Lista de Vocabulario 2 Eso Sin Soluciones

Glossary
Advanced Real English 2
IntRoductIon
above /L'VJd/
apple /'DUo/
architect /'EYBWCYW/
artist /'EWBgW/ artista
athlete /'DeoAW/ deportista; atleta
behind /VB'kOmX/ detrs de
between /VB'WrAm/ entre (dos cosas)
big /VBZ/ grande
boots /VIWg/ botas
bread /VpCX/ pan
butter /'VJWL/ mantequilla
cake /YMY/ tarta, pastel
calm /YEl/ tranquilo/a
cat /YDW/ gato
chicken /'aBYBm/ pollo
chimpanzee /aBlUDm'hA/ chimpanc
clever /'YoCdL/ listo/a, inteligente
coat /YNW/ abrigo
computer programmer /YLlUqIWL 'UpLHZpDlL/
programador/a informtico/a
corn /YGm/ maz
cow /YP/ vaca
curly /'YKoi/ rizado/a
dark /XEY/ oscuro/a; moreno/a
dentist /'XCmWBgW/ dentista
doctor /'XFYWL/ doctor/a; mdico/a
dress /XpCg/ vestido
eagle /'AZo/ guila
eggs /CZh/ huevos
electrician /BoCY'WpBim/ electricista
elephant /'CoBcLmW/ elefante
evil /'Ado/ malvado/a
fair /cCL/ claro/a; rubio/a
fat /cW/ gordo/a
firefighter /'cOLcOWL/ bombero/a
fish /cBi/ pescado; pez / peces
fox /cFYg/ zorro
friendly /'cpCmXoi/ simptico/a
frog /cpFZ/ rana
fruit /cpIW/ fruta
fruit salad /cpIW 'gDoLX/ macedonia
funny /'cJmi/ gracioso/a

good-looking /ZHX'oHYBn/ guapo/a, atractivo/a
hard-working /kEX'rKYBn/ trabajador/a
hat /kDW/ sombrero
horse /kGg/ caballo
in /Bm/ en, dentro de
in front of /Bm 'cpJmW Ld/ delante de
jeans /bAmh/ pantalones vaqueros
kind /YOmX/ amable, atento/a
lazy /'oCBhi/ perezoso/a, vago/a
long /oFn/ largo/a
meat /lAW/ carne
milk /lBoY/ leche
mosquito /lL'gYAWLH/ mosquito
mouse /lPg/ ratn
narrow /'mDpN/ estrecho/a
nervous /'mKdLg/ nervioso/a
next to /'mCYgW WL/ al lado de, junto a
old /NoX/ viejo/a
on /Fm/ sobre, en
onion /'JmqLm/ cebolla
pancakes /'UDmYMYg/ tortitas
pig /UBZ/ cerdo
plumber /'UoJlL/ fontanero/a
potato /UL'WMWN/ patata
rabbit /'pDVBW/ conejo
rice /pOg/ arroz
sailor /'gMoL/ marinero/a
sandals /'gDmXoh/ sandalias
sausages /'gFgBbBh/ salchichas
serious /'gBLpiLg/ serio/a, formal
shark /iEY/ tiburn
shirt /iKW/ camisa
short /iGW/ bajo/a, corto/a
shorts /iGWg/ pantalones cortos
skirt /gYKW/ falda
small /glGo/ pequeo/a
snake /gmMY/ serpiente, culebra
socks /gFYg/ calcetines
steak /gWMY/ filete
straight /gWpMW/ liso/a
strawberry /'gWpGVLpi/ fresa
strong /gWpFn/ fuerte
Advanced Real English 2 B Burlington Books
Glossary
sweater /'grCWL/ jersey, suter
swimsuit /'grBlgIW/ baador
tall /WGo/ alto/a
thin /eBm/ delgado/a
tiger /'WOZL/ tigre
trainers /'WpMmLh/ zapatillas de deporte
trousers /'WpPhLh/ pantalones
ugly /'JZoi/ feo/a
under /'JmXL/ bajo, debajo de
