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Daftar Isi
Pengantar Perkuliahan
3
Bab 1 Pengantar Sistem Dinamik
7
Bab 2 Feedback Loop
65
Bab 3 Model Lebih Kompleks 163
Bab 4 Modeling Exercise
180
Bab 5 Building Model
188
Bab 6 Exploring S-Shaped Growth 218
Bab 7 Urban Dynamics
249
2
Pengantar Perkuliahan
Tujuan Pembelajaran
Metode Pembelajaran
Sistem Evaluasi
Tujuan Pembelajaran
Setelah menyelesaikan kuliah ini mahasiswa
dapat:
Memahami pentingnya metodologi Sistem
Dinamik dalam menyelesaikan permasalahan
kompleks
Memahami langkah-langkah proses pembuatan
Sistem Dinamik
Memodelkan permasalahan kompleks dan
mensimulasikannya menggunakan salah satu
bahasa simulasi
4
Metode Pembelajaran
Presentasi kelompok
Hands-on
Diskusi
Sistem Evaluasi
Kehadiran
: 10%
Tugas dan Quiz : 30%
UTS
: 30%
UAS
: 30%
Rujukan
Road Maps A Guide to Learning System Dynamics
(System Dynamics in Education Project MIT)
Principles of Systems (J. W. Forrester)
Study Notes in System Dynamics (Michael R.
Goodman)
Introduction to System Dynamics Modeling (George
P. Richardson, Alexander L. Pugh III)
Introduction to Computer Simulation A System
Dynamics Modeling Approach (David Andersen, etc.)
System Dynamics Home Page: http://sysdyn.mit.edu/
?
?
Level_1
Rate_1
?
Constant_1
?
Rate_2
?
?
Constant_2
Auxiliary_2
Auxiliary_1
8
Mental Model
Konsep mental didasarkan pada
pengalaman kita
Pengalaman itu disaring dan dimodifikasi
oleh proses-proses persepsi dan
organisasi individu untuk menghasilkan
model mental kita yang menggambarkan
dunia di sekitar kita
10
Pikiran Manusia
Pikiran manusia teradaptasi dengan baik untuk
membangun dan menggunakan model yang
menghubungkan obyek-obyek dalam ruangan
Pikiran tersebut paling unggul dalam
memanipulasikan model yang menghubungkan katakata dan gagasan-gagasan
Tetapi pikiran manusia tanpa bantuan apapun, ketika
dikonfrontasikan dengan sistem sosial dan teknologi
modern, tidak cukup untuk mengkonstruksi dan
menerjemahkan model dinamik yang menggambarkan
perubahan dari waktu ke waktu dalam sistem
kompleks
11
Apa solusinya?
13
Sistem Dinamik
Sistem Dinamik digunakan untuk
menghindari penggunaan model
mental
Sistem Dinamik menawarkan
sebuah sumber umpan-balik
secara langsung dan segera
kepada kita untuk menguji asumsiasumsi yang ada dalam model
mental dari sebuah realita dengan
menggunakan simulasi komputer
14
15
16
Perilaku Sistem
Sistem Dinamik adalah metodologi yang
digunakan untuk memahami bagaimana
sistem itu berubah terhadap waktu
Cara unsur-unsur atau variabel-variabel
yang menyusun sebuah sistem berubah
terhadap waktu itu menunjukkan perilaku
(behavior) sistem tersebut
17
Contoh: EKOSISTEM
POPULASI
POPULASI
KELAHIRAN DAN KEMATIAN
PREDATOR
MAKANAN
LINGKUNGAN
TC
20
Simulasi Bisnis
Memungkinkan untuk mengembangkan dan menguji
strategi berbasis komputer sebelum strategi tersebut
diterapkan dalam dunia nyata
Simulasi bisnis mengurangi waktu dan usaha yang
diperlukan untuk investigasi resiko dan mengembalikan
profil-profil dari pilihan strategi
Dapat meningkatkan kemampuan untuk memahami,
memperbaiki, dan mengkomunikasikan hubungan antara
struktur bisnis, stratedi dan kinerja jangka pendek dan
jangka panjang
Sifat interaktif dari simulator membuat sebuah
lingkungan yang menyenangkan untuk mendapatkan
pengalaman dinamika bisnis pada kondisi yang
bervariasi
21
Ini harus
menggunakan
