| RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PRESTRESSED ROCK AND SOIL ANCHORS coeecoanaececocooceaoecccce cee & eC x c c : c pti POST-TENSIONING c INSTITUTE C cc C c © he 8 1996, By the Post-Tensioning Institute First Edition, 1980 Second Edition, 1986 Thied Edition + First Printing. 1996 Printed in the U.S.A [All nights reserved. This book oF any part thereof may rag be epretuced in any form without de written permission of the Post-Tensivsing Insite is publican nico othe us of pressions competent to ute de significance an mats of i coments and who will cept esp forthe piston ol he tera t nti “The Po Tension ste sping dese ecm kes 9 3 omens tated sent Shane wonsetes ol un. wekiannfup or safe, express spied, fro ncning, Patt nied ey anes men ani gab sean yurtnigenonse HIE POSTTENSIONING INSTITUTE SHALL NOT UL LIABLE TOK ANY DAMAGES, INCLUDING CONSEQUENTIAL DAM. AGES EOD REFUND OF THE PURCHASE PRICE OP THESE RECOMMEND ATIONS ne msinpuration by reference ot quotation of eaetal in these stone any spt sf be Sneath ok those mang auch oteence sr gusation at sall not say! the Pasi Ten such referee or action eal aie ay lai agaist he Pos. Tensoning se ps. coastSocuents, pcos eds. eases or ja deta ip nee ies, sh hose mak] C COCECGOOCEGENDOCOCOCCECE GaGe a Oo 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 CONTENTS SCOPE DEFINITIONS . SPECIFICATIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES 3.1 Specifications 3.1.1. Prescriptive Specifications 3.1.2 Performance Specitic 3.1.3 Open Specifications 32 Responsibilities MATERIALS 44 General 4.2 Prestressing Steel 4.2.1 Strand 4.22 Bar 4.23. Indented Strand 42.4 Epoxy Coated Strand 42.5 Epoxy Coated Bar 4.3 Anchorages 44 Couplers 45 Centralizers and Spacers 4.8 Corrosion Inhibiting Compound 4.7 Bondbreaker 48 Sheath 4.9 Tendon Bond Length Encapsulations 4.10 Heat Shrinkable Sleeves 4.41 Grout Tubes 4.12 Anchor Grout 4.42.1 Cement Grout 412.2 Polyester Resin Grouts . oe one oo oma ws 10 10 40 1" 12 12 12 12 13,a o o u G 5.0 CORROSION PROTECTION . oo : 18 u & 5.1 Design Aspects cee . fee 15 5.11 Service Life .... 18 = 5.1.2 Aggressivily of the Environment. 15 5.1.2.1 Soil Resistivity ..... : 15 c 5.1.22 pH Value 16 G 51.23 Chemical Properties of the Soil and Groundwater 16 c 5.1.2.4 Physical Properties of the Soil and Groundwater 17 5.1.2.5 Potential Stray Current Sources 7 “ §.1.3 Consequences of Failure . 7 v 5.1.4 Life-Cycle Costs 7 & 5.1.5. Installation Methods and Tendon Type 7 5.2 Protection Requirements 18 6.2.1. Permanent Anchors : : 18 & 5.2.2 Temporary Anchors 19 é 5.23 Protection against Stiay Currents 20 & 5.3 Selection Principles ....... 20 és 5.4 — Corrosion Protection Details bees 20 5.4.1. Anchorage Protection . .. 20 = 5.4.2 Unbonded Length Protection 22 c 6.4.3. Unbonded Length/Bond Length Transition 22 G 5.4.4 Tendon Bond Length Protection 23 “ 5.4.4.1 Grout Protected Tendons (Class Ii) 23 5.4.4.2 Polyester Resins (Class Il) 23 5.4.4.3 Encapsulated Tendons (Class |) 23 5.4.44 Epoxy (Class !) 24 ‘ 5.4.5 Coupler Protection 24 © 6.0 DESIGN te 25 6.1 Introduction sees . 28 : 6.2 Feasibility of Anchors 28 - 63 Design Objectives 25 6.4 — General Considerations 26 6.4.1 Temporary vs. Permanent Anchors 26 6.4.2. Fully Bonded vs. Unbonded Anchors 26 64.3 Restressable Anchor Systems 26 & 6.4.4 Destressable and Removable Anchor Systems... . 26 ~ 65 Site Evaluation 27 66 Anchor Capacity/Safely Factors 28POCOOOCOaAGEOEEOGCeGaocococecoaeecEecccc’¢ “ c 7.0 68 69 6.10 ett Bond Length Design 6.7.1 Rock Anchors 6.7.2. Soil Anchors 6.7.21 General Considerations 67.2.2 Cohesive Soils 67.23 Cohesionless Soils Free Stressing Length Anchor Geometry 6.9.1. Anchor Spacing in the Bond Length 69.2 Dill Hole Diameter 69.3 Overburden Depth 6.9.4 Anchor Inclination Tendon Accessories 6.10.1 Stressing Anchorage 6.10.2 Encapsulation 6.10.3 Spacers and Centraiizers Resin Anchors CONSTRUCTION 7A 72 73 74 75 78 17 General Fabrication 7.2.1. Storage and Handling 7.2.2 Fabrication Drilling 7.3.1. Open Hole Drilling 7.32 Cased Holes 7.3.3 Hollow Stem Augers 7.3.4 Combination Methods 7.35 Hole Alignment and Tolerances 7.38 Hole Cleaning and Overdrilling Waterproofing Rock Anchor Drill Holes Tendon Insertion Grouting 7.8.1. Grouting Equipment 7.6.2 Initial Grouting 7.8.2.1 Open Holes 7.622 Cased Holes 7.6.3 Post-Grouting 7.64 Grouting Permeable Ground Installation of Anchorage 29 29 30 30 31 32 34 34 a4 35 35 35 38 35 36 36 36 38 38 38 38 39 39 40 40 4t 42 42 43 43 44 45 45 45 46 48 48 47 a7c 8.0 STRESSING, LOAD TESTING AND ACCEPTANCE ........ 48 C 81 — General : ws . 48 82 Equipment we 48 v 8.2.1 Requirements for Equipment 48 c 8.2.2 Equipment Set Up 49 G c 83 Testing cece 50 , 83.1 reproduction Tests bec eete reese eens 50 e 83.2 Performance Tests vente : : - 50 c 83.3 Proof Tests 0... eee eee ees 54 & 8.3.4 Supplementary Extended Creep Tests 56 S 84 — Lock-Off Procedure : : 87 ~ 85 Initial Lif-OMf Reading feet eceees 87 x 88 — Acceptance Criteria cee 58 c 86.1 Creep 58 S 8.62 Movement veeeeeee : 59 < 8.6.2.1 Residual Movement .. 59 o 8.6.2.2 Minimum Apparent Free Length 59 8.6.2.3 Maximum Apparent Free Length we 59 v 8.6.2.4 Acceplability Based on Total Movements 60 a 8.6.3. Lift-Off Reading . sees 60 SS 8.7 Procedures in the Event of Failure During Testing . . 60 oO 8.8 Monitoring Service Behavior . . : 61 G & 9.0 SUBMITTALS AND RECORDS - 64 © 9.1 General 64 : 9.2 Preconstiuction Submitials .... 64 L 9.3 Final Records 64 é 10.0 APPENDIX . 66 . 10.1 Appendix A — Prestressing Strand Bond Capacity Test ..... 66 . 11.0 REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 68 11.1 Reference Standards 68 - ASTM Standards... . . 68 - AASHTO Standards 68 AWWA Standard : : : : 68 11.2 Selected Bibtiography : bee 69 vi aPTI PRESTRESSED ROCK AND SOIL ANCHOR COMMITTEE Chairman Heinz Nierlich DYWIDAG SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL, USA, INC. = Donald A. Bruce* & Nicholson Construction Company RS P.0. Box 98 EL Bridgevile, PA 15017 Richard S. Cheney Federal Highway Administration v 400 Seventh St. S.W. - HNG31 Washington, DC 20590 John E. Eckart <_ Spearin, Preston & Burrows, Inc. 446 West 34th Street New York, NY 10001 William R. Fiedler U.S, Bureau of Reclamation ‘Technical Service Center P. 0. Box 25007 Code D-8130 Denver, Co 80225 Robert P. McCrossen Florida Wire & Cable, Inc. 825 North Lane Avenue Jacksonville, FL 32254 ECO Geosystons Venetia, PR 15387 107 Beaver Brook Road Lincoln Park, NJ 07035 Gleny Marshall Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 3125 Presidential Parkway, Suite 300 Atlanta, GA 30340 Gerard J. McGuire Post-Tensioning Institute 1717 W. Northern Avenue, Suite 114 Phoenix, AZ 85021 Ronald W. Steele Steele Foundations, Inc 3299 K Street, N.W., Suite 601 Washington, DC 20007 George Tamaro Mueser, Rutledge Consulting Engineers 708 3rd Avenue New York, NY 10017 David E. Weatherby Schnabel Foundation Co 45240 Business Ct, Suite 250 Sterling, VA 20166 viiPTI PRESTRESSED ROCK AND SOIL ANCHOR COMMITTEE Corresponding Members: Bruce Brand Dale Munger Federal Energy Regulatory clo CENDPD-PE-GT Commission P.O. Box 2870 825 N. Capitol St., N.E., Portland, OR 97208-2870 Suite 1111 (810-1st Street) Washington, DC 20426 Jim L. Williams Williams Form Engineering Corp. P.O. Box 7389 Jerry L. Foster 1501 Madison Avenue, S.E. US. Army Corps of Engineers Grand Rapids, Ml 49510 20 Massachusetts Avenue Washington, DC 20314 Attn: CECW-ED Reviewed and Endorsed By: ADSC Anchored Earth Retention Committee Ronald Chapman/Chairman cio ADSC: The Int'l Association of Foundation Drilling P.O, Box 280379 Dallas, TX 75228 (214) 343-2091 Fax: (214) 343-2384 villmn TT RECOMMENDATIONS 1.0 SCOPE These Recommendations have been prepared to provide guidance in the application of permanent and lemporary prestressed rock and soil anchors utilizing high strengih prestressing steel, They represent the current state ot practice and provide practical guidance for design, installation and testing of grout anchored prestressed 10ck and soil anchors, but are nat neressarily applic other anchor systems, The values stated in either Si units or imperial units are ta be regarded as standard, Within the text, the imperial units are shawn in bre The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the othe ‘These Recommendations were prepared by the PTI Commitize for Prestressed Rock and Soil Anchors with input and review by the ADSC Commitige on Anchored Earth Retention COMMENTARY Phese Recummmendiaions dy not deat with: the lesigh of anchored stuctures in general. hut are Tinted to consideritions specific to the prestressed These Recommendations contain major technical Misions and supersede the 1986 Euitien. ‘The riiter publication's sepaation inte rack, resin x soil atiehors has bee elinunated. ASTM ecitications nud performance requirements have beet aakded tthe chapter “Materials”, Specific guidance lor selecting the Iype ot corrosion pesivction is auldressed mn the chapter “Corrosion Prowetion”. New weherl considerubons tor the de ised guide values for sit in ck ant soil apps Design™ New guidance for testing and estimating the bout le Suressin planes of anchors t given in the © Sonad Testing and Acceptance2 es cee Admixture: ce Alignment Load (AL): Anchor: Anchor Head: Anchor Nut Anchorage: Anchorage Cover: Anchorage Grout: Apparent Free Tendon Length: 2.0 DEFINITIONS Substance added to the grout to either contro! bleed and/or shrink- age, improve tlowabilty, reduce water content or retard setting time. A nominal minimum load applied to an anchor during testing to keep the testing equipment cor rectly positioned. A system, used to transfer tensile ‘aads to the ground (soil oF rock) which includes the. prestressing slecl, anchorage, cortosion pro: tection, sheathings, spacers, cen: ttalizers and grout Note: Intemational Standards offen use the term “Anchorage The means by which the pre- siressing force is peunanently ansmitied from the prestressing steel fo the bearing piate (wedges and wedge plate for strand ten dons or anchor nut cons.) The threaded device that trans- ters the prestressing force in a bar to a beating plale The combined system of anchor head, bearing plate. trumpet and corrosion protection that is capa: ble of transmitting the prestress- ing force {rom the presi steel to the surtace of the gr or the supported structure. A cover to protect the anchorage from corrosion and physical dam: age. See Pamary Grout The length of tendon which is apparently not bonded to the su rounding grout or ground. as cal culated from the elastic load extension data during testing Bearing A steel plate under the anchor Plate: head that distributes the pre- stressing force to the anchored structure Bond The length of the tendon that Length: 's bonded to the primary grout and capable of transmitting the applied tensile load to the sur- rounding soil or rock Bondbreaker: A sleeve placed aver the anchor tendon in ils tree stressing length to ensure unebstructured elongation of the tendon during stressing Centralize: A device 10 support and position’ the tendon in the drill hole so that a minimum grost cover is provided: Coarse Soils Grained ith more than 50 percent by weight, of the matenal larger Soils: than the No. 209 sieve size Cohesive Soils that exhibit plasticity Soils: Atterberg limits are commonly used to determine p asticity and batter define @ soil as cohesive o* non-cohesive. Consolidation Portland Grout: ant gout that is injected into the hole, prior to inserting the tendon, 10 either reduce the permeadilty of the rock surrounding the hole or otherwise improve the ground aditions. Contractor: The personifirm responsible for performing the anchor work Corrosion Material used to protect against Inhibiting corrosion and/or fubricate the Compound: prestressing sieel Coupler; The means by which the pre- stressing force can be transmit- ted from one pantiaklength of a prestressing tendon to another {mainly for bars.)© e Ce c Creep The movement that ur (Movement: — during the creep test of an C anchor under a constant loa - Creep test: A test to dotermine the & movement of an anchor ata ‘ constant load Design Load Anticipated final maximum (Db: effective load in the anchor alter allowance for time: dapendent losses or gains The design load includes ~ appropriate load tac! ensure that the overall struc: ture has adequate capacity for its intended use \ Detensionable An anchor head that is Anchor Head: epoxy | 3. EPOXY FOR | FULLY BONDED ANCHORS ttaumper | 1. GREASE-FILLED GROUT 2. COVER IF SHEATH, OF PROTECTED ExPoseD —_| 2. HEAT SHRINK Gout TENDON SLEEVE Table 5.1. Corrosion Protection Requirements 18 95aRECOMMENDATIONS COMMENTARY aryweer (Corrosion Inmbiter or Grout Filled) ANCHORAGE (Cover Reauiees it Exposeo) ‘CORROSION muBITOR FLL GROUT-FILLEO SHEATH ENCAPSULATION (Grout Filles) Figure 5.1. Class | Protection - Encapsulated Anchor ‘Grovt Filled) ANCHORAGE, (Cover Requires for Eapores, Permanent anchors) f CORROSION INHIBITOR FILLED HEAT SHRINK SLEEVE Figure 5.2 Class Il Protection - Grout Protected Anchor 5.2.2 Temporary Anchors Most temporary anchors will not require anchorage or prestressing steel corrosion Protection. In agaressive environments or when exceeding A protective cover may not be required for the 24 month service life, a Class I! protection temporary anchors, shall be required as a minimum, 19eee crece Dl RECOMMENDATIONS 5.2.3. Protection against Stray Currents In the case when direct stray currents have been determined to be present, the anchor tendon shail be electrically isolated. An electrically isolating plastic sheath in the tree and the bond length, with all joints sealed by heat shrink sleeves, will interrupt stray current Corrosion celis that potentially could deveiap on the prestressing steel, The electric isolation shall be tested after installation of the anchor tendon, but before grouting. Tendons that are not acceptable need to be removed, resealed, reinstalled and retested 5.3. Selection Principies The class of corrosion protection system tor a project shall be selected using the principles outlined in Figure 5.3, 5.4 Corrosion Protection Details 5.4.1 Anchorage Protection The corrosion protection of the tendon in the vicinity of the anchorage shall be carefully designed and buill for a proper protection in this, most oritical zone. All stressing anchorages permanently exposed to the atmosphere shall be covered with acorrosion inhibiting compound-filled or grout filled cover (see Section 4.3). For restressable anchorages, a corrosion inhibiting compound must be used. 20 COMMENTARY Electrical isolation of the anchor