unfriendly /Jm'cpCmXoi/ antiptico/a
vegetables /'dCbWLVoh/ verdura/s
waiter /'rMWL/ camarero/a
weak /rAY/ dbil
wide /rOX/ ancho/a
wolf /rHoc/ lobo
young /qJn/ joven
unit 1
aeroplane /'CLpLUoCBm/ avin
all the way /Go fL 'rM/ todo el viaje / recorrido
another /L'mJfL/ otro/a
backpack /'VDYUDY/ mochila
by any means /VO 'Cmi lAmh/ de cualquier forma, del modo
que sea
camera /'YlLpL/ cmara
canoe /YL'mI/ canoa, piragua
cockroach /'YFYpNWi/ cucaracha
establish /B'gWDVoBi/ establecer, fundar
family name /'cDlLoi mMl/ apellido
ferry /'cCpi/ transbordador, ferry
fill with /'cBo rBf/ llenar(se) de
first name /'cKgW mMl/ nombre
fish /cBi/ pescar
heavily /'kCdBoi/ mucho
helicopter /'kCoBYFUWL/ helicptero
highlights /'kOoOWg/ lo ms destacado
Home Secretary /kNl 'gCYpLWLpi/ Ministro/a del Interior
including /Bm'YoIXBn/ incluido/a, inclusive
incredible /Bm'YpCXLVo/ increble
island /'OoLmX/ isla
jeep /bAU/ todoterreno
journey /'bKmi/ viaje; trayecto
limousine /'oBlLhAm/ limusina
look around /oHY L'pPmX/ echar un vistazo
lose your way /oIh qG 'rM/ perderse, extraviarse
luckily /'oJYBoi/ afortunadamente, por suerte
maiden name /'lCBXm mMl/ apellido de soltera

map /lDU/ mapa
middle name /'lBXo mMl/ segundo nombre
mistake /lB'gWMY/ error
motorbike /'lNWLVOY/ motocicleta, moto
motorboat /'lNWLVNW/ lancha motora
name/mMl/ nombre
nearby /mBL'VO/ cerca
no way /mN 'rM/ de ninguna manera; ni hablar
on the way /Fm fL 'rM/ por el camino
once /rJmg/ una vez
passport /'UEgUGW/ pasaporte
population /UFUqI'oMim/ poblacin, habitantes
programme /'UpNZpDl/ programa
ride /pOX/ paseo, vuelta
safe /gMc/ seguro/a
scooter /'gYIWL/ vespa, scooter
ship /iBU/ barco
side /gOX/ lado
sink /gBnY/ hundirse
sleeping bag /'goAUBn VDZ/ saco de dormir
soon /gIm/ pronto
souvenirs /gIdL'mBLh/ souvenirs, recuerdos
squirrel /'gYrBpLo/ ardilla
stop working /gWFU 'rKYBn/ dejar de funcionar
suddenly /'gJXLmoi/ de repente / pronto
suitcase /'gIWYMg/ maleta
sun cream /'gJm YpAl/ crema (de proteccin) solar
surname /'gKmMl/ apellido
taxi /'WYgi/ taxi
time /WOl/ vez
torch /WGa/ linterna
train /WpMm/ tren
tram /WpDl/ tranva
travel (n) /'Wpdo/ viaje
travel (v) /'Wpdo/ viajar
travel guide /'Wpdo ZOX/ gua de viaje
trip /WpBU viaje; excursin
true /WpI/ verdadero/a, cierto/a
truth /WpIe/ verdad
turtle /'WKWo / tortuga
underground /'JmXLZpPmX/ metro
van /dDm/ furgoneta, camioneta
wallet /'rFoBW/ cartera
waterproof mat /rGWLUpIc 'lW/ esterilla impermeable
way /rM/ forma, modo, manera; camino
