
(2x)
=
=2+
dx
du dx
1 + u2
1 + x4


d
8 2x2
2x
31. f (x) =
=
dx 4 + x2
(4 + x2 )2
1
(a) f (0) =
(b) f (x) = 0 at x = 2, 2
2
 x
tf (t)dt = sin x x cos x.
32. (a) F (x) =
0

F  (x) = xf (x) = cos x cos x + x sin x = x sin x = f ( 2 ) = sin 2 = 1

(b) f  (x) = cos x
33. By the hint

F (b) F (a)
= F  (c) for some c in (a, b). The result follows by observing that
ba
 b
F (b) =
f (t) dt , F (a) = 0 , and F  (c) = f (c).
a


33. Set G(x) =

f (t) dt. Then F (x) =

a

f (t) dt + G(x). First, note that

c

f (t) dt
c

is a constant. By (5.3.5) G, and thus F , is continuous on [a, b], is dierentiable

on (a, b), and F  (x) = G (x) = f (x) for all x in (a, b).

34. Choose point c (a, b) and set F (x) =


f (t) dt. Since

c
x

f (t) dt =
c


f (t) dt

it follows that
d
F (x) =
dx


f (t) dt,

(Exercise 16)


a

f (t) dt

f (t) dt

= f (x)

by Theorem 5.3.5.
35. (a) F  (x) = f (x) = G (x), on [a, b]. Therefore, by Theorem 4.2.4, F and G dier by a constant.
c
x
d
x
(b) F (x) = a f (t) dt + a f (t) dt and G(x) = a f (t) dt + a f (t) dt.
c
d
d
Thus F (x) G(x) = a f (t) dt + a f (t) dt = c f (t) dt, a constant
36. (a) F  (x) = x

x

f (u) du
x
(c) F  (x) = xf (x) + 1 f (u) du
1

(b) F  (1) = 0
(d) F  (1) = f (1)

239

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240

November 25, 2006

SECTION 5.4

37. (a) F  (x) = 0 at x = 1, 4;

F is increasing on (, 1], [4, ); F is decreasing on [1, 4]





the graph of F is concave up on 32 , ; concave down on , 32

(b) F  (x) = 0 at x = 32 ;
38. (a) F  (x) = 2 3 cos x = 0

cos x =

2
3

x
= 0.8411, 5.4421;

F is decreasing on [0, 0.8411] [5.4421, 2]; F is increasing on [0.8411, 5.4421].

(b) F  (x) = sin x = 0

x = ;

the graph of F is concave up on (0, ) and concave down on (, 2).

39. (a) F  (x) = 0 at x = 0, 2 , , 3
2 , 2

3
F is increasing on [ 2 , ], [ 3
2 , 2]; F is decreasing on [0, 2 ], [, 2 ]

(b) F  (x) = 0 at x =

3 5 7
4, 4 , 4 , 4 ;

the graph of F is concave up on

3
4, 4

  5 7 

 
  7

5
, 4 , 4 ; concave down on 0, 4 , 3
4 , 4 ,
4 , 2

40. (a) F  (x) = (2 x)2 = 0 at x = 2; F  (x) < 0 for all x = 2

F is decreasing on (, ).

(b) F  (x) = (2 x) = 0 at x = 2; the graph of F is concave up on (, 2) and concave down

on (2, ).

SECTION 5.4
 1
1.
(2x 3) dx = [x2 3x]10 = (2) (0) = 2
0

2.
0


3.

1
3x2
7
(3x + 2) dx =
+ 2x =
2
2
0

4.
1

5.

5x4 dx = [x5 ]01 = (0) (1) = 1

2

1 3
16
2
(2x + x ) dx = x + x
=
3
3
1
2

1/2

2 x dx = 2

1
4

6.
0


7.
1


x dx =

x 3 dx =
0

2
dx = 2 x3/2
3

2 x 1 dx =


1

3 4/3
x
4

4
=
0

=
1

3 4/3
3
4
=3 4
4


2(x 1)1/2 dx =

28
4  3/2 4
4
x
= (8 1) =
1
3
3
3

4
(x 1)3/2
3

5
=
1

4 3/2
32
[4 0] =
3
3

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November 25, 2006

SECTION 5.4


2


3
3 2 5 2
69
+ 5x dx = x + x
=
3
x
2
2
8
1

8.
1

0



x2
2
x3
8

2x
2+4
=
(x + 1)(x 2) dx =
(x x 2) dx =
= 0
3
2
3
3
2
2
2


9.

10.

4
3t + 2
t

1/2

2 5/2 2 3/2
x x
) dx =
5
3


(x3/4 2x1/2 ) dx =

(x + 1)17 dx =




3
13
= (6 2)
4
=
2
2

4 7/4 4 3/2
x x
7
3

1
(x + 1)18
18

1
=
0


=

1
=
0

2 2

5 3

0 =

4
15

16
21

1 18
(2 1)
18

a
a
a2 x2
a4
x4
2
3
(a x x ) dx =
=

2
4 0
4
0

17.

( a x )2 dx =


18.


16.

3 2
(3t + 4t ) dt =
t 4t1
2

15.

7
12

dt =

3/2

(x

14.

7x6 dx = 0

13.

1 4 1 3
(t + t ) dt =
t + t
4
3

11.

12.

241


a

4 3/2 x2
4
a2
1
(a 2 a x1/2 + x) dx = ax
ax +
= a2 a2 +
= a2
3
2 0
3
2
6

1
(x 2) dx =
(x 2)3
3
1

19.
1

6t
dt =
t3

x2

20.
1

21.

1
x2

(6t


dx =


2x(x2 + 1) dx =

22.

1 3 1
x +
3
x

3
=8
1


(2x3 + 2x) dx =

23.

0
/2

26
3

3x (x + 1) dx =






3 1
7
2
1 2
t ) dt = 3t + t 1 =
+
[3 + 1] =
4
2
4

2
= 12
1

1 6
(3x + 3x ) dx =
x + x3
2

/2

cos x dx = [sin x]0

x4
+ x2
2

=1

=
0

3
2

3
21
=
2
2

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242

November 25, 2006

SECTION 5.4


3 sin x dx = [3 cos x]0 = 6

24.
0

/4

/4

2 sec2 x dx = 2 [tan x]0

25.
0

/3

26.

sec x tan x dx =
/6

/6

/3

csc u du =
2

28.
/4

29.
0


0

/3

0
/2

32.



/3

1 2

2
2
= 2 3
x 2 sec x dx =
x 2 tan x

9
0


csc x(cot x 3 csc x) dx =

/4

/2

/4

/2

(csc x cot x 3 csc2 x) dx = [ csc x + 3 cot x]/4 =



3
d 
dx =
4 + x2
4 + x2 = 13 2
0
dx

33.
0

3
1
3

sin x dx = [ cos x]2

0 = 1 (1) = 0

31.


/3
[cot u]/4



1
1
cos x dx =
sin x = 0
2
2
0

30.


2 3
=2
3

/3
[sec x]/6

/4
csc u cot u dx = [ csc u]/6 = 2 (2) = 2 2

/4

27.


=2

/2

34.
0


/2
d
3
(sin x) = sin3 x 0 = 1
dx


35. (a) F (x) =



(t + 2)2 dt

1
x

(b)
1

F  (x) = (x + 2)2

t3
+ 2t2 + 4t
(t + 2) dt =
3

=
1

x3
1
+ 2x2 + 4x 6
3
3

F (x) = x + 4x + 4 = (x + 2)2
 x
36. (a) F (x) =
(cos t sin t) dt
= F  (x) = cos x sin x
0
 x
(cos t sin t) dt = [sin t + cos t]x0 = sin x cos x 1
(b)
=

F  (x) = cos x sin x



37. (a) F (x) =


(b)
1

2x+1

2x+1
1
2

sec u tan u du

F  (x) = sec (2x + 1) tan (2x + 1)


2x+1
1
1
1
1
= sec (2x + 1) sec 1
sec u tan u du =
sec u
2
2
2
2
1

F  (x) = sec (2x + 1) tan (2x + 1)

24

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November 25, 2006

SECTION 5.4


38. (a) F (x) =

x2

F  (x) = x2 (x2 1)2x

t(t 1) dt


t3
t2
(b)
t(t 1) dt =

3
2
x2


2
=
x2

2 x6
x4

+
3
3
2

F (x) = 2x + 2x = 2x3 (x2 1)

39. (a) F (x) =

2

40. (a) F (x) =

dt
t

(b) F (x) = 3 +

41. Area =
0

42. Area =

1 + t2 dt

43. Area =

(x x + 1) dx =

/3

/3


(b)

1 + t2 dt

(x 3) dx =

9
2 5/2
524
x +x =
5
5
1

2+2

=21=1

(sec x tan x) dx = [sec x]0

46. (a)


(x3/2 + 1) dx =

2 cos x dx = 2 [sin x]/2 =

45. (a)

/4

/2


4
x3
32
(4x x2 ) dx = 2x2
=
3 0
3

44. Area =

dt
t

/4

(b) F (x) = 1 +

5
x2
3
3x =
2
2
2

|x 3| dx =

(b)
2


(3 x) dx +


|2x + 3| dx =

3/2


(2x 3) dx +


3/2 
2
37
(2x + 3) dx = x2 3x 4 + x2 + 3x 3/2 =
2
3/2
2


|x 1| dx =
2


=


48. (a)

/2


(b)

(x 3) dx


3  2
5
x2
x
5
= 3x
3x =
+
2 2
2
2
3

2
x3
4
47. (a)
(x 1) dx =
=
x
3
3
2
2
(b)


2
(2x + 3) dx = x2 + 3x 4 = 6

243

/2


(x 1) dx +
2


(1 x ) dx +
2

(x2 1) dx

 3
1 
1
2
x3
x3
x
+ x
+
x
x =4
3
3 1
3
2
1

cos x dx = [sin x]/2 = 1


| cos x| dx =

/2

/2

cos x dx +
/2

/2

cos x dx = [sin x]/2 + [ sin x]/2 = 3

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49.

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November 25, 2006

SECTION 5.4
50. not valid; sec2 x is not dened at x = 12 ,

valid

and x = 32
51.

not valid; 1/x3 is not dened at x = 0

52. valid

t

u3
t3
(10u u2 ) du = 5u2
= 5t2 , 0 t 10
3 0
3
0

(b) v (t) = 10 2t; v has an absolute maximum at t = 5. The objects position at t = 5 is
250
x(5) =
.
3


53. (a) x(t) =

54. (a) We need x(t) such that x (t) = 3 sin t + 4 cos t and x(0) = 1.
Then x(t) = 3 cos t + 4 sin t + C,

x(0) = 3 + C = 1 = C = 4

= x(t) = 3 cos t + 4 sin t + 4.