xl trunpet of sLanchor tendon is difficult to achiese and is not necessary. as Long as the free length and the bond iength of the tendon are electrically isotated from the ground. Electric isolation cesults ina significant increase in cost of both anchor material and installation, The draft European Standard (Ref, 28) describes the test where the positive pole is connected 16 the anchor and the segative pole of the a circuit is connected ws The electri resistance between tendon and ground shall be (11 Meg Ohm. An undamaged plastic sheath hus a resistance of > 1010 Mega Ohm Inappropriate test methods. resul nial factors We With testing in the United States is limited ud 10 erroneous Emaranmne ay also skew resus. Pr espe electrig isstation G ge components is not recommended. The protection will cease once the zine has b ficeu. Ivunizing of the prestessing steel or anchor Inpresed current oF sacrificial anode cathodic protection methods are not recommended for proeetiy ns, because of concerns for ydragen embritticaiemt and Tack of long: reliabsity anchor tend Most anchor cusrosion faibires have occurred en Juprotected tendons near the anchorage, Tt is important to properly detail this region under the Weak grout from bleeding will allow jessive elements to attack the presiressi if proper protection is not provided, eel Expansive admisiores or multi necessary lo ensure that the anchor conapletly filled with wutings arei : | i alice ormerememar nr nseemeamntansoascherens ae cces Coo c RECOMMENDATIONS SERVICE LIFE Figure 5.3 Stressing anchorages encased in concrete at least S0mm (2 in) thick do not require a cover The trumpet shalt be sealed to the bearing plate and shall overlap the unbonded length corrosion protection by at least 100mm (4 in). The trum- Pet shall be long enough to accommodaie Movements of the structure and the tendon during testing and stressing On strand tendons, the trumpet shall be long ®nough to enable the tendon to make a transition from the diameter of the tendon along the unbonded length to the diameter of the ‘endon at the wedge plate without damaging the encapsulation. The trumpet shali be completely filled with a Corrosion inhibiting compound or grout Restressable anchorages must use corrosion innioiting compounds, Compounds may be PERMANENT a COMMENTARY a ont) acoressi CONSEQUENCES ‘OF FAILURE | ersenae cas PRoTEC On rss INCREMENTALIN PLACE costs penfecrion Corrosion Protection Decision Tree The trumpet provides the continuity between the anchorage corrosion protection and the unbended Ie Special corrosion inhibiting waves have been’ developed for filling trumpets, but n in order to be placed. These was semi solid at low tgmperatures and they may: notRECOMMENDATIONS placed any time during construction, Grout must be placed aller the anchor has been tested and stressed to the lock-off load, Compound-lilled trumpets shall have a permanent seal between the trumpet and the unbonded length corrosion protection Trumpels filled with grout shall have either a temporary seal between the trumpet and the unbonded length corrosion protection of the trumpet shall fit tightly over the unbonded length corrosion protection for a minimum of 0.3m (1). 5.4.2 Unbonded Length Protection Corrosion protection of the unbonded length shall be provided by a sheath filed with a corrosion inhibiting compound or grout, or a heat shrinkable tube internally coated with a mastic compound. The corrosion inhibiting compound shall completely coat the tendon elements, fil the void between them and the sheath and fil the interstices between the wires of 7-wire strands. Provisions shail be made 10 retain the compound within the sheath The corrosion protective sheath surrounding the unbonded iength of the tendon shall be long ‘enough to extend into te trumpet, but shall not come into contact with the stressing anchorage during testing, For pregrouted encapsulations, a separate bond breaker shall be provided to prevent the tendon from bonding to the grout surrounding the unbonded length. Fusion bonded epoxy can provide an additional layer of protection to the prestressing steel. 5.4.3 Unbonded LengthyBond Length Transition The transition between the corrosion protection for the bonded and unbonded lengths shall be designed and fabricated to ensure continuous protection from corrosive attack COMMENTARY require a watertight seal tw prevent leak Experience indicates that it is very difficult to an effective seal in the field, When a compout are must he tive seal has. been tis used taken to ensure that ane! installed at each trumpet The seal on grout-filled trumpets is only required tw function until the grout sets, Expansive admistures or multi-groutings may be quired 10 ensure that the trumpet is completely filled with grout. The unbonded lengit of tendon permanent anchor wed ty be in aggressive ground Experience shows that the area must vulnerable corrosion, next to the one near the anchorage, isthe vnibonded length The corsion proieetion along the tendon bond fength may differ fcom the protection applied to the unbonded length, 22pc RECOMMENDATIONS COMMENTARY The cole joint berween the wo grouting sages of fully ornfed anchors may inerease the risk ot & jcostision in tts ate \ 84.4 Tendon Bond Length Protection ~ 8.4.4.1 Grout Protected Tendons (Class II) Cement grout can be used to protect the tendon Waterproofing ck anchor drill holes (see Seetinn bond length in non-aggressive ground when the 4) will enhance dhe conwsion protection by installation methods ensure that the grout will enwuring dt the grout suroundine the tendon "remain fully around the tendon. The grout shalt bond length will not escape, overlap the sheathing of the unbonded length by al feast 0.3m (1 tt . Centralizers or grouting techniques shall ensure @ minimum of 12mm (0.5 in} of grout cover over the tencon bond length (see Section 4.5) 5.4.4.2 Polyester Resins (Class II) be used to protect the the tevin proteets the tenden by Lorminy a harrier tendon length in non-aggressive rock ur des not passivate the steel im fashin sinilar when the installation method ensures that the ww pwrtland cement grout. In the vicinity of the resin will completely encapsulate the anchorage or in tructured rock, complete prestressing steel encapsultion of the tendon with resin may be dithicult. No corrosion protection is provided A separate encapsulation shall be provided if where the resin is not present the resin cannot fully protect the tendon or when the anchor has to remain restressable 5.4.4.3 Encapsulated Tendons (Class 1) Encapsulations are used to provide an Expansive aubnixtunes may be ued inyide the additional and controllable layer of corrosion encapatilation if the tendon is growled prior to Protection over the tendon bond length installation in aggressive ground or where the } Aggressivity of the ground is unknown. A grout filed, corrugated plastic encapsulation Or a grout filied, deformed steel tube are used (see Section 4.9). The prestressing steel can be grouted inside the encapsulation prior to inserting the tendon into the drill hole or after the tendon has been placed. Centralizers or grouting techniques shall ensure @ minimum of 12mm (0.5 in) of grout cover over the encapsulation (see Section 4.5) 23 >RECOMMENDATIONS 5.4.4.4 Epoxy (Class |) \ Fusion-bonded epoxy has been used to provide a layer of protection for the steel tendon, additional 10 cement grout. 5.4.5 Coupler Protection On encapsulated bar tendons (Class 1), the coupler and any exposed bar section next to it shall be covered with a corrosion proof compound of wax impregnated cloth tape. The coupler area shall be covered by a sm plastic tube complying with the requirements set forth in Section 4.8, overlapping the sheathed tendon by al leas! 25mm (1 in), two joints shrink sleeve of at ieast 150mm approved equal. The corrosion shall compl tube The be sealed each by a coated heat ‘oof compound the space inside the cover tly 1 24 COMMENTARY Epoxy coatings for bar and. steam are ASTM ATIS for bs ness of 0.18 ta 0.30mi 17 40 12 mils ind allows an average of 3 holidays per linn holiday per fin.tiy of bar, while A882 fur strand specifies a falna thickness of 0.0440 LFanine (25 45 mils) and allows only 2 holidays per 30 lin. 10 Fin fv not equivalent ting th specifies Removal of the epoxy at the saichorage mot only Voids the corosion protection i provides there. ba re strand Isee Section When locate! in thy fee stressin: tuhe must he tong enough voupler mosement darn: length. the cover ommnate the indec RECOMMENDATIONS 6.0 DESIGN 6.1. Introduction This chapter focuses on the design of anchors and not on the design of anchored structures The overall stability of an anchored structure should be determined by an experienced engineer. This analysis must consider the system's factor of salely. anchor spacing minimum free length, the ability of the anchored structure to withstand the applied anchor loads soll profile, soil strength, ‘ater conditions, the geometry of the structure or site and the consequ! failure of an anchor. es of the 6.2 Feasibility of Anchors Prior to designing anchors, a determination should be made if anchors are Consideration hould = be = given to: underground obstructions, utilities. the ressivity of the ground and the groundwater the condition and properties of the rack or soil in the bond zone. access to the site, potential Gamage to the structure being anchored, stray electrical currents, right of way and easement limitations, and attects on adjacent structures. feasible 6.3 Design Objectives The design objective for anchors shail be to design safe, economical systems that meet the acceptance criteria (see Chapter 8} during inttial tensioning and that perform satisfactorily at the design load through the lite of the project In the design of anchors. consideratin must be iven to the specific site conditions, corrosion Protection. construction methods and equipment 25 COMMENTARY In most mstances, project designs may consider either a Large number of kaw capacity sinehors or a smaller muster of tugh capacity anchors. The final choive should take mt considerating the design ecnmomies of the eweratl steuctne, as well as constructabilty Anchors located in highly fractured tock er rock: containing urge vents may requline spect tl devil: und grouting techni tes The howd carmying capacity of anchor may. be imited by smb vith Standard Penenetion Test (SPT) values less than HV iter caleesionlss soils or with a liquidity index greater thor 0.2 Lia Location of the bond length of anchors landfills on weak 0 recommended. icin A unique aspeet 0} ichors, compared wot sth structural el nients the loud carrying I. anchor is verified by laud testin tallution aud privr capacity of & after Construction methods and equipment can hive a significant impaet on the loud arying capacity of For corrosion protection reguirements, anchors. see ChiRECOMMENDATIONS 6.4 General Considerations 6.4.1 Temporary vs. Permanent Anchors The design of temporary and permanent anchors differs primarily in the approach to corrosion protection. Temporary anchors will generally require less extensive corrosion protection than will permanent anchor systems 6.4.2. Fully Bonded vs. Unbonded Anchors The tree length of an anchor can either be bonded or unbonded to the surrounding grout Generally, the free length should remain unbonded alter stressing, except to satisly specific structural requirements. 6.4.3. Restressable Anchor Systems In order for anchors to be restressable, the tree lengtn of the anchor musi not be bonded to surrounding grout. If a restressable system is desired, provisions shall be made at the anchor head to allow tor restressing Wedges shall not be allowed to release and regrip the strand during load adjustments. 6.4.4 Destressable and Removable Anchor Systems After an anchor has fulliled its purpose, special conditions may require its destressing or even removal. Destressing may be accomplished by use of a wedge plate that allows distressing unthreading of the nut on a bar tendon, or by the controlied application of heal to the prestressing steel When removal of the anchor tendon is absolutely necessary, only the free stressing 26 RR eee erent © COMMENTARY Permanent au diameter because of requirements chors often requite a larger drill hole As compared to temporary added anchors, protection Fuily bonded anchors require that routing be accomplished in two stages + the fist fo grout the bond zone and the scevnd to grout the free iength after the anchor has been stressed and tested Generally, anchor leads. sh adjusted during their s need 1 be systems may be required when a partion of the lock-olf load may be Tost ned due to movement of the ground ander the sarueture, adjust Load jet of strand anchors: is typically accomplished by: lift the anchor hed and installing er remaving shitns. Another option is te provide a ring nut around the anchor head whieh allows the position of the anchor head 1 be ufjusted. The toad in bar tendons is adjusted hy he anchor nut Removal of the free st wth of an anchor tendon is difficult and-expensive and justified only in can be The most tremely rare eases solution is the use o! practiea Tendons, a coupler in bar uithongh proprietary selutions exist for siruiid tendons,RECOMMENDATIONS, length can be removed for sirand tendons and, with certain provisions, also the bond lena bar tendons for 6.5 Site Evaluation Prior to design, a geologic study andicr soil investigation shall be performed. This study shall include an evaluation of the site geology and an interpretation of the rock borings. andor soll The geologic investigation of the site shall determine the nature of the block of ground that is influenced by, or that influences installation and behavior of anchors. For rock anchors. core driling 10 explore the rock quality is a minimum requitement As a minimum for soil anchors, standard Penetration tests and sampling shall be Performed at 1.5m (5 ft) intervals within each’ boring and at changes in the soil profiles. 