mT>;:
W^
;%5r
Wt
-^'4:i
.*
*. :
i$. G^i
ly^^cec^p^'i^^^
the writing
deemed an injury.
the
it
person to
whom
it
hj a new volume or
stands
set."
THEIR CONNECTION
AND MUTUAI
BEING THE
1870,
WITH APPENDIX.
BY
HENRY MAUDSLEY,
M.D.
Lond.
y
(^IV
ITcmboii
MACMILLAN AND
CO.
i8;a
"/'
and Reproduction
is rcscrved.'\
R.
CLAY, SONS,
LONDON
AND TAYLOR, PRINTERS,
BREAD STREET
HILL.
PREFACE,
The
first
part of this
volume
London,
to
which
upon
in the lectures
some
;
and
may be
mental
relations, as
much
scientific inquiry.
The
first
lecture
Physiology of
is
Mind
to
are
sketched
the
features
of
In the second
some forms of
PREFACE.
vi
human
In the third
the
body
to disordered
mental function.
would
fain
and a
best
may be
theories
method of
study,
and pathological
faithful
inquiries into
is
vain to
account of physio-
phenomena.
its
" Limits
it
a stable fabric of
its
held concerning
of
Philosophical
why no attempt
the views
sophy.
terms,
has been
scientific
scientific inquiry,
to
made
which,
if it
be true to
the truth of
its results.
It
lies
within
would seem
its spirit, is
its
to
in a
bound
powers and to
be
full
time that
and
that, instead of
continuing
PREFACE.
such
and unprofitable
fruitless
vii
discussion,
men
should
of nature,
how much
inter-
spiritual help.
and
be judged by
its fruits,
which cannot
sureties for
mind may,
fail
he care to do
to
But the
its truth.
if
end
in the
so,
which some
and ignore
its
results,
pains to
results are,
reached.
these
it
instances
inquiry,
and of
new
aspect
pursued
many problems
cannot
fail
this study,
of mental science.
namely, that
it
One
who have
highest
life
in
its
PREFACE.
viii
upon
his investigations of
by any philosophical
theories concerning
it.
The
very-
impossible to measure
frighten
his
upon
after
he has entered
it,
it
guise
the
all
would
neither
more nor
less
for
he
must use words which have already meanings of a metaphysical kind attached to them,
are therefore for
He
is
him more
or less a misinterpretation.
meddle
with,
designing
it
been well
fitting
if
his
facts^
and
free
his
from
it
would have
own words
the
exactly
vagueness
and
1863,
is
alterations.
cussed in
it
now
The
'
reprinted, with a
aspect ot
few,
mainly verbal,
dis-
PREFACE.
ix
Author
to the
appears
it
Whether
matter,
or
living matter
was formed
is
non-living
vigorous
to this dispute
life.
it
seem
This
to
still
is
to warrant,
will
in
is
acquired.
from
being settled.
be to make
far
scientific
and
develop-
be foretokened by, or to
exist
much may be
said
that
to
those
far
who
its
into the
would do well
phenomena of
to look with
non-living nature,
see, in
more
insight
and to consider
PREFACE.
the characteristic properties of
and exclusive
that,
as they imagine
they might go
their premisses
the
mode
on
them
Having done
to consider whether,
even
if
of origin of
whether in
life
fact
it
life
would not be
entirely gratuitous
and
The
and
hidden irony
is
Hanover Square, W.
November
may be
of their
the assumption
at
grounded.
9,
it
5,
1870.
that, as
has been
appHcation hes a
on which the
division
CONTENTS.
LECTURES.
PAGE
I.
2.
HEALTH
AND
THEIR
RELATIONS
TO
OTHER
3.
40
77
APPENDIX.
1.
II5
2.
I43
LECTURES.
1.
2.
3.
LECTURE
The
Gentlemen,
I.
of
relations
in
and
difficult
my
on which
should have
am how
No
little
felt
fluctuating.
we
think
has for
of that which
it
to
special work,
addressing you.
sensible than I
full justice
we know
is
is
of
business which
lies
before anyone
is
manifestations in
It is
mind
manner
into
in health to light
its
by unsound mind
upon the
to bear
interpretation of
healthy functions.
mind
[lect.
the pathology of
are
one must,
studies the
he would work
if
My
aim mil be
and he who
and
^visely
to
it
well,
promote the
reconciliation
its
shall
and
art,
mind
the
in a
sound body.
purpose
this
will
not
much of
may bring
Actually to accomplish
lie
in
my
power, but I
must
take.
that
it
men now
its
living insanity
was
little
or
The
reason of
of viewing
this
mind
it is
as
to their
an intangible
progress.
The
habit
entity or incorporeal
men from
subjecting
its
phenomena
to the
same method
'
I.]
its
disorders
affliction and,
in
presence of an evil
bodily
spirit in
sin,
disease.
who aimed
was given up to
time to
come be a
great
and ugly
blot
upon the
On
all
hands
it is
and
its
is all
amenable
In-
become a
strictly
medical study,
Still, it
are day
derangements
same
and
its
to the
method of
that
it
as
We
body which
it
inhabits
which
B 2
still
its
and uses
as
its
noblest aspirations
works openly or in a
4
latent
way
methods of physical
its
which,
if
religious ascetics,
me
let
dis-
which science
we shall make no
we begin by depre-
it,
as metaphysicians^
labour-
we make any
comprehended
estimate
step forward
its
fitly this
at
ciating the
by the
functions
Without speculating
research.
all
[lect.
functions,
it,
fully
to
highest,
achievement of organized
skill, it
will
be quite time,
down upon
it
if
with
contempt.
The
truth
is
was
phenomena
or forces,
it
human
and the
consciousness,
out
relations of bodies to
patient observation
and
doubtfiil
the
of
facts,
we put
less attractive
duty of observation
Surely
it
is
time
whether the
METHOD
I.]
OF INQUIRY.
inductive
abundant
wherever
fruitfulness
it
worth by
its
has been
its
faithfully
mena.
we ought
If so,
with
its
most recondite
The induction s
which we get by observing the simple may be used with
success to disentangle the phenomena of the complex
and
error.
The
is
end
sure to
in con-
the
we
and
we would
development.
Not that
the other
order of
must,
if
in the
one case as
truly learn,
it is
within
in
follow the
my
present
how
fabric
vain and
of mental
futile
it
is
to strive to
on any other
science
foundation.
To
of
its
tific
it
method.
is far
When we come
from easy to
fix
is
to inquire
strictly scien-
what these
are,
[lect.
tion begins.
dom
it first
appears,
it
The
more
appears that
it
we
is
looked
more
into, the
clearly
becomes
more
much
as possible of the
meaning of the
mind
shall
we
abstraction.
If
it
be
so, to
and which
seem
to display as intelligent
act of voHtion ?
nature
It
may
needs not to
and extent of
enough, but I
and
reflex
action,
select a striking
which
familiar
is
example in order to
One
simple
fact, rightly
much
as a
thousand
facts of the
true that
common things, it
uncommon things.
this instance
to
is
apprehend the
full
for
meaning of
by the distinguished
it is
many
done
physiologists
in
whose
REFLEX ACTION.
I.]
of reflex action
we may,
known
It is well
has had
head cut
its
from the
that
be pinched,
off
The
irritation.
if
it
withdrawn
is
reaches the grey matter of the spinal cord, and sets free
When
the foot
is
pinched more
and
a wider
irra-
is
still,
there
is
and
and a movement of
all
away.
frog,
it is
the
way
of harm,
that has
what we
is
hurtful to
is
beneficial to
it,
will
of feeling
and
the
call
it
will,
inteUigent
as well as of feeling
it.
to
is
or
stomach.
or call
out ot
expelled
is
it
which
by which food
violent coughing
way
we
jumping
instructive.
Touch with
same
it
side
acid to the
it
again with
After
not.
trying
Pfliiger,
tries to get
fruitless
therefore,
efforts,
seems
way,
that
in
spot,
its foot,
some
lect.
makes use of
up
gives
it
it
can-
it,
though,
as
restless,
at
says
at last
it
and succeeds
acid.
monized contractions
due sequence
in
purpose.
all
a special
for
the appearance
instigated
by
will
and
will
What
are
we
to say in explanation of
we must much
that
we must
essential to
its
very foundations of
tres.
mind
function,
its
Some eminent
is
plain
if
physical,
plain
it is
subtract
full
it
enlarge
that
that
movements
and properties
physiologists
now
maintain, on the
of reflex action
is
really
is
quite untenable,
endowed with
and
tainly these
of being
and
felt
all
and
cer-
the signs
how dangerous
still,
it
a practice
usually
is
to apply
PURPOSIVE ACTS,
I.]
phenomena
and
it
is
essential
to follow
The
and
we
that
it
feel to
go on in our minds
because we know
evil
ex-
in the frog.
Might we
not,
mical
salts
It
most necessary
is
and
to
danger of misapplying ideas derived from internal observation of the functions of mind-centres to the interpretation of the functions of lower nerve-centres,
misinterpreting
them.
and so of
still
is
that
will,
that the
may be
movements of the
movements of coughing,
quite
sneezing,
its
well-
will
than
and swallowing
BODY AND
lo
in
man.
MIND.
[lect.
movements
it
it
could hardly
it
acts necessarily
it
irritation
movements which
its
nature,
accordingly
has lost
was
its foot,
still
there,
continues unaffected by
its
it,
unsuccessful
movements
reflex actions
by another.^
movements
it
foot
if its
makes, in answer to
futile efforts
a day
live
for self-
it
supplements one
it
is
of
series
and
volition
as govern
centres.
may be unconscious
it
stood
cord.
In
is
case, however,
its
we have
by education
^
to
be organized,
have to be acquired
which commonly
effect
',
for reflex
It
movements
mind
to bear in
1. ]
it
can
and
must be taught,
perform
being
its
more
highly-
its
functions,
and
be so plainly exhibited.
its
But when
motor centres
its
matic
it
They become
reflex
To
the
will.
first
may, by
to
namely, that
repetition,
faculties of
become unconscious
in
performed as reflex
law,
an external stimulus.
effects of
we
place,
is,
in the
Let us
as
now go
The automatic
a step further.
This
acts,
be excited by an act of
will,
by an impulse coming
When
brain.
this
happens,
it
the
is
same
it is
in the
motor centres
fibres of
[lect.
is
motor
centres.
how
exhibits
the automatic
movements
in the
mind
is
one case
to
it
really
answer to
in
an external stimulus,
an impulse of will
is
The same
cord.
are effected
different stimuli
the
in the proper
and
in
both cases
immediate agency by
place independently of
the will
will,
is
absolutely depen-
accomplishment of
impotent
to' do
its
acts
a voluntary
without this
act.
When
it
would be
therefore
we have
appears that
we have
motor
centres,
it
is
due
clearly
We
mind.
and
perceive, indeed,
how
cord
is
indispensable an exact
and
them
yields us.
SENSORI-MOTOR ACTS.
I.]
13
senses
the
arrangement the
Most of the
who
the
most powerful,
when he comes
In man,
actually
is
the
potentially
connected with
that
however,
are
ments.
nuclei
sensorial
most
of
though
helpless,
creatures
living
all
and
asso-
To illustrate this sensori-motor or instincwe may take the results of Flourens' well-
centres must.
tive action,
loses at
all
neous action.
It
on
to
intelligence
and
appears as
if it
air, it
its
will
and
the
will
It will dress
its
on
its
be very
feathers
of a candle before
open
fall
its
if
it
it
and,
eyes, stretch
back into
back,
movement
yet, if
are shut.
were asleep
If laid
fly.
legs again
power of sponta-
all
its
its
when
its
head
a pistol
neck, raise
former attitude.
its
It is
and
the hemispheres
ideas.
The
removal of
aff"ect
the
14
There are no
reflex or automatic.
spontaneity
[lect.
ideas, there
no
is
true
it
will
swallow
when pushed
it
enough
into
its
mouth
to
without,
and
will
the
in fact,
mind
The pigeon
in
its
is
all their
is
is
good
for
perform, indeed,
the
through sensory
instinct,
nuclei.
for
wonderful displays of
will,
life
all
accommodate themselves
The
instinctive acts
show
to
their
what a degree of
part.
may be
wonderful
special perfec-
brought.^
do not say that the ant and the bee are entirely destitute of any
on our
are displayed
to vision
their lives
that they
are, in
larity
ments.
it
We
how
EDUCATION OF NERVE-CENTRES,
I.]
man must
ant,
15
slowly learn
in a definite
way
to
is
many
that
life,
which
Thus
in
become, so
less
When we
its
move about
in a
quite familiar,
room with
we
hemispheres.
doing
we
see
move about
stincts
by
in the
virtue of
we
are
in
if
we
we
are
try to
shut, but
we
originally, except
them now
is
evi-
Granting, however, that the bee or ant has these traces of adaptive
action,
it
which
in
we
some
[lect.
fully
occupied
"with
train of thought.
acts, as in dressing or
un-
mind
is
afterwards reflect
and
in
if
we
order to
in
doubt about.
It
is
evident,
all,
ing
them
afterwards.
intervene
much
centres, should
it is
distinct display of
the
functions
be deeply engaged in
the
of
their
subordinate
own
functions,
This appears to be
known
at the
of his
consciousness.^
For examples
may
on record, which
refer to
my work
cannot stop to
SUPREME NERVE-CEN2RES.
I.]
relate
now
how
they prove
functions,
many
17
animals, play in
apprehend the
clearly to
fact
We
that,
may be
ought
in
answer
by the
excited
and
when
that,
of them
wardly manifest
are, as
appropriate motor
to
perform
corpus
its
it
Hence
is
left
work
is
it
that,
up by
broken
special
are out-
that
nuclei
them.
striatum
cannot do
The movements
the same.
is
hand when
if
it
when
the
disease, the
could, a
his right
left
right
man might
hand was
dis-
abled by paralysis.
Thus much,
When we
it,
the part
all
and
the
to
all
the
But we
still
the nervous
system
ganglia minister.
those
The
do
these
to
in
to
of
supreme
different properties
and
centres with
we have
fundamentally
from
have to do with
is
there
but are
them
essen-
We
lower nerve-centres.
the
to
[lect.
They appear
be essentially
is
and there
impressions,
a reaction to
to
an organic
is
The
it is
they are
accordance with
the
anatomical
that
This
observation
no sensory
it is
is
in
which,
fibres
go directly
fibres start
however,
directly
is
disputed
from them
and thalami
alter the
made
to ideas;
The
impressions which
is
emotion
for I
hold emotion
the
registration of
them
is volition.
them
is
Attention
is
the maintenance
this
reaction to
ing
But
mean
and new
to
optici,
does not
are
fibres stop-
reflectiofi
is
the keep-
the successive
of ideas.
We know
not,
shall
know,
MEMORY.
I.]
what mind
is
but
we
19
bound
are nevertheless
tigate,
to inves-
functions,
its
and
to
exist
trace
which
resemblances
the
undoubtedly
centres.
