MS-DOS
mi;ksDrk
dks
vkns'kksa
ij
vk/kkfjr
vkns'k
ds
xyr
gksus
ij
MS-DOS
mi;qDr
djokrk gSaA
MS-DOS
lkekU;r%
dke
vkus
okyh
lHkh
QkbZy dks dsoy uke ls gh igpkuk tk ldrk gSa vr%fdUgh Hkh nks
QkbZyksa ds uke leku ugha gksus pkfg,A fdlh Hkh u;h QkbZy dk
uke j[krs le; gesa igys dke vk pqds lHkh ukeksa dks /;ku esa
j[kuk iMs+xkA ;g cgqr dfBu o vlEHko lk dk;Z gSaA
,d
vkWfQl
esa
cgqr
lh
QkbZysa
gks
ldrh
gSa
Root
Devesh
Kalpana
Personal
Account
biodata
doc1
School
doc2
acc1
acc2
acc3
gSaA
R;sd
lcMkbjsDVjh
es
3&3
QkbZysa
gSaA
iFk uke ds vk/kkj ij ge buesa vUrj dj ldrs gSaaA vki iFk uke dks
QkbZy rd igqpus dk jkLrk Hkh le> ldrs gSaA ,d QkbZy ds iFk
uke esa root ls vkjEHk djds ml rd igqpus esa vkus okyh lHkh
MkbjsDVjh ds uke Hkh vkrs gSa o vUr esa Lo;a QkbZy dk uke
vkrk gSaA nks lc MkbjsDVjh ds chp esa ge \ dke esa ysrs gSaA
iFk uke dk vkjEHk k;% \ ls gksrk gSa tks root MkbjsDVjh dks
n'kkZrk gSaA
mnkgj.k ds fy, fp= 5-1 esa n'kkZ;h x;h QkbZy biodata dk
iFk dk uke gS &
\devesh\personal\biodata
;fn MkbjsDVjh dEI;wVj dh gkMZ fMLd ij gSa rks iFk uke %
C:\devesh\personal\biodata
gksxkA ;gk C :gkM fZMLd ds fy, dke esa fy;k x;k gSa o
C:\ gkMZ fMLd dh MkbjsDVjh dks n'kkZrk gSaA
blh dkj ;fn root MkbjsDVjh yksih fMLd esa gks rks QkbZy
dk iFk uke gksxk &
A:\devesh\personal\biodata
MkWl esa iFk uke dks n'kkZus ds nks rjhds gSa &
1
gSaA
vkjEHk fd;k tk ldrk gSaA vki ,d le; esa fdlh Hkh ,d MkbjsDVjh esa
dke dj ldrs gSaA orZeku esa vki ftl MkbjsDVjh esa dke dj jgsa
gSa mls current directory dgrs gSaA
5-4-1
5-4-2
lajpuk esa dbZ Lrj gks rks QkbZy dk fujis{k iFk uke dkQh cM+k
gks
ldrk
gSaA
vf/kdrj
mi;ksDrk
viuh
QkbZysa
vyx&vyx
QkbZysa gSaA
,sls esa ge QkbZyksa dks dsoy muds uke ls ;k lc
MkbjsDVjh ds ckn okys iFk ls Hkh igpku ldrs gSaA bls ge lkis{k
iFk uke dgrs gSaA
mnkgj.k ds fy;s ;fn djSUV MkbjsDVjh kalpana gSa rks
school lc MkbjsDVjh dh doc1 QkbZy ds fy, ge fuEu lkis{k iFk
uke dke esa ys ldrs gSa &
school\dot1\
;g lkis{k iFk uke mlh QkbZy dk gS ftldk fujis{k iFk uke fuEu
gSa &
\kalpana\school\doc1\
MkWl nks fo'ks"k rhd dke esa ysrk gS ftuls lkis{k iFk
ukeksa dk mi;ksx cgqr gh vklku gks tkrk gSaA ;s fuEu gS &
-
--
QkbZy
Independence) --
;qfDr;ksa
ds
chp
lekurk
Chap*.*
igys pkj djsDVlZ gSaA buds ckn uke esa dkbZ Hkh
djsDVlZ vk ldrs gSaA blh dkj ,DLVsa'ku dqN Hkh gks
ldrk gSaA
ldrs gSaA vkids }kjk VkbZi fd;s x;s vkns'k dlZj okys LFkku ij
n'kkZ;s tk;sasxs vkSj tSls&tSls vki VkbZi djsaxsa dlZj vkxs
c<+rk tk;sxkA
;fn ge cwfVax ds le; gh lkjs MkWl vkns'kksa ls lEcfU/kr
ksxzke kFkfed Le`fr esa yksM djnsa rks mudk fu"iknu dkQh