27 COMME ‘TARY Boreboles should be w identity to the design of the Boreholes should be located at the site geologic profile and those stra assessment af overall stability and th anchors, extremities so that e strata profile can be interpolated rather thay extrapolated from the borehole information. The depth of boreholes: should be chosen (w allow exploration «f the bond zone and at least | .Sm (5 fi) beyond to 2nsur a known geologic formation is proved tunderlying stratum will affect the des that nl that no. ‘The following data are most useful for the de of a rock anchor: + classification (geometry and charscieristics of discontinuities, results) + ruck quality designation and recovery unconfined compressive strengtl of intact rack ~ shear strength and deformability of rock mass ~ unit weight = permeability gressivity of rock and ground water determination if stray curtents are pi ‘Typical spacing for rack borings is in the ran 30 to 60m (100 t© 200 fy depending on the uniformity of the ground. of weathering indey test sent The following data are most useful for the design of a soil anchor ~ boring logs including standard peneteation resistance ~ classification (gradation, moisture content Auterberg limits, liquidity index) ~ shear strength and compressibility = unit weight and relative density = permeability ~ aggressivity of soil and ground water = determination if stray currents are present (O~-0nrerESRECOMMENDATIONS The soil sample and rock cores shall be preserved and made avaliable for inspection by the designer and the contractor Static and artesian water levels shall measured and recorded, be Easements required for the installation of anchors shall be obtained prior to commencement of the work. Critical structures and ullties shall be located and identiied 6.6 Anchor Capacity/Safety Factors The design load for the anchor is the maximum anticipated load to be resisted by the anchor during its service life. During design of the anchor itself. potential failure mechanisms shal be identified and evaluated A separate salety factor shall be chosen for each potential failure mechanism, The factor is defined as the ratio of the ultimate load holding capacity (or estimated failure load) to the design load. The salety factors shall be chosen considering the accuracy with which the relevant characteristies are known and whether the system is temporary or permanent. The safety factor on the tendon at the design load shall not be less than 1.67. Therelore, tendons must be designed so that the design toad is not more than 60% of the specified minimum tensil strength of the prestressing steel, The lock-off load for tendons shall be chosen based on anticipated time or activity dependent load changes, but shall nat exceed 70° of the specified tensile strength of the prestressing steel, The maximum test load shall not exceed 80% of the specified minimum tensile strength of the prestressing steel The accuracy with which the rest of the failure Mechanism can be quantilied varies for each project. For this reason, specific safety factors for these failure mechanisms do not exist 28 a ay COMMEN’ ARY spical spacing for the soil borings is in the ran 015 t0 30m 186 16 100 414 Wad is deter Standard desis include an appropriate load fotos uncertainty and risk associated with Jovad Factors melded in the desi so that they duplicated procedures which ccoinsilerin, we work. The Toads should be crstoc d and mot are clearly un the ehgineer should not compound Sabows Factors ob safety uurchored struct known and do Hactr is applied toe Properties of whien wre best ed Failure is possible within the ground mass al the grautitendon and/or the gvouvencapsulation in within the steel tende For guide purposes, in cases where pullout tests have heen performed. 20 should he applied te the Acndon imterfuee. For a nunimuns safety Fector of pundisrout and called in rrrRECOMMENDATIONS The designer is required to use his judgement in assessing the available information and choosing appropriate safety factors. In varticular, strand to grout bond shall be evaluated by strand bond tests for each strand manufacturer 87 Bond Length Design The design guidelines for estimating the load transfer capacity in the bond length are based on field experience and on full scale tests of anchors, 6.7.1 Rock Anchors The bend lengt coliowing equation Nn be estimated by the Where: be = bond length P= design toad for the anchor mh 5318 d= diameter of the drill hole Ts = Working butid stiess along the interface between rack and grout The average ultimate bond stress depends upon the 1. Shear strength of the rock 2. Discontinuities in the rock mass, including the spacing and orientation of bedding planes, joints and fractures, 29 COMMENTARY ground Table to creep, the safety fitctor for the jground interface may need bbe mnereased to ledge average Working stresses and so Keep long term losses vwithiet tolerae limits Strand thom diferent anunutseturers: has shown very different hond properties. Strand passing the bond capaciiy test eseribed in Chapter 10. is expected to have addeysate bone capacity The bond length normally is not less than 4.3m LS I for ASTM AS16 strand and 3a et bos ASTM A722 Type Il bars. Mos, bor! lent th Tess than Hen BS 11 competent rock, te bond Stresses are conteentrased al the tp of the ured zone and ate not unitornly distributed alang the bond lengdt, Bond le nny 38 thy may not be necessary in competent ek and ae greater tha aot effective, unless special provisions are ‘aken te ensure truasfer af load to the boom of the bond For normal applications, the bond betwen the tendon and the primary grout is mot critical provided that the steel surfuce, especially lor strand, is not contaminated by lubricates soil The deill hole diameter is a funetion of the tendon diameter, as well as drilling ‘equipment methods and When selecting the working bond stress the neer should consider the critical nature of the nchor application. variations in the rock properties, and the installation procedurss. The working bond stress used to determine the bond tor less oF the imate bond stress, The ultimate bond stress beoween the rock and the i ———— ——EEEEE| RECOMMENDATIONS 3. Minerals in the rock which may ‘lubricate’ the bond zone or reduce the grout strength, 4. Method of drilling and cleaning the drill hole 5. Drill hole diameter 6. Strength of the grout 7. Grouting procedure The typical values shown in Table 6,1 are not intended for final design. Working bond stresses shall be established on a project-by-project basis after review of geologic data, rock cores and previous experience. Each tock anchor shall be tested in order to verify the load carrying capacity of the anchor and ta preload the tendon (see Chapter 8). For anchors in weak or weathered rock masses, pressure grouting techniques may be used to successfully enhance grout to rack bond values 6.7.2 Soil Anchors 6.7.2.1 General Considerations The existing theoretical and empirical methods for predicting anchor capacity should only be used for preliminary design estimate purposes. The final anchor capacity shall be verified by field testing each anchor. Actual bond length dimensions for specific design loads are based on installation techniques and should be determined by the specially anchor contractor 30 COMMENTARY anchor grout can he approximated by using value of 10% uf the unconfined compressive Ih of the rock, up to a maximum value of 3.1 ROCK AVERAGE ULTIMATE BOND. STRESS-ROCK/GROUT MPa PSL Granite & Basalt LT = 31 380-450 Dolomiti Limestone 14 2.1 200 - 300 Soft Limestone 10-143 Slates & Hard Shales 08 - 14 120-2) Soft Shakes 02-08 1 Sandstones OS 217 1m 38H Weathered Samdstones 07 0.8 100120 Chalk f uw 30-158 Weathered Ma HIS-G25 38. aS Concrete 14-28 300 4M Table 6.1 ‘Typical Average Ultimate Rond Stresses-Roek/Grout Normatly, the bond Je range of 6-[2m (20-4 tha h for soil anchors is an the Bond lengths: greater 15m (S0 fe) in soil may not he necessary and aire not effective unless provisions are taken t© alloxe transfer of the load th the bottoms ofRECOMMENDATIONS ‘The bond length is dependent on the following variables: 1. Method of driling and cleaning of the drill hole Soil properties : a) Permeability . b) Density ©) Angle of internal friction o 4d} Shear strength e} Degree of consolidation 1) Changes of soil properties within the bond zone 3. Overburden pressure Hole diameter or designed variations in hole diamete: 5. Grout pressure and grout take 6. Number of postgrouting cycles Minimum bond lengths of 4.5m (15 ft) are recommended for all types of soil. In general cohesive sails wil require longer band lengths than nen-cchesive soi, 6.7.2.2 Cohesive Soils A. Gravity Grouted Anchors (Straight Shaft) The bond length can be estimated by the following equation P ea Tw Where Ly = bond length P= design load for the anchor R aaa d= diameter of the drill hole working bond stress along the interface between soil and grout Soil anchors in soft to medium cohesive soils (standard penetration resistance less than 8 blows per 0.3m (B blows per ft)) require long-term creep tests a cummumuaasamenaenaeend 31 COMMENTARY The bond zone consists uf a constant diameter dill hole which may be cased OF 4 the stability of the hole weaved depending on Underreanied anchors have been used in the past but, for commercial and technical reasons, are not routinely installed taday and nat addiessed in these Recommendations, The value of Ta is sometimes expressed ay a fanetion (typically 30. t SU percend) of the undrained shear strength of the soil. Altematively and more commonly. an empirical value of 0.03 to 0.07 MPa (Sto 10 psi is sed as a working stress for shaft frietion (Ty) in stro x ety stilf cohesive soils Tested values for soil anchors constiueted in the U.S. have varied considerably. Table 6.2 gives some examples for the ultimate bond stress range between grout and surround ilRECOMMENDATIONS B. Pressure Grouted Anchors (Straight Shaft) The bond zone 's grouted under a pressure higher than 0.35 MPa (50 psi) through a casing or hollow stemmed auger during withdrawal The effective bond values will be somewhat higher than for gravity grouted anchors as d result of the application of groul pressure C. Post-Grouted Anchors This type of anchor is generally used in cohesive or mixed soils 6.7.2.3 Cohesionless Soils A. Gravity Grouted Anchors (Straight Shaft) This type of anchor may be treated in the same 32 | COMMENTARY ANCHOR AVERAGE ULTIMATE BOND. TYPE, STRESS-SOILIGROUT MP. + Gravity Growed Anchors 00% -0.07 5-10 (Straight shaft + Pressure Gronted Anchors (Steaigint shaft Solt Silty Clay os 20007 5-10 Silty Chay 003 0.07 5-10 Siiff Clay, Med, to High Plasticity 003 0.10 5-15 Very Stil Chay Med. te Hig Phastivity 00? 017 ed Sut Chay ol 5.38 Med. Plasticity Very Stiff Clay Med) Phasticny O14 085 0-50 = Very Stat Sindy Sill, Med Plasticity O28 -038 40-5 Table 6.2 Typical Average Ultimate Bond Stresses-Cohesive Soils Nites Aetinal valves foe pressure grated ante dns depend oss the ability to levetup pressures ir cach soil tape Postgrouting ean inereass the lod carry eapacity of suaight shafted anchors: by percent or more per phase of past-gront post grouting shases are considered a practical fim (1.07 te O14 MPa (10.20 psiy may be used as a eee |RECOMMENDATIONS manner as @ straight shaft anchor drilled in cohesive soils, except that the allowable working shatt Iriction will commonly be much higher B. Pressure Grouted Anchors (Straight Shatt) Pressure grouted anchors in cahesionless soil develop capacities tar in excess of the load expected from apolying conventional soil mechanics theory. Pressure grouting can be achieved either through the casing or auger Overburden pressure, angle of internal friction density and gran size of the soil particles, hole diameter, grout pressure, grout take and method of drilling are very significant factors in the development of load carrying capacity The resistance of this type of anchor to pullout develops from shatt friction along the grout body 33 COMMENTARY Je value tor T, everburen ts Sie whew the Is tena erage depth of pres att As a rough guide, Table 63 may be ased tor calculating die ultimate Toad for small diameter U7S-15UniT C8 6 6 iL pressine 8 MPa (50 tw 400) routed (2.35 to anchors. installed in pit cohesionless sells with an averwe dep nt uveronden of 4.5ny 15 tt ANCHOR AWERAGE ULTIMATE BOND typ STRESS-SOIL/GROUT MPa Pst + Grovity Gromed Anchors, ONT ote 1a. 20 Sb a Shalt + Pressure Grote Anchors (Straight Shatt) Fine-Med. §: I De 0s 138 Mei -Cuaese Sand (sigravely Med Dense WU 68 tH. 95 Metl.-Coause Sam (vfgravel). Dense Very Dense U28.097 38-140 Silty Sandy 25 oi Dense Glacial Till 030-052 43 ily Gravel Med Denye-Dense 021-138 31-200 Sandy Gravel. Dense Jery Dense 028-138 40-200 Table 6.3 Typical Avera Bond Stresses-Cohesionless Soils Note: Actual values for pressure grouted an hors dep on the ability 10 develop sgh pressures in each soil spe ennai atedLL LTA LALLY RECOMMENDATIONS C. Post-Grouted Anchors Post-grouting in cohesioniess soils is another method of high pressure grouting, which will result in incteased bond values in a fashion similar to anchors in cohesive soils. \ 6.8 Free Stressing Length ~ ‘The free stressing length for rock and soil “anchors shall not be less than 4.5m (15 ft) for ‘S_ strand tendons and 3.0m (10 ft} for bar tendons. Longer free lengths may be required 1) To locate the bond length a minimum of 4.5m (Sf) beyond the critica! failure plane, 2) To locate the bond zone in the proper ground 3) To ensure overall stability of the anchoristructure system. 4) To ac ammodate long term movements, The free length may 1) Be grouted together with the bond length (one stage) 2) Be grouted in a separate operation {two stages) 3) Remain ungrouted 6.9 Anchor Geometry 6.9.1 Anchor Spacing In the Bond Length Center-lo-cenler spacings between bond lengths shall be at least 4 times their nominal diameter and normally should be greater than 1.2 m (4 ft). If closer spacings are necessary, then staggering the bond lengths, or varying the inclinations of adjacent anchors should be adopted 34 COMMENTARY The miniawum stressing length recomended is 10 prevent significant duetions in Uansfer load due to seating losses, Since wei subsequent on eposy coated strand cannat be pose must bite through the epoxy coating, they have significantly hi ing losses than Wedges on cated and placed below the wee bare stand, Shin 2 plate can compensate for these losses. For more Information, the desi Should contact the anchor tendon supplier Single st iting thay result in lod transfer above the bond zone, particularly for diameter drill holes in fine-grained soils. stl grouting sil result in optimum continuity of the grout cover for corrosion protection purposes d Iso the mest common and prevent possible collapse of the dill hole a stbseqpent settfements. Is and economic meth! for constructing soil anes, The intend sion of bond lengthy is to prevent both anchor interaction and intersection due 16 drilling deviations of the minimum sep| RECOMMENDATIONS, 6.9.2 Drill Hole Diameter The drill hole diameter for multiple-element tendons shall be large enough so thal the area of prestressing strand within the drill hole does not exceed 15% of the total area of the hole. The drill hole diameter shail be sized to provide a minimum of 12 mm (0.5 in) grout cover over the tendon For bar anchors, the grout cover requirement only govern: 69.3 Overburden Depth The load carrying capacity of anchors installed in cohesioniess soils may be affected, if the overburden aver the bond length is less than 4.5m (15 fh) 6.9.4 Anchor Inclination Anchors may be installed at any inclination except that the range of +0.1 to -0.1 rad (+8 t 5 degrees) from the horizontal should be avoided. Horizontal and upwards sloping anchors require specialized grouting techniques. 