(b) Maximum displacement when v(t) = 0 :
43

= tan t =

4
xmax = 3( 3
5 ) + 4( 5 ) + 4 = 9

So


55.


57.

f (x) dx =

(2 + x2 ) dx +

f (x) dx =

/2

f (x) dx =
0

 2

0
4
1
x
56
x3
( x + 2) dx = 2x +
+
+ 2x =
2
3 2
4
3
0


/3

3/2


4

1
x2
13
(4 x) dx = x2 + x 0 + 4x
=
2 1
2

/2

58.

(2x + 1) dx +
0

f (x) dx =
0

56.

= sin t =

3 sin t + 4 cos t = 0

cos t = 35

4
5,

(1 + 2 cos x dx +
/3

/2

3/2

2 sin x dx +
0

 2


3
3x
/3
x + 1 dx = [x + 2 sin x]/2 +
+x

2
/3

17
=2+ 3+ 6

/2

/2

(2 + cos x) dx = [2 cos x]0

3/2

+ [2x + sin x]/2 = 2

59. (a) f is continuous on [2, 2].


x
x
1 2
1
For x [2, 0], g(x) =
t + 2t
(t + 2)dt =
= x2 + 2x + 2.
2
2
2
2
 x
 0
(t + 2) dt +
2 dt = 2 + [2t]x0 = 2 + 2x.
For x [0, 1], g(x) =
2


For x [1, 2],

g(x) =

(t + 2) dt +

1 2

2 x + 2x + 2,
Thus

g(x) =

2x + 2,

1 + 4x x2 ,

2 dt +
0

2 x 0


x
(4 2t)dt = 2 + 2 + 4t t2 1 = 1 + 4x x2 .

y
2

0x1

1x2

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SECTION 5.4
(b)

y
4
2

(c) f is continuous on [2, 2]; f is dierentiable on (2, 0), (0, 1), and (1, 2).
g is dierentiable on (2, 2).
x

 x
 x
5
t3
x3
2
60. (a) g(x) =
+ , for 1 x 1
f (x) dt =
(1 t ) dt = t
= 2x
3
3
3
1
1
1
 1
 x
10
7
g(x) =
(1 t2 ) dt +
1 dt =
+ [t]x1 = + x, for 1 < x < 3
3
3
1
1
 3
 x
x

16
34
g(x) =
f (t) dt +
(2t 5) dt =
+ t2 5t 3 =
+ x2 5x, for 3 x 5
3
3
1
3
y

2
1
1

(b)

1
1

(c)

f is continuous on [1, 1) (1, 5], f is dierentiable on (1, 1) (1, 3) (3, 5).

g is dierentiable on (1, 1) (1, 5).

61. Follows from Theorem 5.3.2 since f (x) is an antiderivative of f  (x).

62. Let F (x) = f 2 (x). Then F  (x) = 2f (x)f  (x).
 b

1 b 
1
1
f (t)f  (t) dt =
F (t) dt = [F (b) F (a)] = [f 2 (b) f 2 (a)].
Thus
2
2
2
a
a

 x
 x
d
d
63.
f (t) dt = f (x);
[f (t)] dt = f (x) f (a)
dx a
a dt
 x
 x
xf (t) dt = x
f (t) dt; F is a product.
64. F (x) =
0
0
 x
F  (x) = x f (x) +
f (t) dt
0

245

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246

November 25, 2006

SECTION 5.5

SECTION 5.5

1
 1
x4
9
3
1. A =
(2 + x ) dx = 2x +
=
4
4
0
0

2
 2
1
1
2. A =
(x + 2)2 dx =
=
x+2 0
4
0


3. A =

(x + 1)1/2 dx =

x + 1 dx =

2
(x + 1)3/2
3

2
38
[27 8] =
3
3

=
3

8

8
1 4
2
3
3
4. A =
(3x + x ) dx = x + x
= 1536
4
0
0


5. A =

(2x + 1) dx =
0


1

/3

cos x dx = [sin x]/6 =

/6

sin x dx =
/3

11.

31
2


/2

9. A =

10. A =


2 


x3
8
1
5
(4 x2 ) dx = 4x
= 8
4
=
3 1
3
3
3

/3

8. A =


[0 (x2 4)] dx =

1
4 5 4 3
47
x + x +x =
(4x + 4x + 1) dx =
5
3
15
0
2

8

1

x+1 0 =2
dx =
2 x+1

6. A =

7. A =

/2
[ cos x]/3


(x3 + 1) dx =

1
= (0)
2


=

1
2

1
x4
11
=
+x
4
4
2


A=

[x1/2 x2 ] dx

12.

2

3/2
3x


A=
0

13 x3

1
0

1
3

(6x x2 2x) dx =

32
3

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SECTION 5.5
13.


A=


=

[(5 x2 ) (3 x)] dx

(2 + x x2 ) dx


2
x2
x3
= 2x +

2
3 1



= 4 + 2 83 2 +

14.


A=

15.
A=


=


A=
0

1
3

(8 x2 2x) dx = 36

[(8 x2 ) (x2 )] dx
(8 2x2 ) dx


2
= 8x 23 x3 2
 

= 16 16
3 16 +

16.

1
2

16

16
3


32
1
x x dx =
4
3

64
3

9
2

247

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November 25, 2006

SECTION 5.5


1
3/2
x x
dx
A=
10
0

10

x2
2 10 5/2
=

x
2
50
0

2 10
= 50
(10)5/2 = 10
50


17.


18.

10

27

A=
0



243
x 27x
dx =
2

19.


 

1
x
dx
( 3 + x)
2
3
2

 2
 6
1
=
(3 + x)1/2 x dx
2(3 + x)1/2 dx +
2
3
2





2 

6
2
32
4
2
x2
4
3/2
3/2
(3 + x)
0 + (18 9)
1
=
=
+ (3 + x)
=
3
3
4
3
3
3
2
3


A=

20.

[( 3 + x ) ( 3 + x )] dx +

A=
0

= 18



2x ( 2x) dx +
2


2x x + 4 dx

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SECTION 5.5
21.

A=


[2x x] dx +

1


2 2
2x 0

[4 x] dx


4
+ 4x 12 x2 2

= 2 + [8 6] = 4


22.

A=

x2 +

23.


A=

/2

/2


80
x dx =
3

[cos x (4x2 2 )] dx


/2
= sin x 43 x3 + 2 x /2
= [1 16 3 + 12 3 ] [1 + 16 3 12 3 ]
= 2 + 23 3

24.
A=

(x x2 sin x) dx =

3
2
6

249

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250

November 25, 2006

SECTION 5.5


25.

/2

A=

=
=

/2
x2
+ cos x
2
0

2
1
8


26.

[x sin x] dx

A=

(x + 1 cos x) dx =

( + 2)
2

4
1 3 1 2
91
27. (a)
(x x 6) dx =
= ;
x x 6x
3
2
6
3
3


the area of the region bounded by the graph of f and the x-axis for x [3, 2] [3, 4]
minus the area of the region bounded the graph of f and the x-axis for x [2, 3].

(b) A =

1

28. (a)

(x x 6) dx +

x3

(c) A =



2

1
2

(x + x + 6) dx +

(x2 x 6) dx =

/2
0

/2


2 sin x dx +
0

(x2 x 6) dx

1
2

3

x2 + 6x 2 + 13 x3

1
2

4
53
17 125 17
+
+
=
x2 6x 3 =
6
6
6
2

125
6

3/4

2 sin x dx = [2 cos x]/2 =

(b) A =
(c) A =

2 
x2 6x 3 + 13 x3 +

3/4

/2

3/4

2 = area above area below

3/4

2 sin x dx = [2 cos x]0/2 + [2 cos x]0

2 sin x dx = [2 cos x]0/2 = 2

2+4

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SECTION 5.5


1 4 1 2
29. (a)
(x x) dx =
x x
4
2
2

=0
2

  1

 2
3
3
A=2
(x x) dx +
(x x) dx

(b)


30. (a)

251

2[ 14

1 9
+ =5
2 2

x
4

1
2

x2 ]10

2[ 14

x4

1
2

x2 ]21

(cos x + sin x) dx = [sin x cos x] = 0



(b)

A=

/4

f (x) dx +

3/4

/4

=4 2


f (x) dx

f (x) dx
3/4

3
1 4
65
2
31. (a)
(x 4x + 2) dx =
=
x 2x + 2x
4
4
2
2


(b)

A
=
=

0.54

1
4


(x3 4x + 2) dx

1.68

0.54


(x3 4x + 2) dx +

(x3 4x + 2) dx

1.68

0.54 
1.68 
3
x4 2x2 + 2x 2 14 x4 2x2 + 2x 0.54 + 14 x4 2x2 + 2x 1.68

= 8.52 + .81 + 8.54 = 17.87

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252

November 25, 2006

SECTION 5.5


32. (a)
(b)


/2
3
(3x2 2 cos x) dx = x3 2 sin x /2 =
4
4
/2
/2

A
=

0.71

0.71


(3x2 2 cos x) dx + 2


A=
=

(x + 1) dx +
0

(3 x) dx

1

1 
x3 + x 0 + 3x

(3x2 2 cos x) dx

0.71

= 7.53

33.

/2

1
2

x2

3
1

4
10
= +2=
3
3

34.


A=

= 2+


2
x3
+ 4x
3 1

5
11
=
3
3

/4

A=

/2

sin x dx +
0
/4


A=2

cos x dx
/4

= [ cos x]0

= 2 2
36.

(4 x2 ) dx

[2x3/2 ]10

35.

3 x dx +

/2

/2

+ [sin x]/4

(1 + cos x 1) dx

0
/2

= [2 sin x]0

=2

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SECTION 5.5
37.

A
=

1.32


[3x + 1 (x3 + 2x)] dx +

1.32

=
=

1
2

x2 + x

1
4

x4

1.32
0

(x3 x 1) dx

1.32

[x3 + 2x (3x + 1)] dx

1.32

(x + 1 x3 ) dx +

1

x4

1
2

2
x2 x 1.32 = 2.86

38.
A=

1+ 17
2

1+ 17
2

(4 x2 x4 + 2x2 ) dx

= 11.34

39. h
= 9.44892
40. h
= 0.0355

PROJECT 5.5

1,

0,

1. (a) g(x) = 1,

..

