Aloi
Alloys
contoh examples
Keluli
Steel
Brass
Loyang
Duralumin
Duralumin
adalah are
Lebih kuat
Stronger
Tahan kakisan
Withstand corrosion
Lebih berkilat
More shiny
terlibat dalam
menyebabkan
involved in
cause
Proses Haber
Pencemaran
Haber process
menghasilkan
produces
Ammonia
Ammonia
menghasilkan
produces
memerlukan
requires
Nitrogenous
fertilisers
punca
sources
450 500C
200 500 tekanan
atmosfera
Pembakaran
bahan api fosil
Serbuk besi
Sisa toksik
industri
atmospheric pressure
Iron filings
Baja
bernitrogen
Pollution
Burning of fossil
fuels
Toxic industrial
waste
Sisa pertanian
Agricultural
waste
149
Objektif Pembelajaran
Tarikh:
8.1 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
KBAT
Konstruktivisme
1 Berdasarkan pernyataan yang diberikan, lengkapkan ruang tentang logam tulen, aloi dan proses
pengaloian./Based on the statement given, complete the spaces on pure metals, alloys and alloying.
Menggelongsor
Asing
Slide/sliding
Bentuk
Foreign
Shape
Kuat
Strong
Aloi
Alloy
Menghalang
Pengaloian
Prevent
Alloying
Saiz
Size
daya dikenakan
force is applied
saiz
Atom-atom logam tulen mempunyai
dan
bentuk
yang sama. Apabila daya dikenakan,
atom-atom logam mudah menggelongsor di atas satu
strong
atom asing
foreign atom
By adding
BAB
foreign
asing
ke dalam logam
tulen dalam bentuk leburan, atom-atom asing menghalang
atom-atom logam tulen daripada menggelongsor di atas
prevent
the
atoms of the pure metal from sliding over one another easily. The mixture of the metal and the foreign atoms is
alloy
foreign
alloying .
called an
. The process of mixing
atoms into a pure metal is called
150
Tarikh:
8.2 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
KBAT
Konstruktivisme
The comparison of pure metals and alloys and the uses of alloys
KBAT
Complete the table to compare the characteristics of pure metals and alloys.
Kurang kuat
Lebih keras
Higher
Mudah
Ya
Mulur
Tinggi
Lebih kuat
Lebih lembut
Berkilat
Lebih rendah
Sukar
Tidak
Kurang mulur
Rendah
Sukar
Mudah
Less strong
Ductile
Harder
High
Difficult
No
Stronger
Softer
Less ductile
Low
Easy
Yes
Shiny
Lower
Difficult
Easy
Perbezaan/Differences
Ciri-ciri
Characteristics
Aloi/Alloys
Kurang berkilat
Berkilat
(b) Kekuatan
Kurang kuat
Lebih kuat
(c) Kekerasan
Lebih lembut
Lebih keras
Mudah
Sukar
Lebih rendah
Lebih tinggi
Tidak
Ya
(g) Kemuluran
Mulur
Kurang mulur
(h) Ketertempaan
Mudah
Sukar
Rendah
Tinggi
Surface appearance
Less shiny
Strength
Less strong
Hardness
Ability to be bent
Melting point
Resistance to corrosion
Ductility
Malleability
Stronger
Softer
Harder
Easy
Difficult
Lower
Higher
No
Yes
Ductile
Less ductile
Easy
Difficult
Low
High
2005 BHG. B, S7(a) 2014 BHG. B, S7(a)(i), (ii), (b) & (c)
2 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah tentang atom logam utama (tulen) dan atom asing bagi aloi.
Complete the table below on the atoms of the main (pure) metal and the foreign atoms in alloys.
Aloi/Alloy
Keluli/Steel
Besi/Iron
Karbon/Carbon
Piuter/Pewter
Timah/Tin
Kuprum/Copper
Loyang/Brass
Kuprum/Copper
Zink/Zinc
Gangsa/Bronze
Kuprum/Copper
Timah/Tin
Duralumin/Duralumin
Aluminium/Aluminium
Kuprum/Copper
Kupronikel/Cupronickel
Kuprum/Copper
Nikel/Nickel
151
BAB
Tensile strength
Shiny
3 Berdasarkan maklumat di 1, nyatakan jenis aloi yang digunakan dalam pembuatan barangan yang
diberikan.
Based on the information in 1, state the types of alloy used in the manufacture of the given items.