6.10 Tendon Accessories 6.10.1 Stressing Anchorage The stressing anchorage shall comply with the requirements set forth in Section 4.3. Bearing plates shall be designed to adequately transfer loads from the tendon to the structure. The bending stress in the plate shall not exceed the yield strength of the bearing plate steel when a load equal fo 95% of the specified minimum tensile strength of the tendon is applied The average bearing stress on concrete below the bearing plate shall not exceed the values recommended in the PTI, "Guide Specification for Post-Tensioning Materials." (Ref. 19) 35 COMMENTARY Phe purpose of We ratios given is te sare proper grout cover for adequate bond and corrosion protectiva: No minimum grout cover can be guarant resin anchors, Sufficient overburden pressure is required to prevent grout leaking during pressure grouting and, to provide the necessary soil pressure to develop the anchor capacity Nominal horizontal anchors may be difficult to properly install and grout, except for resin anchors and pressure grouted anchors in coarse grained soils,RECOMMENDATIONS 6.10.2 Encapsulation For an encapsulated multi-element tendon, the encapsulation shall be sized to limit the steel area to 30% of the area defined by the inner diameter of the encapsulation. Speciat grouting techniques and grout materials may allow higher ratios within the sheath. For bar tendons, the inside diameter of the encapsulation shall be 10mm (0.4 in) larger than the nominal diameter of the bar. 6.10.3 Spacers and Centralizers Spacers and centralizers, internal to the en both extemal and psulation, shall be sized 10 permit the free flow of grout, Spacers shall be designed to provide adequale grout cover and bond of the tendon elements to the surrounding grout The first spacer centralizer shall be located not more than 1.5m (5 ft) from the tip of the anchor tendon, and then 3m (10 fl) oF less on center. 6.11 Resin Anchors Resin anchors can be installed in upward downward, or horizontal position in all types of rock. Resin can provide a reliable anchor medium even in weak rock. Standing fresh or salt water in the drill hole does not aifect the resin or the curing process but may cause deterioration of the bore hole wall Selection of the resin cartridge diameter shall be based on the manutacturer’s suggested relation between the drill hole and the bar diameter. For best results, the difference between the bore hole wall and bar diameter should be kept to a minimum, The volume of resin in the cartridges shall be Such that the resin will flow towards the drill hole opening (but not out of the hole an overhead applications} during the installation of the bar tendon, 36 COMME! Spacers help ensure that mukiselen will folly bond to the grant cot tendons Care should | nto ensure that \ ett in phice de aot aceupy a significantly large pewentage of the wualahle crossseeti stl area of the hole Prestressed resin anchors may either have a resin m with resin only in die bond length =» nny be fully encapsulated. [athe hatter ease 9 are placed in the free halter the fast setting cartridges in the bond h. The tendon must he prestressed resin has cured but before the slow vesin ean core, The cure time is ‘em dependent. The tming is critical to transfer to the bond k ter the siture sure oad only. Fully encapsulated fesin anchors are used, when the tendon shill be bonded alse ia the free str corrosion protection in the Tree stressing Hf fractured rock exists along the drill hole, resin Joss is possible. In this case, the resin cannot be relied upon for corrosion prote tion or loud transfer. IP this occurs, pregrouting with a cement based grout loss of resin ay he required to prevent subsequent ' S|GCOGCOOGEG « coe’ COO rc RECOMMENDATIONS The amount of bord length depends primarily on the compressive strength of the rock. Additional factors affecting the bond length are: the conditions of the drill hole wall, diameter relationship between bar and drill hole, resin type, bar deformations and proper anchorage installation (that is, resin mixing procedure). All design assumptions shall be verified by field tests, 37 COMMENTARY For resin anchors with a fully encapsulated lev exceeding 6m (20 fi), installation may become difficult. In such, the resin manufacturer should be contacted,o ° ° ° 0 G ° o oO o ° G oC o oO c Go G o o LOG c RECOMMENDATIONS 7.0 CONSTRUCTION 74 General The construction of anchors shall be carried out in a manner consistent with the design assumptions (see Chapter 6). 7.2 Fabrication Mill test reports for the tendon materials (see Section 9.3) shall be maintained by the contractor. Identification on the anchor tendon shall aliow tracing of the prestressing steel to its heat or ree! number. 7.2.1. Storage and Handling Banding for fabricated tendons shall be padded to avoid damage to the tendon corrosion protection. Upon delivery, the fabricated anchors or the prestressing steel for fabrication of the tendons on site and all hardware shall be stored and handled in a manner that avoids mechanical damage, corrosion, and contamination with dirt or deleterious substances, Cement and additives for grout shall be stored under cover and protected against moisture. Prestressing steel shall not be welded or used for grounding of welding electrodes, nor exposed to excessive heat (more than 230°C, 450°F) Heavy or pitting corrosion on the prestressing steel shall be cause for rejecting the anchor lendon, A light coating of rust on the steel is acceptable. Handling of the tendons shall not cause mechanical damage or contamination to the prestressing steel, the corrosion protection and/or the epoxy coating, Liting of any pre-grouted tendons shall not cause excessive bending, which can debond the Prestressing steel from the surrounding grout 38 COMMENTARY The contractor should be required to submit the detailed methods and procedures (Work Program) intended for construction to the engineer for review prior to start of field operations (sce Chapter 9) These records are useful in analyzing unusuat behavior of individual or groups of ancliors, Prolonged storage requires plastic sheets on the ound first, then blocking and a plastic cover. o equivalent A light coating of rust will enhance the grout / steel bond strength, Sason (Ref 25) provides guidance regarding the acceptable amount of corrasion on seven-wire presiressing strands, Rope or nylon slings are recommended Tests have shown that bar tendons, pre-grouted in a PVC sheath, have been bent to a radius of 6mm (20 {0 during lifting without causing such damage nhRECOMMENDATIONS eoces © 7.2.2. Fabrication Anchors shail be either shop or field fabricated in accordance with the approved drawings and schedules using personnel trained and qualified tor this work, restressing steet shall be cut with an abrasive saw or, with the approval of the prestressing steel supplier, an oxyacetylene torch, Alt of the tendon bond length, especially for strand, must be free of dirt, manulacturers! lubricants, corrosion-inhibiting coatings or other » deleterious substances that may significantly affect the grout-o-tendon bond or the service life of the tendon When encapsulated tendons are pregrouted, it shall be done on an inclined, rigid frame or bed, 9y injecting the grout from the low end of the tendon. LOOOOGACOAOACKOE (L Epoxy coated strand tendons stored on reels will have a larger cast (curvature) than uncoated strands affecting the tendon alignment. The cast should be straightened by hand during fabrication or installation. 7.3 Drilling Holes for anchors shalllbe drilled at the locations and to the length, inclination and diameter shown on the approved drawings and ~ schedules. The drill bit or casing crown shall not be more than 3mm (0.125 in) smaller than the \.. Specified hole diameter. Drilling methods shall be left to the discretion of the contractor, whenever possible. The contractor shail be responsible for using a drilling method to establish a stable hole of adequate dimensions, within the tolerances specified. Drilling methods may involve, LS amongst others, rotary, percussion, rotaryipercussive or auger driling; or percussive or vibratory driven casing 39 COMMENTARY Cut ends should be treated (@ remove sharp e Bond capacity of strand can vary widely depending on the manufacturer. Other methods can be used, provided it ean be demonstrated that the encapsulation is. reliably Filled with grout ‘The use of a mechanical straighiener is not recommended. Special concems such as noise, vibrations, hole alignment, damage to exsiting structures should be identified by the owner in the project specifications. Repeated failure to install the tendon into the drilled hole easily should be cause for modification of the drilling procedure.a ¢ COOCCOCOCOEOCECCOCEOOOEC OC. o © G RECOMMENDATIONS Special care shall be exercised in the selection of driling methods when excessive loss of ground could endanger the stability of adjacent structures or utilities. A casing may be required in such cases, 7.3.1 Open Hole Drilling Open hole driling techniques may be used for soil or rock anchors if the drill hale does not cave and the anchor tendon can be inserted inlo the hole without difficulty, Percussion drilling methods are used in rock and very competent soils. Drills equipped with top drive air, or hydraulically powered rotary- Percussive hammers, or down-the-hole- hammers are employed when percussion driling methods are used. Rotary drills equipped with continuous-light augers. tricone roller bits, or drag bils are commonly used to advance uncased holes in soft rocks oF soils, Short augers on Kelly-bar type drills are used for large diameter dril holes. Diill cuttings are removed from the hole by the augers or by the use of water or air asa flushing medium, Additives in the flushing fluid (mud or foam) may be used to improve the stability of the drilled hole. A stable hole may also be maintained by tilling the drilled hole with grout prior to insertion of the tendon (see Section 7.6.2.1) 7.3.2 Cased Holes A casing shall be used in unstable soil or rock formations to maintain an open hole. Drill casings may be advanced alone using rotary or rotary percussive techniques. The leading edge 0} the casing may be fitted with a casing crown or a aril bit. As the casing is advanced, drilling fluid is pumped down the casing. The drilling fluid returns the cuttings to the ground surface around the outside of the casing, 40 COMMENTARY Loss of ground may be caused by anesian or hydrostatic water pressure, excessive flushing or conveying of soil during auger drilling, Hole sizes m: y range up to 0.6m (24 in), or more. in diameter, but are typically less than 0.3m (12 in). Core drilling iy an expensive method of drilling and used only for special applications, The smooth surface of a core drilled hole may resul’ in reduced bond The use of drilling muds and foams has greatly expanded the application of this type of drilling t© litle The use of mud or foam must be carefully evaluated 1 prevent any semaining Quid from si rout to-ground bond, cnt types oF suis wficantly abfecsnRECOMMENDATIONS. Casings may be advanced through bouldery ground, or obstructions, or soils where driling fluids may be fost uliizing the duplex method. Rotary, or rotaryipercussive, or double head drils are used to simultaneously advance an outer casing and an inner drill string into the ground. Air or water pumped dovin the inner drill string removes the drill cuttings as they return to the ground surface in the annular space between the dril string and the casing, Upon completion of the hole, the inner drill string is, removed leaving a clean cased hole for nsiallation of the tendon. The outer casing may be installed in this way through the unstable ground and the remainder of the hole completed using an open hole driling method. Driven casings may be installed into the ground using percussive or vibratory hammers. These methods are primarily used in cohesionless soils. The leading edge of the casing is normally equipped with a knock-off point to prevent soil intruding into the casing as itis driven. Alter the casing has reached the required depth, the lost point is knocked off the end of the casing leaving a clean casing for installation of the tendon. 7.3.3 Hollow-Stem Augers Continuous flight, hollow-stem augers can be used for anchors constructed in soils and sott rocks. The soil or rock anchor tendon Is inserted into the holtow-stem and a detachable bit is Secured over the bottom hole in the auger before drilling. The auger is advanced into the ground to the required depth. Then the bit is femoved and grouting commences. A sand- cement grout with fluidifiers or water reducing agents may be used. Grout is pumped through the drill head, down the hollow-stem and out the bottom of the auger surrounding the tendon. As grouting is continued, the auger is withdrawn Some slight rotation of the auger may be necessary during withdrawal. The auger is kept immersed in the grout during withdrawal to Produce a continuous shaft 4 COMMENTARY These systems may employ rotary or rotary/percussive methods using concenttie. oF eccentric bits 10 drill through difficult: ground Caution should be exercised to obtain the proper return flow and pressure drop when usin compressed air fushing to clean the drill hole Excessive pressure or volume buildup may cause structural damage or ground heave, particularly when the drill holes are Drilled casings typically have dia from 75 to 225mm (4 tw 9 in), The diameters of driven casings normally range from 73 to {SUN {6 in). Individual lengths of casings range from 1S to 6m (5 (0 20 f1) although full length casing jelers. varying may be alled using long drill guides mounted on drill rigs or suspended from cranes. Full length augers with an outside diameter of 200 to 450mm (8 to 18 in) and an inside diameter of 65 10 105 (2.5 t0 4 in) are typically used, Hollow-stem augers are not recommended for the installation of soil anchors on angles less than 0.5 radians (30°) in cohesionless soils under the water table. In these soils they are likely 0 convey collapsing sand to the top of the hole, resulting in loss of ground above the drill hole Soil anchor tendons installed through the stem of the auger do not require centralizers if, during extraction of the auger, the hole is maintained full of grout with 2 200-250mum (8 to 10 in) slump.COOCHECEOECNCOOCOCOCODBOOECCEC OOOO G o RECOMMENDATIONS Care must be taken that the grout body surrounding the free stressing length of hollow- stem auger anchors does not transfer load to the structure. This may be achieved by ending the grout shaft at feast 0.3m (1 tt) from the structure. 