rhoz xfr ls fd;k tk ldrk gSaA ijUrq blesa dkQh Le`fr csdkj gks
tk;sxhA nwljh rjQ ;fn ge fdlh Hkh MkWl vkns'k ls lEcfU/kr
ksxzke dks cwfVax ds le; Le`fr esa yksM ugha djas rks
vkns'kksa dk fu"iknu /kheh xfr ls gksxk D;ksafd tc vki vkns'k
nsaxs rHkh lEcfU/kr DOS ksxzke f}rh;d Le`fr ls kFkfed Le`fr
esa yksM gksxkA vr% ge de kFkfed Le`fr ls dke pyk ldrs gSa
ijUrq vkns'kksa dk fu"iknu /kheh xfr ls gksxkA
vkns'kksa ds ;ksx dh nj dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, MkWl ds
vkns'kksa dks nks Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSa &
1
PROMPT
CLS
RD or RMDIR
COPY
REN or RENAME
DATE
TIME
DEL or ERASE
TYPE
DIR
VER
MD or MKDIR
VOL
PATH
5-9-2 ck MkWl vkns'k (External DOS Commands) &
rqyukRed :i ls de dke vkus okys vkns'kksa ls lEcfU/kr ksxzke
f}rh;d Le`fr esa QkbZyksa esa gksrs gSaA t:jr iM+us ij gh ;s
ksxzke f}rh;d Le`fr ls kFkfed Le`fr esa yksM gksrs gSaA budk
fu"iknu vkarfjd MkWl vkns'kksa dh rqyuk esa /kheh xfr ls gksrk
gSa D;ksafd buls lEcfU/kr ksxzkeksa dks yksM gksus esa dqN
le; yxrk gSaA
dqN lkekU;r% dke esa vkus okys ck MkWl vkns'k &
ATTRIB
FIND
RESTORE
BACKUP
FORMAT
SORT
CHKDSK
LABEL
SYS
DISKCOMP
TREE
DISKCOPY
XCOPY
vki ,d QkbZy dh dksih djuk pkgrs gSa rks vkidks dksih djus ds
vknsa'k ds lkFk gh nks iSjkehVj naus gksaxsA igyk iSjkefVj ml
QkbZy dk uke gksxk ftldh dksih djuh gS o nwljk iSjkehVj ml
QkbZy dk uke gksxk ftlesa QkbZy dksih djuh gSaA
vkns'k dk rhljk Hkkx fLop (switch) dgykrk gSaA ;g vkns'k dh
lkekU; dk;Z'kSyh dks ifjofrZr dj nsrk gSaA
mnkgj.k ds fy, ge MkbjsDVjh ns[kus ds fy, DIR vkns'k dke
esa ysrs gSaA ijUrq ;fn ge bl vkns'k ds lkFk fdlh fLop dk ;ksx
djsa tSls fd DIR/P tks bldk ifj.kke vyx gksxkA vkns'k ds uke ds
ckn / (Forward Slash) yxkdj ge mlds vkxs fLop dk rhd fy[krs gSa
tks lkekU;r% ,d djsDVj dk gksrk gSaA
5-10 vkarfjd MkWl vkns'k (Internal DOS Commands)
bl Hkkx esa MkWl ds vkarfjd vkns'kksa dk o.kZu fn;k x;k
gSaA
CLS & bl vkns'k dk mi;ksx ekuhVj ij fy[kh lHkh lwpukvksa
MkWl ksEIV ds vfrfjDr dks gVkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSaA ekuhVj
ij fy[kh lwpukvksa dks gVkus ds fy, fuEu vkns'k VkbZi djds
ENTER dh nck;sa
C:\>CLS
;gk dh cksMZ dh ENTER dh dks nckus ds fy, ladsr dk ;ksx
fd;k x;k gSaA R;sd MkWl vkns'k ds ckn ENTER dh dks nckuk
vko';d gksrk gSa rHkh vkns'k dk fu"iknu vkjEHk gksrk gSaA
bl vkns'k ds fu"iknu ds ckn dEI;wVj ekuhVj ls lHkh lwpuk,
feV tk;saxh o ekuhVj ds mijh ck;s dksus (Top left Corner) esa
ksEIV C:\> fn[kk;h nsxkA
rhu Hkkxksa dks ls vyx djds n'kkZ;k x;k gSaA ;s rhu Hkkx e'k%
eghuk] fnu o o"kZ n'kkZrs gSaA
VER & bl vkns'k dh lgk;rk ls ge dEI;wVj esa ;qDr MkWl dk
