Kuliah 14

Kuliah-14
C b
Carbonate
t Acidizing
A idi i

Dosen : Ir.
D
I Andry
A d Halim,
H li MM
Universitas Trisakti - Jakarta
2012

Objective/Sasaran
j
Konsep Dasar Carbonate Acidizing
Dan penerapannya
p
p y

Daftar Pustaka
Allen S.O. and Robert A.P. Production Operation, Vol. I Oil and Gas
C
Consultant
lt t International
I t
ti l Inc.
I
Peter E. Clark,Well Completions : Stimulation and Work Over.
Pertamina Hulu, Teknik Produksi, Jakarta, 2003
Unocal Completion Course Presentation
BJ presentation, 2003
Semua buku perihal Komplesi dan uji Sumur
Semua Jurnal tentang Komplesi dan uji Sumur

BJ Services
Carbonate
Formations
&
Matrix Acidizing
g

Carbonates

Topics
1.
2.
3.
4
4.
5.

Types of Formation
Mineralogy
Acid Types
T
Treatment
Design
D i
Summary

Carbonates

1. Types of Formation

Carbonates

Types of Formation
Limestone
Comprised mainly of Calcium Carbonate
but may also contain Calcium Magnesium
Carbonate and Iron Carbonate
3 Types:-

Carbonates

Types of Formation
Organic Limestones
F
Formed
d from
f
the
th Skeletal
Sk l t l Residues
R id
of Marine Life
Relatively high porosity and high
level of Impurities

Carbonates

Types of Formation
Precipitated Limestones
Usually formed as Evapourites
Low Porosity

Carbonates

Types of Formation
Clastic Limestones
Formed as Secondary Sedimentary
epos ts
Deposits

Carbonates

Types of Formation
Chalk
T
Type
off Fine-Grained
Fi G i d Limestone
Li
t
Rocks Tend to be p
pure
re White and Soft
M l Calcium
Mostly
C l i
Carbonate
C b

Carbonates

Types of Formation
Dolomite
Calcium Magnesium Carbonate
Generally Harder and Less Permeable
than Limestones
Often with Natural Fractures

Carbonates

Types of Formation
Marble
M t
Metamorphic
hi Limestone
Li
t
/ Dolomite
D l
it
V
Very
Hard,
H d very Low
L
Permeability
P
bilit
Natural Fractures

Carbonates

2. Mineralogy

Carbonates

Mineralogy
Calcite
C l i
Calcium
Carbonate
C b
t (CaCO
(C CO3)
Easily dissolved by Acid
Main constituent of most Carbonates
Usually
y organic
g
in Origin
g

Carbonates

Mineralogy
Calcite
C CO3 + 2HCl
CaCO

C
CaCl
Cl2 + CO2 + H2O

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) stays in Solution Downhole,

But will Cause Foaming
g as the Acid is
Flowed Back to Surface

Carbonates

Mineralogy
Dolomite
Calcium Magnesium Carbonate
CaMg(CO3)2

Very soluble in Acid

Carbonates

Mineralogy
Dolomite
C M (CO3)2 + 4HCl
CaMg(CO
C Cl2 + M
CaCl
MgCl
Cl2 + 2CO2 + 2H2O
Dolomite
D
l
it Requires
R
i
more Acid
A id per ft3 off
Rock than Limestone or Chalk

Carbonates

Mineralogy
Siderite
Iron Carbonate (FeCO3)
Usually found as minor consituent
of Limestones and Chalks
Easily dissolved by Acid, but can
result in Iron Hydroxide precipitates

Carbonates

Mineralogy
Siderite
F CO3 + 2HCl
FeCO

F
FeCl
Cl2 + CO2 + H2O

Ferrous Chloride can cause Ferrous

Hydroxide Precipitates if the Acid
is Neutralised

Carbonates

Mineralogy
Ankerite
I
Iron-rich
i h Dolomite
D l
it - Ca(FeMg)(CO
C (F M )(CO3)2
Usually found as minor constituent
of Dolomites
Very soluble in Acid, but can
result in Iron Hydroxide precipitates

Carbonates

Mineralogy
Quartz
Silica - SiO2
Not Sol
Soluble
ble in Acid
Can result in Production of Fines

Carbonates

3. Acid Types

Carbonates

Acid Types
Hydrochloric Acid
HCl - also known as Muriatic Acid
Very reactive
Very cheap and readily Available
Main Acid for 80% of Matrix Treatments
in Carbonates

Carbonates

Acid Types
Acetic Acid
CH3COOH - Also called Ethanoic Acid
Mildly reactive
Expensive - used as alternative to HCl
in High Temperatures
Al used
Also
d to
t control
t l Iron
I
Precipitates

Carbonates

Acid Types
Formic Acid
HCOOH - Also called Methanoic Acid
Mildly reactive (stronger than Acetic)
Expensive - used as alternative to HCl
in High
g Temperatures
p

Carbonates

Acid Types
Citric Acid
C 6H 8O 7
Will form Calcium Citrate precipitate
if reacted with Calcite
Mainly used in combination with Acetic
Acid for Iron control. Never used
on its own.