7.3.4 Combination Methods ‘Two or more of the above methods may be combined to complete the drilling of an individual hole. Examples include: 2) An open-ended casing driven to rock by a rotary-percussive head, The same head is used to drill out the soil inside the casing and the bond length in the rock below. b) Open holes, pre-drilled with a down-the-hole hammer and then subsequently stabilized by advancing a casing using wel water flushing 7.3.8 Hole Alignment and Tolerances The anchor hole entry shall be located within 300mm (12 in.) (either direction) of its plan location, The deviation of the hofe’s entry angle from its specilied inclination shall be no more than + 0.05 rad (+3 degrees) unless ather tolerances are specified. Deviations of the ‘as-drilled holes" trom their theoretical alignment are_-—_ generally inconsequential. However, when holes are drilled close together or long distances through existing structures, the deviations shall be specified to reliably keep the anchor within the structure and prevent intersecting of drillholes. A tolerance of 0.035 rad (2 degrees) is achievable using normal drilling methods. Tighter tolerances down to 0.01 rad (0.5 degrees} will require special drilling methods. 42 COMMENTARY Pressure can be applied to the hollow stem auger grout, The pressure is dictated by the nature of the ground, the amount of soil remaining oa the auger flights, and the contractor's equipment and procedures, Pressure grouting will improve grout- to- soil bond and the quality of the grout The entry angle is typically measured by placing an angle indicator on the drill mast. Angle indicators with digital readouts are accurate to 0.01 rad (0.5 degrees. ) [f accurate measurements of "us drilled” deviations from the theoretical centerline of the hole are required, down-the-hole instruments such as optical survey tools or an electronic inelinometer can be used. Extremely tight drilling tolerances will be difficult to obtain and equally difficult to measure accurately.-ceoacecooee Cc Oore COC ‘ RECOMMENDATIONS 7.3.6 Hole Cleaning and Overdrilting Open holes ang drilled casings shall be cleaned upon completion of dling, if the hole is to be ‘grouted prior to insertion of the tendon, the hole depth may be sounded to verify that the tendon can be installed to full length: Holes open for longer than 8 to 12 hours should be re-cleaned prior to insertion of the tendon and greuting, 7.4 Waterproofing Rock Anchor Drill Holes In situations where holes are drilled in rock formations with open fractures or inter connecting openings where grout could be lost from around the tendon bond length, or in rock formations where water seepage or flow exists in the strata where the bond length is to be placed, or where interconnections exist between Grill holes, watertightness testing shall be performed. Temporary tock anchor holes need ot be waterprooled since the anchor capacity is verified by testing and corrosion generally is not significant over the short service life of the anchor. A watertightness test is performed by filling the entire hole in the rock with water and subjecting this water to @ pressure, conventionally selected as 0.035 MPa (5 psi) in excess of the hydrostatic head measured at the top of the hole. if the unbonded length portion of the hole is in fractured rock or soil, a packer or casing shall be used to allow the bond length portion of the hole alone to be pressure tested. If the leakage from the hole over a ten (10) minute period exceeds 9.5L (2.5 gal) of water, then the hole should be consolidation grouted, redrilied and retested. Should the subsequent watertightness test fail, the entire process shall be repeated until acceptable results are attained, Redriling shall be done when the grout strength is considerably less than the strength of the surrounding rock 43 COMMENTARY Augered holes do not require cleaning. Gpen holes may be aver-drilled to provide a sump into which drill spoils, not removed by Mushing. may settle Sounding is accomplished by inserting a grout tube, or with the drill steel itself Regrouting and cedoiting is an expensive and time consuming process that should only be required When the rock anchor is not o be pressute grouted for an artesian flow oF water of sudden loss of drill fluid is observed. Separate unit price pay items should be established for the setup, watertighiness test, grout and redrilling, since these items are unpredictable and cannot be estimated by the contractor. Careful observation of the consolidation grouting and redrilling operations can indicate that grout loss is not occurring, despite repeated failures of watertightness tests This will increase the likelihood that the redrilled hole will follow the path of the initial hole. Waterproofing grout is normally redrilled a minimum of 18 hours after it has been placed.COOCOCOCEGCAE eoceoccocececcecc c RECOMMENDATIONS |W artesian or flowing water is encountered in the drilled hole, the hole should be grouted and redrilled prior to waterlightness testing. Pressure should be maintained on the grout until initial set has been obtained. If pressure cannot be maintained. then consolidation grouting of the rock mass may be required, 7.5 Tendon Insertion Tendons shall be placed in accordance with the approved drawings and details and the recommendations of the tendon manufacturer or specialist anchor contractor. Each anchor tendon shail be inspected by field personnel during installation into the drill hole or casing Damage to the corrosion protection system shall be repaired, or the tendon replaced if not tepairable. Loose spacers or centralizers shall be reconnected to prevent shifting during insertion Damaged fusion-bonded epoxy coatings shall be repaired in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations, If the patch is, Rot allowed to cure prior to inserting the tendon in the drill hole, the patched area shall be protected by tape or other suitable means. The rate of placement of the tendon into the hole shall be controlled such that the sheathing, coating and grout tubes are not damaged during installation of the tendon. Anchor tendons shall Hot be subjected to sharp bends. The bottom end of the tendon may be fitted with a cap or bulinose to aid its insertion into the hole. casing or sheathing if the prestressing steet is anticipated to be in Prolonged contact with acidic water in the drill hole, chemical additives shall be introduced for neutralizing purposes to raise the pH value to 9, If the corrosion protection over the unbonded length does not extend beyond the trumpet seal or sufficiently far into the trumpel, either the corrosion protection or the trumpet shall be extended, COMMENTARY Even on successfully tested anchors, artesian or flowing water may have diluted of Washed away some of the grout, leaving Class Il corrosion protected anchor tendon panially unprotected. Self-adhesive. moisture proof tape is used to repair extruded polyethylene sheaths. The tape is spirally Wrapped around the tendon to ensure at least a double thickness of cover over the damaged area. A temporary funnel shaped guide has been used at the top of the hole to prevent damage to epoxy outed tendons or sheaths. A techanictl means (i.e uncoiler) may be needed to accomplish contralled placement of long. Seeply inclined or vertical strand tendons For fomger, permanent anchors the empty sheathing may be installed in the hole prior tw i oF the insertion of the tendon to prevent the wel tendon causing tears in the sheath, Concentrated sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide have been proven effective for this purpose,| FOCaCCeCCOCCE one RECOMMENDATIONS The corrosion protection surrounding the unbonded length of the tendon shall not contact the bearing plate or the anchorhead, Any excessive protection length shall be trimmed. Anchors shall not be used for grounding electrical equipment For resin anchors, the placing of the resin cartridges. insertion and spinning of the anchor tendon for mixing the resin components shall follow the manutacturer's recommendations The anchor tendon shall be inserted until it contacts the first cartridge. At this point, the tendon shall be rotated and advanced down the hole at a penetration rate of approximately 50 to 120mm (2 to 5 inches} per second, When the tendon reaches its final position. spinning shall be continued for 15 to 30 seconds or a minimum of 60 revolutions to ensure complete mixing of the resin. Care shall be taken to stop mixing before the gel time of the fast setting resin has expired. Gantridges which are older than the stated shelf life shall not be used. 7.6 — Grouting 7.6.1 Grouting Equipment Mixers and pumps shall have adequate capacity, and hoses shail be sized to allow continuous grouting of an individual anchor within @ period of fess than 1 hour. Water and additive measuring devices (batchers) are recommended to ensure accurate proportioning of grout ingredients. 7.6.2. Initial Grouting Tendons shall be grouted as soon as practical after their installation, The stressing tails of strand tendons shall be aligned prior to intial set of the grout. After grouting, the tendon shall undisturbed until the grout has cured, remain 45 COMMENTARY Corrosion protection that extends (wo close the anchors with the and testing the anchor © may interfere ability. of The eyuipment used for drilling iy alse normally used for spinning the anchor tendon through the resin cartridges Spinning at ess than 60 RPM may incomplete mixing of the resin, Difficulties in maintaining minimum RPM may be expected whet exceeding a 6m (20 fi) resin encapsulated length cause Normally, as a minimum, grouting equipment consists of a mixer, storage tank. pomp and the associated pressure gauges and hoses. The use of colloidal or shear muxers (high energy) and/or a bleed control admixture will help reduce grout water separation or bleed in the grout and so minimize a layer of water at the top of any grout stage A prolonged exposure of the ungrouted tendon in the drill hole may require a re-evaluation of the corrosion protection system providedPOOCOCceCCeCCECCCeeoEee QOCOCOOCOOOCOGCOCOGE C « RECOMMENDATIONS 7.6.2.1 Open Holes Open holes may be grouted before or after insertion of the tendon. Holes should be grouted from the bottom to the top using a grout tube (pipe or hose) extending to the bottom of the hole. The grout tube may also be incorporated into the tendon and inserted inlo the hole with the tendon. The tube may be withdrawn as grouting progresses, provided the end of the tube remains within the grout, or it may be lett in place filled with grout Two stages of grouting are required for fully bonded tendons. A means for determining the level of the primary grout must be provided. The second stage graut, when required, is performed after anchor testing and lock off and should be performed similar to the initial grouting procedure. 7.6.2.2 Cased Holes Once the casing has been fully instatied and the tendon has been inserted, any full face drik bit, is disengaged trom the leading edge of the casing and the casing filled with grout The casing is then withdrawn as additional grout is pumped (with or without pressure) through the casing cap or grout swivel. Pressure may vary from 0.35 MPa (50 psi) to 2.8 MPa (400 psi), depending on the nature of the ground in the bond tength and any additional grouting that will be performed (see Section 7.6.3) 7.6.3 Post-Grouting Post-grouting is performed via a sealed post grouting tube installed simultaneously with the tendon assembly. This tube is equipped with special check valves in the bond zone of the anchor that allow additional grout to be injected under high pressures after the initial, primary grout has set The high pressure grout cracks the primary grout column at the iocation of the valves, 46 COMMENTARY Water flushing 10 the top of the primary grout is a satisfactory inethod of ensuring the level of the primary grout, Alternatively, the casing may be filled with prior 10 insertion of the tendon Attention should be paid to the grout pressure/volume characteristics for each anchor to avoid possible ground heave. The valves open only when grout is pumped at high pressure (1 MPa to 6 MPa (150 to 900 psi)) into the post-grouting tube. When the pressure is removed, the valves close to prevent backflow of ‘grout into the tube, The valves also remain closed as the tube is washed out with low pressure water for the next post-grouting stage. Post-grouting alse tends to increase che “in-situ” stresses between the grout and the surrounding| eccaeoccoac co RECOMMENDATIONS allowing additional grout to penetrate or consolidate the soil surrounding the anchor. Post-grouting may be repeated a number of times to increase progressively the anchor capacity. Anchors which, upon load testing, fail to achieve the required capacity, may subsequently be post-grouted and retested (see. Section 8. 7.6.4 Grouting Permeable Ground Special measures are required when grouting anchors in nested cobbles. boulders, talus, ballast, rip-rap, cavernous limestone or other ground containing large voids. 