(a)
(b)
bingkai gambar
photo frame
piala
trophy
jambatan
bridge
badan kereta
body of a car
Piuter/Pewter
Keluli/Steel
(c)
(d)
alat muzik
musical instrument
kunci
key
patung
statue
Loyang/Brass
pingat
medal
Gangsa/Bronze
(e)
(f)
duit syiling
coins
Duralumin/Duralumin
Kupronikel/Cupronickel
4 Tandakan ( ) ciri-ciri pada duralumin yang membolehkannya digunakan untuk membuat barangan
di 2./Tick ( ) the properties of duralumin which enable it to be used to make the products in 2.
BAB
Ringan/Light
Kuat/Strong
kuat
stronger
keras
, lebih
harder
, more
shiny
, lebih
and
berkilat
resistance to corrosion
dan
.
152
Tarikh:
8.3 EKSPERIMEN
BERPANDU
KBAT
Penemuan
Inkuiri
Tujuan
Hipotesis
Aloi lebih keras daripada logam tulen./Diameter lekukan pada bongkah loyang lebih
kecil daripada diameter lekukan pada bongkah kuprum.
An alloy is harder than the pure metal./The diameter of the dent on the brass block will be smaller
than the diameter of the dent on the copper block.
Pemboleh
Ubah
Bongkah kuprum, bongkah loyang, bebola keluli, pemberat 1 kg, benang, kaki retort,
pembaris meter
Copper block, brass block, steel ball, a weight of 1 kg, string, retort stand, metre rule
pembaris meter
metre rule
Prosedur
Galeri Info
benang/thread
pemberat/weight
kaki retort
retort stand
50 cm
bebola keluli
steel ball bearing
pita selofan
cellophane tape
Release the weight so that it falls on the steel ball placed on the copper block.
Pemerhatian
3.6
2.5
1 (a) Lekuk yang terbentuk pada bongkah yang manakah mempunyai diameter yang
lebih kecil?/The dent formed on which block has a smaller diameter?
Bongkah loyang/The brass block
153
BAB
3 Lepaskan pemberat itu supaya jatuh pada bebola keluli yang diletakkan di atas
bongkah kuprum.
keras
harder
kuat
dan lebih
stronger
and
Aloi/Alloy
4 Tandakan ( ) unsur utama yang dicampur ke dalam kuprum untuk membuat loyang.
Tick ( ) the main element that is mixed with copper to make a brass.
Timah/Tin
Besi/Iron
Zink/Zinc
zink
Atom
menggelongsor
zinc
The
menghalang
kuprum
atom-atom
daripada
atoms prevent
atoms from
sliding
6 Lukis dan labelkan susunan zarah-zarah dalam kuprum tulen dan dalam loyang.
Draw and label the particles arrangement in pure copper and in brass.
kuprum
copper
kuprum
copper
Zink
Zinc
Kuprum tulen
Pure copper
Loyang
Brass
BAB
Besi/Iron
Zink/Zinc
Gangsa/Bronze
8 Nyatakan definisi secara operasi bagi aloi./State the operational definition for alloy.
Aloi ialah suatu bahan yang padanya lekukan yang lebih kecil terhasil .
An alloy is a substance on which a
Galeri Info
Kesimpulan
Aloi lebih
An alloy is
keras
harder
154
Tarikh:
8.4
KBAT
PEKA
Penemuan
Inkuiri
BERPANDU
Tujuan
K1PP1
Hipotesis
Paku keluli lebih tahan terhadap kakisan (pengaratan) berbanding dengan paku besi.
A steel nail is more resistant to corrosion (rusting) compared to an iron nail.
K1PP2
Pemboleh
Ubah
K1PP3
Bahan dan
Radas
Paku besi, paku keluli, larutan natrium klorida, kertas pasir, tabung uji
Prosedur
K1PP4
Iron nail, steel nail, sodium chloride solution, sandpaper, test tubes
paku
besi
iron nail
larutan natrium
klorida
sodium chloride
solution
paku
keluli
steel nail
3 Tuang larutan natrium klorida ke dalam dua tabung uji yang berasingan.
Pour sodium chloride solution into two separate test tubes.
4 Masukkan paku besi ke dalam sebuah tabung uji dan paku keluli ke dalam tabung
uji yang lain./Put the iron nail into one test tube and the steel nail into the other test tube.
5 Biarkan kedua-kedua tabung uji dan kandungannya selama dua hari.
Leave both test tubes and their contents for two days.
6 Rekodkan keadaan paku besi dan paku keluli./Record the condition of the iron nail and
steel nail.
Cara Kerja
BAB
3 Larutan natrium klorida dituangkan ke dalam dua tabung uji yang berasingan.
Sodium chloride solution was poured into two separate test tubes.