ways of life /rMh Ld 'oOc/ estilos / formas de vida
Glossary
while /rOo/ mientras
yacht /qFW/ yate
your own way /qG Nm 'rM/ (a) tu (propia) manera / forma
unit 2
a rise in temperature /L pOh Bm 'WClUpLaL/ una subida / un
aumento de temperatura / fiebre
ability /L'VBoLWi/ habilidad, capacidad
advice /LX'dOg/ consejo/s
affect /L'cCYW/ afectar a, influir en
aquatics /L'YrDWBYg/ deportes acuticos
at the beginning /DW fL VB'ZBmBn/ al principio
behaviour /VB'kMdqL/ comportamiento, conducta
believe /VB'oAd/ creer
break a record /VpMY L 'pCYGX/ batir un rcord
carbohydrate /YEVN'kOXpMW/ carbohidrato, hidrato de
carbono
celebrate /'gCoBVpMW/ celebrar
champion /'aDlUiLm/ campen/ona
championship /'aDlUiLmiBU/ campeonato
cloudy /'YoPXi/ nublado/a
coach /YNWi/ entrenador/a
cold /YNoX/ fro/a
cool /YIo/ fresco/a
disappear /XBgL'UBL/ desaparecer
especially /B'gUCiLoi/ especialmente, sobre todo
expect /BY'gUCYW/ esperar
finish line /'cBmBi oOm/ lnea de meta
fresh water /cpCi 'rGWL/ agua dulce
from the beginning /cpLl fL VB'ZBmBn/ desde el principio
get tired /ZCW 'WOLX/ cansarse
glacier /'ZoDgiL/ glaciar
global warming /ZoNVo 'rGlBn/ calentamiento global
grow /ZpN/ cultivar
have a temperature /kLd L 'WClUpLaL/ tener fiebre
high /kO/ alto/a, elevado/a
hot /kFW/ caluroso/a, clido/a (its ~: hace calor);
moderno/a
in the middle /Bm fL 'lBXo/ en mitad
increase /'BmYpAg/ aumento
indoors /Bm'XGh/ en un lugar cubierto, dentro
intelligence /Bm'WCoBbLmg/ inteligencia
juice /bIg/ zumo
kick /YBY/ dar una patada
lightning /'oOWmBn/ rayo/s, relmpago/s
lose /oIh/ perder
match /lWi/ partido, combate
melt /lCoW/ derretir(se), fundir(se)

mountain /'lPmWLm/ montaa
outdoors /PW'XGh/ al aire libre, fuera
owner /'NmL/ propietario/a, dueo/a
physical /'cBhBYo/ fsico/a
quiz /YrBh/ prueba, test
race /pMg/ carrera
rain /pMm/ lluvia
rainy /'pMmi/ lluvioso/a
referee /pCcL'pA/ rbitro/a
score goals /gYG 'ZNoh/ marcar goles
ski resort /'gYA pBhGW/ estacin de esqu
snow /gmN/ nieve
snowboarding /'gmNVGXBn/ hacer / practicar snowboard
snowy /'gmNi/ nevoso/a, de mucha nieve
stormy /'gWGli/ tormentoso/a (its ~: hay tormenta)
sunny /'gJmi/ soleado/a (its ~: hace sol)
sweat /grCW/ sudar
sweet /grAW/ dulce
take your temperature /WMY qG 'WClUpLaL/ tomar la
temperatura
team /WAl/ equipo
temperature /'WClUpLaL/ temperatura; fiebre
thunder /'eJmXL/ trueno/s
together /WL'ZCfL/ juntos/as
towards the end /WLrGXh fL 'CmX/ hacia el final
trouble /'WpJVo/ problema (in ~: en un apuro / aprieto)
underwater /JmXL'rGWL/ debajo del agua