olZu ns[k ldrs gSaA VOL & bl vkns'k dh lgk;rk ls ge gkMZ
fMLd ;k ykWih fMLd dk yscy (Label) ns[k ldrs gSaA
gkMZ fMLd dk oksY;we yscy ns[kus ds fy, fuEu vkns'k nsa &
C:\> VOL C:
blls fuEu vkmViqV ekuhVj ij n'kkZ;h nsxk &
Volume in drive C: is CBH
Volume Serial number is 0112-12FF
ykWih dk okY;we yscy ns[kus ds fy, fuEu vkns'k nsa &
C:\ > Vol A :
DIR & bl vkns'k dh lgk;rk ls fdlh Hkh MkbjsDVjh esa fLFkr
QkbZyksa o lcMkbjsDVjh dh lwph ekuhVj ij ns[k ldrs gSaA ;fn ge
vkns'k ds lkFk dksbZ iSjkehVj ugha ns rks ekuhVj ij djs.V
MkbjsDVjh esa fLFkr Qkbyksa o lcMkbjsDVjh dh lwph n'kkZ;h
tk;sxhA
;fn vki fuEu vkns'k ns rks &
C:\ > DIR
ekuhVj ij ewy (root) MkbjsDVjh C dh Qkbyksaa rFkk
lcMkbjsDVjh dh lwph fn[kk;h nsxhA tSlk dh fp= 5-2 esa n'kkZ;k
x;k gSaA
C:\>dir
Fke iafDr esa gkMZ fMLd dk yscy vkids }kjk fn;k x;k
11 djsDVj dk uke nf'kZr gksrk gSaA
<DIR> QkbZy o
Hkko
DIR/P & blls ge ,d ls cM+h lwph dks Hkh ekuhVj ij ns[k ldrs
gSaA vkns'k ds fu"iknu ij vki igyk ist ekuhVj ij
ns[ksaxs vkSj ist ds vUr esa vkidks (Press any key to
continue) lans'k fn[kk;h nsxkA fdlh Hkh (Key) dh dks
nckus ij lwph dk nwljk ist fn[kk;h nsxkA bl dkj
vki ,d&,d djds lHkh ist ns[k ldrs gSaA
DIR/W & ;fn Qkbyksa o MkbjsDVjh dh lwph cgqr yEch gks
tks
pkSM+kbZ
(Width-wise)
esa
QkbZyksa
Letters
Officers
Expenses
Clerk
Income
Cash
Bills
Bazar
Interest
Banks
C:\> MD INCOME\CASH
C:\> MD INCOME\BILLS
C:\> MD INCOME\INTEREST
vki C:\INCOME dks djs.V MkbjsDVjh cukdj fuEu vkns'k Hkh
ns ldrs gSa &
C:\INCOME > MD CASH
C:\INCOME > MD BILLS
C:\INCOME > MD INTEREST
blh dkj dh lcMkbjsDVjh cukus ds fy;s fuEu vkns'k ns ldrs
gSa %
C:\> MD INCOME\INTEREST\BAZAR
C:\> MD INCOME\INTEREST\BANKS
;fn INCOME\INTEREST djs.V MkbjsDVjh gks rks fuEu vkns'k
ls Hkh vki lcMkbjsDVjh BAZAR o BANK cuk ldrs gSa &
C:\INCOME\INTEREST\ > MD BAZAR
C:\INCOME\INTEREST\> MD BANKS
CD\CHDIR (Change Directory Command) & cwfVax ds ckn vki
ewy MkbjsDVjh esa gksrs gSaA bl vkns'k ds ek/;e ls ge fdlh Hkh
MkbjsDVjh dks djs.V MkbjsDVjh cuk ldrs gSaA MkbjsDVjh cnyus
ds fy, CD ds ckn MkbjsDVjh dk fujis{k ;k lkis{k uke nsuk gksrk
gSaA
INCOME MkbjsDVjh esa tkus ds fy;s vkidks fuEu vkns'k
nsuk gksxk &
C:\CD INCOME
blds ckn MkWl kEIV fuEu gksxk &
C:\INCOME >
gSaA ;fn vki ewy MkbjsDVjh esa gSa rks fuEu vkns'k ls BAZAR
MkbjsDVjh gVk ldrs gSa &
C:\>RD\INCOME\INTEREST\BAZAR
DEL or ERASE &bl vkns'k dh lgk;rk ls vki fdlh Hkh QkbZy
dks f}rh;d Le`fr esa ls gVk ldrs gSaA
;fn vki ewy MkbjsDVjh (C:) esa gSa vkSj mlesa fLFkr ,d
QkbZy ACCOUNT.DAT dks gVkuk pkgrsa gSa rks fuEu vkns'k nsa
&
C:\> DEL ACCOUNT.DAT