7.7 Installation of Anchorage The anchor bearing plate and the anchor head or nut shall be installed perpendicular to the tendon, within + 0.05 rad (+ 3 degrees) and centered on the bearing plate, without bending or kinking of the prestressing steel elements. Wedge holes and wedges shall be free of rust, grout and dirt. Special care shall be exercised to obtain the continuity of corrosion protection in the vicinity of the anchorage as described in Section 5.4.1. The stressing tail shail be cleaned and protected fram damage until final testing and lock-off After the anchor has been accepted by the Engineer, the stress tail shall be cut to its final Jength according to the tendon manulacturer's recommendations. Placing the cover, if required, and its filler (see Section 6.4.1 ) completes the anchor con: struction work. 47 COMMENTARY soil, thereby inereasin pullout along the soil! the frietionat resistance to jut interface. ‘The post-grouting tube and methods may be designed so that the valves open indiscriminate or with the use of specially designed packers, 80 that the opening and grouting of each valve or a oup of valves can he controlled. The use of a liability and significuntly improve el icity in weak soils These conditions make it extremely difficult 10 prevent the loss of grout surrounding the tendon This will result in decreased load capacity and corrosion protection Slippage of the strand through the wedy result If the cleanliness requirements an bse! < wilt not red 1a POCOCCaCCACCCGECRE. Ce € SOOOCROCOOEH C c RECOMMENDATIONS 8.0 STRESSING, LOAD TESTING AND. ACCEPTANCE 8.1 General Stressing and testing are required for every anchor, to fulfil the following two functions: (1) to stress and lock-off the tendon at its specified load and (2) to ascertain that the anchor meets the acceptance criteria The equipment and procedures shall be designed accordingly. Testing procedures are independent of ground type. 8.2 Equipment 8.2.1 Requirements for Equipment Stressing equipment shall be capable of stressing the whole tendon preferably in one stroke to the specified Test Load. Regripping of strands, which would cause overlapping wedge bites, or wedge bites on the tendon below the anchor head, shall be avoided Stressing and testing of multipie element iendons with single element jacks is not permities. The equipment shall be capable of stressing the tendon to the maximum specified Test Load within the rated capacity. The pump shall be capable of applying each load increment in less than 60 seconds. The equipment shall permit the tendon to be stressed in increments so that the load in the tendon can be raised or lowered in accordance with the test specifications, and allow the anchor 10 be lift-off tested to contirm the lock-olf load, 48, COMMENTARY Suessing and recording should be carried out by expericneed personnel under the control of a ly qualified supervisor, preferably provided. Specialist anchor contractor/supplier or an neering agency fully eaperienced with the procedures, Regripping of strands during stressing ray have to be considered on practical ands in certain Asi le strand jack may be used to place an ment Load an the individual strands of long hwn-stage grouted multisirand tenders prior to stressing with a multistrand jack The rated pressure is si capacity: Pressure limitin; ler than the actual jack, valves on the hydraulic jacks oF pumps should he set by the supplier such ‘hat the rated pressure cannot be exceeved.OGecececccecce c ¢ RECOMMENDATIONS Stressing equipment shall be recently calibrated within an accuracy of 42% prior to use. The calibration certificate and graph shall_be available on site at all times, The calibration shall be traceable to the National Insitute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The production gauge shall have graduations no larger than 0.7 MPa (100 psi). A second certtied gauge shall be kept on site to periodically check the production gauge Dial gauges shall be used which permit the measurement of total tendon movement at every load increment to be read to the nearest 0.03mm (0.001 inch}. The gauge shall have sufficient travel to record the total anchor movement at Test Load without the need to reset at an interim point. 8.2.2 Equipment Setup The stressing equipment, the sequence of stressing, anc the procedure to be used for each stressing operation shall be determined al the planning stage of the project. The equipment shall be used strictly in accordance with the manufacturer's operating instructions. Stressing shall not begin before the grout has, reached adequate strength. Prior to setting the dial gauges, the Alignment Load (AL) shall be accurately placed on the tendon. The magnitude of AL depends on the type and length of the tendon Dial gauges shail bear on the pulling head of the jack and their stems shall be coaxial with the tendon direction. The gauges shall be supported ‘on an independent, fixed frame, such as a tripod, which will not move as a result of stressing or other construction activities during the operation. 4g COMMENTARY The use of load cells is recommended only to monitor small changes in Jad duing extended creep testing and long term moniworing. Dial gauges with travels are espectally susceptible to fie alternative is to use two or more gauges of shorter travel in tandem, These are then reset st intesim points in the stressing sequence Anchor stressing and testing can normally start five days after grouting with Type For Il cements, and after three days using Type Ill Section 4.12.1). rents (see The Alignment Load typically varies from 5 to 25%of the Design Load (DL), and 10% is common. The Alignment Load is applied to secure all the components during stressing and to ensure that the residual movements are accurately and consistently determined when unloading during a Performance Test. The seating loss of the pull wedges must be considered in addition to the reading token from the dial gauges. Where such a setup cannot be used, the dial gauges may be supported on the body of the jack, but they will then record only jack ram extension. Particular Judgement must be exercised in the interpretation ‘of such data since ram extension may include reactionececece oceaccccece TC OaO OOC ¢ RECOMMENDATIONS During stressing, safety precautions are essential. Operators and observers must stand to the side of the stressing equipment and never ass behind when it is under load. 83 Testing No tendon shall be stressed at any time beyond 80% of the specified minimum tendon strength Fos) The three classes of tests are. (a) Preproduetion Tests (b) Performance Tests (c) Proof Tests Every anchor shall be tested in accordance with the Proot or Performance Test procedures. lithe anchor is installed in ground that may be susceptible to creep failures. then the Performance Test procedures shall be extended in accordance wih Section 8.3.4 8.3.1 Preproduction Tests Such tests shali be based, as a minimum, on the principles of the Performance Test, but may be more rigorous in detail. They will feature bond zone geometries likely 10 cause grout-ground failure within the safe operating limits of the other interfaces (e.g. grout-steel) or components (e.g. tendon to 80% of F,) 8.3.2 Performance Tests Performance Tests are conducted on selected production anchors constructed under methods and conditions identical to those foreseen for the overall project. COMMENTARY movement of the structure being anchored. and possibly other movements too, and so can be an over estimation of the true total anchor movement. Serious injury may occur if a tendon fails during stressing, When verifying individual anchor performance, anchors may be tested simultaneously. only when a) they are Sufficienily far apart that ne structural or geological imesference may occur and b) there is suflicient special equipment, instrumentation and supervision in place that the data recorded from each anchor will be of equal and acceptable quality. Testing of groups of anchors simutt 2 possible anchor interaction may be feasible but is rarely conducted for practical reasons, especially if the anchor Spacing equals or is tess than L2m (4 {0 ously Ww inves The number of tests will vary based on the size of the project and the number of anchors 10 be installed. Typically one to three tests may be performed in cach significantly different ground condition, Such special tests may be undertaken to demonstrate or investigate, in advance of the production anchors, the quality and adequacy of the design, the materials and the construction. Due to cost and time considerations, such tests are specified only in extraordinary circumstances.pe RECOMMENDATIONS The first two or three anchors, as determined by the Engineer, shall be Performance Tested Thereatter. a minimum of 2% of the remaining anchors shail be Performance Tested. Performance Tests on fully grouted resin anchors are not possible and, therefore, the slow setting resin in the free length shail not be installed on these anchors Performance Tests are used to determine a) whether the anchor has sufficient load carrying capacity, } that the apparent tendon free length has been satisfactorily established, ©) the magnitude of the residual movement, and d) that the rate of creep stabilizes within the specitied limit The Performance Test shall be conducted by cyclically and incrementally loading and unioading the anchor in accordance with the schedule in Table 8.1 The load shall be decreased to the Alignment Load (AL) atter each cycle maximum. It is Particularly important to record accurately the movement of each successive Alignment Load step. At each load increment, the total movement of the pulling head shall be recorded to the nearest 0.03mm (0.001 in} with respect to the independent fixed reference point. The load shall be held at each increment just long enough to obtain the movement reading but no longer than 1 minute, Movement readings at Test Load shall be taken at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 10 minutes If the total creep movement between 1 and 10 minutes exceeds 1 mm (0.040 in), the Test Load shall be maintained for an additional 50 minutes. Total movements shall then be recorded at 20. 30, 40, 80 and 60 minutes. 51 COMMENTARY If special provisions are not made to compensate for the missing resin in the free lei 1 the performance tested anchors may not be able to be incorporated as production anchors in permanent applications, The number of Performance Tests may: be increased. especially when the anchors are being used for permanent applications, when creep susceptibility is suspected, or when varying ground conditions are encountered, but aurmally will not exceed 5% of the total number of anchors Data from such tests may be used to supplement or the evaluation of the results subsequent Proof Tests, enhunce fromQacgocancceccceceaoceceeocrececececceceececerce 4 RECOMMENDATIONS During the load hold periods, the anchor toad Shall not be allowed to deviate from the Test Pressure by more than 0.35 MPa (50 psi) Repumping back to Test Load will compensate for small movements, hydraulic oil seepage and changes in temperature of the hydraulic oil. The oad shall always be returned to the specified Test Load prior to taking the movement reading at the specified interval. The Test Load shall not be exceeded curing the period of observation. 52 COMMENTARY Total Residual Elastic Movement Movement Movement atload at AL at load Load cycle after cycle Maximum cycle Maximum Maximum () 63 ) AL 0.25 DL. bu )- 8. = 8, DL DL o 6, DL DL 0.75 DL & 6 AL be 0.25 DL 0.50 DL 075 DL 1.00 DL 6. AL 8 0.25 DL 0.50 DL 0.75 DL 1,00 DL 1.20 DL Be AL. &s 025 DL 0.50 DL 0.75 DL 1.00 DL 120 DL 1.33 DL &y. Test Load (Zero reading for Creep test) fq Final Load hold reading, AL 8, Adjust to lock-off load 8-8. = Be ‘Tab 8.1 Performance Test StepsMovement © i c Cc co CG u u cG & & ce u Go G Gu € Elastic Movernent Residual Movement RECOMMENDATIONS COMMENTARY Test data shall be plotted and analyzed as Only the successive load cycle maxima are shown shown in Figures 8.1a and 8.1b for clarity and are numbered I through 6 respectively 5 Figure 8.1a Plot g of Performance Test Data Loas Figure 8.1b Graphical Analysis of Performance Test Data 53COOBRAGCCARNOOROQDODR DOOR OCR OAGCOROOAOG rOOCNBN00e ane c RECOMMENDATIONS Figure 81a shows the total movement as a function of load, Figure 8.1b is developed from Figure 8.1a, and shows the partition of total movement (6) into its elastic (65) and residual (6) components. for each load maximum. The elastic movement (5s) is calculated by deducting the subsequent residual movement reading (8,) from the total movement (5) monitored at @ cycle maximum: Analysis of the elastic component permits calculation of the apparent free tendon length, at each load maximum, from the retationship: Apparent free _ A, Es 3p tendon length = P Ay = Cross section of the tendon E, = Modulus of elasticity for the prestressing steet & = Elastic movement P =TL-AL 8.3.3 Proof Tests Proof Tests shail be carried out on all other production anchors. This test is intended to quickly and economically determine a) whether the anchor has sufficient load carrying capacity, ») that the apparent tendon free length has been satisfactorily established, and ©) that the rate of creep stabilizes within the specified limits, The Proof Test shall be conducted by incrementally loading the anchor in accordance with the schedule in Table 8.2. At the Tes! Load, the load shall be maintained constant for 10 minutes and total movement readings shall then be recorded at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 10 minutes, If the total creep movement between 1 and 10 minutes exceeds 1mm (0.040 in), the Test Load then shall be maintained for an additional 50 minutes and the movement readings shall be fecorded at 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes During the load hold periods, the hydraulic 54 COMMENTARY ‘The maximum test load for Performance Testing may be increased beyond 133% of the Design Load (DL) under special conditions, but shall not exceed 80% of Fp... Such a special condition may arise if fixed reference points cannot be practically established, against which to directly measure pulling head movement, for example However, such an increase in maximum Test Load may require additional steel area, and therefore a ger hole diameter, This will be more costly and ay not be wholly representative of the Proof Tested anchors ia composition of behavior A test joad higher than 1.33 DL may be specified by the Engineer Such an increase in the maximum, Performance Test load above 133% of the Working Load may require an increased tendon steel area and hole diameter. A comparison of the total movement graphs of the Proof Test with those of the Performance Tests (conducted in similar conditions) may allow additional insight into the load transfer characteristics of the Proof Tested anchors, AL 0.25 DL. 0.50 DL. 0.75 DL 1.00 DL 120 DL 1.33 DL [Test Load] (10 minute hold) AL (Optional) Adjust to Lock-Off Load. Table 8.2 Proof Test Steps _RECOMMENDATIONS COMMENTARY pressure shall not deviate from the Test Pressure by more than 0.35 MPa (50 psi) and the load shall always be retuned to the Test Load prior to taking the movement reading. eccocaccecconaarce otal movement 6 Figure 8.2a Plotting of Proof Test Data aonene Elastic Movement c AL Residual Movernent 02s Load Figure 8.2b Graphical Analysis of Proof Test Data 55 rl EEE| RECOMMENDATIONS The test data shall be plotted and analyzed as shown in Figures 8.2a and 8.2b. For approx: imating the elastic elongation of Proof Tested anchors, the value for the residual movement of adjacent representative Performance Tested anchors shall be deducted trom the total movement measured. When the results of Performance Tests cannot be compared directly to those of Proot Tests, the anchor should be relurned to AL atter the 10. minute hold at Test Load and raised again to Lock-Of. This will permit the determination of Permanent and elastic movements at the Test Load 8.3.4 Supplementary Extended Creep Tests FECOOCCCOHaNnBRACHE When conducting this test, the equipment shall be capable of measuring and maintaining the hydraulic pressure within 0.35 MPa (50 psi) G oO At least two extended tests shall be made on permanent anchors in soils having a Plasticity Index greater than 20. The Creep Test shall be conducted by incrementally loading and unloading the anchor in accordance with the schedule of the Performance Test, except that at ~ each new load maximum, the load shall be held ‘ constant in accordance with the schedule in Table 8.3, COG The times for reading the creep movements shall be 1, 2. 