4,


x=0
0<x1
1<x2

4 < x 5.


g(x) dx =
0

g(x) dx +
0


g(x) dx + +

g(x) dx = 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10.
4

253

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November 25, 2006

SECTION 5.5

0,
0x<1

1,
1x<2

..
(b) g(x) = .

4,
4 < x < 5

5
x = 5.
 5
 1

g(x) dx =
g(x) dx +
0

2. (a)

g(x) dx =
0

g(x) dx = 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10.

1 x = 1, 2, 5
(c) g(x) =
;
0 otherwise


g(x) dx + +


g(x) dx = 0.
0

(2 x) dx +


1 
2
(2 + x) dx = 2x 12 x2 0 + 2x + 12 x2 1 = 5.

y
4

(b)

x2 dx +

g(x) dx =
0

x dx =
2

2
1 3
3x 0


+

5
1 2
2x 2

79
6 .

y
5
4


(c)

/2

g(x) dx =
0

cos x dx +
0

= 2+
y
1

sin x dx +
/2

1
2

1
2


/2 

dx = sin x
cos x
0

/2


+

2
1
x
2

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SECTION 5.6


3. (a) For 0 x < 1, G(x) =



0
1

For 1 x 2, G(x) =

x

(2 t) dt = 2t 12 t2 = 2x 12 x2


(2 t) dt +

2x 1 x2 ,
2
Thus, G(x) =
2x + 1 x2 1,
2
lim

h0

lim

h0+

(2 + t) dt =
1

0x<1

x

+ 2t + 12 t2 = 2x + 12 x2 1
1

1x2

2(1 + h) 12 (1 + h)2
G(1 + h) G(1)
= lim
h0
h
h
2(1 + h) +
G(1 + h) G(1)
= lim
+
h
h0

3
2

3
2

= lim

+ h) 1
h

1
2 (1

h0
3
2

h 12 h2
=1
h

= lim

h0+

3h + 12 h2
=3
h

Thus, G is not dierentiable at x = 1.

1 x3 ,
0x<2
(b) G(x) = 3
.
1 x2 + 2 , 2 x 5
2
3
lim

1
(2 + h)3
G(2 + h) G(2)
= lim 3
h0
h
h

lim

1
(2 + h)2 +
G(2 + h) G(2)
= lim 2
h
h
h0+

h0

h0+

8
3

4h + 2h2 + 13 h3
=4
h

= lim
h0

2
3

8
3

= lim

h0+

Thus, G is not dierentiable at x = 2.

sin x,
0 x < /2

(c) G(x) = 1 cos x,

/2 x < .

2 + 12 x /2, x 2
G is not dierentiable at x = /2, ;
see the graph of G:
y

SECTION 5.6


dx
1
1.
= x4 dx = x3 + C
x4
3


1
2.
(x 1)2 dx = (x2 2x + 1) dx = x3 x2 + x + C
3

2h + 12 h2
=2
h

255

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November 25, 2006

SECTION 5.6


3.

1 2
ax + bx + C
2

(ax + b) dx =


(ax2 + b) dx =

4.


5.

6.

dx
=
1+x

x3 + 1
dx =
x5

 
7.
 
8.

x3 1
x2

1 3
ax + bx + C
3

(1 + x)1/2 dx = 2(1 + x)1/2 + C



1
x2 + x5 dx = x1 x4 + C
4


dx =

(x x2 ) dx =

1
x
x

(x1/2 x1/2 ) dx =

dx =

[t2 (a + b)t + ab] dt =


(t2 a)(t2 b) dt =

10.

11.

2 3/2
x 2x1/2 + C
3


(t a)(t b) dt =

9.

1 2
x + x1 + C
2

(t2 a)(t2 b)

dt =
t

1 3 a+b 2
t
t + abt + C
3
2


1
1
t4 (a + b)t2 + ab dt = t5 (a + b)t3 + abt + C
5
3

[t7/2 (a + b)t3/2 + abt1/2 ] dt

= 29 t9/2 25 (a + b)t5/2 + 2abt1/2 + C


12.

13.

x)(2 +


x dx =

g(x)g  (x) dx =

1
(4 x) dx = 4x x2 + C
2

1
[ g(x)]2 + C
2

1
sin2 x + C
2


d
1
15.
tan x sec2 x dx = sec x
[sec x] dx = sec2 x + C
dx
2


d
1
tan x sec2 x dx = tan x
[tan x] dx = tan2 x + C
dx
2
14.

sin x cos x dx =


16.

17.

18.

g  (x)
1
dx =
+C
2
[g(x)]
g(x)
4
dx =
(4x + 1)2

4(4x + 1)2 dx = (4x + 1)1 + C

3x2
1
+ C,
dx = 3
+ 1)2
x +1

(x3

(use Exercise 16)

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SECTION 5.6

19. f (x) =

f  (x) dx =


(2x 1) dx = x2 x + C.

Since f (3) = 4, we get 4 = 9 3 + C so that C = 2 and

f (x) = x2 x 2.


(3 4x) dx = 3x 2x2 + C,

20. f (x) =

21. f (x) =

f  (x) dx =


(ax + b) dx =

f (1) = 6 = f (x) = 2x2 + 3x + 5

1 2
ax + bx + C.
2

Since f (2) = 0, we get 0 = 2a + 2b + C so that C = 2a 2b and

f (x) = 12 ax2 + bx 2a 2b.

(ax2 + bx + c) dx =

22. f (x) =

f (0) = 0 = f (x) =

23. f (x) =

f  (x) dx =

1 3 1 2
ax + bx + cx + K,
3
2

a 3 b 2
x + x + cx
3
2


sin x dx = cos x + C.

Since f (0) = 2, we get 2 = 1 + C so that C = 3 and

f (x) = 3 cos x.


24. f (x) =

cos x dx = sin x + C,

f () = 3 = f (x) = 3 + sin x

25. First,
f  (x) =

f  (x) dx =


(6x 2) dx = 3x2 2x + C.

Since f  (0) = 1, we get 1 = 0 + C so that C = 1 and

f  (x) = 3x2 2x + 1.
Next,

f (x) =

f  (x) dx =


(3x2 2x + 1) dx = x3 x2 + x + K.

Since f (0) = 2, we get 2 = 0 + K so that K = 2 and

f (x) = x3 x2 + x + 2.


12x2 dx = 4x3 + C,

26. f (x) =

f  (0) = 1 = f  (x) = 4x3 + 1


f (x) =

(4x3 + 1) dx = x4 + x + K,

f (0) = 2 = f (x) = x4 + x + 2

257

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November 25, 2006

SECTION 5.6

27. First,

f (x) =
Since f  (1) = 0, we get 0 =

1
2

1 3 1 2
x x + C.
3
2

(x2 x) dx =

f (x) dx =

1
3



+ C so that C =

1
6

and

f  (x) = 13 x3 12 x2 + 16 .
Next,


 

f (x) =

1 3 1 2 1
x x +
3
2
6

f (x) dx =

Since f (1) = 2, we get 2 =

1
12

f (x) =

1
6

1
6

+ K so that K =

dx =
23
12

1 4 1 3 1
x x + x + K.
12
6
6

and

x4
x3
x 23
1 4

+ +
=
(x 2x3 + 2x + 23).
12
6
6 12
12

x2
x2
+ C, f  (2) = 1 = f  (x) = x
+1
2
2

x2
x2
x3
x3
x2
8
f (x) = (x
+ 1) dx =

+ x + K, f (2) = 0 = f (x) = +
+x
2
2
6
6
2
3

28. f  (x) =

(1 x) dx = x

29. First,

f (x) =



f (x) dx =

cos x dx = sin x + C.

Since f  (0) = 1, we get 1 = 0 + C so that C = 1 and

f  (x) = sin x + 1.
Next,


f (x) =

f  (x) dx =


(sin x + 1) dx = cos x + x + K.

Since f (0) = 2, we get 2 = 1 + 0 + K so that K = 3 and

f (x) = cos x + x + 3.
30. f  (x) =

f  (0) = 2 = f  (x) = cos x 1

sin x dx = cos x + C,


f (x) =

( cos x 1) dx = sin x x + K,

31. First,
f  (x) =
Then,


f (x) =

f  (x) dx =

f (x) dx =

f (0) = 1 = f (x) = 1 sin x x


(2x 3) dx = x2 3x + C.


(x2 3x + C) dx =

1 3 3 2
x x + Cx + K.
3
2

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SECTION 5.6
Since f (2) = 1, we get
1 =

(1)

8
3

6 + 2C + K;

and, from f (0) = 3, we conclude that

(2)

3 = 0 + K.

Solving (1) and (2) simultaneously, we get K = 3 and C = 13 so that

f (x) = 13 x3 32 x2 13 x + 3.

(5 4x) dx = 5x 2x2 + C,

32. f (x) =

f (x) =

(5x 2x2 + C) dx =

5 2 2 3
x x + Cx + K
2
3

5 2
5
7
2
+ C + K = 1, f (0) = K = 2 = f (x) = x3 + x2 + x 2
2 3
3
2
6



d
d
f (x) dx = f (x);
[f (x)] dx = f (x) + C
dx
dx

f (1) =
33.


34.





[f (x)g (x) g(x)f (x)] dx = [f (x)g  (x) + f  (x)g  (x) f  (x)g  (x) g(x)f  (x)] dx

 
d
d 

[f (x)g (x)]
[f (x)g(x)] dx = f (x)g  (x) g(x)f  (x) + C
=
dx
dx


35. (a) x(t) =


(6t2 6) dt = 2t3 6t + C.

v(t) dt =

Since x(0) = 2, we get 2 = 0 + C so that C = 2 and

x(t) = 2t3 6t 2. Therefore x(3) = 34.
Three seconds later the object is 34 units to the right of the origin.
 3
 3
 1
 3
2
2
(b) s =
| v(t)| dt =
| 6t 6 | dt =
(6 6t ) dt +
(6t2 6) dt
0

= [6t

2t3 ]10

+ [2t
3

6t]31

= 4 + [36 (4)] = 44.

The object traveled 44 units.


36. (a) v(t) =


a(t) dt =

(t + 2)3 dt =

1
(t + 2)4 + C,
4

1
v(0) = 3 = v(t) = (t + 2)4 1
4

 
(t + 2)4
(t + 2)5
(b) x(t) =
1 dt =
t + K,
4
20

37. (a) v(t) =


a(t) dt =

x(0) = 0 = x(t) =

(t + 1)1/2 dt = 2(t + 1)1/2 + C.

Since v(0) = 1, we get 1 = 2 + C so that C = 1 and

v(t) = 2(t + 1)1/2 1.