From
memory was
treat of
that
it
is
and
But a
of physical explanation.
way
the
it,
peculiar to mind,
as affording
far
little
reflection will
The acquired
prove
functions
How
centres
The
be educated?
indispensable
is
could these
else
made upon
impressions
on the occasions of
centre,
similar impressions.
in
is
its
not forget
us,
manner
in
become
but there
so,
The
memory
virus
of
the consti-
it,
but
it
will
of an old man,
advancing age.
forget
memory
faint with
is
mark on
its
We may
life.
fade and
In every nerve-cell
of the body.
functions.
may
ganglionic
there
it
The
in a child's finger is
body grows,
evinces, as
20
part
Memory
remembers
recollect
is
change which
organization
the
impressions,
the
organic registration
the
is
[lect
it
element of
has suffered.
of the
effects
of
and
to
experience,
of
The
fact that
memory
is
accompanied by conscious-
organic processes
that are
the
condition of
organized,
its
it.
it is
a habitual
movement does
in
our bodily
activity.
We
we observed
memory but which of us finds it necessary to remember the meanings of the common words which we
are daily using, as we must do those of a foreign language with which we are not very familiar ? We do
its
remember them, of
memory.
In
pianoforte,
is
skilful player
remembrance
matic,
like
course, but
it is
by an unconscious
obliged to call to
but the
VOLITION.
I.]
21
To my
memory
same
are the
in the
and of
centres of sensation
in a brain that
Accordingly,
reflex action.
is
endure while
life,
lasts
Consciousness,
their characters.
but a
true,
it is
fever,
efface
may be
im-
momentary
vividly back, in a
with
all
seemed
flash,
and
call
back too
much
that
ever.
In
to
the deepest
and most
self,
or from
is
others,
it
might well be
that, as
book
at the
De
Quincey surmised,
day of judgment
shall
be
As
it is
with
memory
so
is it
the
^
is
and which,
more completely
An
it
is
fields.
is
afforded
after a life of
by
Falstaff,
debauchery,
22
It is
in
is
modifying
intelligently,
only
feel
it
action,
and
variety of
human nature
motor
and
word or deed.
nature, of which he
As
to think
kind
life
[lect.
its
ways
thus
to a higher evolution.
impressions in excito-
in like
is,
what
beneficial
is
guided by intelligence, we
personify as
detemiining agent.
will
will, apart
we cannot know.
entity
It is
it.
call volition,
and
it
is
the
abstraction
physicians
hurtful to
is
between
the will,
and regard
their
as
we cannot choose
we know, and will we know,
Physiologically,
volition
To
interpose
reflection
will,
such a metaphysical
action.
and
its re-
we have
centres,
following
reflection,
varying in
supreme
quantity and
MENTAL organization:
I.]
quality as
23
its
exercise,
structure,
for
its
outward expression
will,
result of
and
seriously
faculties are
of will
is
by disorder of
one of the
Loss of power
their centres.
and most
earliest
characteristic
may
and, whatever
the loss
is
laid
its
but the
will,
spirit that
direct
has
effect
of
physical disease.
But
stop-
nerve-centres.
We
see that
the supreme
centres are
do they perform
their functions of
The development
mind
of
is
Ideas, as they
senses,
are blended
reflection,
leading ideas
we ought
reasoning,
to grasp
and judgment.
and hold
fast
phenomena
of
first,
Two
that
mind are
BODY AND
24
MIND.
[lect.
and integration
gressive specialization
by means of which
and, secondly,
formation takes
this
and
combination
evolution.
The growth
of
them
mind
iiiental
Although
it
is
in
in disordered intelligence, in
it
that insanity
is
They
and, there
is
every element of
it
there
sensible or insensible,
is
So intimate and
of which
may
mind
is
justly say of
bodily
is
is
life
the
it,
all
that
it
is
displayed outwardly
We
cannot truly
all
all
and, I might
perhaps
MOTOR
I.]
by exhibiting how
will
25
this in respect of
entirely
dependent
motor functions,
is
centres
INTUITIONS.
how,
movements,
in effecting voluntary
it
pre-
Few
speech
or even
is,
acquire.
But
learn to speak
a cry
and
it
it
is
that
an
is
it
which we
art
remember
a wonderful art
only because
we begin
is
to learn to talk
that
it
is
performance of a voluntary
act,
maintain
but
motor
that,
in
fact,
the
the
motor
intuition.
movement
It is certain that,
act,
in
we must
The
will
and thereupon
no consciousness
of,
way
we have
The
act.
that
BODY AND
26
infant directly
it
bom
is
sciously or voluntarily
it
MI.YD.
[i.ect.
on the
first
but the
movements
motor
special
its
intuition,
special volition of
and
We
it.
mind
the
taught ourselves to do
aim of the
act,
it.
The
as
is,
were, the
abstract of the
life, is
but
by no means peculiar
best illustrated
intuition,
movement,
which
in
our
mental
is
motor
Each word
to them.
re-
and
sign or
is
itself
it
were, in a
earth, indeed,
reason on
to express
ments of
his
fingers,
language of gesture.
limbs,
and body
The movements
by
the
silent
of articulation
most convenient
one
they
GESTURE LANGUAGE.
1.]
mental
states,
delicate,
27
in conjunction with
Having, on
this account,
make
audible language.
as the special
most intimate
is
word Xoyoc
different fundamentally
movements
tary
much warranted
to
in assigning to the
mind a
quite as
special faculty
What
mental
is
movements
the expression
is
mind previously;
aroused, though
w^as
not in the
is
it
it
not
to
priate thought.
is
movements
to mental states
when
it.
is
excited.
Most
if
internally, w^hisper to
themselves, as
it
and persons of
dull
and feeble
intelligence cannot
is
com-
sometimes said to
movement
in a whisper
to their aid,
or
mode
aloud.
As
of express-
28
many
[lect.
gestures of the
body which
we cannot
movements
other
to call
yet
mind
No
nitude.
its
at different distances
ideas of distance
seem
and mag-
intuitively
though he
is
of them
the
muscular adaptations,
intuitions.
The
case
is
is
to passion
is
what language
to thought.
Bacon
of the
the
and
parts
present
do not only
humour and
so,
state of the
mind or
will."
The
human
feehng,
much
is
due
to the
and the
straight muscles
bined actions
MUSCULAR EXPRESSION.
I.]
29
capable
that
the
human countenance
complex
Those who would degrade
The manifold
lips
and
flashes of
merriment
present
the quick
in
art,
it
are
by
apply
is
we could only
When
of supplication,
upwards
it is
for the
same reason
as
it
is
rolled
agony of death
it
up
if
it
the eye
is
electricity or
to
upon
perceive, then,
his help."
what
We
it.
of heaven,
is
the
its
simple property of
fact that the eye
natural position
has influenced
our religious
when
our concep-
observances,
and the
is
its
30
and what
each,
it
it
me
would take
[lect.
the expression of
is
is
it.
in
And
be aroused.
to
do
when
fail
shall find
it
call
up
in the
impossible to
on persons
for
we
so.
try,
one passion, to
mind a
is
we
if
and the
whom
made by him
to
if
he was under
felt
its
by the
patient,
We
influence.
who began
perceive then
mind
the
acts
essentially
human
by which
mental operations.
The
supe-
action of which
man
infinitely varied
is
capable
larynx,
lips,
and
it is
face, in
is
idiot,
There may be no
little tnith,
therefore,
Anaxagoras, that
man
organic functions.
l]
no
has,
little
derangement.
effect
may
obvious that
it is
have, as I believe
it
some cases of
In
Ji
insanity
there
are
attitude
there
good reason
is
in a constrained
effects are
not so marked,
to
many delusions
But we cannot
a
limit a
that
of
full
muscular systems.
an essential part
of mind.
The
in the constitution
most
mode
striking
at
essential sym-
is
The change
of character at this
its
when
In
its
feeling
feeling.
is
most
little
selfish
wider
The consequence
is
that,
when an
is
individual
emasculated
Eunuchs are
said to be
32
utterly deceitful,
liars,
And
feeling.
there
by
insanity caused
is
and
[lect.
self-abuse,
man
and that
if
as a boy, she
same education
feelings, pursuits,
girl
and powers.
is
To my mind
it
tastes,
would not
human
stag, the
education
comb
are effects of
or that,
differ-
life,
distinctly at puberty
proach those of
women
sarily
While
some cause
in a state of complete
It is
woman
equally in
that of both
and mental
her
ap-
sexes.
men
too, that in
said,
habits of mutilated
own
characters,
will
sphere of activity;
have
to
a certain extent
mind,
when,
I.]
of her sex,
work
then she
may
33
effect,
They
ideas.
so
although
that,
insensible
in a consent of functions,
sufferings
union,
conditions
of
sensible
is
member
of,
and
for
we have
while
less to
of this physio-
affected
We
fellow-members.
its
have
they
sensibility of their
one another's
touch,
to
by,
the
specific
effects
of
come
come
those
into
functional
action
a decided manner.
in
the
and
general uniformity
emotions
is
may well
among men
It
due to the
specific
their
passions
sympathies
of
nature
is
of sense.
It
is
mental
probable
effects of
an exact observation
that
morbid
of
the
into the
feelings
and
desires
34
What
[lect.
are
They
The
which
never
has
without doubt, a
been
yet
seriously
inquiiy,
attempted,
difficult
is,
the
the
is
part
that
activity
and unite
How
organs,
it
is
unnecessary to
of
the
effects
of
other
may be
of dreams
observation
the
to
less
happens in
lesson
applied
specific
their
exciting
a more or
in
plainly this
out
organ
the
in specific
point
some degree of
irritation
only,
Dreams
of
specific
the
effects
declared
are
shut
when
more
of
distinctly felt
still
As the
visibly,
and more
stars are
may
distinctly
when
not
visible,
mind, because
of an internal organ
But
on
out by sleep.
although they
organs
is
actively engaged.
invisible, veiled
by
his greater
I.]
so
light,
when
active consciousness
35
suspended, organic
is
Perhaps
mind.
the
selves
in
of
its
may
it
in
is
than accidental
namely,
dreamed prophetically
of
dream come
It
is
he consciously
felt
symptom
a
to
find
when otherwise
passion which
mind
will
upon
Notably
with the
be that which,
sexual
When
we
his
true.
organ.
be more
to
it,
that
and
that he
excitation
the
which
it
occasions
we
the
hopefulness
strange
long
after
he
shadow of
will
have been
pany some
ment,
its
distrust,
"green
fear
will
death
in
do
and
strikes the
turn,
what he
Anger, disappointliver
which,
in
all
36
The
relief
of
restoration
us, the
its
[lect.
not to free
avails
functions
will
yield
instant
mental
The time
my
yet at
life.
mention the
do more than
they are
of
effects
nutrition,
and
favour, hinder,
secretion.
or pervert
is
to
mental states
me
it
in
not
acts,
and the
on the organic
seem
to show,
by continuity of substance.
difficult
to
conceive
how
end
If they
Be
do so end,
it
is
fail
to affect for a
this so or not,
first,
them sometimes
moment
in
that a lively
when
eye,
in
hope or joy
life,
stronger,
the
quiet
evinced
in
the brilliancy
of the
inclination to laugh
an
that grief
or other depressing passion has an opposite effect, relaxing the arteries, enfeebling the heart,
dull,
I.]
and weep,
sigh
these
37
which mental
may
states
but
in
great
and perhaps
in the
them.
like a great
shock,
physical
and
sudden
death.
instant
while
sometimes
chronic
Can
it
an important agent
disease,
such
be doubted,
as
in
the
diabetes
and
causation
that
may
so
of
heart-disease.
is
affect
itself
beneficially
To me it seems not
mind may stamp its
the
individual
elements
not
if
of the
its
very features, on
body,
inspiring
and
feebleness.
that our
little
them
despair
it,
the
whom
it
has proceeded
and
is
as
we
And
if
this
be
may be
so,
is
the essential
individual from
accomplished,
state,
we are
certainly
then those
who
profess to discover
38
[lect.
may have
and
valueless.
and
disease,
all
the
our
of
influence
the
sufficiently
their
efforts
got hold
which
a truth
of
legitimate
physician
medicine
fails
to appreciate
successful
it.
is
imagination
of his patient
of peppermint-water with
if
who
way,
recovery?
and the
treats
him
of curing
more sometimes
in the
for the
most approved
of
have in
ages and
all
and
it
among
all
nations
may be
speciously
presumed that
the
supernatural,
but,
as
Bacon
observes,
used them.
Entirely ignorant as
the
laws
of
its
insensible
are,
who
and probably
and
we
by
its
we
certainly
cannot
the
l]
we can
bounds
to
which
all
macrocosm of
evolved
action
in
of nature,
of
its
much we do know
that as,
nature,
it is
imperishable
is
39
This
part.
in
the
that
it
generation,
of
the
man;
so,
many more
things
in
in the
ignorantly
the
microcosm of
despise,
reciprocal
action
there
of
are
mind
in
our
LECTURE
Gentlemen,
In
my
last
II.
lecture
gave a general
how
the
bodily
functions,
of
bound up with
this
view of
its
nature
that
we have not
to deal with
method of
medical
art
touch,
system, disclosing itself by physical and mental sympI say advisedly physical
toms.
most,
if
not
all,
in
LECT.
MENTAL DISORDERS.
II.]
mental
features,
41
symptoms of disordered
disordered
or
of
motility.
mind
body; and when a
is
he
lunatic,
is,
disordered
of
secretion,
sensibility,
and
nutrition
the
is
Mental
disorders
are
neither
more nor
than
less
and
When
the
sensibility
a blow on
and movement,
has
it
when a
but
in
man who
one
taenia,
ini-
In like manner,
an asylum.
another
goes to an asylum.
its
has
the hospital
it
in
arteries lands
may go
to
similarly unlucky
one person
in
in
an hospital with
The same
that mental
it
particularly affects.
No
doubt
it is
which
method of its
study.
So long as
is
it
necessary
and
to the
we
shall
42
[lect.
and
their treatment.
How
comes
beyond question
come
around
We may
it,
What
idiocy, or insanity?
meaning of them
scientific
cast
take
it
let
is
the
to
be
that they
by
They
we understand not
natural law.
we
When
membranes of
harm done
to structure
sufficient to
is
the actual
But
it is
insanity that
occasion of disease.
than
is
half, certainly,
In a great
and perhaps
many
direct
cases
physical
in
more
there
some
disposes
him
to
an outbreak of
name
insanity.
it,
pre-
When
two
prolonged
anxiety,
and
one
of
them goes
mad
in
all
his equanimity,
it
is
plain that
IDIOCY.
II.]
43
wanting in the
latter
there
tary neurosis,
equation.
Perhaps of
all
mind
none more
is
false
men
The opinion
taking thought
is
as cruel as
false.
it is
either to
Multitudes of
stature?
his
mental or to
his
bodily
into
the
tyrannies
the
to contend
Men
the
indeed, in
differ,
power
potentiality of a full
and complete
who
What
idiot to the
common level
human
intelligence ?
The
he
is
of the
man
congenital idiot
right; for
mind
What
is
deprived of his
human
birth-
44
[lect.