4 Paku besi dimasukkan ke dalam sebuah tabung uji dan paku keluli dimasukkan
ke dalam tabung uji yang lain./The iron nail was put into one test tube and the steel nail was
put into the other test tube.
155
Pemerhatian
Berkarat/Rusty
Analisis
Inferens/Inference:
lebih tahan
Paku keluli
more resistance
to corrosion (rusting).
Aloi/Alloy
Untuk
To
meningkatkan
increase
kadar pengaratan.
bahan
Aloi ialah
An alloy is a
substance
tidak berkarat .
yang
which
Ya/Yes
Kesimpulan
K4PP2
K4PP3
K1 PP
BAB
K3 PP
K2 PP
K4 PP
Tarikh:
mengandungi
atom utama
Contains the
main atom of
Faktor
penghubung
Relating factor
Loyang
Keluli
Piuter
Duralumin
Gangsa
Brass
Steel
Pewter
Duralumin
Bronze
Kuprum
Besi
Timah
Aluminium
Kuprum
Copper
Iron
Tin
Alumanium
Copper
156
Objektif Pembelajaran
Tarikh:
AKTIVITI
8.5 PERBINCANGAN
KBAT
STM
Rajah berikut tentang penghasilan ammonia dalam industri yang dipetik dan diubah suai daripada
laman web:
The following diagram on the production of ammonia in industry is extracted and adapted from the website:
http://www.revisescience.co.uk/2010/schools/ilford/acreversible.asp
Kaji rajah itu dan jawab soalan-soalan yang berikut.
KBAT
nitrogen
nitrogen
(1 isi padu
1 volume)
kondenser (50C)
condenser
agen penyejuk masuk
coolant in
hidrogen
hydrogen
(3 isi padu
3 volume)
cecair ammonia
ammonia liquid
mangkin
catalyst
P: Kebuk pemampat
Compression chamber
1 Namakan kebuk yang berlabel P, Q dan R pada rajah di atas menggunakan istilah yang berikut.
Name the chambers labelled P, Q and R in the above diagram by using the following terms.
Kebuk pendingin
Cooler chamber
Kebuk penukar
Kebuk pemampat
Converter chamber
Compression chamber
450 C
200500
(b) Tekanan/Pressure:
tekanan
atmosfera/atmospheric pressure
(c) Mangkin/Catalyst: Serbuk besi
(a) Suhu/Temperature:
Nitrogen
Nitrogen
+ hidrogen
hydrogen
ammonia
ammonia
Iron filings
Alkaline gas
Berbau buah-buahan
Fruity smell
Colourless
Berbau sengit
Pungent smell
157
Bersifat asid
Acidic
BAB
Tarikh:
8.6 EKSPERIMEN
INKUIRI
Tujuan
KBAT
Penemuan
Inkuiri
Bahan dan
Radas
Kertas litmus merah, larutan ammonia 2 mol dm3, asid sulfurik 1 mol dm3, bikar
100 ml, rod kaca, tungku kaki tiga, penunu Bunsen, kasa dawai, corong turas, kertas
turas, silinder penyukat, mangkuk penyejat
Red litmus paper, 2 mol dm3 of ammonia solution, 1 mol dm3 of dilute sulphuric acid, 100 ml
beaker, glass rod, tripod stand, Bunsen burner, wire gauze, filter funnel, filter paper, measuring
cylinder, evaporating dish
Prosedur
(a)
(b)
larutan
ammonia
ammonia
solution
penitis
dropper
(c)
mangkuk
penyejat
evaporating
dish
rod kaca
glass rod
asid sulfurik
sulphuric acid
panaskan
heat
Tuangkan campuran
ke dalam mangkuk
penyejat dan didihkan
campuran untuk
memperoleh larutan
tepu (1/3 daripada isi
padu asal yang tinggal).
Sejukkan larutan
sehingga hablur
garam terbentuk.
(d)
(e)
(f)
BAB
kertas turas
filter paper
Pemerhatian
hablur
ammonium
sulfat
ammonium
sulphate
crystals
Bilas hablur-hablur
garam dengan sedikit
air suling yang sejuk.
putih
air suling
distiled
water
hablur
ammonium
sulfat
ammonium
sulphate
crystals
corong turas
filter funnel
158
kertas turas
filter paper
Keringkan hablur-hablur
ammonium sulfat dengan
kertas turas.
terhasil.
Analisis
1 Tulis persamaan perkataan bagi mewakili tindak balas yang berlaku dalam aktiviti
KBAT
ini.