(t + 2)5
8
t
20
5

259

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SECTION 5.6
(b)

We know v(t) by part (a). Therefore,



4
x(t) = v(t) dt = [2(t + 1)1/2 1] dt = (t + 1)3/2 t + C.
3

Since x(0) = 0, we get 0 =

C = 43

and

4
3

0 + C so that

x(t) = 43 (t + 1)3/2 t 43 .

t2
t3
t2
t3
+ C, x(0) = 2 = x(t) =
2
2
3
2
3
856
1
x(10) =
: 285 units to the left of the origin.
3
3
 2
1  2
10
 10
 1
 10
t
t
t3
t3
(b) s =
|v(t)| dt =
t(1 t) dt +
t(1 t) dt =

2
3 0
2
3 1
0
0
1

38. (a) x(t) =

t(1 t) dt =

851
2
= 283 units.
3
3

39. (a) v0 = 60 mph = 88 feet per second. In general, v(t) = at + v0 . Here, in feet and
seconds, v(t) = 20t + 88. Thus v(t) = 0 at t = 4.4 seconds.
(b)

In general, x(t) = 12 at2 + v0 t + x0 . Here we take x0 = 0. In feet and seconds

x(t) = 10(4.4)2 + 88(4.4) = 10(4.4)2 = 193.6 ft.

Then v(t) = a dt = at + v0 .

40. Let acceleration = a.



1
1
x(t) = v(t) dt = (at + v0 ) dt = at2 + v0 t + x0 = [v(t) + 2v0 ] t + x0
2
2
[v(t)]2 = (at + v0 )2 = a2 t2 + 2av0 t + v0 2

41.

= v0 2 + a(at2 + 2v0 t)
= v0 2 + 2a( 12 at2 + v0 t)
(set x(t) = 12 at2 + v0 t + x0 )
= v0 2 + 2a [x(t) x0 ]
1
[v(t) + 2v0 ] t, so
2
v(t) v0
58.72 + (58.7)(88) 2(88)2
v(t) v0
a=
=
(v(t) + 2v0 ) =
= 13.02 ft/sec2
t
2x(t)
2(264)

42. (a) v(t) = at + v0 ,

[Note
(b) t =

and by Exercise 40

x(t) =

60 mph = 88 ft/sec, 40 mph = 58 23 ft/sec.]

2x(t)
2(264)
=
= 2.24 sec
v(t) + 2v0
58 23 + 176

(c) We dont know x(t), so we will use t =

(d) x(t) =

v(t) v0
0 88
=
= 6.8 sec
a
13.02

1
[v(t) + 2v0 ] t = (88)(6.8) = 598.4 ft
2

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SECTION 5.6

261

43. The car can accelerate to 60 mph (88 ft/sec) in 20 seconds thereby covering a distance of 880 ft. It can
decelerate from 88 ft/sec to 0 ft/sec in 4 seconds thereby covering a distance of 176 ft. At full speed,
88 ft/sec, it must cover a distance of
5280
880 176 = 1584 ft.
2
1584
This takes
= 18 seconds. The run takes at least 20 + 18 + 4 = 42 seconds.
88

sin t dt = cos t + C,

44. v(t) =

v(0) = v0 = v(t) = cos t + v0 + 1


( cos t + v0 + 1) dt = sin t + (v0 + 1)t + K,

x(t) =

45. v(t) =

x(0) = x0 = x(t) = x0 + (v0 + 1)t sin t


a(t) dt =

(2A + 6Bt) dt = 2At + 3Bt2 + C.

Since v(0) = v0 , we have v0 = 0 + C so that v(t) = 2At + 3Bt2 + v0 .



x(t) = v(t) dt = (2At + 3Bt2 + v0 ) dt = At2 + Bt3 + v0 t + K.
Since x(0) = x0 , we have x0 = 0 + K so that K = x0 and
x(t) = x0 + v0 t + At2 + Bt3 .


46. v(t) =

cos t dt = sin t + C,

v(0) = v0 = v(t) = sin t + v0


(sin t + v0 ) dt = cos t + v0 t + K,

x(t) =
47.

x (t) = t2 5,

x(0) = x0 = x(t) = x0 + 1 + v0 t cos t

y  (t) = 3t,

x(t) = 13 t3 5t + C.

y(t) = 32 t2 + K.

When t = 2, the particle is at (4, 2). Thus, x(2) = 4 and y(2) = 2.

4=

8
3

10 + C

x(t) = 13 t3 5t +

C=

34
3 .

2 =6+K

y(t) = 32 t2 4.

34
3 ,

Four seconds later the particle is at (x(6), y(6)) = ( 160

3 , 50).


t2
2t + 3
2

2
2
13
y(t) =
t dt = t3/2 + K, y(4) = 1 = y(t) = t3/2
3
3
3
 51 41 
5 seconds later, t = 9, so position is (x(9), y(9)) = 2 , 3 .

48. x(t) =

(t 2) dt =

t2
2t + C,
2

x(4) = 3 = x(t) =

49. Since v(0) = 2, we have 2 = A 0 + B so that B = 2. Therefore


x(t) =


v(t) dt =

(At + 2) dt =

1 2
At + 2t + C.
2

K = 4.

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262

November 25, 2006

SECTION 5.6
Since x(2) = x(0) 1, we have
2A + 4 + C = C 1

so that A = 52 .

1 3
At + t + C
3
1
A
x(1) x(0) = ( A + 1 + C) C = + 1 = 0 = A = 3
3
3

 1/3
 1

3
1

4 3
2
2
3 1/ 3

Distance traveled =
(1 3t ) dt +
+ t t 1/ 3 =
(3t 1) dt = t t 0
9
0
1/ 3
(At2 + 1) dt =

50. x(t) =

sin t dt = cos t + C

3
Since x(/6) = 0, we have 0 =
+C
2

51. x(t) =

(a)

v(t) dt =

so that

At t = 11/6 sec.

C=

3
2

and

x(t) =

3
2

cos t.

(b) We want to nd the smallest t0 > /6 for

which x(t0 ) = 0 and v(t0 ) > 0. We get
t0 = 13/6 seconds.


52. x(t) =

cos t dt = sin t + C,


6

= sin

1
+ C = 0 = x(t) = sin t
6
2

(a) x(t) = 0 at t = 56 sec.

(b) x(t) = 0 and v(t) > 0 = t =

13
sec.
6

53. The mean-value theorem. With obvious notation

x(1/12) x(0)
4
=
= 48.
1/12
1/12
By the mean-value theorem there exists some time t0 at which
x (t0 ) =

x(1/12) x(0)
.
1/12

54. (Taking the direction of motion as positive, speed and velocity are the same.) Let v be the speed of
the motorcycle at time 0, the time when the brakes are applied. The distance between the motorcycle
and the hay wagon t time units later is given by
1
d(t) = at2 + (v1 v)t + s
2
[v1 t + s gives the position of the hay wagon, 12 at2 + vt gives the position of the motorcycle]. Collision
can be avoided only if the quadratic
1
d(t) = at2 + (v1 v)t + s
2

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November 25, 2006

SECTION 5.7

263

remains positive. This can be true only if the discriminant of the quadratic,
B 2 4AC = (v1 v)2 + 2as = (v v1 )2 + 2as
remains negative. Observe that
(v v1 )2 + 2as < 0
55.

v  (t)
=2
[v(t)]2

d
56. ds
dx



v < v1 +

2|a|s

[v(t)]1 = 2t v0 1 .

[v(t)]1 = v0 1 2t

x2 x3 + x4

dx
x

v(t) =


x2 x3 + x4

=
;
x

ds

1
v0
.
=
v0 1 2t
1 2tv0
d
dx

x2 x3 + x4


dx =

x2 x3 + x4

+C
x


(cos x 2 sin x) dx = sin x + 2 cos x + C and so

57.

d
dx




(cos x 2 sin x) dx

d
[sin x + 2 cos x] = cos x 2 sin x;
dx

d
[cos x 2 sin x] = sin x 2 cos x and so
dx


d
[cos x 2 sin x] dx = ( sin x 2 cos x) dx = cos x 2 sin x + C
dx
58.

f (x) = x + 2 x 6

59.

f (x) = sin x + 2 cos x + 1

60.

f (x) = 3x + 2 2 cos x 3 sin x

61.

1
12

SECTION 5.7


u = 2 3x
1.
;
du = 3 dx

=

2.

u = 2x + 1


;

du = 2 dx


3.

u = 2x + 1


;

du = 2 dx

dx
=
(2 3x)2

(2 3x)
1
3

dx
1

=
2
2x + 1

4.

u = ax + b
du = a dx


;

1
dx =
3

2x + 1 dx =

ax + b =

1
a

1
2

x3 +

5
2

x2 + 4x 3

u2 du =

1 1
u +C
3

(2 3x)1 + C

du
= u + C = 2x + 1 + C
u

=


x4

1/2

(2x + 1)

1
dx =
2


u1/2 du =

1 3/2
u +C
3

1
(2x + 1)3/2 + C
3


u du =

2 3/2
2
u +C =
(ax + b)3/2 + C
3a
3a

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264

SECTION 5.7


5.

u = ax + b

6.

u = ax2 + b

3/4

(ax + b)

7.

u = 4t2 + 9

8.

u = t2 + 1

9.

u = 1 + x3

du = 3x dx

10.


x (1 + x )


u = a + bxn

11.

u = 1 + s2

12.

u = 6 5s2


13.

u = x2 + 1

14.

u = 1 x3
du = 3x dx

15.

u = x2 + 1
du = 2x

u = 1 x4
du = 4x dx
3

x2 + 1

x2
(1

du
3
3
+C =
+C
=
2
2
u
2u
2(t + 1)


1
dx =
3

u1/4 du =

1
3

;


4 1/4

2x (1 x )
3

u du =

u1/3 du =

1/2
1
x dx =
x2 + 1
2

3
5
5x x + 1
dx =
2

x3 )2/3

4 5/4
4
u +C =
(1 + x3 )5/4 + C
15
15

2 3/2
2
u +C =
(a + bxn )3/2 + C
3bn
3bn

du
1
1
= u2 + C = (1 + s2 )2 + C
3
u
4
4

2s
1

ds =
3
2
5
6 5s

dx =

1 5
1
u + C = (ax2 + b)5 + C
5
5

1
1
1
du
= u1 + C = 4t2 + 9
+C
2
u
8
8

1
xn1 a + bxn dx =
bn

du = 2x dx



;

du = 10s ds

s
1
3 ds = 2
2
(1 + s )

du = 2s ds



;

du = nbxn1 dx


3 1/4

u4 du =

t
1
dt =
8
(4t2 + 9)2

3t
3
2 dt = 2
2
(t 1)


;

du = 2t dt



2ax(ax2 + b)4 dx =

du = 8t dt



;

du = 2ax dx



1
4 7/4
u3/4 du =
u +C
dx =
a
7a
4
=
(ax + b)7/4 + C
7a


;

du = a dx

16.