wait for /rMW cL/ esperar
warm /rGl/ clido/a, templado/a
win /rBm/ ganar
wind /rBmX/ viento
windy /'rBmXi/ ventoso/a, de mucho viento (its ~: hace
viento)
unit 3
art /EW/ arte; dibujo
ask for permission /EgY cL UL'lBim/ pedir permiso
atlas /'DWoLg/ atlas
biology /VO'FoLbi/ biologa
bookshop /'VHYiFU/ librera
browse the web /VpPh fL 'rCV/ navegar por la web /
Internet
business studies /'VBhmLg gWJXBh/ ciencias empresariales
calculator /'YDoYqHoMWL/ calculadora
chat with friends /aDW rBf 'cpCmXh/ charlar / conversar con
los amigos
Glossary
chemistry /'YClBgWpi/ qumica
computer game /YLl'UqIWL ZMl/ juego de ordenador
definitely /'XCcBmLWoi/ seguro que
dictionary /'XBYiLmpi/ diccionario
drama /'XpElL/ teatro
English /'BnZoBi/ ingls
enjoy /Bm'bQ/ disfrutar (de)
enterprise /'CmWLUpOh/ empresa
exam /BZ'hDl/ examen
fact /cYW/ dato; hecho
fail a test /cMo L 'WCgW/ suspender un examen
fall /cGo/ bajar, descender
feel /cAo/ sentir(se)
French /cpCma/ francs
geography /bi'FZpLci/ geografa
get permission /ZCW UL'lBim/ obtener permiso
give permission /ZBd UL'lBim/ conceder / dar permiso,
permitir
go dancing /ZLH 'XEmgBn/ ir a bailar
go ice skating /ZLH 'Og gYMWBn/ ir a patinar sobre hielo
go to parties /ZLH WL 'UEWih/ ir a fiestas
have permission /kLd UL'lBim/ tener permiso
history /'kBgWpi/ historia
home economics /kNl AYL'mFlBYg/ ciencia del hogar,
economa domstica / familiar
ICT /O gA 'WA/ TIC, Tecnologas de la Informacin y la
Comunicacin
improve /Bl'UpId/ mejorar
laptop computer /oDUWFU YLl'UqIWL/ ordenador porttil
lesson /'oCgm/ clase
library /'oOVpLpi/ biblioteca
literature /'oBWpLWiL/ literatura
loud /oPX/ alto/a, fuerte; escandaloso/a
mall (Am. Eng.) /lGo/ centro comercial
maths /lDeg/ mates (matemticas)
middle /'lBXo/ mitad, medio
music /'lqIhBY/ msica
notebook /'mNWVHY/ cuaderno
notes /mNWg/ apuntes
on a regular basis /Fm L 'pCZqLoL VMgBg/ de forma habitual,
regularmente
paints /UCBmWg/ pinturas
pass a test /UEg L 'WCgW/ aprobar un examen
PE /UA'A/ educacin fsica
physics /'cBhBYg/ fsica
play the guitar /UoM fL ZB'WE/ tocar la guitarra
play volleyball /UoM 'dFoiVGo/ jugar al voleibol
practise the piano /UpYWBg fL Ui'DmN/ practicar piano
quiz /YrBh/ hacer preguntas, preguntar

remember /pB'lLlVL/ recordar, acordarse de
remind /pB'lOmX/ recordar (a)
research /pB'gKa/ investigacin
ride a bike /pOX L 'VOY/ montar / ir en bici
send text messages /gCmX 'WCYgW lCgBbg/ mandar mensajes
(de texto)
shopping centre /'iFUBn gCmWL/ centro comercial