Carbonates

4. Treatment Design
Acid type and Strength
Corrosion Inhibitor
Iron
I
Control
C t l
Surfactant, Non Emulsifier
Special Additive

Carbonates

Treatment Design
Acid Type
Use HCl Unless you have a
Good Reason to Use another Acid Type
At very High Temperatures, Acetic and/or
Formic Acid is Used because of Slower
Reaction Rate
Choice of Acid Depends on Cost
Cost,
Availability, Storage and Function

Carbonates

Treatment Design
Acid Type
On very Water-Sensitive
O
W t S
iti Formations
F
ti
99% Acetic Acid can be Used, as
thi is
this
i Essentially
E
ti ll Water
W t Free.
F
Remember
R
b that
h Organic
O
i Acids
A id are
Generally Weaker than HCl and will
R
Require
i more Tank
T k Volume
V l

Carbonates

Treatment Design
Acid Strength
Strong A
St
Acids
id dissolve
di
l more Rock
R k per
Gallon, Require less Storage Volume and
Less Mi
Mix Water
Weak Acids Require Less Corrosion
Inhibitor and Get Further from the Wellbore

Carbonates

Treatment Design
Acid Strength
Choice
Ch
i off Acid
A id Strength
St
th Depends
D
d upon
BH Temperature, Available Storage
Vol me and Treatment Objectives
Volume
Objecti es
Typical HCl Strengths:7.5%, 15%, 28%

Carbonates

Treatment Design
Corrosion Inhibitors
Corrosion Inhibitors reduce the rate
at which the Acid Attacks the Completion
((and the BJ Equipment)
q p
)
BJ Standard for Corrosion Protection
is 0
0.05
05 lbs/sq ft Metal Loss or Less
BJ Standard for Coiled Tubing Protection
is 0.02 lbs/sq ft Metal Loss or Less

Carbonates

Treatment Design
Corrosion Inhibitors
Inhibitor Intensifiers are used at
Higher Temperatures to Boost the
Effectiveness of the Inhibitors
Corrosion
C
i IInhibitors
hibit
are Expensive
E
i
and highly Toxic

Carbonates

Treatment Design
Corrosion Inhibitors
Inhibitor Loading taken from Charts,
Charts or
Job-Specific Testing:

BH T
Temperature
t
Exposure Time
Completion Material (eg N-80,
N-80 Cr-13)
CO2 and/or H2S Level
Mutual Solvent Loading
g
Acid Type and Strength

Carbonates

Treatment Design
Pumping Rate
For Near
F
N
W
Wellbore
llb
Damage
D
Removal,
R
l LCM
Removal or Gravel Pack Cleanouts, pump
att 0.5
0 5 to
t 1.5
15b
bpm.
The Idea is to Keep the Live Acid in the
Near Wellbore Area. Deep Penetration
is Generally Not Required

Carbonates

Treatment Design
Pumping Rate
For Matrix
F
M t i Stimulation,
Sti
l ti
Pump
P
att Maximum
M i
Possible Rates, Staying below 80% of
th Frac
the
F
Gradient
G di t
It is possible to Create Wormholes
Wormholes
through the formation if the rate
is High Enough

Carbonates

Treatment Design
Pumping Rate
y
Treatments Involve
Paccaloni-StyleMatrix
Increasing the Rate, as the Acid
Stimulates the Formation
These Treatments can start at 2 - 3 bpm
& Finish
s at 40
0 + bp
bpm
Paccaloni treatments,, with diversion,,
Provide the Best possible stimulation

ACIDIZING

Dasar Acid Frac

Acid diinjeksikan melebihi kondisi fracture
Diaplikasikan pada reservoir Limestone dan Dolomite
Permukaan fracture (fracture face) terlarut oleh asam
yang menyebabkan terbentuknya conductive channel
Panjang dari fracture ditentukan oleh jenis acid,
volume,
vo
u e, kekuatan
e ua a ac
acid,
d, parameter
pa a e e leakoff,
ea o , da
dan
kecepatan reaksi

