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G I N O B O C C A S I L E : I TA LY, 1 9 3 0

Image 2:
Poster for The Eternal Jew directed by Fritz Hippler, an
anti-Semitic pro-NAZI film.

Document A:
Excerpt from Adolf Hitlers Mein Kampf
The political parties which currently exist cannot be expected to bring about
the radical change that Germany needs. A political party will compromise
with a political opponent. The Fascist worldview never does this.
The Fascist worldview knows it is never wrong. The Fascist worldview is
intolerant, and this intolerance is virtuous (good and right). It will never
share its place with the current order. It will wage a destructive battle to
abolish (destroy) the current order.
It is not necessary for every individual fighter in this battle to understand the
ideas and plans of the Fascist worldview. The Fascist worldview can exist only
if leaders of great intellectual ability are served by a large mass of men who
are passionately devoted to the cause. We must inspire discipline and blind
faith, for the side with the best disciplined and most blindly obedient (easy to
control, do not question) troops always triumphs.
In order to carry the ideas of the Fascist worldview to victory, a populist party
had to be founded. The National Socialist German Labor Party (Nazi Party) is
that party. The National Socialist German Labor Party will prepare the way for
the destruction of the current order throughout the world.
The forces currently in control of the world are Jews here and Jews there and
Jews everywhere. The hardship we are now experiencing is because of them.
If this continues, the Jews will one day devour (destroy) the German nation
and the world. We must wipe out the Jewish Empire which is now in control.

Document B:
The March on Rome
The 1922 March on Rome was to establish Mussolini and the Fascist Party he
led, as the most important political party in Italy.
In November 1921, the fascist parties of Italy joined forces to create the
Fascist Party. It became an official political party. In its October 1922 party
conference, Mussolini said:
Either the government will be given to us or will shall seize it by marching
on Rome.
Mussolini, with the partys hierarchy, drew up a blueprint on how to do this.
1. Fascists would be brought into Rome from all over Italy.
2. All-important public buildings would be taken over including those outside
of Rome in the important cities in the north.
3. Mussolini would demand the resignation of the government and that a
new Fascist government be allowed to take over.
4. Armed Fascists would be near Rome. If the government failed to meet
these demands, they would march into Rome and take over by the use of
force.
The plan was grandiose (a large undertaking) if nave (foolish/innocent). The
military in Rome far out-numbered the Fascists who were poorly armed. Many
Fascists only had tools brought with them from farms. Many had the wrong
clothing for a party that was trying to seize power.
However, Mussolini gambled on one thing. He believed that the Italian
government lead by Facta and the king, Victor Emmanuel, did not want any
form of conflict especially as Italy had suffered so much in World War One.
Mussolini miscalculated with Facta he wanted to make a firm stand against
Mussolini. But Mussolini was correct with regards to the king. Victor
Emmanuel was convinced that any form of conflict would lead to a civil war
and he was not willing to contemplate that.
Victor Emmanuel also knew that his cousin, the Duke of Aosta, was a Fascist
supporter. He was fearful that his cousin would replace him if he stood up to
Mussolini and failed.
On October 29th, 1922, Mussolini was summoned to meet the king in Rome.
Mussolini arrived on October 30th and was sworn in as Prime Minister. Only
then were the Fascists who had gathered outside of Rome allowed to march

in triumph through Rome. Just five years earlier, Mussolini had been a
corporal in the Italian Army fighting in World War One.

Document C:
Excerpt from Benito Mussolinis Doctrine of Fascism
Above all, Fascism believes neither in the possibility nor in the usefulness of
peace. War alone brings out the best in people and puts the stamp (mark) of
nobility upon the people who have the courage to face it.
Fascism attacks democratic ideals. Fascism denies that the majority can rule
human societies. It insists that the inequality of men is beneficial (helpful).
Some men are greater than others, and these men should rule.
The Fascist State organizes the nation. It takes away pointless or harmful
freedoms, and preserves those that are essential. It cannot be the individual
who decides what freedoms matter, but only the State.
In it the tradition of ancient Rome, the Fascist State seeks to create an
empire. For Fascism, the creation of an empire is a demonstration of strength
and health. Its opposite, which is staying at home, is a sign of weakness and
corruption.
If every age has its own doctrine, it is clear from a thousand signs that the
doctrine of the current age is Fascism. The Italian people will rise again after
many centuries of abandonment and neglect (rejection). The Italian people
will rise again to create a new Roman Empire, and once again the Italian
people will lead the world.

Document D:
Adolf Hitler Attempts a Coup, 1923
The "Beer Hall Putsch"
Egon Larsend was a young man living in Munich. We join his account as
Adolph Hitler sits nervously nursing a beer at a bar just outside the entrance
to the hall where the rally is taking place. He is awaiting word that his
stormtroopers (The 3rd Reichs personal army--not Vaders army) have been
deployed around the building:
"A look-out man rushed to Hitler, reporting that the storm trooper trucks
were just arriving. Hitler swept his beer glass aside, took out his gun, and
signaled the group of men around him to follow him into the hall.
Among them were Hitler's bodyguard, a primitive and brutal butcher's
apprentice; his former sergeant in the army; Rudolf Hess, who was to
become his second-in-command in the party; 'Putzi' Hanfstaengl, the son of
Munich's most famous art publisher, who had studied at Harvard together
with F.D. Roosevelt, and who would have felt more comfortable at home
playing the piano than handling the pistol that had been pushed into his
hand.
The planned dramatic effect of the group's march into the hall was
somewhat marred (lessened) by the difficulty of pushing through the
perplexed crowd to the platform. Kahr [one of the Bavarian leaders] had
stopped speaking, and saw with dismay that a heavy machine-gun was being
wheeled into the entrance by uniformed stormtroopers. Some people
panicked and tried to leave, but every exit was now guarded, no one was
allowed out, and a few who tried were kicked and beaten back.
At last Hitler arrived below the platform, grabbed a chair, mounted it, and
fired a pistol shot at the ceiling. There was a sudden silence in the hall. He
jumped from the chair and leapt up the steps to the platform. A police major,
hand in pocket, tried to bar the way. Hitler put his pistol at the officer's head
and shouted, 'Take your hand out of your pocket!' The man obeyed.
Hitler was now in front of the triumvirate Kahr, Lossow, and Seisser [the
three Bavarian leaders]. He turned to the audience and declared in a hoarse,
excited voice: 'The national revolution has started. The building is guarded
by six hundred heavily armed men. The barracks of the Reichswehr [army
forces] and police have been occupied. Reichswehr and police are now on
the march under the swastika banner!'"