PVom no
of
he thus
all
but
fault of his
own
afflicted,
is
it
his parents.
it is
It is all
many
cases, there
Idiocy
ages.
indeed,
is,
a manufactured article
still its
Many cases
Howe found
Massachusetts, Dr.
as
;
Out of 300
many as
idiots in
145 to be the
scattered
may
child.
of the
ill
their
how it is
known and
to tell
effects
tendency
is
no reasonable question
of marriages of consanguinity
to
other times
ing in
and
so7ne of
them
do
may
not
and
in is to
physical
development,
may issue
quite healthy at
mental
and
race,
that
sterility,
and of imperfect
deaf-mutism,
and
which
is,
so to speak,
when
it
goes on
DEGENERATE
II.]
VARIETIES.
if
45
may be
It
affirmed
the family.
would be
sterile idiocy
and extinction of
life
tend
if
is
then trans-
the unfavourable
and thus
is
is
conditions
continue,
is
aggravated in
it;
Nature puts
humanity.
it
sterility,
and
Rouen
in a state of stupidity
it
generation
and semi-idiocy
fitly illustrate
the sum-
Immorality,
depravity,
alcoholic
who was
Second generation
cal attacks,
Third generation
stupidity,
and
First attack
transition to
complete
were as
little
developed as
46
[lect.
He had two
defective physically
To
sisters
had
and
that
this
showed no
child
adulterous
signs
ot
degeneracy.
When
epilepsy in
often does,
we must
to idiocy, as
it
No
in the case of
is,
such an
we have
to
European descent.
He
found
idiots
t^vo
the' convolutions
to
of
be
"the
this respect,"
he
says,
The
evolution of the
dependent on an
cerebral
arrest of
We
The proportion
development.
diminished.
an imperfect
body was
when man
than
extraordinarily
is
born with
that of an ape,
in-
THEKOID DEGENERACY.
II.]
to,
if
the
human
simple defect.
by no means
deserves,
But there
is
is
a corresponding
is that,
do sometimes appear or
traits
may
and
justly
members
men, such
so-called wild
of
be designated
it.
The
there,
theroid,
and the
in the
else they
idiots, w^ho
woods
could pick
is
old stories of
re-
There
instincts.
up
it
lived
revert
ages.
and
may
it
brain
fall
47
These
exhibited
an
life.
idiot girl,
miscreant,
and
And
Dr.
somewhat
idiot
after
similar case in a
naturally, but
insanity.
home, and of
upon wild
cottage,
fruits
woods, feeding
and sleeping
in the
brushwood.
She had
fre-
BODY AND
48
manner
MIND.
[lect.
to a primitive instinct,
The
state,
after birth,
having had
"We
delivery.
cord.
have at
woman, who
It
she got her sous she took them to a labourer, and gave
herself
up
to his brutality
most
careless
idiots
the
striking instance
of this kind
described by Dr.
is
Lunacy
Mitchell,
Deputy Commissioner
"I have
in
It is not,
is
ape-like.
for Scotland.
He
however,
grins, chatters,
and
He
puts
mouth
his
to his
He
additional fingers.
He
He
lice,
mouth
his
cheek or
He
face.
sits
has
He
on the
floor in
He
has
He may
be called an
THEROID IDIOCY.
II.]
idiot
small,
its
is
not very
but in shape
half,
a mischievous
is
His head
49
and
it
of abnormality."
something
like
her
mode
an
aversion
of
who was
of an idiot
life,
to
and
ate
She had
and
fruit
vegetables
Her demon-
greedily,
strations
repetition of
to the
the
ill-articulated
confined
words,
be,
ma,
bah.
wanted
If she
her.
girl
who attended
very passionate.
Her
she was
shoulders
when
meals
at
on the
There
is
now under
girl
care, in the
She
resemblance to a goose
much
so
so,
goose."
sister
in.
floor.
was
a deformed idiot
who
on a
sil;
as soon as she
to
was
Her
also a patient in
it
at
one time.
is 4ft.
2in.
hair,
50
[lect.
The
partially bald.
is
effort
if
by a
movement
The neck
and
is
is
somewhat
The cutis
is
exactly as
if it
had been
freely
no
by cackling
movements
like
upon
When
the floor.
who
if
The
feet
looks
The
precisely the
utters
with the
it
moving
anserina
girl
bill-like
antero-posterior,
appearance.
projecting
slow, forcible
is large,
touched by a stranger.
Come
all
is
much
is
put into
She
is
and no amount
She
is
THEROID IDIOCY.
II.]
51
when she
taken out of
is
is
put
irito
it,
it.^
a natural question.
faint
echo from a
She
the Asylum.
head, but
little
or
no
intellect,
old,
By
She has
not being able to speak, and barely understandcareful treatment she has
to herself,
When
is
is
been taught
its limit.
to feed
among
the
insects
from the adjacent parts of her body, pretending to pick them and to
She will then wander about, and finding a suitable bough, will swing by her hands, and then double her legs over
the branch and swing with her head dovniwards.
She will steal
anything she fancies, and hide it away ; will suddenly spring upon
any child near and bite and scratch it, and then in a moment look
At certain times she will
as demure as if she had done nothing.
go under the shrubs, scratch a hole with her hands in the ground,
sit down upon it as a cat does, then turn round and carefully
cover the spot by scraping the earth over it with her hands.
She
tears her clothes up into strips, and hides the pieces.
Mr. Kenton
mentions another idiot under his care, who puts everything to his
throw them away.
hastily,
but
smell.
first.
E 2
BODY AND
52
AIIND.
[lect.
No
ledge?
extreme
call
human
them so
degeneracy, but
come by
law can make them.
it
every
human
must
to
as
Instead of passstigmatizing
still,
behoves us to seek
worse
or,
and are
law,
degenerations
natural as natural
them
no explanation
is
it
marks of
are
traits
When we
certainly have.
its
transitional states
its
we
in the
womb may
of
reflect further,
its
development
when
first
blush
in a condition of arrested
stops short of
when
it
it
should,
development, sometimes
up, as
it
were, in
its
it
most primitive
am
man's
characteristic
is
latter
development as human
orang's brain,
just
Summing
itself
it
it
may be presumed
functions,
that
it
and no higher
will
manifest
its
functions.
need
traits in
man.
We
CEREBRAL DEVELOPMENT.
11.]
Whence come
tion, the
habits, displayed
nature within
more than
some
he quietly brings
does.
one,
is
one, example of a
should
him ? In most
truly ruminates
Why
human being
brutal in character as
or
S3
if
cow
as the
it
I were to enume-
witnessed
among
the insane
enough
some
to say that
very strong facts and arguments in support of Mr. Darwin's views might
We
chology.
may, without
in civilization, as
and
in
we can
much
morbid psy-
difficulty, trace
savagery
so to say, of the
human
field of
behoves
us,
composition.
intelligence
its
marks
What
by
it
struc-
That an
increasing purpose runs through the ages, and that " the
no one
and
creased in
size,
will hardly
now
54
[lect.
be disputed.
not
do
human
Dr.
variety.
him
to the conclu-
result of
Yet stronger
evidence of a
existing savages.
furnished
is
simplicity
convolution
idiot.
He
found a
almost perfect symmetry in the two hemispheres, involuntarily recalling the regularity
was palpably
inferior to that of
The
brain
a normally developed
still
evidence of struc-
the European
like
and much
less
all
complicated than in
more remarkably
defective
BRAIN-WEIGHTS.
II.]
55
and
in size,
inferiority,
manous
"
it
forms."
this brain
it
The developmental
differences
as,
though
less in
from a
series
Dr.
is
its size
bearing a general
between
in fact of
Among
signs of comparative
other
cir-
relation to the
Thurnam
of carefully-compiled
greater in
tables,
concludes,
that
while
is
49
oz.,
it
men which he
we
take
it
to
the
Ages.
Oz.
1.
Cuvier, Naturalist
2.
Abercrombie, Physician
64
63
3.
Spurzheim, Physician
56
55 'O^
4.
Dirichlet, Mathematician
5.
De Momy,
54
50
53 '6
6.
70
53*5
7.
80
53*5
8.
67
9.
Fuchs, Pathologist
52
53
52*9
Gauss, Mathematician
78
52*6
10.
63
....
5^-70
64*5
55*6
54*7
[Brain-
56
[lect.
we may no
conclude that
less justly
larger,
its
that
The
The
native Australian,
savages, has
who
is
it
structure
unconsciously embodies.
no words
The
no
vesicular neurine
constitution
to
is
its
he
is
as incapable therefore
is,
and
men
,,
Indeed,
Ages.
Oz.
cn-Yo
a7'I
...
44*3
,,
,,
(females).
42
41*2
37*5
(females)
32-5
It may be proper to add that the average weight of the adult male
100 90. The
brain is 10 per cent, greater than that of the female
and Australian
are,
so far as
II.]
57
And
he would be more or
it is
perfectly-
of an imbecile.
less
of feeling
civilized
cultivation
to
freely the
But
if all
deny
be a function of organization.
this
world equally
functions of organization, I
have
for declaring
any to
Are
lie
origin of the
moral
is
by
is
They
are
the
now
suffering
and
experience
of
the
race,
Take
it
we
are
most
sanctions
In the
it
forbids,
and
58
thus analyse,
will
[lect.
were, decompose,
or, as it
its
and
nature,
it
to
be conducive to
would lead
back again
through
we could imagine
if
to
its earliest
its
mind and
its
stance, as
indulged
if freely
the
infancy
human
to
race to
go backwards
all
from
actions which,
its
And
mankind.
live
upon the
fall
it
passed
it
present height
and
it,
it
to give
it
back
and circum-
gained when
it
We
all true
moral
of,
and our
to,
zation
observe
observe
the
way
in
in
as to
and undecomposable
in the formation of
it
it,
single
acquisitions are
faculty:
our volitions
we
and we
constitute
Foster, in his
finally as
this
his.
it
to the race,
II.]
easily as if they
59
which
is
derived, then,
were
insomuch
If
as
it
human development
if
much
in the position of a
it,
he would be very
human brain
natural endowment
of the
ancestors
the
do
is
The
progressive evolution
the
added
the
so.
acquisitions
structure represents,
as
of our
it
were,
there
is
no greater
difficulty in
gone before
it
made
digression.
Nor
first
nervous system of man, and specially from the rudimentary appearance of cerebral
vertebrata to the
the
human
6o
[lect.
within
in force
organization.
how
sense
is
as the latest
and most
that
is
be
first
exquisite product
bloom of
culture,
we could
more than
discover such
it
Not
moral
we can
sort
symptoms of mental
derangement
is
some
is
it
mental
the
of
intimate recesses
the
it
indeed,
m-icroscopical
We
telescope.
of structure, which
cestral influences.
reflect that
human
we
it
the defective
is
When we
might,
if
we
duly consider
and
this,
fully justified in
may
occasion defects
We know
know
little
we
accompany them
cannot,
INSANE NEUROSIS.
II.]
6i
and incapable of
re-invigorated
function
further function,
for a
may
effects,
be,
unknown
intricate
connection
to us save as guessed
from
their
activities
of nerve-element, changes in
position,
and
found
its
chemical com-
the nerve-centres.
is
day of energetic
in the brain of
disposition to insanity,
the
Close to
a per-
domain of nature
operations in which
it is
that of the
are as
much
it
all
conceive.
certainly cannot
It
who have
in the brains
manner of thought,
in their
feeling,
and
These marks
signs of
indeed,
we broach
are,
an inward
Here,
62
and mental
the physical
human
kind.
the
do not mean
[lect.
relatives
some may be
of race
may be
it
is
it
marked by
peculiarities of
Morel,
formation.
done much
deterioration
who was
the
neii7'osis,
is
what
and that
to indicate,
and has
upon
summing up
the pathological
he represents the
happen
to
first
term of a
series which, if
nothing
from generation to generation, ends in the extreme degeneracy of idiocy, and in extinction of the family.
What
temperament
is
most
certain
for
in
many
fail
instances, whether
to
be able to say
positively,
An
head,
features,
irregular
and,
as
II.]
life
tics,
there
signs of the
full
eyelids,
neurosis.
In
face,
suspicious,
grimaces, or
other cases
Convulsions are
movements of muscles of
or lips afterwards.
ciation
63
half-fearful, half-
distrustful look.
of an animal.
may be
peculiar.
traits
liarities
insane,
a person
marked
is
persons.
to think
who has
Without being
He
is
words
is,
distinctly
am
Punning on
which
sense
startles us
show
and indeed
genius.
it
Even
His
temperament
is
ca^e, too,
may
compatible with,
who have
it
in a
and
aptitudes,
memory
for details,
cal-
when they
64
may be
little
indeed, a
is,
and do
upon
[lect.
marked
There
their
own mental
states.
apparent cause,
now and
when
acts,
them.
altogether
by any
continued anxiety.
system, too, such as
change,
The
is
it
all,
and
strain of
change in
the
is
state,
and the
I think
climacteric
it
in
some respects
much drunk
will
stability.
be found
as
mad
for
in most, if
been a predisposition to
I
by the
physical
not
great
easily upset
effects of alcohol
special
by the puerperal
puberty,
may be
it.
which need
to
we meet with
be observed and
described.
it
In practice
we
shall
scientific
not
to
be arranged
make much
real progress
in
be done
towards exact
MORAL DEFECTS.
II.]
of insanity.
beings,
ha\ang the
65
who
insane neurosis,
manifest
and everybody
tion
that
there
is
altruistic reflec-
morbid
nothing for
it
and
in a sort of
self-feeling,
is
so great
Another group might be made of those persons of unsound mental temperament who are born with an entire
absence of the moral sense, destitute of the possibility
moral relations of
life,
person colour-blind
is
Although there
moral
is
sensibility
happen
in
to certain colours, or as
is
one who
is
more
some instances
that
there
is
it
does
a remarkably
The
are
come
are
weak-minded or
epileptic,
neurosis exists.
or
some other
66
treatment of crime
that there
crhnmal
is
class,
and, in
fine, that
crime
relations of nature
that crime
is
hereditary in the
is
and descent
degeneration
and that
physical
holds
are
the
criminals
mental characteristics
this hereditary
He
a branch of psychology.
among
is
[lect.
Siich criminals
spinal
deformities, stammering,
which
is
and
scrofula.
Moreau
of interest as indicating
which
Mrs.
an inn
may quote
-,
here.
aged thirty-two.
Her
grandfather kept
and
critical
was believed
daughter,
to
who was
His
mitted suicide.
One of her
hanged himself
Her
paroxysmally violent.
sister
Her
was
epileptic, imbecile,
and
PATHOLOGICAL KINSHIP.
II.]
6.7
swimming
the eyes,
plotting against
and was
finally
it ?
put in an asylum.
members of
wonder
were
her,
Thus
that people
this family,
is
an essential part of
he who
destitute of
it,
is
on the road
therefore
is
not a matter of
when
to,
much wonder
better influences
is
and
it
do not intervene
to
check the
and be
who
varieties.
mode
question this
I
morbid
actual
could not,
of production.
if I
now
with
its
morbid
its
influence.
The
chief concern
first,
that
such as hysteria,
may be
epilepsy,
is
not insanity
alcoholism,
paralysis,
and
neuralgia of
all
insanity,
it is
kinds.
and epilepsy
F 2
from
may be
68
in the child
and
families
hi
may
fourth
may commit
which
affect the
seem
to
[lecT.
member may be
suffer
insane, another
suicide.