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90. 100, 120. 150, 180, 210, 240, 270 and 300 minutes (where appropriate), Ht the creep rate exceeds 2mm (0.080 in) per logarithmic cycle, the observation period may be extended in an attempt to determine I the croes © rate will diminish to the 2mm (0.080 in) per © lagarithmie cycle of time S The family of creep curves shall be plotted as in “Figure 8.3 on a semi-iogarithmic chart © In creep susceptibie ground, the overload on anchors without fixed reference points shall be increased to 2.00 DL. 56 COMMENTARY For temporary anchors, where ground conditions and installation procedures are sufficiently understood, and installation procedures are weil controlled, Proof Test maximum loads as low as 1.20 DL may be appropriate. However, regardless of how low the Proof Test maximum is, the Design Load may not exceed 0.6 Fp, Extended creep tests normally are not performed on rock anchors since they go not exhihie tim dependent movements. However, anchors installed in very decomposed or argillaccous rocks may exhibit significant creep behavior Load Observation Period Iminy AL 0.25 DL 10 0.50 DL. 30) 0.78 DL 0 Loo DL 45 1.20 DL 60 133 DL 300 Table 8.3. Supplementary Extended Creep Test, SE SSco o eo G RECOMMENDATIONS COMMENTARY & ve —780 KN © =(175 hips) o > Ce ceo CE cio ce 2 & 3 oO og Ce a cd ce < § HE c -0| = 7 —— Eee ———— 0 EEE EEE (30 tipsy : oo 10 00 : TIME (minutes) € Figure 8.3 Typical Creep Movement Plot x S B4 Lock-Off Procedure Alter testing has been completed, the load in the tendon shall be such that after seating losses (wedge seating), the specified Lock-Off Load has been applied to the anchor tendon The magnitude of the Lock-Off Load shall be specified by the engineer, and shall not exceed 70% Of Fax The wedges shall be seated at a minimum load of 50% of Fy... It the Lock-Off load is less than 50%, shims shall be used under the wedge plate © and the wedges seated at 50% of Fyy,. The shims shall then be removed to reduce the load in the tendon to the desired Lock-Off Load. Bar tendons may be locked off at any toad less than 70% of Fou 8.5 Initial Lift-Off Reading © Alter transferring the load to the anchorage, and {prior to removing the jack, a fit-off test shall be 87 SS The tendon is loaded to the Lock-Off load and then the jack ram is further extended by an amount equivalent to the anticipated seating losses, prior 10 Lock-Off. This amount is the product of many factors, and needs careful field verification. The minimum seating load is nevessary to prevent possible strand slip through the wedges if the load in the tendon increases above the Lock-Off load during service life. Power seating of the wedges alone will not prevent strand stip, ‘The Lift-Off Load is measured by a) observing on. the pressure gauge the point at which there is 42%PAO FARRAR OANA ARI COOOAG RECOMMENDATIONS conducted to confirm the magnitude of the load in the anchor tendon. This load is determined by re-applying load to the tendon to lift off the wedge plate (or anchor nut) without unseating the wedges (or turning the anchor nut). This moment represents zero time for any long term monitoring, 86 — Acceptance Criteria The engineer shall evaluate the test data and determine whether the anchor is acceptable. Three groups of acceptance criteria shall all be satisfied * Creep * Movement * Lock-off load 86.1 Creep The creep rates shown by the family of curves in Figure 8.3 should be reviewed and judged by the engineer to determine that there is no indication that future unacceptable movement or creep failure is probable. The creep amount shall not exceed 1 mm (0.040 in) at Test Load during the period of 1 to 10 minutes. If this value is exceeded, then the total creep movement within the period of 6 to 60 minutes shall not exceed 2mm (0.080 in) The creep behavior of epoxy filled strand itselt is significant and the measured anchor creep movements must be adjusted to reflect the behavior of the material. At a Test Load of 80%ot Fp, cfeep movements of epoxy filled strand are conservatively estimated to be 0.015% of 58 COMMENTARY marked reduction in the rate of gain of pressure and/or b) the load at which two shim-wires installed diametrically opposite under the wedge plate can be first withdrawn. A load accuracy of 42% may be expected. If anchors fail during testing, it may be necessary to modify the design or construction procedures. These modifications may include reducing the anchor design load by increasing the number of anchors, increasing the bond length, changing the anchor type. or modifying the installation techniques. The engineer and the anchor contractor should work closely together in order to determine the most suitable modifications within the framework of the specifications For anchors that have failed a test load criterion. monostrand stressing may help to ascertain mode of failure, e.g., pull-out of individual tendon units may indicate debonding at the grout-tenden interface, whereas, if all tendon units hold their individual test loads, attention is directed towards failure of the bond zone at the ground/grout merface, If this criterion is not met, see Section 8.7. The Creep Test is intended to detertnine the creep movement of the grout body through the ground. The creep rate of 2mm (0.080 in) per log cycle was established for anchors using bare (i.e. notoceee oO C rranee nae RECOMMENDATIONS the apparent free stressing length during the 6 , 60 minute log cycle, but may be higher than this value. For a Test Load of 75% of Fy, this percentage can be reduced to 0.012%. These correction factors are based on limited laboratory tests but appear to be reasonable based on field observations. 8.6.2 Movement 8.6.2.1 Residual Movement There is no absolute criterion for the amount of residual movement which is acceptable. + Measurement of this residual movement is, however, essential to determine the elastic movement. From that, the apparent free length of the anchor can be calculated for which the acceptance criteria are described in Sections 8.6.2.2 and 6.6.2.3, 8.6.2.2 Minimum Apparent Free Length The minimum apparent free length at the Test Load, as calculated on the basis of elastic movement, shall be equivalent to not less than 80% of the designed tree tendon length plus the jack tength. if this criterion is not met, the anchor shall be reloaded up to two times more from AL to TL and the calculation repeated on these cycles. If the criterion is still not met, then a) the cause of this inefficiency in load transfer shall be investigated and b) the anchor may be rejected or derated. A limit higher than 80% of the designed tree length shall be set in cases where later movements occurring as a result of fedistribution of the free length friction would cause unacceptable structural movement. A higher limit shall also be set where there is the potential that significant amounts of prestress would be transferred in the ‘no load zone" by tendon friction along the free length. 8.6.2.3 Maximum Apparent Free Length ‘The maximum apparent free length at the Test Load, as calculated on the basis of elastic 59 COMMENTARY epoxy filled or coated) prestressing strand, the creep rate of which is negligible. Aiter Lock-Otf the relaxation properties of the tendon steet govern its long tesm load loss (see ASTM Specification A882). For epoxy coated bars, these considerations do not apply ‘The amount of residual movement depends on many geotechnical, constructional and testi factors. Residual movements in hard. competent rock masses are typically small (less than 25mm or 1 in}, while residual movements in soft rocks or ‘weak soils tend to be greater. This is calculated to verify that the anchor load is being transferred beyond any potential failure or slip plane in accordance with the overall stability requirements of the anchor-structure system Friction in the free length may need to be considered. The actual E modulus of a long multi strand tendon may be less than the manufacturer's E value for a single strand, measured over a relatively short gauge length. A reduction in the manufacturer's E modulus value of 3 to $% may be allowed in any field diagnosis. ‘The “no load” zone is defined as being that part of the ground or structure between anchor head and bond zone which is to be anchored, and which would move unacceptably if not anchored. ‘The apparent free length as determined at the Test Load also provides additional information on loado ° o © o c o © Cc o ocecae G Cc € ¢ c c C v c & C ¢ c & € c RECOMMENDATIONS movernent, shall be less than 100% free length plus 50% bond iength plus the jack length. However, anchors with longer apparent free lengths shall not be rejected it the cause of the behavior has been investigated and satisfactorily explained. 8.6.2.4 Acceptability Based on Total Movements The criteria for the Minimum and Maximum Apparent Free Length, as described in Sections 8.6.2.2 and 8.6.2.3, are not sttictly relevant if only total movement data are available However, it is conventional to apply these criteria also to total movement data when, from Past experience or previous tests in the same conditions, the magnitude of the residual movements is well known, and elastic movements can, therefore, be estimated. In such cases, the criteria listed above shall be applied. Otherwise, only the criterion for the Minimum Free Length shall be used as a basis for acceptance, even though total movements will be the basis, 8.6.3 Initial Lift-Off Reading This reading shall be within 5% of the designed Lock-Off Load. If this criterion is not met, then the tendon load shall be adjusted accordingly and the initial Lift-Off reading repeated, 8.7 — Procedures in the Event of Failure During Testing If an anchor does not reach the Test Load as a consequence of interfacial bond failure, subsequent actions depend on whether the anchor can be postgrouted or not Regroutable anchors shall be posigrouled and then subjected to all the original acceptance criteria 60 COMMENTARY transfer characteristics within and around the bond rane, Apparent free lengths longer than this criterion may be caused by a) tendon debonding, b) installing the bond length in variable ground where the more competent ground surrounds the lower part of the bond length, ¢) the anchor approaching or having reached its ultimate load carrying capacity. Total movement data only will be available in Proof Tests where the option to return 10 AL before Jock-off has aot been pursued. When the Joad is more than 5% above the desired, and where no shimy have been prepositioned under the wedge phute for later extraction, then it is preferable to accept this load and so avoid the danger of having wedge marks below the we plate as a result of strandéwed Section 8.2.1). inping (sei I may be decided. for economic or logistical reasons not to npt for additional postgrouting, Such anchors may then be treated us if they had 0. postgrouting facilityRAO ARN AAO ROOCOCOCCOOCEO RECOMMENDATIONS Anchors without a postgrouting system shall be either rejected (and replaced) or locked off at not snore than 50% of the maximum load attained, In his event, no further acceptance criteria are applied. If an anchor fails the Creep Test at the Test Load, then the anchor shall be postgrouted and subjected to an enhanced creep criterion assuming the other acceptance criteria are met This enhanced criterion requires a creep movement of not more than tmm (0.040 in) between 1 and 60 minutes at Test Load. Anchors, which cannot be postgrouted may be rejected or shall be locked off at $0% Test Load. In this event, no further acceptance criteria are applied A tlow diagram illustrating this decision making process is shown in Figure 8.4 88 Monitoring Service Behavior Monitoring of the anchored structure during and after construction may be appropriate and the frequency of monitoring shall be decided at the design stage. Monitoring may be by the measurement of loads on individual anchors by using load cells or lift-off tests and/or the measurement of the performance of the structure or excavation. Monitored anchors must remain unbonded in the free stressing length. Specifications may require the load in the anctior tendon to be adjustable al a later time. Specially designed anchor heads will be required to allow later lit-off readings and load adjustments. The designer shall prescribe the monitoring program in terms of anchor number, location, frequency of monitoring and reporting procedures. The designer shall further determine the maximum loss or gain of load that can beolerated in any anchor during its service life, taking into account the design of the overall system 61 COMMENTARY As noted in Section 8.6.1, the performance of epoxy coated strand must he considered separuiely aund compensated for in these cri The purpose of long-term monitoring is to determine if the anchor has maintuined ats loud and/or has not suffered damage from corrosion. Depending on the amount of anchors and the importance of the measurements, typically 3 10 10% of the anchors, or more if desired, are monitored on any given