skill /gYBo/ habilidad, destreza
skip /gYBU/ saltarse
spend /gUCmX/ gastar
study for a test /gWJXi cL L 'WCgW/ estudiar para un examen
subject /'gJVbBYW/ asignatura
take a test /WMY L 'WCgW/ hacer un examen
tennis racket /'WCmBg pDYBW/ raqueta de tenis
test /WCgW/ examen, test; prueba
textbook /'WCsWVHY/ libro de texto
tip /WBU/ consejo
tired /'WOLX/ cansado/a
turn into /WKm 'BmWL/ convertir(se) en
unIt 4
ancient /'MmiLmW/
attractive /L'WpDYWBd/
branch /VpEma/
bright /VpOW/
bush /VHi/
busy /'VBhi/
carat /'YDpLW/
carob /'YDpLV/
character /'YpLYWL/
cheap /aAU/
colourful /'YJoLco/
conquer /'YFnYL/
crowded /'YpPXBX/
death /XCe/
discovery /XB'gYJdLpi/
dry /XpO/
dull /XJo/
elaborate /B'oDVLpLW/
expensive /BY'gUCmgBd/
exploit /BY'gUoQW/
fit /cBW/
flower /'coPL/
forever /cLp'CdL/
gain control /ZMmYLm'WpNo/
Glossary

gold rush /'ZLHoXpJi/
golden /'ZLHoXLm/
hard /kEX/
hardly /'kEXoi/
heavy /'kCdi/
in control /BmYLm'WpNo/
jewellery /'bILopi/
land /oDmX/
last /oEgW/
lawn /oGm/
leaf /oAc/
light /oOW/
lively /'oOdoi/
look for /'oHYcG/
lose control /oIhYLm'WpNo/
low /oLH/
mining area /'lOmBnCLpiL/
noisy /'mQhi/
ordinary /'GXmpi/
out of control /PWLdYLm'WpNo/
peaceful /'UAgco/
perhaps /UL'kDUg/
plain /UoCBm/
pleasant /'UoChmW/
reach /pAa/
real /'pALo/
reason /'pAhm/
recycle /pA'gOYo/
redwood /'pCXrHX/
right /pOW/
rocky /'pFYi/
root /pIW/
sandy /'gDmXi/
search (n) /gKa/
search (v) /gKa/
seed /gAX/
sequoia /gB'YrQL/
shady /'iMXi/
soft /gFcW/
state /gWMW/
strong /gWpFn/
take control /WMYYLm'WpNo/
tear /WBL/
tree /WpA/
trunk /WpJnY/
unattractive /JmL'WpDYWBd/
unusual /Jm'qIjHLo/
up to /'JUWL/
valley /'dDoi/
valuable /'doqHLVo/
weak /rAY/
weight /rMW/
unit 5
adopt /L'XFUW/
alone /L'oNm/
Arctic /'EYWBY/
bath /VEe/
be alone /VAL'oNm/
bounce /VPmg/
bring /VpBn/
by choice /VO'aQg/
(~ back to life:
by yourself /VOqG'gCoc/
catch /YDa/
choice /aQg/
claim /YoMl/
crash /YpDi/
dig /XBZ/
discover /XB'gYJdL/
dive /XOd/
diver /'XOdL/
DNA /XACm'M/
Earth /Ke/
egg /CZ/
explore /BY'gUoG/
extinct /BY'gWBnYW/
(become ~:
)
feed /cAX/
first choice /cKgW'aQg/
floor /coG/
focus /'cNYLg/
for long /cL'oFn/
goat /ZNW/
grapefruit /'ZpMUcpIW/
ground /ZpPmX/
have no choice /kLdmN'aQg/
hold /kNoX/
hole /kNo/
land /oDmX/ r
leave someone alone /oAdgJlrJmL'oNm/
Glossary
light /oOW/
lonely /'oNmoi/
make a choice /lMYL'aQg/
meteor /'lAWiL/
method /'lCeLX/
milk /lBoY/
mixed /lBYgW/
on your own /FmqG'Nm/
parachute /'UDpLiIW/
pool /UIo/
prehistoric /UpAkB'gWFpBY/
preserve /UpB'hKd/
pull /UHo/
push /UHi/