The morbid
conditions
concentrate themselves
nervous disease
one form
is
it
The
different forms
children
do
are
may
be, caprici-
as all forms of
it
may
the
essential
cases of acute
mania
in children of a few
The
weeks or a few
more pro-
until there
is
some mind.
may
so express
it,
movements of these
diseases.
some
More
or less dulness of
of a degree of imbecility,
in
intelligence
if
cases there
is
is
violent delirium
of movements, there
is
a choreic mania
it is
an active
TRANSITORY FURY.
II.]
is
69
its
enough
striking
to
an ordinary
observer.
accompany
Between
this choreic
mania and
epileptic
more or
less of the
hybrid forms
of a cata-
The
child will
its
while
impressions,
is
times
other
at
vague
If this
be of a
reli-
is
sons to be inspired.
The
in a strange posture.
to
lie
sibility
mania there
On
at varying intervals.
the one
hand
In children, as in
adults,
may
case being a
masked
precede, or fol-
fit
in the latter
Children of three or
epilepsy.
when they
can
and do
all
come on
periodically,
and may
70
'
[lect.
may
with
it.
savage
murder
under
incendiarism
by
not
or
It is of the
utmost importance to
which the
epileptic neurosis
character,
and
when
to
epileptic
great
deep
may have on
effect
the moral
possibilit}^
of
its
ex-
has been
known
seen
can
it
fail to
single epilep-
to
who was
who has
convulsions.
realize the
and even
istence
alternate
and
and perverse,
tractable.
No
one
he
is
fits
in the intervals
between them
foretell that
he
is
fits,
as
confi-
dently almost as he can foretell that the sun will rise next
day.
is
interesting observation,
which
exist
for a
masked
may
form, showing
itself,
touch them
no moral influence
INSANE NEUROSIS.
II.]
71
when
wards,
The
epileptic neurosis
form
is
and when
mind
for
made
exists in its
it
The
difficulty
inasmuch as epilepsy
greater,
is,
that
words
It is truly
of doing so
may
insanity
in the child.
common
with
that
when
it
develops
in
iieu7'osis
case which
is
spasvwdica.
one of a
class, that
derer,
little
it
from one
it is
;
it
and
child,
neurosis
masked
in the parent
in
closely allied
'of
most
certainly
is
is
it
after-
occur,
and
girls
at play,
enticed one of
them
into
a neigh-
body
quietly
the way,
girl
it
made an
was
fine
;"
in the river
" Killed a
At the
on
little
hands
and hot
his
into
his
father
mania.
He
72
been subject
to
fits
[lect.
and
fear that
weep
he might commit
He
suicide.
may be presumed
lived,
to
confidently that
it
he would, had he
is
know
commit
suicide or homi-
The
terrible impulse is deplored sometimes by him who
suffers from it as deeply as by anyone who witnesses it
cide
it
of
is
causes
its
him unspeakable
nature,
no
and
further
distress
he
is fully
become
convulsive impulse.
his reason
affected
control, or having
it
conscious
the slave
may be
It
the morbid
of,
that this
and
form of derange-
is
no hereditary
no doubt
such a neuropathic
state.
The impulse
element, and
convulsion.
it
is
How
strictly
for
if
he committed a murder
man
truly a con-
terion of responsibility
is
is
It
AURA EPILEPTICA.
ir.]
An
73
interesting circum-
convulsive activity
is
is
that
its
a strange morbid
sensation,
The
patient
may
some
calmed by having
when
instances,
and
in
thumbs loosely
his
one
tied
The
annual reports.
feeling
began
at
the
toes, rose
and
constriction,
momentary
and then
to the
loss of consciousness.
the patient'
It
felt
head, producing a
first
of the legs,
and
On
one occasion he
He
more
was to attack
others.
feehngs.
and
fearful being
about to
way
in
way
the
74
[lect.
an
a7i7'a epileptica
It
for evidence of
fits,
allied to epilepsy.
is
when we look
insanity,
some
distressing sensations in
and
Common
fit.
enough
the epigastrium
it is
is
is
not compa-
is
an indescribable feeling of
to
a pitch of anguish,
the
think, destroys
referred.
when
known
distress to
sometimes
It
it
feeling
attempted or accomplished.
tressing
the head or
the
their
In other cases
pelvic
down
in the
is
organs.
In
all
it,
it
crown of
it
from
arises
connect
regarding
is
the dis-
as the cause of
exertion,
the
despair.
there can be
distressing
little
ideas,
features,
have
to these
anomalous sensations.
them
importance
but
class
its
as hypochondriacal,
prominent
the
sufficient
We
and
mental
attention
them over
TYRANNY OF ORGANIZATION.
II.]
no
as of
special significance
may sometimes
more of the
us
sanity
of
its
than
teach
form of
treatment
suitable
75
in-
most
its
obtrusive
symptoms.
In bringing
this lecture to
an end,
may
fitly
point
how entirely thus far the observation of the phenomena of defective and disordered mind proves their
out
essential
and how
The
nervous functions.
inherits
in
neurosis to which
consequence of
surely a defect of
parent's
its
physical nature as
it is
brain,
insanity
the
is
so closely allied.
It is
is
as
epileptic
an
human
mind
indis-
beings
that
all
them
and
consequence of
I believe it to
be not
them from
tion,
life
it
is true,
dations
on which the
is
innate in
irresistibly
the circumstances of
forget that the foun-
acquisitions of education
Educa-
No
must
rest
when he
believes that
76
he
[lect.
is
skill.
we
lives,
facts
they
science; and
it
is
bound by the
principle of
its
it,
it,
it
has borne no
fruits
as
that,
is
and. fed."
by
bestowed
Bacon
said of
asserted
it
existence as a philosophy
on
ii.
still,
still,
and,
LECTURE
Gentlemen,
In my
IIL
last lecture I
more
scrutinizing
showed how
played by the
is
that
own
its
large
Past
baneful influence.
all
derangement
question
it
is
healthy organism
mental
trials,
much
less
the
root
instability of
a.n
of
all
outbreak of insanity,
of the
ill
in
nerve elem-ent
selves earnestly to
nation
the occasion of
for
When,
state, or
some
Not
we must look
natural
until
infirmity
we apply
or
our-
varieties
of insanity, shall
78
we
of
causes,
unscientific
is
its
it
classification,
and
when we
appears,
No
be a
and
mad
one goes
man
reflect, to
predisposing
at
enumerate, as
its
or a
How
treatment.
its
causes
to
[lect.
to
each sex,
physiological
special
How
and
falsely
sought
is
jealousy,
which
disease
Again,
often
really
is
an early symptom
of
the
unsatisfactory
the
obvious
that
account
of
are
learn
very
to claim separate
same
included in the
we
the
enough
distinct
little
of
class
It
value from an
mania generally
treatment of
is
when
puerperal mania,
syphilitic, epileptic,
the
and
mania of general
features
in
some degree
lie
carefully
the
special.
knowledge
in our
bodily functions
paralysis,
and of the
effects
in
of the
noting
and
of
nervous system.
We
mind
must aim
to
distinguish
HYSTERICAL INSANITY.
III.]
well
if
we would teach
exhibit
them
special
in
well
and
features
79
and
relations,
arrange
to
just as
we do
I did in
my
last .lecture
Following
this plan,
and as
we might
in like
manner make
An
attack
of
entirely
incoherent conver-
still
may
more
or
less
Or
sensations
its
into chronic
the
insanity.
symptom of
capriciously
of,
fanciful
always
self-control,
is
perversion.
becoming
imagining
or
incredible,
advice
instead
wilful,
or the
or
a characteristic
will is
laughing,
singing, or rhyming,
is
getting
and interference of
the interests
and
others,
and
indifferent
to
Outbursts of
the
menstrual periods.
An
erotic
tinge
may be
8o
removed
in time
end
it
will
so
when
but
family,
if it
is
an
the patient be
if
be allowed
in dementia,
there
is
It
states.
form of derangement
curable
easily
and occasionally
quasi-ecstatic or cataleptic
are
there
[lect.
and
is
it
to
go on unchecked,
especially apt to
marked hereditary
do
predisposition.
for
a lady
who
of the face
to
now
latter as epileptiform.
be
after
whom
tells
In his
Griesinger
cases
Dr.
" Mrs.
in
pains in the
to that
site.
one of them a
neuralgia
of
true insanity.
the
These
m.orbid
as
late Sir B.
kind
vertebral
his care,
" Commentaries
but an
the
half
suspected
And
left
in
suffered
another
,"
he
says,
such
on.
TRANSFORMATION OF NEUROSES.
III.]
the
8i
of
liver,
or two,
it
till
screaming she
sometimes in
common
became
quite intolerable.
which terminated
into convulsions,
fell
fainting,
with
After violent
without stertor, as
or
in
ceased."
fit
It
and
motor
at
There
to convulsive ideas.
is
is
rise
and there
which
movements,
a mania
is
is
Perhaps
if
we had
insanity
to
induce
general convulsions
the power in
artificially
a violent neuralgia,
to transfer the
or
on now
pass
to
exhibit
the
effects
of
mental disorders,
of
different
forms
of
that the
brain,
eonseiit;
and tha
as
the
organic
insanity.
is
In
or
upon the
my
first
between the
different organs
this
82
[lect.
of the
The consequence
internal
specific
all
testifies
brain,
may
engender,
The mental
effects
may be
general or
ideas
is
pathological
related ideas.
of the
that derangement of an
senses.
by
internal
external organs
special
morbid
feeling with
its
particular
and
The
most marked
of
we
ovaries
effects.
or
uterus,
but
Take,
for
which
occasion of nymphomania
is
it
is
example, the
irritation
under
grouping
the
prominent symptom.
term cases
But
it
in
which
it
was a
in puerperal
mania, for
met with
in old
women
in
which
it
does
feelings
insanity
in a
how
how
We
often
have, indeed, to
sexual
in
ideas
all
and
sorts
of
normal mental
state
INSANITY OF PUBESCENCE.
III.]
them
so that
it
Perhaps
feeling.
83
is
it
learnt, as
much
distressing that
is
it
such
that
ideas
are
by unrelated
other nervous
is,
it
at the
naked intervention of
were, into
it
its
mind
of thought, feeling,
its
is
less
and
co-ordination of function
Considering,
in the evolution of
in parts distant
irritation.
how much
energy
sympathetic
disorders,
excited
mind
resolved,"
animal elements.
primitive
is
This
organs.
in
may have
excitation of
we must bear
they
mind
Here, in
them
a purely central
health
in
fact, as in
may
other cases,
mind
mind
attest the
not at
first its
arise in the
its
gratification; a
is
engendered,
84
[lect.
and
feelings
object
to
fill
need of something
there
is
no
is
and where
is
The form
is
properly treated
to be recurrent,
and
occurs especially in
there
periods
are
apparently
which
is
be not peculiar
weeping,
more
seem
alternating
are
no
with
of
times
the behaviour
wilful
is
the
when
in health
delusions,
fixed
them
to
apt
is
to
is
and paroxysms
natural affections
when
The former
serious.
depression
of
a disinclination
capricious,
quasi-
much more
girls, if it
causeless
is
there
and
of undue excitability,
periods
easily
it.
life
may
hysterical melancholia,
it
worship
of
the
adore
to
visible object of
The time
adored.
at best,
is,
some
a want of
is
yearning
undefined
There
aspirations.
there
whose
feelings
and, although
are
unfounded
The
SEXUAL INSANITY.
III.]
is,
85
not
self,
origin occur,
The morbid
system
is
is
virginity
self-feeling that
its
day
religious sects
and
love,
to
commingle
abound
especially
We
members of those
which profess
and which
is
in
ob-
latter-
religion
No
America.
ail its
warmth
lies
it
lives of
or that
the
it,
which
between fanatical
is
religious
exemplified by the
St.
Theresa and
St.
bosom
and transported
into
lips,
attested,
of Christ
it
women who
by
lovers or
Sexual hallu-
85
[lect.
dreams of a starving
perishing of
women
It
thirst.
seems
to
be the
fact that,
who
is
although
intercourse.
The development
may
of puberty
lead indirectly to
cases
much
to self-abuse.
self-abuse in
and
The
and impracticable
self-conceit
patient
he
becomes
is full
of self-feeling
offen-
interested
upon
only in
is
he thinks
for
and spends
self-brooding.
he
is
His
his days
relatives
kind of work
his conceit,
vacillation of conduct,
and suspicious
by
him
to
suffi-
some
PERIODIC INSANITY.
III.]
As
87
more
sively of him, or
what passes
electricity or
in his mind, or
comment on
upon him by
or
street,
play tricks
mesmerism, or
definite
in
way.
may be
signals
Messages
feelings.
trances.
and
It
there
what exalted
strange
is
occasionally
are
quasi-cataleptic
feelings
and high
self-absorption,
They
later
and of extreme
if
they con-
last.
This
is
giving the
and
its
characteristic features
seldom,
nevertheless, I think
that
produces
the co-operation
it
still
obscene
its
They
is
without
self-abuse
of the
if
ever,
insane
neurosis.
The monthly
advent of puberty in
the
women
portant cause
Most women
capricious,
it
may become an
at that
im-
derangement.
irritable,
affecting
and
them more
[lect.
its
causation.
It is
occur-
or,
tant link in
it
there
but whether
is
special features,
There
positively.
we
is
its
what are
if so,
which
and the
and
it is
be a sympathetic morbid
may
excitement, and
mental
irritability
The
period.
and uterine
which
patient
natural to
is
becomes
women
at
that
we
to calmness
flatter
covery
after
more or
less depression
awakens
last for
an
In vain
of a complete re-
last,
the
mind being
RECURRENT INSANITY.
III.]
89
entire lucidity.
might
still
know no
much
fail
to touch them,
to stay
it
regain by degrees
cannot.
and
its
We
course.
all efforts
more
it
not
nervous
that periodicity
is
and,
more
decisive
still,
that
it is
Whether connected
all
functions,
it
in a
few words,
Its
and
exists;
if I
should designate
it
symptoms of the
attack,
its
it,
and the
fact that
it
under
my
its
these
are facts
I
have
many
years
kinship to epilepsy.
who
for
which
whose
intelligence has
now been
destroyed by them
90
fits
[lect.
some
interest, in regard
It is
to the question of
frequent outbreak
its
is,
as
it is
of
we
most
its
may
or
Irregularity or sup-
may not be
present, so
we
insanity,
amenorrhoea or dysmenorrhoea
in doing so, as
any form of
The
accompanied by a revolution
life is
is
economy which
a predisposition to insanity.
The
who have
age of pleasing
is
past,
all sorts
of anomalous
and
it is
now
that
an
When
it
children.
is
is
in flames, that
or that
of an
is
changed,
happened or
is
about to happen.
some
In
PUERPERAL INSANITY.
III.]
may
91
at the
It is
not an unfavour-
come
now
Under
to puerperal insanity.
this
name
are some-
that
and
is
is,
as a rule, of a
The
lactation.^
insanity of
marked melancholic
type,
Other
much moral
it.
perversion,
we may
of pregnancy.
We
women
can hardly
fail,
months
indeed, to recognize
this
form of insanity
fears of the
pregnant woman.
be treated successfully
is
no good ground
to
on the
is
that
it
will
run into
"The
Lactation."
By J.
Batty Tuke,
M.D.