;fn ;g QkbZy ewy MkbjsDVjh esa ugha gSa rks fuEu =qfV
lans'k nf'kZr gksxk &
file not found
fujis{k o lkis{k iFk ukeksa dk mi;ksx djds vki fdlh Hkh
MkbjsDVjh esa jgrs gq, nwljh MkbjsDVjh dh QkbZysa gVk ldrs
gSaA
mnkgj.k ds fy;s C:\DASE MkbjsDVjh esa ls lHkh ksxzke
QkbZysaftudk ,DlVsa'ku PRG gS gVkus ds fy, vki fuEu vkns'k
ns ldrs gSa &
C:\DEL DBASE \ *.PRG
fdlh MkbjsDVjh dh lHkh QkbZyksa dks gVkus ds fy, fuEu
dkj vkns'k nsa &
C:\> DEL
bl vkns'k dk vi;ksx cgqr gh lko/kkuh ds lkFk djuk pkfg,
D;ksafd lkjh QkbZysa fMyhV gks tkrh gSaA
;fn vki ,d MkbjsDVjh esa ls vf/kdrj QkbZysa gVkuk pkgrsa
gSa rks fuEu vkns'k nsa &
DEL *.*/P
;g vkns'k nsus ij QkbzZyksa ds uke ,d ds ckn ,d djds
fn[kk;s tkrs gSa vkSj mi;ksDrk dks Y ;k N VkbZi djus ds fy,
kEIV fd;k tkrk gSaA ;fn vki Y VkbZi djrs gS rks QkbZy fMyhV
gks tkrh gSa vU;Fkk ughaaA
REN or RENAME & bl vkns'k dh lgk;rk ls vki fdlh Hkh
QkbZy dk uke cny ldrs gSaA
;fn vki QkbZy BIODATA.DOC dk uke cny dj DEVESH.DOC
djuk pkgrs gSa rks fuEu vkns'k nsa &
C:\>REN BIODATA.DOC DEVESH.DOC
;fn vki iqu% C: MkbZo esa vkuk pkgsa rks fuEu vkns'k nsa
&
A:\ > C:
vc vki iqu% fuEu MkWl kEIV ns[ksaxs &
C:\ >
C% MkbZo esa dke djrs
gq,
A% MkbZo dh
QkbZyksa dks ns[kuk & ;fn vki C% MkbZo esa dke dj jgsa
gSa o yksih dh ewy MkbjsDVjh esa fLFkr QkbZy LETTER.TXT
esa lafpr lwpukvksa dks ekuhVj ij ns[kuk pkgrs gSa tks fuEu
vkns'k nsa &
C:\ > TYPE A: LETTER.TXT
;gk yksih dh ewy root MkbjsDVjh dks n'kkZrk gSaA
vU; mnkgj.k
1
dh djs.V MkbjsDVjh esa dksih djus ds fy, fuEu vkns'k nsa &
COPY
*.* A:
5-11 MkWl ds ck vkns'k (External Commands of DOS)
bl Hkkx esa MkWl ds ck vkns'kksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA
TREE & bl vkns'k dk mi;ksx MkbjsDVjh lajpuk dks ns[kus
ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSaA
;fn vki ewy MkbjsDVjh (C:) esa fLFkr lHkh MkbjsDVjh o
lcMkbjsDVjh dh Vh (tree) lajpuk ns[kuk pkgrs gSa rks fuEu
vkns'k nsa &
C:\ > TREE
blls Vh ds :i esa C% MkbZo dh MkbjsDVjh lajpuk ekuhVj ij
nf'kZr gksxhA
yksih dh MkbjsDVjh lajpuk ns[kus ds fy, fuEu vkns'k nsa
&
C:\ > TREE A:
;fn vki MkbjsDVjh lajpuk esa MkbjsDVjh o lcMkbjsDVjh ds
lkFk lkFk QkbZyksa ds uke Hkh ns[kuk pkgsa rks fuEu vkns'k
nsa &
C:\ >TREE/F
/F fLop ds mi;ksx ls ekuhVj ij nf'kZr Vh lajpuk esa
QkbZyksa ds uke Hkh n'kkZ;s tkrs gSaA
FORMAT & ,d ubZ yksih dks ge lh/ks dke esa ugha ys
ldrsA mi;ksx esa ykus ls igys yksih dks QkWjesV (format) djuk
DISKCOPY A: B:
blds ckn ekuhVjj ij fuEu lans'k nf'kZr gksxk &
Insert source diskette in drive A:
Insert target diskette in drive B:
Press enter when ready..............