Pyrenean ibex /UipLmCLm'OVCYg/
recreate /pAYpi'MW/
row /pN/
sabre-toothed tiger /gMVLWIeW'WOZL/
save /gMd/
short-faced bear /'iGWcMgWVS/
solo /'gNoLH/
spectacled bear /'gUCYWLYoXVS/
succeed /gLY'gAX/
survive /gL'dOd/
swim /grBl/
touch /WJWi/
train /WpMm/
trek /WpCY/
volunteer /dFoLm'WBL/
whale /rMo/
woolly mammoth /rHoi 'lDlLe/
woolly rhino /rHoi 'pOmN/
unit 6
air conditioner /'CLYLmXBiLmL/
alarm clock /L'oElYoFY/
ambulance siren /'DlVqLoLmggOpLm/
audience /'GXiLmg/
awake /L'rCBY/
blender /'VoCmXL/
brain /VpMm/
break a heart /VpMYL'kEW/
car horn /'YEkGm/
classical /'YoDgBYo/
come out /YJl'PW/
coordination /YNGXB'mCBim/
costume /'YFgWqIl/
country /'YJmWpi/
damage /'XDlBXj/
danger signal /'XMmbLgBZmLo/
decibel /'XCgBVCo/
drill /XpBo/
drums /XpJlh/
electric shaver /BoCYWpBY'iMdL/
environment /Bm'dOpLmlLmW/
find a solution /cOmXLgL'oIim/
find it in yourself /cOmXBWBmqG'gCoc/
find out /cOmX'PW/
find the time /cOmXfL'WOl/
find your way /cOmXqG'rM/
greater /'ZpCBWL/
guitar /ZB'WE/
hairdryer /'kCLXpOL/
hard rock /kEX'pFY/
heart /kEW/
heart attack /'kEWLWDY/
hip-hop /'kBUkFU/
illegally /B'oAZLoi/
instrument /'BmgWpLlLmW/
iron /'OLm/

keyboard /'YAVGX/
Latin /'oDWBm/
lawnmower /'oGmlNL/
learn by heart /oKmVO'kEW/
live /oBd/
machinery /lL'iAmLpi/
mark /lEY/
measure /'lCjL/
MP4 player /ClUA'cGUoML/
musician /lqI'hBim/
noise-meter /'mQhlAWL/
perform /UL'cGl/
pop /UFU/
public /'UJVoBY/
R&B /pmX'VA/ )
rap /pDU/
reggae /'pCZM/

Glossary
saxophone /'gDYgLcNm/
sound system /'gPmXgBgWLl/
sudden /'gJXm/
the heart of the matter /fLkEWLdfL'lDWL/
UK /qI'YM/
vacuum cleaner /'dDYqHLlYoAmL/
vinyl record /'dOmopCYGX/
violin /dOL'oBm/
wake up /rMY'JU/
zoom /hIl/
unit 7
according to /L'YGXBn WL/ de acuerdo con, segn,
conforme a
after-world /'EcWLrKoX/ el ms all
angry /'DnZpi/ enfadado/a
apply for a job /L'UoO cL L bFV/ presentarse a / solicitar un
trabajo
bad luck /VDX 'oJY/ mala suerte
bless /VoCg/ bendecir
bored /VGX/ aburrido/a
break /VpMY/ romper
bring /VpBn/ traer
carry /'YDpi/ llevar; traer
cave /YMd/ cueva
century /'gCmaLpi/ siglo
common /'YFlLm/ comn, corriente, frecuente
confused /YLm'cqIhX/ confundido/a, confuso/a,
desconcertado/a
connection /YL'mCYim/ conexin, relacin
crack /YpDY/ grieta
dark /XEY/ oscuridad
dead /XCX/ muerto/a
deadly /'XCXoi/ mortal; mortfero/a
death /XCe/ muerte
die /XO/ morir
die for /XO 'cL/ morir por
die of /XO 'Ld/ morir de
disappear /XBgL'UBL/ desaparecer
dream /XpAl/ soar
drop /XpFU/ dejar caer; tirar
dying to /'XOn WL/ que se muere de ganas de