November 25, 2006

2/3
3 2/3
3 
u +C =
6 5s2
+C
10
10


u1/2 du = u1/2 + C =

x2 + 1 + C

du
= u1/3 + C = (1 x3 )1/3 + C
u2/3


5
5
u3 du = u2 + C = (x2 + 1)2 + C
4
4

1
dx =
2

2
2
u1/4 du = u3/4 + C = (1 x4 )3/4 + C
3
3

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November 25, 2006

SECTION 5.7

17.

u = x1/4 + 1

du = 14 x3/4 dx


18.

u = x2 + 3x + 1

19.


20.

b3 x3
b3
dx = 4
4a
1 a4 x4


21.

xn1
1
dx =
n
bn
a + bx

u = x2 + 1

du = 2x dx



22.

4x + 6

dx = 2
2
x + 3x + 1

u1/2 du =


;


1 2
x(x + 1) dx =
(x + 1)4
8

=
0



u = r2 + 16 r = 0 u = 16
;

du = 2r dr
r = 3 u = 25

25.

du = 2y dy


y
0


;

u3 du =

1 4
1
u + C = (x2 + 1)4 + C
8
8

1
15
[16 1] =
8
8



u = 4 + 2x3 x = 1 u = 2
;

du = 6x2 dx x = 0 u = 4

u = a2 y 2

b3 1/2
b3 
u + C = 4 1 a4 x4 + C
4
2a
2a


3
1
x x2 + 1 dx =
2

the integrand is an odd function

du
= 4 u + C = 4 x2 + 3x + 1 + C
u

2
2
du
=
u+C =
a + bxn + C
bn
bn
u

23. 0;

24.

du = bnxn1 dx


2
+1
dx = 4 u2 du = 4u1 + C = 4(x1/4 + 1)1 + C

u = a + bxn

1/4

du = 4a4 x3 dx

u = 1 a4 x4

du = (2x + 3) dx


3/4

265


2
1
3x2 4 + 2x3 dx =
2
1
0

a2 y 2 dy =

1
2

r
1

dr =
2
2
r + 16

25

16


u2 du =

1 3
u
6

4
=
2

28
3

 25
du
=
u 16 = 1
u


u1/2 du = 13 u3/2 + C = 13 (a2 y 2 )3/2 + C


a
a2 y 2 dy = 13 (a2 y 2 )3/2 0 = 13 (a2 )3/2 = 13 |a|3

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266

November 25, 2006

SECTION 5.7

y 3  y = a u = 2

u=1 3 

a

26.

2

du = 3y dy  y = 0 u = 1

a3
 2
2
 0 


y3
a3 1 2
a3 2 2
a3 1
a3
y2 1 3
dy =
u du =
u du =
=
a
3 2
3 1
3 u 1
6
a

27.

u = 2x2 + 1

du = 4x dx



28.

29.


;



2
x 2x2 + 1 dx = 16 (2x2 + 1)3/2 0 =

u = 1 + x2

x3 (1 + x2 )3 dx =

2 3

x (1 + x )

30.

13
3



u = 2x2 + 1  x = 0 u = 1
;

du = 4x dx  x = 2 u = 9

du = 2x3 dx




1
x 2x2 + 1 dx =
u1/2 du 16 u3/2 + C = 16 (2x2 + 1)3/2 + C
4

1
(1 + x2 )2
4

x
1
dx =
2
2
(2x + 1)
4

1
dx =
2

2
=
1


9
1
2
u2 du =
=
4u 1
9

u3 du = 14 u2 + C = 14 (1 + x2 )2 + C

39
400

u = (x + 2)(x + 3) x = 0 u = 6

;
x = 1 u = 12
12

 12
2x + 5
1
1
1
dx
=
du
=

=
2
(x + 2)2 (x + 3)2
u
u
12
6
6

du = (2x + 5)dx

0


31.

u=x+1


;

du = dx

x x + 1 dx =

(u 1) u du =


(u3/2 u1/2 ) du

= 25 u5/2 23 u3/2 + C = 25 (x + 1)5/2 23 (x + 1)3/2 + C


32.

u=x1

du = dx


;

2x x 1 dx =
=


33.

u = 2x 1
du = dx


;

2(u + 1) u du = 2


(u3/2 + u1/2 ) du

4 5/2 4 3/2
4
4
u + u + C = (x 1)5/2 + (x 1)3/2 + C
5
3
5
3

1
x 2x 1 dx =
2
=

(u 1)
1
u du =
2
4


(u3/2 + u1/2 ) du

1 5/2 1 3/2
1
1
u + u +C =
(2x 1)5/2 + (2x 1)3/2 + C
10
6
10
6

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SECTION 5.7

34.

u = 2t + 3


;

du = 2 dt

1
t(2t + 3) dt =
2


36.

37.


(u9 3u8 ) du


1
1

dx =
dx

x x+x
x
x+1





"

u= x+1
1
x+1+C
;
dx = 2 u1/2 du = 4 u + C = 4


x
x+1
du = dx/2 x


u = x2 + 1  x = 1 u = 2
;

du = 2x dx
x=0 u=1
=

1
1
(u 3)u8 du =
2
4

1 10
1
1
1
u u9 + C =
(2t + 3)10 (2t + 3)9 + C
40
12
40
12

=
35.

1
2

6

1
x3 x2 + 1 dx =
2
1
0


(u7 u6 ) du =

1 8
1
u u7
16
14

(u 1)u6 du

1
=
2

769
255 127
+
=
16
14
112



u = x + 1  x = 0 u = 1
;

du = dx
x=1 u=2

0

x+3

dx =
x+1

u+2
du =
u

(u

1/2

+ 2u

1/2

2 3/2
) du =
u + 4u1/2
3

2
=
1

16
14
2
3
3

38. Set u = x 1. Then du = dx, x = u + 1, x2 = u2 + 2u + 1; u(2) = 1, u(5) = 4.

4

 5
 4
x2
2 5/2 4 3/2
356

dx =
(u3/2 + 2u1/2 + u1/2 ) du =
u + u + 2u1/2 =
5
3
15
x1
2
1
1

39.

u = x2 + 1
du = 2xdx
Also, 1 =


;



1
1
1
2
u du = u3/2 + C = (x2 + 1)3/2 + C.
x x + 1 dx =
2
3
3

1 2
(0 + 1) + C
3

C=

2
.
3

Thus y =

3
2
1 2
(x + 1) 2 + .
3
3



u=1+ x
1
1
1

+ C.
40.
;
dx = u2 du = + C =
1
du = dx
u
2 x(1 + x)2
1+ x
2 x
1
1
1
+ C = C = 0 Thus y =

Also,
=
3
1
+
x
1+ 4

41.

1
cos (3x + 1) dx = sin (3x + 1) + C
3


43.

csc2 x dx =

1
cot x + C


sin 2x dx =

42.

1
cos 2x + C
2


44.

sec 2x tan 2x dx =

1
sec 2x + C
2

267

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November 25, 2006

SECTION 5.7


45.

u = 3 2x

46.

47.

sin (3 2x) dx =

u = sin x

48.

u = x2


49.

50.
C

51.

1 1/2
2x

52.

53.

54.

u = 1 + sin x

55.

u = 1 + cos x


sec2 u du =

1
1
tan u + C = tan x2 + C
2
2


2 sin u du = 2 cos u + C = 2 cos x1/2 + C


;

u = sin x

sin x cos x dx =

sin2 x cos x dx =


;

u = cos x

sin x
dx =
1 + cos x

du
= 2 u + C = 2 1 + cos x + C
u

u du =

1 2
1
u +C =
sin2 x + C
2
2


u2 du =

1
cos x sin x dx =

2 3/2
u + C = 23 (1 + sin x)3/2 + C
3

u1/2 du =

1 + sin x cos x dx =

u = sin x


;

du = cos x dx


cos (3 2x) + C

1
1
u4 du = u5 + C = cos5 x + C
5
5

x1/2 sin x1/2 dx =

du = cos x dx


1
2

 

1
1
1
; csc(1 2x) cot(1 2x) dx =
csc u cot u du = csc u + C = csc(1 2x) +
2
2
2
du = 2 dx

du = cos x dx


cos u + C =

u = 1 2x

du = sin x dx



;

dx

du = cos x dx


1
2

x sec2 x2 dx =

u = x1/2
du =


;

du = 2x dx


cos4 x sin x dx =

1
2

1 3
1
u + C = sin3 x + C
3
3

u2 du =


;

du = sin x dx



sin x cos x dx =

u = cos x

12 sin u du =

du = cos x dx


du = 2 dx


1 3
1
u +C =
sin3 x + C
3
3


u2 du =

1 3
1
u +C =
cos3 x + C
3
3



 2
2
56.
1 + tan x sec x dx = sec x dx + tan2 x sec2 x dx

1
1
= tan x + u2 du = tan x + u3 + C = tan x + tan3 x + C
3
3

57.

u = sin x2
2

du = 2x cos x dx


;

1
x sin x cos x dx =
2
3


u3 du =

1 4
1
u + C = sin4 x2 + C
8
8

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SECTION 5.7


u = sin (x2 )

58.

269

;
du = 2x cos (x2 ) dx


1
1 5
1
4 2
2
x sin (x ) cos (x ) dx =
u4 du =
u +C =
sin5 (x2 ) + C
2
10
10


u = 1 + tan x

59.

du = sec x dx

u = 2 + cot 2x

60.

du = 2 csc2 2x dx


u = 1/x

61.

u = 1/x

62.

du = 1/x2 dx



;

u1/2 du = 2u1/2 + C = 2(1 + tan x)1/2 + C

csc2 2x
1
dx =
2
2 + cot 2x

cos (1/x)
dx =
x2

sin (1/x)
dx =
x2

u1/2 du = u1/2 + C = 2 + cot 2x + C


cos u du = sin u + C = sin (1/x) + C.

sin u du = cos u + C = cos (1/x) + C.

u = tan (x3 + )

63.

sec2 x
dx =
1 + tan x

du = 1/x2 dx


;
du = 3x2 sec2 (x3 + ) dx


1
1
1
2
3
2 3
u du = u2 + C = tan2 (x3 + ) + C
x tan (x + ) sec (x + ) dx =
3
6
6


64.


x sin2 x x2 sin x cos x dx =

u = sin x x cos x
du = x sin x dx


x sin x(sin x x cos x) dx


;


x sin x(sin x x cos x) dx =

1
2

1
2

u2 + C =

(sin x x cos x)2 + C

 

 0

 x = u = 0
4

;
sin x cos x dx =
u4 du = 0.

du = cos x dx x = u = 0

0
u = sin x

65.