project. Load monitoring devices, or load cells. have become more reliable and are being used more frequently for long-time monitoring of anchor loads, Hydraulic and vibrating wire load cells are better suited for job site conditions than electric and in resistance load cells. Strain gauges, particular electric resistance strain ga not shown long-term reliability. The design of such systems must address appropriate be: conditions, and the LengtlvDiameter ratio of the oad cell, in order to eliminate inaccuracies due to uneven loading and/or end effects. Hydraulic load cell readings can be influenced by temperature changes. Designers should consider the installation of secondary measurement systems such as survey targets, to verify the magnitude of primary ‘measurements which involve strain° ° © © © c ° ¢ © c ANCHOR TEST TO TL C ~ 4 ‘ ASS FAL « 1 eS ‘GROUT NO POST GROUT] c | SCS] re ! c ! | ¢ en a GROUT NO POST GROUT] LOCK OFF c l sesect \ (‘at cso%e ¢ REPLACE MX LOAD ‘ net ATTAINED . on v SUBJECT TO c ENHANCED ‘ Cheer Test a lo ¢ PASS FAT] on | | ‘ | Jor | c REJECT LOCK OFF AT DESIGN LOCK. (OFF LOAD, ‘ Figure 8.4 Decision diagram for acceptability testing of anchors 62RECOMMENDATIONS ae movement of the anchored structure must 2 known in order to determine the cause for the Gehange in anchor load and whether remedial CG measures are required. Le CoGecEec general, observations shall initially be at short ‘tervals of 1 to 3 months, with later monitoring © at longer intervals not more than 2 years, -2Pending on the results. Any significant load hanges shall be evaluated © © Hift-off readings within a few hours or days after she initial lift-off are not done routinely , but when equired, are usually performed on permanent Achors only, selected at random. They are not © "sed normally to determine acceptability of . anchors. GC ciftoff readings are obtained similarly to the \yitial lift-off readings. When comparing sub- sequent lift-off readings with the initial lift-off reading allowance shall be made for time: dependent load losses (tendon relaxation) and possible movement of the anchored structure. Where anchor load gains are measured, monitoring should continue until the load stabilizes. If the load in the anchor approaches the test load, then the tendon shall be destressed to the design load, additional support shall be installed, and the overall anchored structure shall be monitored until the system \ stabilizes. 63 COMMENTARY Monitoring gauges should be secured from damage or vandalism and should be easily accessible Remote read-out facilities, where practical easy and frequent monitoring permit When unusual behavior is observed, random lift off readings may be helpful to: verity the lo term, load-carrying capacity of a rock oF soil anchor: investigate anchor/structure interaction: and explain unusual performance phenomena. They are also used to evaluate anchor performance no independent reference point for measuring anchor movement is available during testing when ‘The primary time-dependent load oss for anchors in competent rocks of soils is the result of steel relaxation, Relaxation losses may be up to 3 percent of the lock-off load in seven days. depending on the type of steel and its stress level Estimated values of relaxation losses can be obtained from the tendon supplier. In cohesive soils and argillaceous rocks. interfay creep can be a significant source of loss of load with time| eeececcec6eeé COOOOCOGE ane c RECOMMENDATIONS 9.0 SUBMITTALS AND RECORDS 9.1 General Proper submittals and records are essential for both temporary and permanent anchor installations. Drawings are required to provide a permanent record of the location and layout of anchors as installed. Records covering site investigation, drilling, grouting, stressing and acceptance testing shall be compiled for future reference. Certificates of Conformance for all materials and their relevant properties shall be retained 9.2 Preconstruction Submittals The following items shali be submitted for approval if required by the contract specifications * Contractor qualification and driling plan. + Contractor designed items. + Shop-drawings describing tendon fabrication, installation requiremements and corrosion protection details. + Grout mix proportions with supporting lab test deta, mixing and injection methods. + Equipment to be used for testing and stressing and for measuring elongation, ‘including calibration records. 9.3 Final Records The following documents shall be retained for permanent anchors as prescribed in the contract provisions, These records must be neat, legible, and suitable for reproduction: 64 COMMENTARY All parties should cooperate to share the responsibility for record-keeping. For example, the owner may compile the site investigation and background data, whereas the contractor's construction records may be adequate to cover the drilling, grouting, tendon and stressing aspects. Records of the final anchor locations should be Filed with the local authorities, having jurisdietion, because:| OR ARE ROR OC OOCORL OA OCOEOG RECOMMENDATIONS As-built drawings, if required Certified material test reports for the prestressing steel and other materials as required Drilling and grouting records, water testing, if conducted, grout mix design, lab tests on grout cubes. if required. Anchor test and monitoring results and corresponding graphs. comM ENTARY Future excavations: may uninten- tionally sever the anchor tendons Removal of soil may reduce the anchor resistance Future fill and subsequent anchor bending. may cause sectlementsae c 10.0 APPENDIX 10.1 Appendix A — Prestressing Strand Bond Capacity Test Scope This appendix outlines a test procedure to verity the initial bond capacity of 15mm (0.6") diameter strand used with cementitious grouts for prestressed anchors Test Method Bond tests shall be conducted on 15mm (0.6") diameter strand used for anchors to ensure propé bond properties, The uncleaned, undisturbed production strand specimen shall be cast in a grout cylinder with dimensions shown in Fig. 10. 1. The untensioned strand shall be embedded in neat cementitious grout with a water/cement ratio of 0.45, concentrically along the longitudinal axis of the test cylinder. When the grout reaches a compressive strength between 25 and 30 MPa (3500 and 4000 psi), to be determined on SOmm (2") test cubes, a force shali be applied at the rate of 2.5mm/minute (0.1"/minute), as shown in Fig. 10.1, by a calibrated hydraulic or mechanical jack, until the calibrated dial gauge used at the unloaded end shows a displacement of 0.2mm (0.01 inch). The minimum force required to achieve this displacement shall be 35.0 KN (8000 Ibt. ) If more than three (8) tests are made on 2 production lot, the average force to reach a 0.25mm (0.01 inch) displacement shall be at least 35.0 KN (8000 Ibf,) with the minimum value not more than 13 percent lower. Number of Tests At least three bond tests shall be conducted on representative samples of 15mm (0.6") strand, 1860 MPa (270 ksi). Tests should be conducted once in every 12 month period. Retests shall be made in the case of changes in the sirand production method that could affect the bond capecity, or if site failures ascribable to groul/strand bond failure are recorded. Retests if any bond test fails to meet the minimum requirements specified, then six more samples shall be bond-tested and all samples shall pass. 66CGGCEGG € € STRAND SAMPLE [ DIAL GAUGE ———() 15mm (0.6 in.) Coe GROUT (Wit = 0.45) STEEL PIPE 125 mm (5 in.) 0.0. WALL 3 mm (0.125 in.) COGCE TAPE BOND BREAKER FILLET WELD PLATE 150 mm X 150 mm X 6 mm (6 in. X 6 in. X 0.25 in) COoOoeCnTe Wl ~~ JEt tt PULL FORCE + Figure 10.1 67 tt 50 mm (2in.) 400 mm (16 in.) 50 mm (2 in.) Strand Bond Capacity Test Arrangement esCOCECCOOCEE CCOCCCe@ar COE G 11.0 REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 11.1 Reference Standards ASTM Standards A36 Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Stee! ASS Standard Specitications for Pipe, Stee! Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated Welded and Seamless A416 Standard Specification tor Steel Strand. Uncoated Seven-Wire tor Concrete Prestressed Standard Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steet Structural Tubing in Rounds and Shapes A536 Standard Specification for Ductile Iron Castings A572 Standard Spectication for High-Strength Low-Alloy Columbium-Vanadium Structural Steel A562 Standaid Spectication for High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel with 50000 ps) Minimum Yield Point to 4 in, Thick 4709 Standard Specification for Carbon and High Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel Shapes, Plates, and Bars and Quenched-and Tempered Alloy Structural Steal Plates tor Bridges A722 Standard Speciication for Uncoated High Strength Steel Bar for Prestressing Concrete A775 Standard Specification tor Epoxy-Coated Reinforcing Steel Bars A882 Standard Specification tor Epoxy-Coated Seven-Wite Prestressing Steel Strand ABBE Standard Specification tor Steel Strand. indented, Seven-Wire Stess-Relieved for Prestressed Concrete C150 Standard Specification for Portiand Cement 21248 Standard Specification tor Polyethylene Plastic Molaing and Extrusion Materials 68 91764 Standard Specitication for Rigid Poly (Vinyi Chloride) (PVC) Compounds and Chlorinated Poly (Vinyl Chloride) {CPVC)Compounds 04101 Standard Specitication for Propyiene Plastic Injection and Extrusion Materials G57 Standard Method for Field Measurements of Soil Resistivity using the Wenner Four Electrode Method AASHTO Standards M252 Conugated Polyethylene Drainage Tubing 7288 Determining Minimum Laboratory Soil Resistivity 7289. Determining pH of Soil for Use wr Corrosion Testing 7290 Determining Water Soluble Sulfate ton Content in Soil AWWA Standard C105 American Water Works Association "Notes on Procedures for Soil Survey Tests and Observations and Their Interpretation to Determine Wheiner Polyethylene Encasement Should Be Used’, Apsenain A 2SOOO OOCOCCOCOCAGONBS c LeaOre Oe Cee ¢ ate 11.2 @ 2 wy 6 ) ” @) @ (19) any Selected Bibliography Casagrande, A. (1948): “Classification and Identification of | Soils". Transactions, American Society of Civil Engineers. Vol 113, Paper 2351, pp. 901-902, US. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Comps of Engineers - USAWES (1987) "The Unilied Soil Classitication System”, Technical Memo No, 3-957, Vicksburg, MS. Ostermayer, H. (1974). "Construction Carrying Behavior and Creep Characteristics of Ground Anchors". Proceedings of Conterence on Diaphram, Walls and Anchorages, Institution of Civil Engineers. London, England, pp.141-181 Littlejohn. G. 8. and Bruce. 0. A. (197) "Rock Anchors + Stateol-the Art Foundation Publications Ltd., Brentwood Essex. Englang, Bustamante, M. Delmas, F. and Lacour (1978). "Behavior of Prestressed Anchors in Plastic Clay", IX ICSMFE, Japan Special Session No. 4, Review Francaise Geotechnique, No. 3, pp. 24-34. Peabody, A. W., "Control of Pipeline Corrosion’, National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston, TX. p. 82. Hanna, 7. H. (1982): “Foundations. in Tension, Ground Anchors", McGraw-Hill Book Company, Code #0-07-026017-6. Nicholson, P. J.; Uranowski, D. 0; Davidson, R. (1982), "Permanent Ground Anchors = Nicholson Design Criteria’, Federal Highway ‘Administration Report FHWAJRD-81/151 Piister, P.; Evers, G.; Guillaud, M.: Davidson, R., (1982): "Permanent Ground Anchors Soletanche Design Criteria’, Federal Highway Administration Report FHWA/RD- 81/150. Schnabel. H., Jr. (1982): "Tiebacks in Foundation Engineering and Construction", McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY. “Tiebacks Report Weatherby, D. E., (1982). Federal Highway Administration FHWAIRD-82/047, 69 (ay (3) (ay) (15) (16) «7 (va) (9) (20) 2 (22) FIP Commission on Practical Construction (1986): "Corrosion and Corresion Protection of Prestressed Ground Anchorages', Thomas Telford Lid, Telford House, London, England. Cheney, R. S. (1988): "Permanent Ground Anchors’, U.S. Department of Trans- portation, Federal Administration Report FHWA-DP-68-1R, Washington, D.C. Botish Standards institution (1980); "Ground Anchorages", BS. 8081, Briish Standards Institution, London, England Bureau Securitas (1989): “Reccmmenda lions for the Design, Calculation, Con: struction and Monitoring of Ground Anchorages", A.A. Balkema, Rotlerdam. Bruce, D. A, (1989), "Meihods of Qverburden Dailing in Geotechnical Construction - A Generic Classification’ “Ground Engineering” Volume 22(7), Cheney. R.S, (1990): "DP-68 Final Report Permanent Ground Anchors" (2 Volumes) FHWA 0P90-086-003, FHWA Washington, D.C Deutsche Industrie Norm (1990): "Ground Anchorages; Design, Construction and Testing", DIN 4125, Fachnormenausschuss Bauwesen, Bern “Post Post Post-Tensicning Institute (1990): Tensioning Manual", Fifth Edition, Tensioning Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, Post-Tensicning institute (1998): "Specification for Unbonded Single Strand ‘Tendons", Post Tensioning Institute, Phoeni Anzona Task Force 27, AASHTO-AGC-ARTBA, (1990): "Permanent Ground Anchor Specification and inspection Manual AASHTO, Washington, O.C. Bruce, D. A., (1991): "The Construction and Performance of Prestressed Ground Anchors in Soils and Weak Rocks: A Personal Overview", DFI Conference, Chicago, tL.| eco DOP OA RRR RAR CAR PARC RORR ARN AR AR AAR (23) (24 (25) (26) (27) (2a American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (1992): "Standard Bridge Specifications for Highway Bridges’ AASHTO, Washington, D.C. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (1992): "Standard Specifications for Transportation Materials” Part ll, Tests, AASHTO, Washington, D.C. Fédération Internationale de fa Précontrainte (1992): "Recommendations for the Design and Construction of Prestressed Ground Anchors", Fédération Internationale de la Précontrainte, Wexham Springs, Slough SL3 8PL, United Kingdom, Sason, G. (1992): "Evaluation of Degree of Rusting on Prestressed Concrete Strand” Journal of the PrecasvPrestressed Concrete Institute, V. 37, No. 3, Chicago, Illinois, Bruce, D. A, (1993): "The Stabilization of Conerete Dams by Post-Tensioned Rock Anchorages: The State of American Practice” ASCE Spec. Conference on Geotechnical Practice in Dam Rehabilitation, N.C. State University, Raleigh, N.C., Apri 25: 28, pp. 320-332, Draft European Standard (1994): "Execution of Special Geotechnical Work: Ground Anchors’, European Committee for Standardisation, Central Secretariat; Aue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels, 70