software
POWERSIM
STUDIO 2001
ENTERPRISE
Di dalam kuliah
ini akan dibahas
bagian model
bisnis saja
22
Model Bisnis
Sistem Dinamik menawarkan sebuah sumber umpanbalik secara langsung dan sesegera mungkin kepada
kita untuk menguji asumsi-asumsi yang ada dalam
model mental dari sebuah realita dengan menggunakan
simulasi komputer
Simulasi komputer adalah tiruan dari perilaku sistem
melalui perhitungan numerik yang dilakukan oleh
komputer pada sebuah model sistem dinamik (termasuk
model bisnis)
Sebuah model sistem dinamik adalah represantasi dari
struktur sebuah sistem
23
24
Perangkat Lunak
DYNAMO (DYNAmic MOdels)
STELLA (System Thinking Educational Learning
Laboratory with Animation)
Ithink
Powersim
Studio
Expert
Executive
Enterprise
Solver
Tahap11
Tahap
Gambar
Gambar
Sistemnya
Sistemnya
Tahap22
Tahap
Ubahgambaran
gambaranke
ke
Ubah
persamaanlevel
level
persamaan
danrate
rate
dan
Tahap33
Tahap
Simulasikan
Simulasikan
Modelnya
Modelnya
Tahap44
Tahap
DisainKebijakan
Kebijakan
Disain
danStruktur
Struktur
dan
Alternatif
Alternatif
Tahap55
Tahap
Didikdan
dan
Didik
Debatlah
Debatlah
26
Tahap66
Tahap
Implementasikan
Implementasikan
Perubahandalam
dalam
Perubahan
Kebijakandan
dan
Kebijakan
Struktur
Struktur
Batasan Sistem
Bo
u
30
nd
ar
31
Keputusan
Setiap keputusan diambil di dalam feedback
loop.
Keputusan ini mengontrol aksi yang mengubah
level sistem yang kemudian mempengaruhi lagi
keputusan tersebut
Proses membuat keputusan mungkin saja
merupakan bagian dari lebih dari satu feedback
loop.
Contoh keputusan:
Control valve atau aktuator pada chemical plant
32
Level
?
Rate
?
Auxiliary
?
35
Constant
births
dumping
plastics in landfills
harvesting
fir trees
deaths
planting
digesting
consumption
energy resources
completing
assigning
homework
returning
borrowing
library books
checked out
36
distance
velocity
acceleration
sand castles
demolishing
shrinking
cavities
developing
expenses
income
building
constructing
filling
money in bank
account
nuclear weapons disarming
37
Pengelompokan Level-Rate
births
Depok
population
deaths
38
Sifat Simulasi
Simulasi pada saat pertama dijalankan
mungkin perilakunya tidak realistis
Perlu perbaikan dengan cara
dikembalikan lagi ke tahap sebelumnya:
Apakah gambaran permasalahannya sudah
tepat?
Apakah penentuan level-rate dari variabelvariabel yang terlibat sudah tepat?
40
41
42
Populasi_Depok
Kelahiran
Kematian
44
Kematian
Persamaan Model
Persamaan model
Populasi Depok
dapat dilihat dengan
meng-klik menu
view, lalu pilih
equation
46
400,000
Populasi_Depok
380,000
360,000
340,000
320,000
300,000
0
20
40
60
Time
47
80
100
LATIHAN PEMBUATAN
MODEL DINAMIK
48
1. Landfills
Scenario: The city of Boise, Idaho is building a new
landfill. The city council wants to know how large the
landfill will be in twenty years so that it can plan ahead
and allocate enough space for all of the trash that will be
dumped into the landfill. The trash in the landfill can be
separated into two categories: the trash that will quickly
decompose, like yard leaves, and the trash that will take
a long time to decompose, like plastics. The city council
predicts that, over the next twenty years, the citizens of
Boise will be dumping approximately five thousand
gallons of plastics into the landfill every day.
Question: How many gallons of plastics will the Boise
landfill contain in twenty years time?