66.

u du =

/3

/3


68.
0

/3

sec x tan x dx = [sec x]/3 = 0

cos2

1/3

67.

 
 
2
2  3 1
x sin
x dx =
cos x =
2
2
3
2 0
3

1/4

sec2 x dx =

1
1
1/3
[tan x]1/4 = ( 3 1)

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270

November 25, 2006

SECTION 5.7




x = 0 u = 1

;

du = sin x dx x = /2 u = 0
u = cos x

69.

/2


sin x cos3 x dx =

70.

x cos x2 dx =


sin2 x dx =

71.


73.

74.


u3 du =

u4
4

1
=
0

1
.
4


1
1
sin x2 0 = sin 2
2
2
1 cos 2x
1
1
dx = x sin 2x + C
2
2
4

1 + cos 2x
1
1
dx = x + sin 2x + C
2
2
4


1
1
1 + cos 10x
cos2 5x dx =
dx = x +
sin 10x + C
2
2
20


1 cos 6x
1
1
2
sin 3x dx =
dx = x
sin 6x + C
2
2
12


/2

cos2 2x dx =

/2

0
2

76.


sin2 x dx =

A=
0


78.

u3 du =

cos2 dx =

75.

77.

72.

T1: PBU

JWDD027-Salas-v1


/2

1
1
1 + cos 4x
=
dx =
x + sin 4x
2
2
8
4
0

2
1
1
x sin 2x
=
2
4
0

[cos x ( sin x)] dx = [sin x cos x]02 = 2

1/4

A=

(cos x sin x) dx =

1/4

79. A =

1
1
1/4
[sin x + cos x]0 = ( 2 1)


cos x sin x dx =
2

1/4

80.
0


0

1/4

81. A =
1/6


82. (a)

cos 2x dx =
0

(cos2 x + sin2 x) dx =

1/4

1/4

1/4

1 dx = [x]0


1
1
1/4
[sin 2x]0 =
2
2

1
4

1/4
1
(csc x sec x) dx =
( cot x tan x)

1/6
1


=
2 + cot + tan

6
6



1
1
1
2 + 3 +
(4 3 6)
=
=

3
3
2

u = sin x
du = cos x dx


;


sin x cos x dx =

u du = 12 u2 + C =

1
2

sin2 x + C

15:58

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November 25, 2006

SECTION 5.8

(b)

u = cos x

C = C +


83. (a)

u = tan x
du = sec2 x dx

(c) C  =

1
2


sec2 x tan x dx =

du = sec x tan x dx

(b)

u du = 12 u2 + C  = 12 cos2 x + C 

sin x cos x dx =

1
2

u = sec x

du = sin x dx

(c)

u du = 12 u2 + C  =

sec x tan x dx =

u du = 12 u2 + C =

1
2

1
2

sec2 x + C

tan2 x + C 

+C

84. (a) Set u = x c. Then dx = du; u(a + c) = a, u(b + c) = b.

 b+c
 b
 b
f (x c) dx =
f (u) du =
f (x) dx
a+c

(b) Set u = x/c. Then du = (1/c) dx; u(ac) = a, u(bc) = b.

 b
 b

1 bc
f (x/c) dx =
f (u) du =
f (x) dx
c ac
a
a


85. A = 4

r2 x2 dx = 4

/2

r2 r2 sin2 u (r cos u) du

/2

=4

r cos u du = 4r
0

4b
86. A =
a

a2

x2

4b
dx =
a

SECTION 5.8
 b

1. Yes;
[f (x) g(x)] dx =
a

1
1
u + sin 2u
2
4

area of circle of radius a

4


f (x) dx

(x = r sin u)

/2

4b
=
a

= r2
0

a2
4


= ab

g(x) dx > 0.
a

2. No;

take, for example, the function f (x) = x and g(x) = 0 on [ 12 , 1].

3. Yes;

otherwise we would have f (x) g(x) for all x [a, b ] and it would follow that



f (x) dx

g(x) dx.
a

4. No;

take, for example, the function f (x) = 0 and g(x) = 1 on [0, 1].

5. No;

take f (x) = 0 , g(x) = 1 on [ 0, 1 ].

271

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SECTION 5.8


|f (x)| dx

6. Yes;

f (x) dx and we are assuming that

f (x) dx >
a

g(x) dx.
a

7. No;

take, for example, any odd function on an interval of the form [c, c].

8. Yes;

if f (x) = 0 for each x [a, b], then by continuity either f (x) > 0 for all x [a, b],
or f (x) < 0 for all x [a, b]. In either case
 b
f (x) dx = 0
a


9. No;






10. Yes;

x dx = 0
b

but

|x| dx = 0.



f (x) dx = |0| = 0


11. Yes;

Uf (P )

f (x) dx = 0.
a

if f (x) = 0 for all x [a, b], then

12. No;

f (x) dx = 0, and Uf (P ) = 0 for all P.

a


Lf (P )

13. No;

f (x) dx = 0.
a

14. No;

take f (x) = x on [1.1];




15. Yes;

16.

17.

18.

d
dx

d
dx






1

1+x2

x2


f (x) dx +

d
f (t) dt =
du

x dx = 0 but

[f (x) + 1] dx =
a

d
dx

dt

2t + 5



x2 dx =

2
3

1 dx = 0 + b a = b a.

  u

d
du
du
du
=

= f (u) .
f (t) dt
f (t) dt
dx
du
dx
dx
b


=


dt
1
2
= 2 2x = .
t
x
x

1
2 (1 +

x2 )


d 
2x
1 + x2 =
2x2 + 7
+ 5 dx

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SECTION 5.8
19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

d
dx

d
dx

d
dx

d
dx

d
dx

d
dx

d
dx

d
dx

d
dx

d
dx



  x

d

f (t) dt =
f (t) dt = f (x)
dx
a



x3



dt

1 + t2


=

3x2
.
1 + x6

 2


x
sin t
sin t
2 sin(x2 )
d
sin(x2 )
(2x) =
dt =
dt =
2
t
dx 3
t
x
x

x2



273



sin(t ) dt = sin tan2 x sec2 x.

tan x



t2
x
x
1

dt
=

=
1 + t2
1+x 2 x
2(1 + x)





d
f (t) dt =
dx

x2



2x

1/x

3x


f (t) dt

f (t) dt = f (v)

dv
du
f (u) .
dx
dx


dt
1
1
1
=

(2x + 1)
4
2
2
+
x
2
x
2+ t
2+ x +x



1 + t2 dt = 2x 1 + (2x)2 (2) tan x 1 + tan2 x (sec2 x)

tan x






dt
1 d  2 1 d
2x 1
1
= 2
x
(x) = 2 =
t
x dx
x dx
x
x
x

x2 +x



= 4x 1 + 4x2 tan x sec2 x | sec x|




 
cos(2/x)
2
1
cos 6x (3) =
cos 2t dt = cos
3 cos 6x
x
x2
x2

29. Set h(x) = g(x) f (x) and apply (5.8.2) to h.

30. Suppose f (c) > 0 for some c (a, b). Then by Exercise 48, Section 2.4, there exists > 0
such that f (x) > 0 for all x (c , c + ). Also, we can choose such that (c , c + ) (a, b).

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SECTION 5.8


Then


|f (x)| dx

c+

|f (x)|dx > 0, a contradiction. The same holds if f (c) < 0 for some c.

Thus f (x) = 0 for all x (a, b). Then since f is continuous on [a, b], we must have
f (a) = f (b) = 0 , so f (x) = 0 for all x [a, b].


x3 4

x dt
=x
1+ t

x3 4

dt
,
1
+
t
2x
2x


 x3 4
3x2
dt
2

,
H  (x) = x
+1

1
+
t
1 + x3 4 1 + 2x
2x
 4

dt
20
12 2
=
H  (2) = 2
+

3
3
3
1
+
t
# 4 $% &
=0

1 x
32. H(x) =
[2t 3H  (t)] dt,
x 3

1 x
1
H  (x) = 2
[2t 3H  (t)] dt + [2x 3H  (t)] ,
x 3
x
 3
1
1
H  (3) = 2
[2t 3H  (t)] dt + [2 3 3H  (3)]
3 3
3
1
= 2 0 + 2 H  (3) = H  (3) = 1.
3

31. H(x) =

33. (a) Let u = x. Then du = dx; and u = 0 when x = 0, u = a when x = a.

 0
 0
 a
 a
f (x) dx =
f (u) du =
f (u) du =
f (x) dx
a


(b)

f (x) dx =


f (x) dx +

f (u) du +


34. (a)

f (x) dx =

f (x) dx =

f (x) dx +

f (u) du +

f (x) dx =

f (x) dx
0

u = x, du = dx
a

[f (x) + f (x)] dx
0

f (x) dx
0

In rst integral, use u = x, du = dx, u(a) = a, u(0) = 0, x = u, and note that

f (x) = f (u) = f (u) since f is odd. Then
 0
 0
 a
 a
f (x) dx =
f (u) du =
f (u) du =
f (u) du
a
a
0
0
 a
 a
 a
So
f (x) dx =
f (u) du +
f (x) dx = 0
a

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SECTION 5.9

275

(b) As above, but now f (x) = f (u) = f (u) since f is even, so

 0
 0
 a
 a
f (x) dx =
f (u) du =
f (u) du =
f (u) du,
a
a
0
0
 a
 a
hence
f (x) dx = 2
f (x) dx

35.

36.

/4

(x + sin 2x) dx = 0

since f (x) = x + sin 2x is an odd function.

t3
is an odd function, so
1 + t2


37.

/4

/3

/3


(1 + x2 cos x) dx = 2

t3
dt = 0
1 + t2

/3

(1 + x2 cos x) dx since f (x) = 1 + x2 cos x is an even function.