Kandidat Acid Frac

Clean formasi limestone dan Dolomite
Harus memiliki fracture containment/barrier yang cukup untuk
mendapatkan panjang (Xf)
Batuan dirty carbonate (< 70% kelarutan pada HCl) adalah kandidat yang
jelek
Material
i l tidak
id k terlarut
l
oleh
l h HCl
Cl yang terlepas
l
bisa
bi menutup fracture
f
ataupun masuk ke wellbore yang bisa menyebabkan perforasi tertutup
(sandfill)
Formasi Chalk tidak terlalu cocok
Lunak, sehingga tidak bisa menjaga conductivity setelah fracture
menutup
Tidak cocok untuk formasi sandstone
HCl, bahkan HF tidak cukup untuk melarutkan permukaan fracture
Material yang terlepas karena terlarutnya batuan akan menutup fracture
yang ada

GENERAL PRINCIPLES
The primary purposes of any acidizing treatment is to dissolve
either the formation rock or materials, natural or induced, within
the pore spaces of the rock.
There are two primary requirements that an acid must meet to
be acceptable as treating fluid :
1
1.
It must react with carbonates or other minerals to form
soluble products
2. It must capable of being inhibited to prevent excessive
reaction with metal goods in the well
Other important consideration are cost, availability, and safety
in handling.
Major types of acid in well treatment :
1. Hydrochloric Acid
2. Hydrofluoric Acid
3 Acetic
3.
A i Acid
A id
4. Formic Acid

Perbandingan Acid Frac dan

P
Proppant
t Frac
F
Acid Fracturing

Propped Fracturing

Unit Frac

Sederhana

Komplit

Proppant Flowback

Tidak Ada

Bisa Terjadi

Fluid Loss Control

Jelek

Bagus

Kandidat

Karbonat

Sandstone + Karbonat +
Shale + Batubara (CBM)

Residual Damage

Tidak Ada

Ada

Fracture Length

Pendek

Panjang

HYDROCHLORIC ACID (HCl)

Used in the field is normally 15% by weight HCl;
however, acid concentration may vary between
5% and about 35%.
35% HCl will dissolve limestone,
limestone
chalk, dolomite, and most other carbonates.
Chemical reaction equation :
2HCl + CaCO3

CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

1000 gallons HCl of will dissolve approximately

10.8 cu ft (1,840 lbm) of limestone. It will liberate
approximately 7,000
7 000 cu ft of CO2, and produce
2,042.4 lbm of calcium chloride (dissolved in the
original water of the acid solution), plus 38.75 gal
of water formed during the reaction.

Acetic and Formic Acid

Acetic acid (CH3COOH) and Formic acid (HCOOH) are weakly
ionized, slow reacting, organic acids. They are used much less
f
frequently
l than
h HCl and
d are suitable
i bl primarily
i
il fro
f wells
ll with
i h high
hi h
bottom hole temperatures (> 250oF) or were prolonged reaction
times are desired. The reaction of these acids with
limestone is described by the following equation :
2HOrg + CaCO3

CaOrg2 + H2O + CO2

For field use, HAc and HCOOH solutions normally are diluted to
15% and 10%, respectively.
Above this concentration will p
precipitate
p
CaOrg
g2 from its spent
p
acid solution because of its limited solubility.
HCl sometimes mixed with HCOOH or HAc to increase
dissolving power per gallon of acid also will provide extended
reaction times.

HYDROFLUORIC ACID (HF)

Used in combination with HCl and has been
referred to as intensified acid or mud removal
acid Depending on the formation and use.
acid.
use
HF is used primarily to remove clay-particle
damage in sandstone formations, to improve
permeability of clay-containing formations, to
increase solubility of dolomitic formations.
Chemical reaction equation :
2HF + SiO2

SiF4 +2H2O
And

2HF + SiF4

H2SiF6

ACID REACTION RATES

A knowledge of the factors affecting the reaction rate
of acids is important for several reasons.
reasons
1. Guide for a selection Acid type and volume.
2. Determine how far a given formulation can
penetrate
t t into
i t formation
f
ti
b f
before
spending
di
(f t
(factors
govern spending time).
Many factor govern the reaction time of an acid :
1. Pressure
2 Temperature
2.
3. Flow Velocity
4. Acid Concentration
5 Area/Volume
5.
A
/V l
R ti
Ratio
6. Formation Composition

ACID ADDITIVES

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Corrosion Inhibitors
Surfactants
Silicate-Control Agent
Iron-Control Agents
Alcohols
Gelling and Fluid Loss Agents
Liquefied Gases
Retarded Acid

ACIDIZING TECHNIQUES
Three Fundamental techniques used in acidizing treatment :
1. Wellbore Cleanup
1
This entails fill-up and soak of acid in the wellbore. Fluid
movement is at minimum unless some mechanical means of
agitation is used.
2. Matrix Aciding
This is done by injecting acid into the matrix pore structure of
the formation,, below the fracturing
g p
pressure. Flow p
pattern is
essentially through the natural permeability structure.
3. Acid Fracturing
This is injection into formation above fracturing pressure.
pressure Flow
pattern is essentially through hydraulic fracture; however,
much of the fluid does leak off into matrix along the fracture
face.