vki ENTER nckus ls igys ;g fuf'pr djsa fd MkbZo A esa lkslZ
fMLd gSa o MkbZo B esa VkjxsV fMLd gSaA
tSls gh vki ENTER dh nck;saxs dEI;wVj lkslZ fMLd dks
VkjxsV fMLd esa dksih djuk vkjEHk dj nsxkA dkih lEkkIr gksus ds
ckn fuEu lans'k nf'kZr gksxk &
Copy Complete
Do you want to make another copy (y/n) ?
;fn vki lkslZ fMLd dh vkSj dksih ugha cukuk pkgrsa rks N
VkbZi djsaA ;fn vki Y VkbZi djrs gSa rks iwjh f;k fQj ls
nksgjk;h tk;sxh rFkk lkslZ fMLd dh ,d ls T;knk dkih cuk ldrs gSaA
;fn vki ds dEI;wVj esa ,d gh MkbZo gks rks lkslZ dh dksih
djus ds fy, fuEu vkns'k nsa&
DISKCOPY A: A:
MkWl vkidks igys lkslZ yksih Mkyus ds fy, lans'k nsxkA
MkWl lkslZ yksih ds contents dks kFkfed Le`fr esa dksih dj
ysxk o mlds i'pkr~ vkidks VkjxsV yksih Mkyus ds fy, lans'k
nsxkA tSls gh vki VkjxsV yksih A: MkbZZo esa Mkysaxs MkWl
kFkfed Le`fr ls lkslZ yksih ds dks VkjxsV yksih esa contents
dksih djuk vkjEHk dj nsxkA
DISKCOMP & bl vkns'k dh lgk;rk ls ge nks yksih fMLdksa
ds dh rqyuk dj ldrs gSaA vkids dEI;wVj esa ,d gh yksih MkbZo
gks rks nks yksih fMLdksa dh rqyuk djus ds fy, fuEu vkns'k nsa
&
C:\ > DISKCOMP A: A:
blds ckn ekuhVj ij fuEu lans'k nf'kZr gksxk &
Insert diskette in drive A :
Press any key to continue......
vc ,d yksih fMLd dks MkbZo esa Mkydj dksbZ Hkh key
nck;saA dqN le; i'pkr~ ekuhVj ij fuEu lans'k fn[kk;h nsxk &
Insert another diskette in drive A :
Press any key to continue..............
vc igyh yksih fMLd fudky dj nwljh yksih MkbZo esa
Mkysa vkSj dksbZ Hkh dh (key) nck;saA
nksuksa yksih ds ,d&,d VsDl o lsDVj dh rqyuk gksxhA ;fn
nksuksa yksih ds contents leku gSa rks ekuhVj ij vki fuEu lans'k
ns[ksaxs &
Compare OK
compare another diskette Y/N ?
;fn nksuksa yksih fMLdksa ds contents leku ugha gks rks
mudk vUrj ekuhVj ij nf'kZr gksxk o mlds ckn fuEu lans'k
fn[kkbZ nsxk &
Compare another diskette (Y/N) ?