/3

2
0


/3
2 3
1
2
3
(1 + x2 cos x) dx = 2 x + x3 sin x
= +
3
3
81
0

38. 2x and sin x are odd, and x2 and cos 2x are even, so
 3
/4
 /4
 /4
x
3
1
(x2 2x + sin x + cos 2x) dx = 2
(x2 + cos 2x) dx = 2
=
+ sin 2x
+1
3
2
96
/4
0
0
SECTION 5.9

c
1 c
1 m 2
mc
1. A.V. =
x + bx =
+ b;
(mx + b) dx =
c 0
c 2
2
0

1
2. A.V. =
2


3. A.V. =

1
2

1
4. A.V. =
3

5. A.V. =

1
4

1
2

x3 dx = 0

x


1
2

3
.
3

since the integrand is odd;


4
1
1
1
1 3

dx =
= = ;
3
x 1
3 4
4

|x| dx =

at x =

1
6. A.V. =
16

7. A.V. =

 1
1 x3
1
x dx =
= ;
2 3 1
3
1


0

x1/3 dx = 0

|x| dx =

1
2

at x = c/2

at x = 2.

x dx =
0

(odd function);

at x = 0

 2
1 x2
= 1;
2 2 0

at x = 1

at; x = 0


2

1 2 x3
2
2x x2 dx =
x
= ;
2
3 0
3

at x = 1

1
3
3

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SECTION 5.9

1
8. A.V. =
3

9. A.V. =

1
9

1
10. A.V. =
4

11. A.V. =

3
1
3x x2 0 = 0;
3

(3 2x) dx =

9

1 2 3/2
= 2;
x
9 3
0

x dx =

at x =

2 3
at x =
.
3

sin x dx =
0

cos x dx =
0

1
13. A.V. =
ba

1
[ cos x]2
0 = 0;
2

1
[sin x]0 = 0;

3
.
2

at x = 4


2
1
8
x3
(4 x ) dx =
= ;
4x
4
3 2
3
2

1
2

1
12. A.V. =

at x =

at x =

.
2

 n+1 b
x
1
bn+1 an+1
.
x dx =
=
ba n+1 a
(n + 1)(b a)
n


14. (a) for constant f,

f (b)(b a) =

f (x) dx
a

f (b)(b a) >

(b) for increasing f,

f (x) dx
a

f (b)(b a) <

(c) for decreasing f,

f (x) dx
a

15. Average of f  on [a, b ] =



1
ba

f  (x) dx =

16. (a) True, because


(b) True, because

g dx.
a

f dx =
a

f dx +

(f + g) dx =
a

1
f (b) f (a)
[f (x)]ba =
.
ba
ba

f dx.
a

(c) False;

take f (x) = g(x) = x on [0, 1] :

(d) False;

take f (x) = x2 and g(x) = x on [0,1]:

A.V.(f /g) = A.V.(x) =

1
,
2

17. Distance from (x, y) to the origin:

 
On 0, 3 ,

1
A.V.=
3


0

A.V. (f g) =

1
,
3

(A.V.(f ))(A.V.(g)) =

A.V.(f )
1/3
2
=
= .
A.V.(g)
1/2
3


x2 + y 2 . Since y = x2 , D(x) = x2 + x4 .

3


1 1
1
7
x 1 + x2 dx =
= 7=
3.
(1 + x2 )3/2
9
3 3
3 3
0

1 1
1
= .
2 2
4

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SECTION 5.9
18. Distance from (x, y) to the origin:
On [0, 1],

1
A.V.=
10


0

x2 + y 2 . Since y = mx, D(x) =

1


x 1 + m2 dx = 12 1 + m2 x2 =
0

277

x2 + m2 x2 = |x| 1 + m2 .

1 + m2
2

19. The distance the stone has fallen after t seconds is given by s(t) = 16t2 .
The terminal velocity after x seconds is s (x) = 32x. The average velocity
s(x) s(0)
is
= 16x. Thus the terminal velocity is twice the average velocity.
x0
 
s 12 x s(0)
1
(b) For the rst 2 x seconds, aver. vel. =
= 8x.
1
2x 0
 
s(x) s 12 x
For the next 12 x seconds, aver. vel. =
= 24x.
x 12 x
(a)

Thus, for the rst 12 x seconds the average velocity is one-third of the average velocity
during the next 12 x seconds.

20. Obvious since

f (x) dx = 0

21. Suppose f (x) = 0 for all x in (a, b). Then, since f is continuous, either
f (x) > 0 on (a, b) or f (x) > 0 on (a, b).
 b
In either case,
f (x) dx = 0.
a

22.

1
(a + 2n) a

a+2n

sin x dx =
a


a+2n
1
1
1
=
cos x
(cos(a + 2n) cos a) = 0
2n

2n
a

Similarly for the average value of cos x on [a, a + 2n].



23. (a) v(t) v(0) =

a du;

v(0) = 0. Thus v(t) = at.

x(t) x(0) =

v(u) du;

x(0) = x0 . Thus x(t) =

(b) vavg =

1
t2 t1

t2

at dt =
t1

1
1 2
at
t2 t 1 2

t2

au du + x0 =
0

1 2
at + x0 .
2

t1

v(t1 ) + v(t2 )
=
2(t2 t1 )
2
at22

at21

24. Let c be the point that divides the rod into two pieces of equal mass:
 c
 L
kx dx =
kx dx = 12 kc2 = 12 kL2 12 kc2 = kc2 = 12 kL2
0

c=

2
L
2

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November 25, 2006

SECTION 5.9

 6


6
12
1

dx = 12
dx = 24 x + 1 0 = 24( 7 1)
25. (a) M =
x+1
x+1
0
0
 6
 7

12x

xM M =
u1/2 u1/2 du
dx = 12
x+1
0
1

u = x + 1, du = dx, x = u 1


7
u3/2 2u1/2 1 = 16 + 32 7;

16 + 32 7
4 7+2

=
=
24( 7 1)
3 73
= 12

xM

26.

1
6

(b) A.V.=

2

12
1
dx = [24( 7 1)] = 4( 7 1)
6
x+1


(x xM ) (x) dx =


x(x) dx xM

(x) dx = xM M xM M = 0

L
2 3/2
2
M =
k x dx = k x
= kL3/2
3
3
0
0

L
 L
 L
 
2 5/2
2
xM M =
x k x dx =
kx3/2 dx =
= kL5/2
kx
5
5
0
0
0
 2 5/2  '  2 3/2  3
xM = 5 kL
= 5L
3 kL

L
 L
1
1
M =
k (L x)2 dx = k (L x)3 = kL3
3
3
0
0

 L 

L 

xM M =
x k (L x)2 dx =
k L2 x 2Lx2 + x3 dx


27. (a)

(b)

=k
xM =


1

2 2

2L

1
4
12 kL

2
3
3 Lx

x1

x2

x(x) dx +
x0

  1 3 1
/ 3 kL = 4 L


x(x) dx + +

x1

xn

x(x) dx
xn1

= xM1 M1 + xM2 M2 + + xMn Mn

xM2

1
4
12 kL

x(x) dx
a

1
4 LM

28. xM M =

29.


1 4 L
4x 0

= 18 LM1 + xM2 M2


1
L
1
1
=
(2M M1 )
LM LM1 =
M2 4
8
8M2

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SECTION 5.9
30. By Exercise 28,
Also,

1
2
7
LM = LM1 + LM2 .
3
4
8
1
2
M1 = M, M2 = M .
3
3

xM M = xM1 M1 + xM2 M2 , so

M1 + M2 = M .

31. Let M =

279

Solving gives:

 a+L

kx dx, where a is the point of the rst cut.

a+L
kx2
k
2M kL2
Thus M =
, and
= (2aL + L2 ). Hence a =
2 a
2
2kL
a

a+L=

2M + kL2
.
2kL

32. Yes. Suppose g(x) < 0 on [a, b]. Let m be the minimum value of f and M the maximum value of f on
[a, b]. Then
m f (x) M

and mg(x) f (x)g(x) M g(x)

since

g(x) < 0.

The proof now proceeds exactly as in the proof of Theorem 5.9.3, only the inequalities are reversed.
33. If f is continuous on [a, b ], then, by Theorem 5.2.5, F satises the conditions of the mean-value
theorem of dierential calculus (Theorem 4.1.1). Therefore, by that theorem, there is at least
one number c in (a, b) for which
F  (c) =
Then


F (b) F (a)
.
ba

f (x) dx = F (b) F (a) = F  (c)(b a) = f (c)(b a).

(
34.

min of f

on [c h, c + h]

average of f
on [c h, c + h]

max of f
on [c h, c + h]

By continuity, as h 0+
(

min of f
on [c h, c + h]

f (c)

and

max of f

on [c h, c + h]

f (c).

By the pinching theorem the middle term must also tend to f (c).
35. If f and g take on the same average value on every interval [a, x], then
1
xa
Multiplication by (x a) gives

f (t) dt =
a

1
xa


f (t) dt =
a

g(t) dt.
a

g(t) dt.
a

Dierentiation with respect to x gives f (x) = g(x). This shows that, if the averages are
everywhere the same, then the functions are everywhere the same.

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November 25, 2006

SECTION 5.9
ba
,
n

36. Partition [a, b] into n subintervals of equal length

where P = {x0 , . . . , xn }

and xi is a point from [xi1 , xi ]. Then the average value of f on [a, b] is:


1
ba






1
ba
ba
lim f (x1 )
+ + f (xn )
b a ||P ||0
n
n

f (x) dx =
a


=

1
ba


lim

ba
[f (x1 ) + + f (xn )]
n

1
[f (x1 ) + + f (xn )],
n n

= lim

which is the limit of arithmetic averages of values of f on [a, b].

37. Let P = {a = x0 , x1 , x2 , . . . , xn = b} be a partition of the interval [a, b]. Then


x1

f (x) dx =

x2

f (x) dx +
x0


f (x) dx + +

x1

xn

f (x) dx
xn1

By the mean-value theorem for integrals, there exists a number xi (xi1 , xi ) such that


xi

xi1

f (x) dx = f (xi ) (xi xi1 ) = f (xi ) xi ,

Thus

i = 1, 2, . . . , n

f (x) dx = f (x1 ) x1 + f (x2 ) x2 + + f (xn ) xn


2
1 x4
7
x2
(x x + 1) dx =
=

+x
3
4
2
4
1
1
7
(b) x3 x + 1 = ; at x
= 1.263
4

1
2
1
sin x dx = [ cos x]0 =
39. (a) A.V. =
0

1
38. (a) A.V.=
3

(b) sin x =

2
= x = 0.690

12
40. (a) A.V. =
5

/6

12
12
/6
[sin 2x]/4 =
2 cos 2x dx =
5
5
/4

(b) 2 cos 2x = 1.426

at x
= 0.389

(c)


6
3
+1 =
( 3 + 2)
= 1.426
2
5

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REVIEW EXERCISES
41. (a) f (x) = 0 at a
= 3.4743 and b
= 3.4743.
(b)

50

25

3 2 1

1
ba

(c)

(x4 + 10x2 + 25) dx

= 36.0984;

solving f (c) = 36.0984 for c we get c

= 2.9545, 1.1274
42. (a) f (x) = 0 at a
= 1.8364 and b
= 1.8364.
y

(b)
8

 b
 4

1
x + x2 + 8 dx
(c)
= 6.8496;
ba a
solving f (c) = 6.8496 for c we get c
= 1.2975

REVIEW EXERCISES

1.

x3 2x + 1

dx =
x


(x3/5 3x5/3 ) dx =

2.

