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De maneira direta, podemos apoiar a Nanocincia e Nanotecnologia sobre um
grande alicerce: o fato de que as propriedades dos materiais, da maneira pela
qual as conhecemos, so fortemente dependentes do tamanho das partculas
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deste material. Em outras palavras, todas as propriedades dos materiais (ticas,

eltricas, magnticas, de transporte, catalticas etc), da forma pela qual as
conhecemos, manifestam-se a partir de um determinado tamanho, chamado de
crtico. Quando as partculas deste material esto abaixo deste tamanho crtico, esta
propriedade se torna diferenciada. Para um mesmo material, freqentemente o
tamanho crtico diferente para cada uma das suas propriedades (por exemplo, o
tamanho crtico para propriedades ticas de um determinado nanomaterial pode ser
20 nm, enquanto que para as propriedades magnticas pode ser 80 nm). Para uma
mesma propriedade, o tamanho crtico diferente para diferentes materiais. Alm
disso, quando abaixo do tamanho crtico, as propriedades do material dependem
tambm da forma das partculas, ou seja, nanopartculas esfricas com dimetro de
5 nm tm propriedades diferentes daquelas encontradas para o mesmo material,
mas com nanopartculas na forma de basto com 5 nm de comprimento.
...
Desta forma, podemos definir nanomateriais como sendo materiais que possuem ao
menos uma dimenso na faixa de tamanho nanomtrica, abaixo do tamanho
crtico capaz de alterar alguma de suas propriedades. Em muitos dos textos
recentes sobre Nanocincia e Nanotecnologia costuma-se arbitrar valores
fronteirios para as dimenses de um nanomaterial, por exemplo, at 100 nm. Este
procedimento absolutamente equivocado. S existe um nanomaterial se existir
uma propriedade que se manifesta exclusivamente devido ao tamanho reduzido, e
esta propriedade diferente do material massivo. Da mesma forma, no basta um
material ter dimenses nanomricas para ser considerado um nanomaterial. Por
exemplo, se temos um composto contendo partculas esfricas de 200 nm, mas
todas as propriedades deste composto tm tamanhos crticos inferiores a 150 nm
(portanto este material est acima do tamanho crtico de todas as suas
propriedades), este no considerado um nanomaterial, apesar de ter partculas
em dimenses nanomtricas. Da mesma forma, a Qumica de nanomateriais
corresponde extrapolao daquilo que se entende por Qumica de Materiais, mas
com o enfoque nico e to somente voltado para os nanomateriais. O termo
nanoqumica foi cunhado com sucesso, para definir a utilizao de todo o
conhecimento, prtica e ferramentas da Qumica para preparar, caracterizar, estudar
propriedades e aplicaes de nanomateriais em diferentes tamanhos, formas,
composies, estruturas, cargas e funcionalidades, com rigoroso controle de cada
um destes parmetros.

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