92
[lect.
most often
and,
Hke the
in primiparae.
Asylum show
The
statistics
of the Edinburgh
symptoms
which
cholia.
is
latter,
there
The mania
dementia.
is
more
melanchoha
It is of
to get well.
marked by noisy
restlessness,
clothes, hallucinations,
which
is
and
in
sleeplessness,
tearing of
may be attempted
Suicide
The
salacity,
in
feebleness
cold,
and clammy
irritable.
We may
is
the skin
is
pale,
quick, small,
and
a few weeks
symptoms have
and
may add
is
done by attempting
no good,
to stifle this or
The
come under
the
SYMPATHETIC INSANITY.
III.]
scheme of
lecture
this
for
is
it
93
an asthenic
insanity,
The time
mental worries.
show
of
the liability to
and
it;
its
occurrence seems to
suckled the greater
is
it
is
has
tendency.
So frequently
is
more or
hereditary predisposition
less
we
ranted in declaring
them
I
to be
have
it
now enumerated
it is
all
are war-
any one of
entirely absent.
them may
however, that
we know,
to a special
group of symptoms.
Thus, for
melancholia
otherwise
the case of a
woman
from prolapsus
caused,
may be
the
and
in
whom
who
Flemming
relates
suffered
of
profoundly melancholic
uteri,
effect
its
proper
melancholia was cured by the use of a pessary, the depression returning in one of
was removed
and
removal of a prolapsus
uteri.
Other diseases
94
[lect.
act in a similar
way.
Let
nal
mind
states of
but
it is
we
in-
and
is
in
it
in-
organ,
we
In health
ousness
is
the
sum and
the outcome
but when a
dis-
no longer does
pression, but
things else
in silence
and
self-sup-
an unwonted affection of
all
work there
asserts itself in
consciousness.
tibly attracted,
its
morbid sensation
and which
is
it
to
which
aggravates
gradually quenched,
is
it is irresis-
his interest in
and
life
his
his ability to
sapped.
The
III.]
animal or
man
He
ing him.
now
has
Not long
that he
had a man
rate efforts
since I
was then
surly,
is
thoughts, and he
some
torment-
truly
is
in his belly
by vomiting
tliat
ex-
him and
its
95
when
became
his
bowels were
he made despe-
active,
but
when
and
his
sufferings to
an
ternal disease
be a
deciding whether he
difficulty in
is
insane or not,
sometimes do.
It is
a probable surmise
is
is
no
am
evinces
-thought, feeling,
and
act, in
which he
is,
as
it
his
every
were, hypo-
and
sin,
eternity,
it,
however
trivial
has
its
and innocent,
to
96
of abdominal sensation.
sion
it
is
In cases of
[lect.
pretation of
the images
it.
The same
and events of a
it,
and an attempted
thing
is
is,
as
inter-
observed in dreams
distressing
they un-
much
case
or any surprise,
if
We perceive, indeed,
the
the feeling
effects
and exponents of
remarked, those
Accord-
on end, and
by a
figure dressed
really
fit,
or gone mad.
actually
an
In like manner,
if
had
an insane person
terrible thoughts
suffer in health
come now
if
The
heart
and
Some
diseases of the
III.]
97
yet there
is
How,
mind.
indeed, can
we
some
among
afford
than
when we
contrast the
in
think otherwise
the sane
It
we
All that
it
does
is,
exist.
that
if
is
a great
anguish
fear,
mounting up
and perhaps
may
is
it is
at times to despairing
specifically
connected
is
not so
much
a definite delusion
sometimes described
2^5,
and
possible,
among
and
panphobia.
among
there
which
if
is
the sane.
to
be
more common
For although
one-fourth,
which
is
made
in the
Edinburgh
98
only a
was tubercle
so
more than
little
The symptoms
in the body.
much masked
it
its
diagnosis
is
of phthisis are
and
[lect.
life.
no
is difficult,
The
relation
between
it
writers
several
to,
on the
and,
and Dr.
in
degeneration
frequently,
is far
When
family
and the
or phthisical, or
who were
last
both
member
is
effects in the
course of degeneration.
However,
its
rela-
stimulate into
sanity;
that,
we
and
that, in like
melancholic forms,
ment of a predisposition
to in-
will favour
the actual
develop-
to phthisis.
PHTHISICAL MANIA.
III.]
99
They have no
positively distinctive
symptom,
true
it is
Yet they do
which
They
common and
exhibit, Dr.
uniform charac-
way by
way-
irritability,
weakening of
ally
intellect
when he chooses
to talk,
and shows
that
he
has
still
To
matter.
would be no easy
is,
or
tion,
If there
state.
be a single characteristic
feature,
is
it
sional
brief attacks
of irritable
flashes of intelligence.
And
excitement and
in these cases,
more
fitful
often
We
shall the
more
readily
mind
that there
is
in
and that
of phthisis.
The
phthisical patient
is
in the course
irritable, fanciful,
everything
2
is
fitful
fitful
loo
energy,
hectic
fitful
is
projects,
fitful
in his thoughts
and imaginings of
his
[lect.
The
flashes of imagination.
and
The whims
in his actions.
mental
efi"ects
of disordered organs,
show the
To
essential
complete the
on
mind,
it
The
feelings
between
rela-
and the
systemic
taste, as
we observe
in
taste
may
cause,
and
respiratory organs
in
The
are, in like
The
feeling.
state of the
digestive organs
is
taste, will
poisoned.
Dis-
may become
Digestive derange-
it
HALLUCINATIONS.
III.]
loi
smell and taste are often grossly perverted, for the patient
mth seeming
will devour,
relish
and
avidity, dirt
and
gar-
Increase, diminution,
of which
not
is
uncommon among
the insane,
may
un-
We
how
sensations.
depen-
is
so sensible
after
its
is
he has
lost
it
movements
motor
hallucinations.
in
it,
has,
years
may
understand
her body.
how
in fact,
It is easy, then, to
had carried
it,
active
unsound mind.
it
lost
care
had com-
soldier
and from
how
is
not Lambert,
who
sensibility
What you
asked
longer lives
When
suffered from
//.
side,
could never
had not got hold of him, and was keeping him down
to
102
[lect.
or with
sensibiHty gone,
a large
with the
cutaneous
area of
it
unaccountable impressions,
it
The mental
mising
it
effects of
research
mena
fact,
It
better understood
many pheno-
will explain
mind
in the pathology of
explanation.
when
now
that
quite baffle
of the
all parts
yet, or
perhaps ever
will,
conceive
that there
not
sible,
is
its
appointed
humble
effect in
the
and outcome of
bodily
I
all its
energies, really
comprehends the
life.
had
originally set
down
now
forego, of
blood
may
of insanity.
in
producing
will
to the brain
is
below a certain
abolished
the brain
DELIRIUM OF EXHAUSTION.
III.]
move
so as not to touch
When
it.
when
103
the water
is
lowered
it is
be presumed
to
when
pumps hard
obstruction,
and the
may
burst,
to
overcome the
the supply, as
it
of blood.
effusion
and
effects of the
is
lessened
lowering of
To
occur
in
mania or delirium
to
that
glass of
in the
morning, which
is
The
when he
sometimes cure.
melancholic patient
distress of the
wakes
will
and which a
is
greatest
a time
when a watch
the
We
the
mental functions
may be
it
from with-
seriously deranged.
by means of the drugs at our comperform all sorts of experiments on the mind
mand,
to
we can suspend
its
by
chloral or chloro-
I04
its
functions
[lect.
We can positively
the body.
When
other organ of
produced on the
fever makes, as
person, whose
it
certainly will
this
tions of light
momentary recovery,
Perhaps
is
effect is
cannot be
it
hope of even
all
which we cannot
see,
may do
alted
so
when
by physical
Alcohol yields
is
ex-
which
an agreeable excitement, a
and
At
lively flow
feelings
first
of
there
ideas, a
a condition very
like that
satirical,
makes jokes
or rhymes,
is
and
is
witty,
certainly
capable of at
VITIATED BLOOD.
III.]
no other
its
time.
Then
105
start
more or
easily excited.
some
it
longer,
And
all is
may
it
the last
If the abuse
cause different
forms of mental derangement, in each of which the muscular are curiously like the mental
symptoms
delirium
and a condition
memory and
loss of
energy in a fourth.
Writers
entail
on gout agree
may
and, on the
Sydenham
on an epidemic of intermittent
contrary to
all
fever,
which, he remarks,
to plentiful venesection
and purging.
Griesinger, again,
inter-
Vv^e
may be
must bear
in mind,
a feature of insanity
io6
[lect.
do with
thing whatever to
it,
Quinine
it
may
cure ague in
Griesinger has
an agency
in the
These
facts,
with
state of the
blood
we have not
trate the
same pathological
done
same
I see
spirit
no hope of improvement
in our
investigated
Until this be
knowledge of
of insanity which
them according
we can
to bodily causes,
all
the cases
and grouped
describe as idiopathic.
we
referred
to their characteristic
to
when we have
shall
The
to
dual temperament.
III.]
it is
07
furthermore
one person
will
have an advan-
tion to
It is
conduct of
its
life
as
it is
environment.
Life
is
may be
as
in
life
its rela-
surrounded by forces
it,
it
so long
it
but when
it
fittest to
circumstances of
its
further
to
its
can no longer
it
development,
and increasing
die.
So
existence
it
is
it
when they
strive,
at its expense,
the individual
who
can-
them
further
by them
victim
will
his
development,
trials
and
in
will
which
be
which serve
is
controlled
and used
be manifest
mental
make
fully to
his suffering
in insanity.
in the
end
Thus
to
and
it
failure
that
is
strengthen a
fitly
outward circumstances.
It
testi-
loS
fies
it
to the
it
some kind
What
change.
take
to actual
tegration of
it is
the change
is
we know not
but
we
may-
brain.
It is
[lect.
affects
an intangible metaphy-
made on
the sense
and
effect
in physically consti-
by molecular motion
may be
which
is
then trans-
When
there
is
more
liable
to,
and
will suffer
more
change
into a disorganization
repair,
which
rest
be more
and
likely to pass
nutrition cannot
As
physicians,
we cannot
mental
to treat
it
with success.
purposes of speculation,
its
afford to lose
states, if
we would
disease,
and learn
self-
III.]
consciousness
who has
to deal prac-
tically
who
109
men
cerning which he
may be
integrity of the
must acknow-
To
must recognize
a real advance in
it
to
I have, if possible,
to feel
skill
arguments which
my mind
it
Sir
despicable, of looking
cannot
which
man
now summarize
;
dare venture
the facts and
I
must
appears a clear
less desire
the energy
unscientific prac-
all
and most
as something of
ashamed.
still
the highest
of creative
the foundation of
down upon
lie at
must
from an old
scientific
writer,
trust
I declare
duty to repu-
which the
late
lecture-room
'
'
In
like
no
who
it
On
earth
there
enough
suitable
most unsuitable
is
not true in
is
is
bound
is
[lect.
spirit
to reject
it
to
not
it,
much
only, but
with which
it
is
are
in
man
none
And
greater.
know
aphorism, thinks to
anything truly of
of the
spirit
man
without
man, or
to
know anything
truly of
and
if
mind without
body
study-
up to
that lead
vexation
operations of
zation
to
is
creative
to
spirit
mind
exalt,
power and
to
others.
To reckon
highest
the
For
skill.
if it
be lawful and
of
right
to
it is
surely
much
stronger evidence
lower,
and
to
have used
know
not
why
the
properties should
all.
its
be thought not
to
have endowed
whether we discover
mystery
is
it
to
will,
it
seeing that
be so endowed or
not, the
SCIENCE
III.]
and easy
to the
perties.
To
AND POETRY.
in
its
pro-
enter into
composition
its
because
it is
no longer Helios
The mountains
the heavens.
their
may
stitions
And
if it
well be
shall
come
it
will
it
slays
is
to pass in
come
the
its
to pass
The
womb
grave of
of a better
onward march
that
as
other super-
step in
of the
Power which
dethroned,
APPENDIX.
1.
2.
THE
It
is
not
little
and
him who
disciples of
is
No
sys-
many
that
of
his writings
their
that others
who have
them withhold
claim them.
studied
his
researches
Philosophical Inquiry.
70.
dis-
so soon
into
The Limits
the
of
By
Edinburgh Philosophical Institution, November 6, 1868.
(Edmonston and Douglas,)
William, Lord Archbishop of York,
I
THE LIMITS OF
ii6
it
mind
public
Considering
held to be a Comtist.
modern
to identify
Philosophy.
is
is
how much
making
and
his defects
errors,
men
as their lawgiver,
up
set
and
no wonder
Comte
respects,
it is
some
and thus
it,
per-
how much,
and
spirit
in
pre-
fast
They do
one.
independence
is
it
When we
well.
appalling to reflect
to think a natural
making a timely
well in thus
for if
coming
it
and philosophy,
cally
him
the
mind of mankind
soon be
almost
has appropriated
assertion of
will
how
despoti-
is
absolutely oppressed by
deemed not
less sacred
fall
down and
for
name
a time he
the
human
is
made an
intellect is
idol, at
expected
PHILOSOPHICAL INQUIRY.
117
sound of the
flute,
of music, to
fall
and
all
kinds
Happily
it
is
when thought
is
often marches
few
it
fields
of intellectual
in
them
also.
A lecture
delivered
modern
closely reasoned,
He
and a
limits of philosophical
is
by
prostration
controversy,
and
it
will after a
that
believing
and that
be presumed
re-
men, weary of
activity.
It
may
true phi-
THE LIMITS OF
ii8
all,
but leads,
if it
The
be followed
on which
facts
reasoning by which he
is
a system of positive
and
be
scientific research to
of unbelief, do
of
steps
not
to
sequence,
unfolded, in lucid
down
in the depths
be capable
to
the
of being
apprehension of
others.
To
it
must
at
once
is
the cause of no
In the
Archbishop
modern
and
identifies off-hand
insist
on
This
first
place, the
very much
as
if
Comte
attributing
to persons
is
looseness,
scientific progress
his followers.
the
little
who were
As
it
to
and complex
studies
be committed to
but
who
it
assuredly
is
most unwarrant-
his conclusions
PHILOSOPHICAL INQUIRY.
there can be
when
it
is
119
science,
Positive Philosophy.
In
the
perpetrates a second
and
Archbishop
unwittingly
senses.
is
it
know-
knowledge of
raised,
their
relations
to
us,
that
is,
of
our
sensations."
be
ear,
sensational philosophy,
senses to be
knowledge
to
Archbishop means,
if
discussion
knowledge of things as
distinct
from a knowledge of
and
finite
all
and
speculations con-
relative beings
who
it
is
science
is
committed to such a
all.
Those modern
inquirers
THE LIMITS OF
120
to elucidate
the physical
how
strife,
and subordinate
distinct from,
ideation or reflection
It is in these,
in
to,
which are
far
more developed
in
man
in the higher
The knowledge
its seat.
than
is
trans-
reflective consciousness
so acquired
is
not drained
is
it
compound of so much
much added by the mind
it is
an organized
delicate process of
result of
plished, like
definite laws.
We
in accordance with
it
cannot
fail
to
produce confusion
if it
be
PHILOSOPHICAL INQUIRY.