Write a word equation to represent the reaction which occurs in this activity.
Larutan ammonia
Ammonia solution
ammonium sulfat
asid sulfurik
ammonium sulphate
sulphuric acid
Ubat/Medicine
Pelarut/Solvent
Baja/Fertiliser
asid hidroklorik
ammonium klorida
hydrochloric acid
ammonium chloride
asid nitrik
ammonium nitrat
nitric acid
ammonium nitrate
asid fosforik
ammonium fosfat
Ammonia solution
Ammonia solution
Ammonia solution
ammonium phosphate
phosphoric acid
Baja bernitrogen ini mengandungi peratus nitrogen yang lebih tinggi berbanding
dengan garam ammonium.
This nitrogenous fertiliser contains a higher percentage of nitrogen compared to an
ammonium salt.
Kalium sulfat
Potassium sulphate
Urea
Besi fosfat
Urea
Iron phosphate
Ammonia, as a product from Haber process, has many uses. Tick ( ) the uses of ammonia
in everyday life.
Membuat detergen
Membuat baja
Kesimpulan
Membuat pewarna
Manufacture of explosives
As a fuel
BAB
Manufacture of preservatives
Manufacture of nitric acid
Manufacture of detergents
Manufacture of fertilisers
daripada
159
tindak
balas
antara
ammonia solution
and
Objektif Pembelajaran
Tarikh:
AKTIVITI
8.7 PERBINCANGAN
The sources of pollution and the effects of the disposal of industrial waste
Kontekstual
Bahan cemar/Pollutants
Asid
Karbon dioksida
Debu
Sulfur dioksida
Karbon monoksida
Berat
Alkali
Radioaktif
Getah
Nitrogen dioksida
Kelapa sawit
Asap
Acids
Carbon dioxide
Alkalis
Dust
Radioactive
Sulphur dioxide
Rubber
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Oil palm
Heavy
Smoke
Penapis
Bermangkin
Konkrit
Bahan api
Undang-undang
Plumbum
Berasid
Pembersih
Pemendak elektrostatik
Plants
Filters
Laws
Lead
Bahan cemar
Asap
Smoke
dust
and
Cleaning
Mengaburi pandangan,
menjejaskan sistem respirasi
dan menutupi stoma
tumbuhan
Blur the vision, impair the
respiratory system and block the
stomata
2 Karbon dioksida
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
BAB
Sulfur dioksida
nitrogen dioksida
Sulphur dioxide
nitrogen dioxide
5 Sisa
dan
and
radioaktif
Radioactive
wastes
Electrostatic precipitators
Methods of control
tumbuhan
Menanam banyak
hijau
Mengurangkan kecekapan
darah mengangkut oksigen
dalam badan
Tall
3 Karbon monoksida
Tinggi
Fuel
Kaedah pengawalan
Effects of pollution
debu
dan
Acidic
Concrete
Kesan pencemaran
Pollutants
Catalytic
Menyebabkan kanser,
kecacatan fetus dan mutasi
160
Install
convert
dioxide
plants
catalytic
carbon
converters that
monoxide to carbon
acidic
gases in air
Bahan cemar
Kesan pencemaran
Pollutants
Asid
Acids
alkali
dan
alkalis
and
berat
7 Logam
bertoksik
Toxic
heavy
yang
metals
Kaedah pengawalan
Effects of pollution
rubber
Methods of control
Memperketat undang-undang
yang melarang pembuangan sisa
kimia ke dalam kawasan perairan
laws
Tightening the
that prohibit
the disposal of chemical waste into the
water
fuel
B. Berdasarkan foto yang diberikan, tentukan jenis punca pencemaran daripada aktiviti-aktiviti
perkilangan yang berikut.
Based on the photo given, determine the sources of pollution from the following manufacturing activities.
Radioactive wastes
BAB
Radioactive wastes
Galeri Info
Sisa organik seperti sisa kelapa sawit dan sisa getah direputkan oleh bakteria dalam kolam, tasik dan sungai dan kejadian ini mengurangkan
kandungan oksigen di dalam air yang boleh menyebabkan kemusnahan hidupan akuatik.
Organic wastes such as oil palm wastes and rubber wastes are decayed by bacteria in ponds, lakes and rivers, and this reduces the contents of
oxygen in the water causing the destruction of aquatic life.
161
REVISI EKSPRES
1 Lukis dan labelkan susunan atom dalam aloi di ruang yang disediakan. Kemudian, isi tempat kosong.
Draw and label the arrangement of atoms in an alloy in the provided space. Then, fill in the blanks.