49
2. Fir Trees
Scenario: Today, approximately five million fir
trees stand tall in Hardwood Forest. A lumber
company has been cutting down, harvesting,
approximately one hundred thousand trees
every year. An environmental group, worried that
the forest will be entirely destroyed, has been
working hard to plant as many new fir trees as
possible. They have been able to plant
approximately five thousand trees every year.
Question: How many fir trees will there be in
Hardwood Forest in thirty years?
50
3. Brownies
Scenario: Its Saturday and Mathilda is working alone at
home on a group project. Mathildas best friend feels
guilty that shes not contributing to the team effort, so
she bakes Mathilda an enormous plate of brownies that
she brings over with many words of encouragement.
Mathilda nibbles on the brownies as she works. She eats
a brownie every hour. As Mathilda works on the group
project, her stomach works on digesting the brownies.
Mathilda digests a brownie every two hours.
Question: Eight hours later, when Mathilda finishes her
work on the group project, how many brownies does she
have in her stomach?
51
4. Energy Resources
Scenario: In 1972 the worlds known reserves of
chromium were about 775 million metric tons, of which
about 1.85 million metric tons are milled annually at
present.1 Make the temporary assumption that the world
population is not growing and industrializing, increasing
the demand for chromium exponentially, but instead is at
some (unrealistic) equilibrium so that the demand for
chromium is constant.
Question: At the current rate of consumption,
approximately how long will the known reserves last?
(Hint: Try running the model several times, increasing or
decreasing the time scale, until you find the numbers of
years after which the chromium reserves drop to zero.)
52
5. Homework
Scenario: Mathilda, the ever-studious student,
diligently does her homework. Corky, on the
other hand, is a slacker. He lets his work build
up. Every week he receives seven new
assignments. Over the course of the week he
completes one or two of the assignments. (On
average, he completes one and a half). The
semester is twelve weeks long.
Question: How many assignments does Corky
have to do at the end of the semester, right
before his final exams?
53
6. Library Books
Scenario: Laughton has a pile of five
library books on the floor next to his desk.
He loves to read. Every week Laughton
returns four of the books that he has read.
He also checks out four new books.
Question: How large is Laughtons pile of
library books after eight weeks?
54
7. Sand Castles
Scenario: A beach club in St. Tropez is organized a
sand castle contest. At 10 AM, eighty children gathered
on the beach to make their sand castles. Unfortunately,
at that time the tide was on the rise. Each child was able
to build a new sand castle every hour. The incoming tide
and the advancing waves demolished fifty sand castles
every hour.
Question: How many sand castles were left on the
beach at 6 PM? (Hint: you can either run your simulation
from 10:00 to 18:00 or from 0 to 8 hours after the
beginning of the
55
8. Distance
Scenario: Randy is training to run in the Boston
Marathon. If he paces himself, he can run eight
minute miles. Randy likes to run in the morning,
before breakfast. He wakes up at 7 AM, and eats
breakfast at 8 AM.
Question: How many miles can Randy run
before breakfast? (Hint: you can run the
simulation from 7 to 8 hours or for 60 minutes. It
does not matter which units you choose, but you
must be consistent and use either minutes or
hours throughout.)
56
9. Velocity
Scenario: A Ferrari is paused at a red
light. The light turns green. The driver
slams down the accelerator and the sports
car springs forward. He keeps his foot
tight on the accelerator. The car
accelerates at five miles per hour per
second.
Question: How fast will the Ferrari be
cruising sixteen seconds later?
57
10. Pinocchio
Scenario: When Pinocchio lies his nose
lengthens by one centimeter. Each time he does
a good dead, his nose shrinks five centimeters.
Every day, Pinocchio tells an average of 8 lies
and performs, on average, one good deed.
Question: If Monday morning Pinocchios nose
is 4 centimeters long, how long will his nose be
on Saturday night?
58
11. Cavities
Scenario: I develop a full-blown cavity
every two years. I do not go to see my
dentist very often; I get a cavity filled every
three years. Because I wait so long the
process is often quite painful.
Question: I currently dont have any
cavities. How many will I have in 15
years?
59
61