121
Now
to us.
known
is
sense,
made upon
more complex
vital
is
the
organ of
a higher and
organization
of
only of sensation
in so far as
it
is
has meaning,
it is
falser
than
it
would be
compound to be
Were they who pursue the
those of its constituents.
scientific study of mind not more thoughtful than the
Archbishop of York gives them credit for being, they
would have no reason to give why animals with as many
senses as man has, and with some of them more acute
to affirm the properties of a chemical
than
his,
understanding
of
the
benefits
of
like him, to
establishing
an
arch-
bishoprics.
and
like metaphysical
existence
new and
and exercise
and
it is
new
THE LIMITS OF
122
That
denied, unless
our knowledge
all
in that wonderful
be maintained that
it
which may be
as absolute
inspires
its
own development.
If nature
might happen
this
hidden
lies
knowledge
power which
cannot be
relative
is
it
seems to be,
and
if
man,
mind
be
in
attain-
away
far
conceivable that
it is
in
flash
would be a revelation
it
the
evolution,
may
rightly
limits of the
all
available
do
while keeping
knowable,
means of
it
its
This, however,
it.
critically,
and use
it
And
it is
as to the
may advance
At
in
what point
it
may examine
testing,
not justified in
is
it
it
Where do we reach
becomes necessary
the
PHILOSOPHICAL INQUIRY.
some
right
how
is,
123
it
were not
to accept
to
God
if
so,
he ever
of his faith,
and
Christian Trinity ?
Another
Archbishop plunges,
to
be
and materialism
materialistic,
tion of
that
is
This im-
free will.
is
it
men would
materialist, as such,
earnestly disclaim.
Moreover, the
is
tempted
first,
and
when looking
Whosoever
it fails
which he
chain of
inability
to
at all subtile,
which
marked.
If the
coarsely,
fine, if it
be not as blunt as a
evident
which are
and almost
edge of a distinction be
weaver's beam,
own
dis-
essential distinctions
almost
is
to say that in
tances competition
One
will.
by the Apostle
must
surely have
Paul, which
some
diffi-
body ;
and the
THE LIMITS OF
124
be not
Christian's faith
vain,
rise again,
it
So
mortality.
far,
life
which
There
come.
to
is
is
as
free will
is
The
will.
on
facts
facts
accepted
faith,
their interpretation is
may
consistently deny,
God
existence of
and the
materialist
In like manner,
is
nowise inconsistent
independent of the
is
The
founded.
facts
spiritualist
make matter
existence of
God because he
capable of thought.
that
mind
it is
born with
inseparable from
is
it,
the
body
quite
power
may be
logically believe
life
or death
that
has called
to rule the
man
into being,
meaning, and
It
is
it,
who
greater light
What an unnecessary
materialism
to
may
in
is
that faith
Multitudes
the
horror hangs
up
as a
PHILOSOPHICAL INQUIRY,
moral scarecrow
sort of
it
and
terrible,
be empty of any
to
mind
assertion that
no more
is
matter
be closely examined,
if it
will
there
but
125
is
real harm.
In the
is
the realization of
mind
tulate
Whether extension be
extension,
is
a choice of conceptions.
To
those
that
called
is
it
really
more conceivable
that
any
it
not as
easy for
it
is
Is
the Creator's
an im-
to create
matter?
them through
arm shortened, so
that
is
mind?
He
It is
this matter,
and
structure
far
surpass
those
No
one thinks
liver
for
it
functions.
its
if
structure, in order to
But so
far as
the nature
account
of nerve
THE LIMITS OF
126
structure,
of the
those
to
is
Men
liver.
are
compound
perties of a chemical
tially
their eyes.
its
it
swells
integuments, sends
due season
beautiful structure
its
is
matter;
And
for
it
yet
is
and
leaves
all
and
all
the art of
all
his
mankind cannot
its
purposes
may be
inherent in
it.
to believe that
tions?
is
microcosm containing
all
the
the forms
is
its first
PHILOSOPHICAL INQUIRY.
germ
to
its
what point
at
as
it
suddenly loses
of animals
class
be declared
inherent properties
all its
In what animal or in
what
it
structure
living
let
127
becoming the
more
though
To
appeal
the
to
phenomena ?
consciousness of every
him
power within
the body,
is
man
proof of a
for the
totally distinct
it is
and
functions,
its
Why may
functions.
it
is
the form
it
of the
not, indeed,
in
until therefore
it
be capable of con-
be or
matter and
its
easy to the
properties
is
When
we
and yet
man
it is
renewed,
feels that
he
remains essentially the same, we perceive nothing inconsistent with the idea of the action of a material organ
for
it is
replace, as they
do
in other organs
and
new
which they
tissues
which are
Even
the scar of a
wound on
the finger
is
not
THE LIMITS OF
128
body grows
why, then,
The
lently
truth
that
is
men have
sibility
of kind in
motions.
its
made
and
all
upon the
reflect carefully
there was no
discrimina-
it
lead
to,
good
and chemical
of force
and then
to living matter
and
its
forces,
modes
force
its
ments with
to the
nerve
its
and,
lastly,
force
viz.,
not
fitly
phenomena
can-
and chemical,
in a small space,
which we
and nerve-centres
is
to
convey
false ideas
PHILOSOPHICAL INQUIRY.
129
seriously
to
conceptions.
In like manner,
much
mental
mind
most important
and
are
been
development of
what we
call
no
studied
By
made
against materialism.
it
is
its
energies
The burden
matter.
where
it
assertion or
who need
somewhere, and
the hypothesis.
Deus ex ma-
They
an hypothesis entirely
in-
human
calling
of,
and
in then
THE LIMITS OF
I30
it.
no grounds
for
if
the Archbishop's
it
which
in
his understanding
is
governed by
and make
it
He
sion.
would,
we
it
to sup-
sentence which
forward
" A
he
flings
as
off
he
goes
heedlessly
The
is
and of
design,
offer
few attractions."
not,
may be observed
it
unattractive because
still
would seem to
less
because
whether
it
is
it
adversaries imagine
its
incidentally,
but
it is
whether
it
that
it
must
possesses that
mankind.
Greece or
Rome when
by the philosophers of
they were
first
preached there
on Mars' Hill
at
Athens, the city of intellectual enlightenment, and declaring to the inhabitants the
ignorantly worshipped,
made no
it
PHILOSOPHICAL INQUIRY.
We
wise.
131
spirit
of scientific
Positive Philosophy.
of what
so-called
it
lies
beyond these
limits
words of what
it
transcending
means of
its
research.
must be borne
is its
calm
attitude.
clearly in
this
its
powers, but
is
jugation of the
tent,
unknown
efforts
to lessen
its
domain.
The wonder
greater
it
is
it
is
have grown to the height either of affirming or of denying the existence of a God.
even
if
of the attributes of a
it.
Let
imagination travel unrestrained through the immeasureable heavens, past the myriads of orbs which, revolving
THE LIMITS OF
132
in
their
systems
lights of
more
whose
solar systems,
its flight
rays, extinguished in
still
leaves
until, as
do the scattered
reflection take
Then let
remembering how
clusters of planets
up the
a space
tale,
and,
fill.
sober
small
is,
and how
is,
consider
how
entirely
beast,
and
plant,
this
our planet
is
inspiring influence,
how
and
in
ago
it
by the
which
as the
how animal
life
is
crown of
living things,
and
life is
his highest
sustained
mental
depend on
considering
all
these
things,
does not
living
all
:
nature
aflBrm that
Is
it
Seems
man
is
it
the
PHILOSOPHICAL INQUIRY.
133
The
man
by
brought into
is
unknown by
very much as if the
knows
within
shell
its
all
its
or recognize
his nature
man
his works.
is
on earth of
Encompassing us
a universe of energies
how
affirm
is
declare,
to
whose handiwork
so dogmatize.
minds
to
man
mind of
further
it
it
must needs
fly to
which makes
its
inductions
how modern
science,
of nature,
an
intelligent
THE LIMITS OF
134
mental
linked
force,
relations with
essential
them
constraining
to
and
harmonious association
in
higher aims
and
To
of evolution.
is
to
man, a
finite
To
prehend.
be
working
force,
intelligent
and
so
as
far
we know from
plainly impossible
that
com-
everlasting,
is
it
to
whole
to Deity.
is
amount of
attention which
it
has received.
the natures
and
that
as the
he
mation of
quite ignorant
more or
of,
less clearly,
whom
it is
would appear, so
it
forces
far as
the infor-
entertained of
is
is
and overruled by
It is certain
God by
the savage
idea
whose
that
delight
is
of a being
for
it is
in bringing evil
who watches
upon him
rather than
PHILOSOPHICAL INQUIRY.
135
causes
painfully.
embodiment
terrible
Will
it
him most
Let
be
it
points to a
must
God and
like
if
that can
it is
it
a dim, unde-
God which
of a
In
be confessed that
in all fairness
manner
is
cherished
among
civilized
people.
undergone a
some
in
quarters there
is
evinced
God
ages,
in
correspondence with
God
the
The conceptions of
and
affirmed
by
are an index
of,
the people to
whom
the
it,
Art, in
learning
ing
it
its
its
steps,
early infancy,
when
it
is,
so to speak,
badly, exaggerates
and caricatures
it,
whence the
God
is
to
THE LIMITS OF
136
conception of Deity.
spiritual
is
hardly one,
if
scientific inquirer
is
indeed there be
who
has
denied
The utmost
to
to
is
be Divine,
in the
and
origin
of religious
violates
development,
faith.
the right
professing
as
it
would
to
and
to
weigh
the
value,
its
nature, to
demand
of
It
mind,
it
the
as divinely revealed.
When
the
miraculous events
it,
the
contrary to
to the
is
of
testimony of
experience
of the
That
it
is
have visions and dream dreams, and that they are apt
innocently
ordinary
or
to
supernatural
extra-
of
their
faith.
The calm
PHILOSOPHICAL INQUIRY.
bounds
to his inquiries at
he ought to do so
assert that
I37
and
sacred,
to
see
if
be
it
The
theologian
him
tells
it
where
of free
right
this
true
it
be?
it
concerned to
is
faith
how
if
And
true.
inquiry be
unseen
And
is.
is
madman,
may choose
or impostor,
to proclaim
Towards the
close
of his
lecture
the
Archbishop,
of
sorted
and
" with
philosopher who,
the
tied
up and labelled
his
sensations
and
creature
so
so wise, so
glib,
is
there
that
not very
caricature;
is
it
its
the master of
its
secrets,
difficult
but
is
of discourse, sitting
full
and
to
was
raise
!"
It
a laugh by drawing a
hardly,
perhaps,
worthy
the
on
lecturer,
such an
caricatures.
sopher,
As we have aheady
full
of discourse,"
does
THE LIMITS OF
[38
know
not profess to
nearly so
more
is
transcribe
or
but
ends,
criticise
it
same
sort
it
quoted, however, as
one
to
is
The
ecstasy.
before
is
There
would be unprofitable
and
it;
of the mystery
Archbishop does.
discourse
the
as the
much
may be
passage
following
instructive in
somewhat
"The
many
world
offers just
now
religions,
and refusing
in Christian
The
in
danger of losing
dangers of our
brain-gland,
he
is
all
loss.
where
an emperoi",
may come
the
us.
But
moment
just
when we seem
of awakening to the
a secretion of the
is
is
we have
learnt
it,
on which great lives have been lived out, great self-sacrifices dared,
great piety and devotion have been bent on softening the sin, the
ignorance, and the misery.
It is a world from which the sun is
But this is not our world
withdrawn, and with it all light and life.
not
world
of
our
fathers.
To
live is to think and to
as it was,
the
will.
along
To
its
think
is
and passing
at its beginning, as
Was
rest,
Christianity
Its doctrines
PHILOSOPHICAL INQUIRY.
have now been preached
for nearly
139
and eloquence
they are
embodied
works of
art,
the
oratory, in
some of
in
the
noblest
specimens of
modern
very organization of
society;
in
faith
the
to
of faith
them
in
of
darkest places
made
the
earth
by
the
vehicles
and
results
modern
scientific
progress
all
spirit
these
most cultivated
or
true
many
so
Christian
to consider atheism a
class in
of
the
Whether
cultivated
perit
class
be
in
if
it
may
well be doubted
them of
their error.
Archbishop's part
to
It is
convince
make such an
appeal,
who
in
on philosophy not
to banish
inquiries, adjuring
it
THE LIMITS OF
E40
itself
is
that
and death
sacrifices, sufferings,
as
firm
for
the
self-
for
cause
die
to
it,
for
no proof
is
it.
Atheism counts
faith
great
was condemned
for atheism,
the stake.
might
have
execution
if
who
moment
he
an
suffered death as
atheist,
before
his
doctrines
To
these might be
much
his
retract.
suffering
for
a cause
which a
man
could
suffer.
How many
Christians
minute
terrible war-cry,
and
persecutors.
been a
faith
When
the passions of
inflict suffering
and death,
for
and
die,
and
PHILOSOPHICAL INQUIRY.
The appeal
to the
martyrdom of professors
141
is
therefore
doctrine.
so, for if it
it is
were otherwise,
self-sacrifice in
if
that
'tis
it,
in support of the
sad times
these
in
many
so
when
some of those
that
to an
end these
reflections,
which
modern
science,
than a bitter
spirit,
may
author
will,
on
further consideration,
discriminate
and
his statements to
and sweeping.
from
justify
On
apprehend harm to
be too
is,
in-
we
scientific inquiry
imminent.
how
miserably
it
falls
short of
he has
itself
so,
its
while he would
thought
is
despising
highest mission, he
its
teaching ends.
is
142
will
.
is
She
and
will
only commence."
The
that
is,
we
is.
words he
flourishing
formity with
Articles,
but
down on
his
in con-
is
the
knees the
moment
guarantee have
we
that he will
be content to do so
What
In
faith,
the
Church of
Rome
impregnable position
will
be no inquiry, and
be no doubt, and
disbelief.
if
be no reading there
for if there
if
there be
there be
no inquiry there
no doubt there
will
will
be no
rehgious faith
is
difficult to see
how
the product of
it
and
can be much
it
is
dif-
of different kinds
not monstrous.
can be
other than
sterile,
when
it
is
man
as
he
is
known
to himself
reason for
its
rejection
an objective study,
tending to prove
it
sometimes deemed.
is
it
"we
be appHed
manifest that
Day by
revela-
unquestionably great
is
if it
by the
day, indeed,
to
modern
by no means so absurd as
but
it
is it
him
science
as
is
has been
becoming
Browne has
it,
cosmography of himself;"
the
be under-
If the proposition
man was
man
that,
dium what
less
and end-
volume."^
acquires
Religio Medici.
64.
1863.
THE THEORY
144
The earliest
Thales,
did
seek ob-
principle of things
common
to
man and
first
so that, as the
of
facts
German philosopher
is
said to have
own
certain passions
which influenced
his conduct,
he fancied
one another by
Hence
like passions.
the
phenomena of
vacuum
oil
;
had an antipathy
produced
Naiad
in the fountain,
The
result of
a language there
is
ferent meanings, as
happens
cultivation of science
is
in
dif-
when,
When
issue
is
to attract
there necessarily
sophistry
and
sophists.