(a) Proses yang berlaku/The process that takes place:
Pengaloian/Alloying
atom asing
foreign atom
2 Nyatakan atom utama dan atom asing bagi aloi. Kemudian, padankannya dengan barangan buatannya.
State the main atoms and the foreign atoms of the alloys. Then, match the alloys with their products.
Aloi
Alloy
(a) Keluli
Steel
(b) Gangsa
Bronze
(c) Loyang
Brass
(d) Piuter
Pewter
(e) Duralumin
Duralumin
3
Superkonduktor
superconductor
A
Atom utama/
Main atom
Besi
Iron
Kuprum
Copper
Kuprum
Copper
Timah
Tin
Aluminium
Aluminium
Atom asing/
Foreign atom
Karbon
Carbon
Timah
Tin
Zink
Zinc
Kuprum
Copper
Kuprum
Copper
Barangan buatan
Products
Patung, pingat
Statues, medals
Badan kapal terbang
Bodies of aeroplanes
Piala, bingkai gambar
Trophies, photo frames
Kenderaan, jambatan
Vehicles, bridges
Alatan muzik
Musical instruments
4 Tuliskan persamaan perkataan bagi tindak balas yang berlaku semasa proses Haber. Kemudian, isi tempat
kosong./Write a word equation for the reaction that occurs during the Haber process. Then, fill in the blanks.
Nitrogen/Nitrogen
(a) Suhu/Temperature =
(b) Mangkin/Catalyst =
BAB
hidrogen/hydrogen
ammonia/ammonia
450 500
C
Serbuk besi/Iron filings
162
pencemaran udara
6 Pelupusan bahan buangan kilang secara tidak teratur menyebabkan
dan
pencemaran air ./The improper disposal of waste from factories causes air pollution and water pollution .
7 Sulfur dioksida dan nitrogen dioksida ialah bahan-bahan cemar yang terbebas semasa pembakaran
bahan api fosil seperti petroleum.
Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide are pollutants released during the burning of fossil fuels such as petroleum.
PRAKTIS PENGUKUHAN
Kertas 1
Arahan: Setiap soalan diikuti oleh empat jawapan pilihan, A, B, C dan D. Pilih jawapan yang terbaik.
Instructions: Each question is followed by four options A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer.
1 Maklumat di bawah adalah
tentang sejenis aloi./The infor
mation below are about an alloy.
Ringan/Light
Digunakan untuk mem
buat badan pesawat
udara/Used for making the
bodies of aircraft
Apakah aloi itu?
What is the alloy?
A Gangsa
C Keluli
Bronze
Steel
B Duralumin D Piuter
Duraluminr
Pewter
KLON SPM 2012
C Penukar bermangkin
Catalytic convector
D Kolam pengoksidaan
Oxidation pool
KLON SPM 2012
atom X
Rajah 1/Diagram 1
163
Apakah P?/What is P?
A Asid sulfurik
Sulphuric acid
B Asid nitrik
Nitric acid
C Asid hidroklorik
Hydrochloric acid
D Asid fosforik
Phosphoric acid
Apakah bahan Y?
What substance is Y?
A Hidrogen C Oksigen
Hydrogen
Oxygen
B Urea
D Ammonia
Urea
Ammonia
KLON SPM 2011/2013
BAB
Kertas 2
Bahagian B/Section B
Arahan: Jawab semua soalan.
Instructions: Answer all the questions.
1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan satu proses industri pembuatan piuter.
Diagram 1 shows an industrial process of making pewter.
Atom logam P
Atom of metal P
Atom logam Q
Atom of metal Q
Piuter
Pewter
Rajah 1/Diagram 1
Q: Kuprum/Copper
BAB
[1 markah/1 mark]
(b) Anda dibekalkan dengan paku keluli, paku besi, larutan natrium klorida dan radas yang lain. Huraikan
satu eksperimen untuk menguji hipotesis anda berdasarkan kriteria-kriteria yang berikut:
You are given a steel nail, an iron nail, sodium chloride solution and other apparatus. Describe an experiment
to test your hypothesis based on the following criteria:
(i) Tujuan eksperimen/Aim of the experiment
(ii) Mengenal pasti pemboleh ubah/Identification of variables
(iii) Senarai bahan dan radas/List of materials and apparatus
(iv) Prosedur/Procedure
[1 markah/1 mark]
[2 markah/2 marks]
[1 markah/1 mark]
[4 markah/4 marks]
[1 markah/1 mark]
164