3.

u = 1 + t3

du = 3t dt


4.

1
2 7
4 3
(x5/2 2 x + x1/2 ) dx = x 2 x 2 + 2x 2 + C
7
3
5 8
9 8
x5 x3 + C
8
8


t2 (1 + t3 )10 dt =

(1 + 2 x)2 dx =

6.

u = x2 2
du = 2x dx


;


u10 du =

1 11
33 u

+C =

1
33 (1

+ t3 )11 + C

(1 + 4 x + 4x) dx = x + 83 x3/2 + 2x2 + C

u = t2/3 1  t2/3 12

5.
dt =
;
du = 3 dt
t1/3
1/3
3t


1
3


3
2

u2 du = 12 u3 + C = 12 (t2/3 1)3 + C



1
1
1
u1/2 du = u3/2 + C = (x2 2)3/2 + C
x x2 2 dx =
2
3
3

281

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REVIEW EXERCISES

7. Set u = 2 x. Then du = dx and x = 2 u.



 


x 2 x dx = (2 u)u1/2 du =
u3/2 2u1/2 du
=

8.

2
5

u5/2

u = 2 + 2x3

x2 (2 + 2x3 )4 dx =

u = 1 + x
9.
;
1
du = dx
x

10.

11.

u = 1 + sin x

du = cos x dx



(sec tan )2 d =

12.

sin(1/x)
dx =
x2

du = dx/x2

14.

u = x2

du = 2x dx

+C =

cos x
dx =
1 + sin x

1
3

1
30 (2

(1 +

+ 2x3 )5 + C

x) + C

sin u du = cos(1/x) + C

1
du = 2 u + C = 2 1 + sin x + C
u


(tan2 3 + cot2 3 2) d =

(sec2 3 + csc2 3 4) d

1
1
tan 3 cot 3 4 + C
3
3



3

x sin x cos x dx =

1 5
30 u

=


u4 du =


2 sec2 2 sec tan 1 d = 2 tan 2 sec + C

(tan 3 cot 3)2 d =

13.


sec2 2 sec tan + tan2 d

1
6

5

(1 + x)

dx =
2u5 du = 13 u6 + C =
x

u = 1/x

u3/2 + C = 25 (2 x)5/2 43 (2 x)3/2 + C


;

du = 6x2 dx

4
3

1
2

sin3 u cos u du =

1
8

sin4 u + C =

1
8

 2
sin4 x2 + C




1
1
1
1
1
1
sec2 x dx = tan x + C
dx =
dx
=
dx
=
2
2
1 + cos 2x
1 + 2 cos2 x 1
cos2 x
2



1
1
1 + sin 2x
16.
dx =
dx = (sec2 2x + sec 2x tan 2x) dx
1 sin 2x
1 sin 2x 1 + sin 2x
15.

=

17.

tan 2x +

1
2

sec 2x + C

u = sec x

;
du = sec x tan x dx



1 2
1 3
1
3
2
sec x tan x dx = sec x(sec x tan x) dx =
u du =
u +C =
(sec x)3 + C

3
3


18.

1
2

u = 1 + bx2
du = 2bx dx


;



a
a
a
ax 1 + bx2 dx =
u1/2 du = u3/2 + C = (1 + bx2 )3/2 + C
2b
3b
3b

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REVIEW EXERCISES
19. Set u = 1 + bx. Then du = b dx and x = 1b (u 1).


 

a
u (u 1) du = 2
u3/2 u1/2 du
b


a 2 5/2 2 3/2
2a
2a
= 2
+ C = 2 (1 + bx)5/2 2 (1 + bx)3/2 + C
u u
b 5
3
5b
3b

a
ax 1 + bx dx = 2
b

1/2


1  2
u 2u + 1
2
b

20. Set u = 1 + bx, du = b dx and x2 =



a
ax2 1 + bx dx = 3
b
a
= 3
b
=


21.

u = 1 + g 2 (x)


du = 2g(x)g (x)dx





u2 2u + 1 u1/2 du

2 7/2 4 5/2 2 3/2

u u + u
7
5
3

22. Set u = g(x). Then du = g (x) dx;


23.


(x 2x + 3) dx =
2

x dx
2

+C

2a
4a
2a
(1 + bx)7/2 3 (1 + bx)5/2 + 3 (1 + bx)3/2 + C
3
7b
5b
3b


g(x)g  (x)
1

dx =
2
2
1 + g (x)

g  (x)
dx =
g 3 (x)


1
du = u + C = 1 + g 2 (x) + C
u

2x dx +

1
1
u3 du = g 2 (x) + C = 2
+C
2
2g (x)

3 dx =

1
3

 2
 3 2
x 1 x2 1 + 3 [x]21 = 9

24. Set u = 1 + x2 . Then du = 2x dx, u(0) = 1, u(1) = 2.



x
1
dx =
2
3
(x + 1)
2

25. Set u = sin 2x. Then du = 2 cos 2x dx,



/4

26.

/8


tan2 2x + sec2 2x dx =

u3 du =


sin3 2x cos 2xdx =

0

/8

1  2 2
3
=
u
.
1
4
16

u(0) = 0, u(/4) = 1.

1
2

u3 du =

1
8

u4

1
0

1
8


/8


2 sec2 2x 1 dx = tan 2x x
=1
0
8



27. Set u = x3 + 3x 6. Then du = 3 x2 + 1 dx, u(0) = 6, u(2) = 8.

0


(x + 1)(x + 3x 6)
2

1/3

dx =

1
3

u1/3 du =

28. Set u = 1 + x1/3 . Then du = 13 x2/3 dx, u(1) = 2, u(8) = 3.

2
 8 
 3
 3
1 + x1/3
dx
=
3
u2 du = u3 = 19
2/3
2
x
1
2

1
4

u4/3

8
6

1
= 4 (6)4/3
4

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REVIEW EXERCISES


29. (a)

f (x) dx =
2

(b)

f (x) dx = 2

f (x) dx =

f (x) dx

f (x) dx

f (x) dx +

f (x) dx = 6;

(c) Mean-value theorem: there exists a c (3, 5) such that f (c) =


(d) If f (x) 0 on [2, 3], then


30.

g(x) dx =


31. A =

f (x) dx = 4.
3

f = 2 < 0.

f 0. But

1
2

[f (x) + 3] dx =



(4 x2 ) (x + 2) dx =

f (x) dx +
1

 8
3 dx = 4 + 3x
= 4 + 30 = 34

(x2 x + 2)dx =

9
2

3
2
1
2


32. A =



(4 x2 ) (2 x) dx =

(6 + x x2 ) dx =

125
6

4
2
2

4
6

33. A =

(3y y 2 ) dy =

9
2

y
4
3
2
1
2

34. A =
0


A=


x dx +

(6 x) dx;

4
2

22
(6 y y ) dy =
3
2

10

3
2
1
1

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REVIEW EXERCISES


 3
x dx +

35. A =

(2 x) dx =

1
1

A=

3
4
1

3
4

(2 y y 1/3 ] dy =


36. A =


2
4
4 (x x ) (x 1) dx



18
1 + x + 14 x2 14 x4 dx =
5
1

37.

d
dx



dt
1 + t2


=

1

285

1
1 + x2

38.

d
dx

x2

dt
1
2x
=
(2x) =
2
2
2
1+t
1 + (x )
1 + x4

39. Fix a number a. Then

d
dx

40.

41.

d
dx

d
dx



sin x


0

cos x

dt
1 t2

dt
1 t2

(

x2

dt
1 + t2

d
=
dx


a

x2

dt

1 + t2


a

dt
1 + t2

1
1
cos x =
= sec x
2
cos
x
1 sin x

1
1
( sin x) =
= csc x
2
1 cos x
sin x


=

2x
1

1 + x4
1 + x2

 

2
42. f (x) = x 1 + x = f (x) = x 1 + x2 dx = 13 (x2 + 1)3/2 + C. Since passes through (0, 1), 1 =


1
3

+ C. Therefore, C =

2
3

and y = 13 (x2 + 1)3/2 + 23 .

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REVIEW EXERCISES

43. (a) Yes, at x = 0.

(b) F  (x) =

1
> 0 = F increases on (, ).
x2 + 2x + 2

(c) F  (x) =

2(x + 1)
. The graph of F is concave up on (, 1) and concave down on (1, )
x2 + 2x + 2
y

(d)
1
4

1
2

44.

tf (t) dt = x sin x + cos x 1 xf (x) =

(a) f () = ;

1
4

45. favg =

x2 + 9

47. favg =


(x + 2 sin x) dx =

1
2

1
0

a+2

tf (t) dt =
0


2
x2 2 cos x = 4 +
;
0
2
2

f (x) dx =
0

2 
4

1
4+
= +


a+2
cos x dx = sin x
= sin(a + 2) sin a = 0
a

48.

f (x)dx

50.

49.

1
2

d
(x sin x + cos x 1) = x cos x
dx

1

favg =

4
1
1  2
x +9 =
0
4
2

f (x) dx =
0

dx =

(b) For x = 0, f (x) = cos x and f  (x) = sin x.

f () = 1

46.

d
dx

|f (x)|dx




|f (x)|dx +

f (x)dx

51.

1
2




|f (x)|dx

f (x)dx

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REVIEW EXERCISES
52. (x) = k(2a x), k > 0. for some positive number k.


a

k(2a x)dx = k 2ax 12 x2 = 32 ka2

M=


0
a

xM M =
0

kx(2a x)dx = k ax2 13 x3

1

53. (x) = k

4a

a/4

M=
0


xM M =

= 23 ka3 ;

xM =

2
3
3 ka
3
2
2 ka

4a
.
9


x for 0 x 14 a and (x) = k(x 14 a) for 14 a x a; k > 0.
1


k 4 a x dx +

a/4

kx
0

a

1


4 a x dx +

a/4



k x 14 a dx =

5
2
16 ka



41 3
ka ;
kx x 14 a dx =
192
a/4
a

xM =

41
3
192 ka
5
2
16 ka

41a
60

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