Fundamental Desain Pada Acid

Fracturing
i
Mendapatkan
p
ppenetrasi acid fracture yyang
g
diinginkan
Memaksimalkan acid fracture length
-

BHST < 200F, gunakan acid langsung dan leakoff rendah

BHST > 200F, tambahkan cooling down fluid + retarder untuk acid

Fracture length harus dibatasi

Jika tidak ada barrier yang membuat fracture tumbuh ke lapisan atas/bawah
Untuk menjaga tidak terjadi komunikasi dengan lapisan yang tidak diinginkan

Memaksimalkan injection rate

Penetrasi yang lebih dalam
Dibatasi oleh kekuatan maksimum wellhead/tubing
50

Factor Yang Mempengaruhi Fracture

L th & Conductivity
Length
C d ti it
Jenis
J i Acid,
A id strength
t
th dan
d volume
l
Berpengaruh pada lebar dan panjangnyafracture lengths
Acid leakoff
Berpengaruh pada terbentuknya wormhole
Viskositas Acid
Mempengaruhi fracture width dan proses transportasi sepanjang fracture
Injection rate
Mempengaruhi panjang/tinggi fracture
Formation type
Mineralogy, temperature
51

Mekanisme Yang Terjadi Dalam Acid Frac

Acid Transport

A id Reaction
Acid
R
ti

Acid Leakoff

52

Optimasi Conductivity & Etched

F t
Fracture
L
Length
th
No
N th
theoretical
ti l limitation
li it ti off conductivity
d ti it
value

- A matter of pumping more acid to widen the etched width

Maximum stimulation ratio achieved

- Corresponds to the case of infinite conductivity fracture

Optimum acid fracture penetration

kw
x
50 k
f

Contoh Program
g
Acid Frac
DataFRAC* Service, consisting of:
Mini Fall Off using 2% KCl brine
Step Rate Test using 2% KCl brine
Calibration Test usingg 2% KCl brine
Main Acid Fracturing Treatment, consisting of:
Solvent Preflush (10% mutual solvent)
Spacer (15% HCL)
Diverter Stage (viscoelastic fluid, etc)
Main
M i A
Acid
id System
S t (emulsi
(
l i acid)
id)
Solvent Postflush (10% mutual solvent)
Tubing Displacement (2% KCl brine)

Contoh Program
g
Acid Frac
Job Execution
Stage Name

Stage Fluid
Volume
(gal)

Cum. Fluid
Volume
(gal)

Stage
Time
(min)

Cum.
Time
(min)

DIVERTER

1200.0

1200

2.0

2.0

SPACER

210.0

1410

0.4

2.4

ACID

800.0

2210

1.4

3.8

SPACER

210.0

2420

0.4

4.1

DIVERTER

1200.0

3620

2.0

6.2

SPACER

210.0

3830

0.4

6.5

ACID

800.0

4630

1.4

7.9

SPACER

210.0

4840

0.4

8.2

DIVERTER

1000.0

5840

1.7

9.9

SPACER

210 0
210.0

6050

04
0.4

10 3
10.3

ACID

600.0

6650

1.0

11.3

SPACER

210.0

6860

0.4

11.7

FLUSH

2815.7

9676

4.8

16.5

Contoh Program Acid Frac

Initial Fracture Top

p TVD
Initial Fracture Bottom TVD
Etched Fracture Half-Length
Average Etched Width
Average Conductivity
Average Fcd
Net Pressure
EOJ Efficiency

7411.4 ft
7422.8 ft
60.1 ft
0.212 in
34127 md.ft
126 2
126.2
74 psi
0.092

Carbonates

Summary
Matrix Acidizing in Carbonates is Usually
Relatively Easy. Iff you Pump Acid into
a Carbonate, you should get an
I
Increase
i Production
in
P d i
The Specifics of the Treatment Depend
upon the Temperature, the Formation Type
and Mineralogy,
Mineralogy and the Objectives

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Question ?