That
VITALITY.
was a
H5
result
In
nomenclature
scientific
it
is
common
of precision
for as
with cognition or
with
it is
life
life
and
objectively,
subjectively, so
must
and want
as
be with the
it
it is
sci-
speciahzation
increased
the
its
of
specialization
increasing
human
As might be expected,
and both
tried to
check
The
it.
metaphysics, analytics,
first
to
discover and establish definite meanings, and then to appropriate to each a several word."
But
it is
in vain to
there
external nature,
*
fruits
1
Coleridge's
upon
"
Literaiy Correspondence.
marvel
some
It is
for
this
to
attempt,
it
parts.
all
proceed in such a
antiquity,
spirit
undertaking
'
(Ibid.
THE THEORY
146
be, as
it
philosophy."
Much
the
sophistry which
definite
But as the
a blind giant.
infant,
moved by an
unconsciously for
at first strives
impulse,
its
awakening thereby
to a consciousness of the
it,
human mind
so the
it
chemist,
its
for a
his avarice
and the
astrologer,
in nature,
to a full consciousness
moved by
destiny governing
human
mother who
of the fruitful
mother's
supplies
its
internal
and the
The
it.
al-
instinct of a unity
moved by
the feeling of a
on
trea-
for of astrology
in the fulness of
it
see the
human mind
source of knowledge
who
we
spirit
instinc-
rules
we
to a
see
it
awakened
and method
that
which
in
an imperfect manner
it
had
OF VITALITY.
for
the infant, so
sciousness,
prevailed,
it
it
is
spirit
which
has
accordingly been
to external nature,
his investigations
he
is
man
begins with
the complex to
Not
only
is
so,
fully
with
which
as
it.
of investigation
completely reversed.
But
at.
efflux of
The method
147
it
is
now appealed to
The
is
human
or, in
as the
deve-
adaptation
to external
nature,
has
of the
The
means
senses.^
gi'eat
"
desideratum
Wir
is
Sclilachten
Moleschott,
THE THEORY
148
have revealed
of tissues
made known
little
structure
world of the
monstrated the indestructibility of matter, and has supplied to science the exactness of the numerical
method
means
is
in
Who
crystallized bodies.
dict
some time
since that
at
it
And who
will
will travels
it
compare Helmholtz
zu messen," &c.
'
''
:
Ueber
Methoden
kleinste Zeittheilchen
1850.
As long as physiologists
principle,
die
tlie
considered
it
is
accomplished
is
activity
by which
closely connected
air,
OF VITALITY.
which one idea
city with
149
up another
calls
difficult
vital force
in the brain ?
and most
last
it
but
the evident
it is
life
more and
if it
by Comte, that
may
it
And
scientific investigation.
it
was
life, it
evolution of
In
show
done
it
all
accomplished the
life.
spite, then,
some persons
and notwith-
it
is
and
life
into close
and thus
sinity
stars,
the
When,
air,
in ancient times,
is
to explain
man on
man
in that
way
to demonstrate the
the result?
to
now
What must be
be reckoned.
It is
Nothing
and the
not surprising,
Hioderate-"
THE THEORY
I50
As
it is
Plato dealt only with ideas of the mind, his system must
we have
it is
evident also
becomes possible
but
mind
Once
for
may perhaps be
all, it
ingless
for
its
mental
of the unconscious
this
life is
life
been exemplified
form the
How
be mean-
excellently has
characteristic of Goethe, as
La vater
It
in poetical
he proved, in
fact, that
chemical
to
human
opened
Elective Affinities
affinities
taken
a reflection in consciousness
of nature.
in
ij;
an interpretation of
to find in nature
are correlates,
affinities
method
phenomena of self-consciousness,
of the human mind to the pheno-
mena
^
of external nature.
"But
it
is
Of Goethe
it
may be
justly
OF VITALITY.
him the
said, that in
and the
ideal
that he
some
in
151
were happily
real
scientific
spirit
respects an advance
of the
upon
it
of development of the
human mind
if
it
be destined
to develop.
The
dency of knowledge
When
of science.
is fully justified
nature was
first
examined objectively
of energy or activity
On
also.
in fact,
that
is, its
forces
its
modes
appeared many
products of combustion,
became evident
it
one
that
that
it
Ele-
compounds
is
to
its
elementary
formed by an upward
Corresponding with
its
The
correlation
and conservation of
of
human
less
forces,
which
clearly recognized
as
now accepted
as
thought, are
THE THEORY
152
scientific
demonstration.^
Though
that there
it
is
may seem
difficult to
domain of
a matter of fact
we
and
In
it
As
science.
its
forces, to regard
we
our conceptions
all
we
it
The
in our generalizations.
by opposing a
orbits
otherwise
drive
them
centrifugal
The
space.
into
afloat
which would
force
smaller
we
call
molecules of matter, in
heat,
little
may
volatile substances
It
similar
^
Democritus,
Epicurus,
matter
liquids
character to
in
them
their
diffusion
Aristotle,
all
upheld the
common
an axiom
in
follows
is
while
eternity
of
not so
import
in
power
and
same with
the
is
drive
occur in
:
Bacon's writings.
not exist in
its
Atigmentis
This
is
sum
work
for as the
equally the
Other passages of
like
is
as
it is
De
is lost.
it
OF VITALITY.
15;
There
"fixed."
is
in conception as
And
some
sensible
image
is
mind
in
as
order
tionary
oscillation,
the degree
to
a state of sta-
of temperature
of the
intensity of the
ticles.
greatly compressed,
matter
that
is
when
heat
thus vapours
is
What
is
heat
When
becomes
become
liquids
withdrawn from
becomes
free, its
their cohesion
and
liquids
is
become
solids.
It
is
owing
to
man's
inability, as
He
for as
he
phase of consciousness
it is
in relation to himself;
is
an expression of
and
as every
this relation,
free itself,
THE THEORY
154
we speak
Thus, though
are.
same kind of
action.
we
One
fold relation.
passive,
statical,
attraction
cohesion,
the other
is
we
describe as
or,
and
in observation of
its
modes of
energy, attraction
is
found
that attraction
chemical
affinity,
is
and
hate.
is
affinity.
happens
set free.
and
This
electricity; for,
The amount
electricity.
lost.
When
of
be
one atom
atom of oxygen, a
definite
and a
is
accordingly
OF VITALITY.
When
produced.
make
much
active force
so
much
chemical
in
passive or latent
heat becomes so
much
tension force.
position
155
we have
and
becomes
We know
combine
not
far
we accept
a fundamental law of
as
their
but we do know
takes place a
little
that
force.
It
a fact authenti-
is
may be made
different
lightning
much
to evolve, as
electricity as
under
resolution of force,
and
in such resolution
one equivalent
Thus chemical
much
force,
may be
said to
be of a
In the
still
character
Matter, which in
of a
is
its
its
most
special
vitality,
much more
form.
though corre-
matter
and complex
so blended or
and
combined as
force
to
which, under
THE THEORY
156
suffice
is
an organic
cell or of a
We
speck of protoplasm.
have
dead and as
Dead
mercy of the
forces
begin to effect
its
it is
now
which surround
dissolution.
organic matter
acted upon
it,
and immediately
sition,
car-
amount of
certain
must become
and
heat supplies.
these molecules
is
at the
it is
There
oxygen of
is
and
The
tion of heat.
ments
might
at first sight
is
by no means so simple
as
it
appear to be.
hydrogen
is,
In
reality
it
will
not
it
must be
tension force
become
that
latent
is,
and
necessarily
OF VITALITY.
157
or the
through the
It
is
consideration which
this
made and
appears
conclusions
to
come
But there
is
another consideration.
In
this
mere
statical,
or attractive phase
vitality,
due partly
is
and not
as
it
been pulling
were,
it
What, then,
pieces.
to
force,
implied in the
is
becomes
from
all
Though dead,
when
alive
and
its
future destiny
on the circumstances
in
the
will
air,
it
is
true,
inorganic products
conditions of
life,
it
but
if it
which
it
is
the same as
entirely
may be
dependent
placed.
In
if
it
be exposed
to the influence of
is
the
some animal,
takes
on
statical
life
force
again.
It
under the
is
plain what
becomes of the
latter circumstances.
it is
air
But in
and the
THE THEORY
58
becomes
That
of
the
all
which must be
force
general nature
can admit of no
returns
to
but does
it
all
appear as heat ?
must necessarily do
so,
becoming
it
doubt
liberated.
part of
form or other,
liberated
is
its
under some
There
if
it
is
some
up again
in vital
kingdom.
It
being used
force^ before
plants,
humus
soluble
almost
all
is
up by the
regularly taken
plants.
Professor
Le
Conte has
roots
of
shown
it
to
other
The
force
which
results
has
life
in
relations with
its
it,
affinity
and
celestial bodies,
The
and development.
life
seems
its
to
by the force
As chemical
tion
thus furnished
from disorganization
When
is
that
is,
when
it
to correspond
attrac-
amongst
to gravitation
By
J.
Le Conte,
College.
OF VITALITY.
159
repulsion, to
and
The
statical
"waste," as
change, or
place
necessarily takes
called,
is
it
supplied to
The
it
met with
afford
element.
glionic
are
electrical repulsion.
the
in
dynamical
action
vital
its
of
is
substances which
products
what
the
retrograde
v/aste
as
for
and
acetic
Reymond proved
to
And what Du
acid.^
happen
muscle,
in
Bois-
Funke
has
they
become acid
activity
is
it
during
life.
known
well
after
death,
After
and
excessive
also
after
mental exercise,
in considerable quantities
and
it is
great
urine
only by supposing
which
^
is
in
It is interesting to
trans-
formation resulting from nerve action agree with the products of de-
how the
results coincide
with
what, a priori, might have been expected from the great vital activity
of nerve-structure.
THE THEORY
i6o
down
There
on
even
is
brain
the
in
at times a sensation of
and
in
something going
anomalous
such
insanity,
feelings are
by
stored
during
nutrition
rest,
nutritive attraction
a time at
least,
re-
is
thus established
But
of.
preserves
The
individuality
its
special?
quite
vitality.
the
Is
of
different
from those of
compound
its
compound
constituents.
is
are quite
Such a complex
ma)^
be expected,
no way resem-
bling those of
its
compounds.
its
ties
chemical composition,
there
is
may
greatly alter
its
proper-
tution of matter.
is
and
relative proportion, so
grouped as somehow
properties.
matter
may
Again,
exist
it
OF VITALITY.
and with very
And what
is
and
as colloidal
a gelatinous or in a crystalline
is
different properties,
crystalloidal, in
i6i
The
continued metastasis
and
state.
state.
its
statical
existence
it
as
is
says
tlie
aluminous
class, for
water, such as
flint,
And
yet minerals
and,
may
silicic
Further-
geological
the
crystalline
the
in
so-called
is
is,
condition
distinc-
subsisting
exist
The
vitality."
Can any
facts,"
no abrupt
transitions,
all
is
and
that dis-
activity of their
own
in mass, as water
is,
permeable when
It is evident that
By
T.
may be
in
1862.)
THE THEORY
i62
The
it
is
not a con-
displayed by inor-
is
may be
it
molecular constitution.
ultimately
Vitality
so-called molecular
forces.
stances
into
necessary,
receive
and
living
though psychologically
dead,
support v/hich
expected for
its
validity,
it.
any conclusion,
Before granting
is
generally
Now
life.
it
it
is
is
desirable
may be made
be wide enough
to
comprise
to
if
life
to consti-
certain,
when we
forms,
life
it
will
If
life.
The problem
great fault in
many attempted
description of
life
it
be too vague
of
any definition of
all
to
deemed
objections
would
definitions has
is
it
to in-
life.
been the
to
destroy
it.
OF VITALITY.
163
What
special
there
is
is
the
manner of composition of
way.
in a very
of combination which
is
met
v/ith in
to,
the kind
inorganic bodies.
development of
more
is
complex
is,
Life
plainly
it.
is
it
shown
advances, the
physical and
Heat
life
produced by combustion
organism as
it
is in
it
is
fire
are
the elements
starch
is
in the
is
depends.
the
in the
so constant a proartificially
by
in a nerve,
on
is
The
peculiarity of
is
given
life is
the
many
cell.
Knowledge cannot
it
man
there
is
A. von Bezold
Untersuchimgen
Leipzig, 1861.
Erregung
THE THEORY
64
there can be
little
a true science of
life will
that
to
it
vital activity is
will
it
be well
is
generations
rest before
made.
considered to mark
life,
namely,
its
aim or
form of
vitality as
It
vitality.
it
is,
in
with the
is
evolution.
self-conser-
in the
earliest
vative
its
means
to adopt rude
to preserve life
his frail
and
to obtain
may
maintenance of
indi-
for the
may be
is
obvious that
man
com-
it is
it.
But
and by accommodating
physical laws
said to
victory
their
by obedience.
By conscious
it
OF VITALITY.
i6s
the idea
in nature
By keeping
to
be in conceiving
as a result of physical
cell
and chemical
forces.
phenomenon
really a
is
its
life
is
life is
the
unconscious manifestations
And however
priation.
same
it is
not a contrast to
for its
The
it.
conscious and
individuation by appro-
necessary
it
may seem
to
individual, as a part of a
whole looking
represent
constant antagonism to
the vital
as in
cell
indicating
fundamental law of
in
difficulty will
forces,
is
law or idea
mind
own power
Iiis
the
at the rest, to
the
may tend
spirit
to prove the
is
just
plainly
dependence of
life
on physical
which
specialty of
plan
is
life
is
commonly
said
to
constitute
defined
life
as
''
Schelling,
Given
is
every individual
is
the
in
life
it is
pattern "
As
on
THE THEORY
66
the roaring
loom of
plan.
materials
" but
it
to
its
if
suitable
an aim, said
Admitting
Aristotle.
upon
go on increasing
would
crystal
heaven,"
into
is
all this,
we
in
the
seeing that
is
it
it
it is
positive
constructed
it is
but
is
to a pre-ordained plan
plan
no
of vitality manifests
form.
its
is
inherent in
it is
it.
The
not some-
Organic
true of
it
which
it
as of inorganic matter
is
effect,
is
the necessary
constitution
and certain
monad, or whatever
of
liked,
we choose
to
life.
else
was
self-generating,
did anything
to investigation.
it
That any
OF VITALITY.
167
really
matter,
like
force,
If the
an inconceivable supposition.
axiom
that
is
we find, as we do,
or somehow cause to
accepted, and
incorporate,
disappear, inorganic
it
is
force
To
force.
would be
it
the earth,
lest
was self-produced
and
nature,
vital force
by the increase of
its
repulsion force,
into
off
or burst into
is
fragments, as
supposed
at
a planet
one time to
have done.^
When, however,
living
its
of
own
Science, in
development
vital
nature,
is
it
force
in
its
view of
life,
seems
unknown
Humboldt's mind.
as the
to
the elements
(Aphorism, ex doct.
from following their original attractive forces.