vki ,d vkSj yksih dh rqyuk djuk pkgrs gSa rks Y VkbZi
djsaA blls iwjh f;k iqu% nksgjk;h tk;sxhA N VkbZi djus ij
MkWl kEIV vk tk;sxkA
MORE & ;g vkns'k fQYVj vkns'kksa dh Js.kh esa vkrk gSaA
fdlh Hkh vkns'k ds vkmViqV dks ge MORE vkns'k dk buiqV cuk
ldrs gSaA
vH;kl ds
fy, 'u
oLrqfu"B 'u
(Objective Type Questions)
fuEufyf[kr
'uksa
esa
lgh
fodYi
dk
pquko
dhft;sA
1- MkWl esa fuEu esa ls dkSulk QkbZy uke (filename) xyr gSa
\
v 12COM
l B+DATA
c BIODATA
n B-DATA
2- MkWl &
v gkMZos;j gSa
;wfVfyfV
lksVos;j
gSaA
3- buesa ls dkSulk MkWl vkns'k (Command) ,d VsDLV (text)
QkbZy esa lafpr lwpukvksa dks ekuhVj ij fn[kkrk gSa \
v LIST
l TYPE
c DISPLAY
n PRINT
4- MkWl esa fuEu esa ls dkSulk QkbZy uke (filename) xyr gSa
\
v INDIA.TXT
c LETTER.Z
l HE>SHE.GON
n ABCD.COM
c DIR
l VER
n VOL
c DISKCOPY
l XCOPY
n DISKCOMP
c CREATE
l VER
n MAKE
c CONFIG.SYS
l COMMAND.COM
n AUTOEXEC.BAT
9- ;fn dEI;wVj dks gkMZ fMLd ls cwV djsa rks fuEu esa dkSulk
MkWl kEIV ekuhVj ij fn[kk;h nsrk gSa \
v A: or A:\ >
c C or C:\ >
l B. or B:\ >
ughaA
10- fuEu esa ls dkSulk djsDVj (character) MkWl ds iFk uke esa
MkbjsDVjh o QkbZyksa dks vyx djus esa dke vkrk gSaA
v \
c /
l >
n :
v FORMAT A:/B
c FORMAT A:/S
l CREATE SYSTEM
ughaA
14- fuUe esa ls fdl MkWl vkns'k ls ge Mk;jsDVjh lajpuk dks
ekuhVj ij ns[k ldrs gSa \
v TREE
c DIR
l PRINT
n TYPE
15- fuEu esa ls dkSulk MkWl vkns'k ,slk gS tks R;sd QkbZy
dks (Delete) fMyhV djus ls igys mi;ksDrk ls iwNsxk \
v DEL *.*/P
c XDELETE
l RD *.*
ughaA
mkj&rkfydk
l
1-
611-
[k
2712-
3-
8-
13-
fjDr
4914-
Lfkkuksa
5-
10-
15-
dh
iwfrZ
dhft;s \
1- ,d vkns'k gSaA
2- ,d vkns'k gSaA
3- MkWl vkns'k dh lgk;rk ls ge fdlh Hkh MkbjsDVjh
dh iSjs.V MkbjsDVjh esa igqp ldrs gSaA
gSaA
mkj &
1-
External
2-
Internal
3-
CD..
4-
CD\
5-
8,3
mkj&rkfydk
1-
(T)
2-
(F)
3-
(T)
4-
(F)
5-
(T)
y?kwjkRed 'u
(Short Answer Type Questions)
1- vkrafjd (Internal) o ck (External) MkWl vkns'kksa ds chp
dk vUrj Li"V dhft;saA
2- cwfVax D;k gSa \ la{ksi esa le>kb;sA
3- iFk uke (Pathname) D;k gSaA la{ksi esa le>kb;sA
4- MkbjsDVjh dh mi;ksfxrk le>kb;sA
5- okbZYM dkMZl (Wild cards) dh mi;ksfxrk le>kb;sA
6- MS-DOS dh rhu eq[; Qkbyksa (System files) ds uke fyf[k;sA
7- dHkh&dHkh RD vkns'k ls ge ,d MkbjsDVjh dks fMyhV
(delete) ugha dj ikrsA D;ksa \
fucU/kkRed 'u
(Essay Type Questions)
1- MkWl dh fo'ks"krkvksa (features of DOS) ds ckjs esa foLrkj
ls fyf[k;sA
2- MkWl }kjk dke esa fy, tkus okyh Vh MkbjsDVjh lajpuk ds
ckjs esa fyf[k;sA
3- MkWl esa QkbZy ca/ku esa dkSu&dkSu ls vkns'k dke esa
vkrs gSa \ mudk fooj.k nhft;sA
4- MkWl esa MkbjsDVjh ca/ku esa dkSu&dkSu ls vkns'k dke
esa vkrs gSa \ mudk fooj.k nhft;sA