Phys. Chem. Plant.) " Reflection and prolonged study," he says, in
his
the vital
depends
And
again
phenomena
my
"The
of organism to
physical and
manner
chemical laws
as the prediction of
number
of the simultaneously-
THE THEORY
68
great
it
evident that a
is
assumed
is
in the Hving
molecule.
and force?
seem not
question
this
to
they have
fallen into
External
circumstances
are
the
as,
necessary conditions
it
we know
mother
the
yet,
it
structure.
rest
electricity, or
the important
is
potentiahty there
in
is
is
When
of nature.
heat
is
converted into
self-determined
is
not
which Aristotle
in
material cause.
And
is
his
if it
names the
of causes
division
be objected that a
When
is
little
life
that a like
a certain organic
become
organic,
it
may be
infection or fermentation
of
its
that
it
it
does so by a kind of
relations
Admitting that
0/ VITALITY.
the vital transforming matter
structure,
from
at first derived
is
vital
is
it
169
And
vital
is.
if
might
is
to
at
may be
it
it,
life
so
transformation
The
in favour of the
is
upon
his opponent,
due regard
and
presumption that
And
so originated.
to the
and
asked,
it
may
at first
is
may
have
turn
he, with a
not self-generating,
is after
from the
power?
quantity
definite
only could
have
been
been exhausted
at
now
impossible
vitalist is
evolve
to
life
Thus
the
do believe
is
out
forces,
The
it
is
of any
and that
vitality.
argument stands.
in
the
matter hope to
origination
succeed in
Meanwhile, those
of
life
artificially
v^'ho
from non-living
producing the
it
is
THE THEORY
I70
should
now
as unnecessary as
Such a supposition
vitality.
would be
it
to
What, only
spark of
necessary
is
life,
and
suitable conditions,
The
the
is
it
will
be
it
fire
fire,
burn.
or the
placed under
then go on increasing.
implicitly, as
he
sticks, after
make
now
contains
and
it
in
accomphshed a
life
In
fact,
nature having
result,
each future
arrived
first
force
oxidation
of
an excess
of
is
partly
so-called
It is
produced by
albuminous
in
bably
It
cell
is
needs but
little
cannot supply
all
is
used in
in-
life
transformation of cells
in
the multiplication
and
OF VITALITY.
ijt
transformation.
some
have
a mistake, however, to
is
that
said,
and external
heat
The
say,
as
conditions
rate of germination,
are
of variation
The
will, as
by the
fixed
seeds of a
same external
when they
are
all
conditions.
And
the
indications
organisms.
of
self-dependent
There
in
are,
more important,
conditions.
as
it
latter
for
is
for
well
as
internal
fact,
as
are the
determining
lower
the
in
time-rates
its
conditions
may
fact,
which determines
is
the
is
easy to perceive
in
conclu-
more
is,
that advancing
the
All
dependence of
to
life
on physical
show
that vital
by
THE THEORY
172
When
vital force
were, unfolded
it
it is
and
electricity that
we
it is
find
it,
to represent the
statical correlative,
force, as
It is certainly
extremely unphilosophical in
a special
mode
of manifestation of force
phenomena demand
special character of
its
ever
may
real nature
its
the
what-
that,
The
facts
of
demand
tionablv
also
that
should be reararded as
it
and conservation
of force.
As then
much
greater
by
it
fact, will
correspond in value
required to raise
matter from
it
one
correspond to many-
An immense amount
will
force
is
its
of
elementary state
described as organic;
But
OF VITALITY.
173
How
Who can
must be
great, then,
its
mechanical equivalent
it,
wonder
that
nature,
and that
forces
had
life
been
furthermore,
it
to
its
fight in
What
sway.
last
long in
existence
AVhat ground,
that
it is
Is
it
Armies
it
!.
we
still
call vital
earth
The
may
present on
hypothesis
of Laplace
was,
quantity of nebulous
in
that
it
does
now when
Electricity
light,
solid masses.
and develop
chemical force, as
voltaic battery.
electricity
it
The
light,
cell
it is
not
difficult to
or as
we
conceive
of a
are
how
primaeval
when
existed
on the
the
earth.
when we
are told,
So that
as
we can now
to the point
where
life
obtain
begins,
THE THEORY
t74
chemical forces.
and delay
difficulty
its
it
difficulty in nature.
It
vitality.
kind thereof;
degrees,
if
it is
not
we
in reality
different
is
recog^
but one
As with
of vitality.
kinds,
we
trace an advance
and
special.
The
tissue
of the
simple protozoon
active
its
is
increasing speciality
external, until in
and complexity
man we
many forces.
is
And
as
it is
it
there
is
it
highest.
and the
cell
possible
Between the
the former
is
vitality of
is
scarcely
a comparison
at the
OF VITALITY.
relations with external nature, while
special
lations therewith.
Between the
and an epidermic
cell
much
the latter
as
175
re-
relations of a nerv'e-cell
difference as there
is
is
And
nature.
roundings
are,
its
sur-
all
between
and the
it
Whatever, then,
ment,
may be
is
it
inorganic.
but
it
vv'ith
assimilates
it that
When
a tissue takes
it
is, it
makes
it
itself
its
production
has thus,
it
before
it
supplied the
exaltation
all
In the
and
special
essential
and transpeciation of
exaltation of force
is,
as
it
force
latter are
conditions
and
for
material.
the
But
were, a concentration of
it
formed.
tissues
Hence
it
is
that
or parts in animals
the power
is
of reproducing
diminished
much more
THE THEORY
176
an inverse
though not
proved,
strictly
is
proposition.
If,
a corresponding degree of
to speak of the
placing
its life
life
obviously right
vitality, it is
on the same
and the
take place
correlative reso-
when
less
a nerve-cell undergoes
the
As a
retrograde metamorphosis.
force
needed
is
the blood-cell
be much
to raise m^atter
great expenditure of
The
condition.
parasite
if
the
low organic
nerve-cell
observed,
it
of
it
in
The
its
to
life
is
required
highest organic
say,
the
highest
of the blood
and
its
been consumed by
to
so
is,
In
its
its
all
downward metamorphosis.
force,
substance
is
and
;
is
is
is
life.
liberated
It is
" waste" does not pass always directly out of the body,
OF VITALITY.
but that
may be
it
first
lower element.
economy of
that, in the
177
in-
but are
first
How
element.
in the
body
exhaled by animals
is
animal
lives,
the blood
is
so
The
parts impaired
by
it.
must
be, are
And
it is
but
is
time-rate
is
variable according
The
The
be
method of
nutrition in
Paget
which the
time-
in their decline
may
THE THEORY
178
change
their
shape and
nervous centres)
(as
there
is
organic molecules
is
as certain
and
universal, if not as
Each
of
its
The
cells.
and
its
with
its life
known,
life
exercise of
its
energy
it
is
the manufacture of
it
its
cells.
blood-cell
It is
its
decomposition
it
and other
mxaterial for
may accomplish
some
stomach and
is
and ought
blood-cells
is
cells,
but nothing
one which
awaits,
Such, then,
is
gically regarded.
On
not
as, for
duty
its
time.
of the stomach,
function
the accomplish-
discharges
for example,
cells die.
is
but
cell
and each
definite time-rate;
appointed period of
its
ment of the
its
for
it is
has
But there
is
life
physiolo-
By
J.
Paget, F.R.S.
(Croonian
OF VITALITY.
179
ficial
is
in the
we choose
"'Tis as
Browne
much
natural, as
as
and
No
activity.
if
at first
in the
we
to death
purpose of nature, as
An
results
is
discord or disease.
may
The phenomena
when properly
therefore,
of morbid action
regarded, be serviceable
and
relations
life,
and each
of vital action.
As each
cell
species of cell
many
cells
has
its
its
appointed period of
natural degree of
is
it
and
less
organism
and
cial,
more
the
sum of
the
life
human body,
easily initiated in
For the
of
and complex
as there are
complexity of structure.
is
and
cells in the
it
life,
its
life
individual parts,
more numerous,
is
of the
spe-
In the
a similarity of structure,
THE THEORY
i8o
one part
is
on the maintenance of
tions with
the
tively little
are,
certain general
external
to
liability
there
is,
disturbance.
is
and simple
rela-
therefore,
compara-
When
the parts
a definite subordination
intei"vene in the
plainly
is
abundant room
ance.
all
and
it
inor-
for disturb-
body
is
of the
many
constitution
will, if
its
specific
life
of the part,
is
a diseased product.
It is as
human
tissue.
to relations with
living
self-dependent
beings,
adds,
body, and
"Je
is
a collection of
unvolkommner
das
Gescliopf ist, desto mehr sind diese Theile einander gleich oder
ahnlich, und desto mehr gleichen sie dem Ganzen. Je volkommner
Je ahnlicher die Theile einander sind, desto weniger sind sie einanDie Subordination der Theile deutet auf ein
der subordinirt.
volkommneres Geschopf.
OF VITALITY.
i8i
which should
rightly
force,
quality,
is lost in
and the
Inflammation in a part
ration of
intention," there
gained in quantity
is
When
its vitaHty.
What
direct adhesion of
is
tissue,
surfaces,
its
first
and
no inflammation,
maintained, and
effects
When
the repair.
vitality
slight
is
in-
is
produced
of
on
time,
complete
the
this
may
it
subsidence
of
even
the condition
rise to
When
is
there
feeble,
material of a
still
is
a greater
poured
out,
and ceases
still
greater,
destruction
of
John Hunter,
the
life,
inflam-
of the
is
and
produced.
Pus
is
is
vitality
it is
only a
degeneration,
is
greater
of
life,
in
tissue.
degeneration
If the inflammation
passes
and mortification
therefore, speaks, as
into
ensues.
actual
When
he does, of nature
THE THEORY
182
up the
calling
vital
words convey a
false
The
damaged
injury has so
cannot
action
is
far beneficial as
only so
been
not
has
part
expected,
therefore,
is
kind of
inferior
of the
life
As might be
outright.
in
How
is it
and
really disease,
is
it
killed
it
an
to speak of inflammation as
if it
were
When
adhesive inflammation
its
testifies
How
when
fixes
a result
is
to a less serious
hard
inflammation
said to limit
occurrence
blind
is
life
it
not to be
is
When
adhesive
said to
it
is
sometimes
What,
when
glues the
it
design
That
which
pain,
testify to
and bene-
inflammation
and
is
is
and
true
of
the
material
necessarily true of
its
products
force
of
the heat
a degeneration of
vital
force.
The
sort
of
OF VITALITY.
183
The
vital force.
latter
dissipation of a lower
the unrestrained
monads
of
its
development
activity of
latter, it
matter,
or volumes
monad
activity
of
its
are
force,
volume
of matter or one
of voluntary muscle, are a degradation of action witnessing to a molecular deterioration of vital conditions.
Heat
the
is
retrograde
existence
of
metamorphosis
of
The
force.
vital
no
The
diminished
be
stated, as a
force
is
vital action.
is
in
law of
an inverse
Perhaps
produces great
therefore,
might once
for all
of the
it
is,
it is
effects in the
way
It
and
often
man who
has
will-
power
force,
is
who
vastly inferior to
that of the
much
Surely
destruction.
The
THE THEORY
84
forces,
and
tions
Virchow
products.
morbid
is
that there
by
made
has, as
no new
is
The
disease.
structure
disease-produced
have
cells,
The
healthy structure.
and maintains
and
all
other
cells
cells
bone
and
"
"
must generally
new formation
destroys
tissue,
common
morbid
is
"
therefore,
with
its
and
The
equivalents, he describes as
structures
" Heterologous
there
really,
is
connective
the
tissues
in
morbid
(heterometria)."^
^
Cellular Pathology.
and
struc-
arise as
and quantity
OF VITALITY.
The
185
consistent conception of
it
phenomena of
We
disease.
the
if
of a lower kind be
vitality
supposed,
monad, or molecule,
idle
it
is,
is
would necessarily
suf-
many
then, to dispute, as
vital
action,
what
is
there
How
is
when
there exists
is
it
Does convulsion
vital action of
No
man ?
for that
of
is
convulsions
of
man
in
Is a
When
it
tetanus of a muscle
pro-
is
increased
to
it?
its
as
clear conception
Weber showed
thread round
it,
no
convulsions a strong
duced, as
is
epilepsy, but
to
for
whether epilepsy
ing
that,
a multitude of polypes.
units,
it
into
fice for
unit,
vitality?
If
it
really
does,
testify
then
the
a complete renewal of
the
effect
life.
In speaking of
the
and
vital action,
THE THEORY
i86
when
it
that
and aim-
violent
is,
general
of the
which should
will,
rightly co-ordinate
simply to
control
them
words
use
into
without
definite
action
meaning
is
There
increased.
and the
is
it
definition of vitality
individuality
unity
of
of the ego
expresses
w^hich
of
inferior
force.
a degeneration
in
convulsions
is
co-ordination
nor
will-
neither
conscious unity,
or
that
un-
manifest
is
Increased action
is
the result
action.
is
the
so-
subjective
is
the violent
is
manifestation of
conscious unity of
in sleep, there
when
but
epilepsy, there
action;
highest
individual
in
is
is
The
organism as a whole.
called
then,
not,
is
six
of
*'A man
men
cannot
hold him."
and a
energy
of
co-ordination of
relations;
of the
is
the
definite
result
That
of
special
a certain
cell.
is
mode
cell
When, however,
in the
individuality
OF VITALITY.
display of force,
strative
sions, being
as
sum of
the
cells,
takes
(energy), there
repulsion
187
is
it
impossible to pronounce
It
cell.
an
is
inferior
It
the
is
duty of a
cell,
so
to
speak,
surroundings
it
is,
indeed,
of specific character
cell
really
is
it
its
essence as an individual
and when
degenerating,
losing
it
is
not so living,
nature or
its
kind,
Its action
is
In
it
would be as
action
madness
of
action,
to
degenerate action.
ful,
truth,
in
in a system of
and
its
state, again,
exist, if
and
would
it
certainly
be a strange use of
The phenomena
to
is
illustrate
the
same
principles.
passionate
man
reveal
mental vigour.
the true
completely-fashioned will
Novalis, "
is
"
a completely-fashioned
is
character," said
will."
As
in
the
THE THEORY
order of natural development there has been an ascent
force,
vital
the
vitality to
development
there
a progress through
is
sensation,
a well - fashioned
force,
cell,
and
rightly
recognizes
feeling,
The
will.
its
developed
relations
Noise
and
The
nothing.
to
the
strongest
an
tale of
force
is
quiet
idiot signifying
and the
force,
com-
mental power.
May we
must
knowledge
ever
conscious
nature
idealism
more
render
life
what advancing
clear,
in unity of
of nature
As
the
development
the revelation
of Plato
how
science,
will
the
be
Humboldt and
descriptions
of the same
facts.
different
How
great, then,
demands a rude
OF VITALITY.
age for
the
its
successful development
insight
add
How
After analysis
human
embodiment of
comfort, there
ugly;
and
works which
Art has
science.
again,
an
comes synthesis
to
little,
anatomy only
beyond
189
now opening
before
it
it,
for science
ment
to
its
in
reality
path, but
must plainly
a beautiful form.
he who
shall
who
shall
give
accomplish
it
will
be a greater
than Goethe.^
Perhaps the truest estimate of science, and the most remarkable
to
it,
"Das Mahrchen,"
is
to
who
in
tale by-
THE END.
centuries,"
LONDON
R.
CLAY, SONS,
BREAD STREET
HILL.
BF
161
Copy
^^
i
V4f*f