early /'Koi/ primer/o/a
embarrassed /Bl'VDpLgW/ avergonzado/a; violento/a,
incmodo/a
excited /BY'gOWBX/ emocionado/a, ilusionado/a
exhausted /BZ'hGgWBX/ exhausto/a, agotado/a

four-leafed clover /cGoAcW 'YoPdL/ trbol de cuatro hojas
frightened /'cpOWmX/ asustado/a, con miedo
get a job /ZCW L 'bFV/ conseguir un trabajo
goddess /'ZFXCg/ diosa
have a job /kLd L 'bFV/ tener un trabajo
hug /kJZ/ abrazar
immediately /B'lAXiLWoi/ inmediatamente
job /bFV/ trabajo, empleo
jobless /'bFVoLg/ sin trabajo, desempleado/a
kiss /YBg/ besar
level /'oCdo/ nivel
lose a job /oIh L 'bFV/ perder un trabajo
lucky charm /oJYi 'aEl/ amuleto de la suerte
manufacturer /lDmqH'cDYWiLpL/ fabricante
mercury /'lKYqLpi/ mercurio
Middle Ages /lBXo 'CBbBh/ Edad Media
monk /lJnY/ monje
pick /UBY/ coger, recoger
prisoner /'UpBhmL/ prisionero/a
proud /UpPX/ orgulloso/a
put /UHW/ poner
refuse /pB'cqIh/ negarse
run away /pJm L'rCB/ escapar(se), huir
sail /gMo/ navegar; zarpar, salir en barco
salary /'gDoLpi/ salario, sueldo
scratch /gYpDa/ rascarse
scream /gYpAl/ gritar, chillar
sneeze /gmAh/ estornudar
sound /gPmX/ sonar
spirit /'gUBpBW/ espritu, alma
statue /'gWDaI/ estatua
step /gWCU/ pisar
still /gWBo/ an, todava
superstition /gIUL'gWBim/ supersticin
surprised /gL'UpOhX/ sorprendido/a
sweep /grAU/ barrer
symbol /'gBlVo/ smbolo
take /WMY/ llevar
thrilled /epBoX/ entusiasmado/a, contentsimo/a
throw /epN/ lanzar; tirar
throw away /epN 'LrM/ tirar a la basura
turn into (stone) /WKm BmWL 'gWNm/ convertir(se) en (piedra)
unlucky /Jm'oJYi/ desafortunado/a, de mala suerte; que trae
mala suerte
upset /JU'gCW/ disgustado/a, molesto/a
village /'dBoBb/ pueblo, aldea
Glossary
visitor /'dBhBWL/ visitante
wish /rBi/ desear
witch /rBa/ bruja
worried /'rJpiX/ preocupado/a
unit 8
age /CBb/ edad
alive /L'oOd/ vivo/a
aquarium /L'YrCLpiLl/ acuario
balcony /'VDoYLmi/ balcn, terraza
blind /VoOmX/ ciego/a
bowling alley /'VLHoBn Doi/ bolera
buy tickets /VO 'WBYBWg/ comprar entradas
caf /'YcM/ cafetera, caf
car park /'YE UEY/ aparcamiento
ceiling /'gAoBn/ techo
chemists /'YClBgWg/ farmacia
Chinese /WiO'mAh/ chino/a; chino (idioma)
collect /YL'oCYW/ coger, recoger; coleccionar
curious /'YqHLpiLg/ curioso/a
customer /'YJgWLlL/ cliente
department store /XB'UEWlLmW gWG/ grandes almacenes
electronics shop /BoCY'WpFmBYg iFU/ tienda de electrnica
extraordinary /BY'gWpGXLmpi/ extraordinario; increble,
inslito/a
floor /coG/ piso; suelo
football field /'cHWVGo cAoX/ campo de ftbol
frightening /'cpOWmBn/ aterrador/a, espantoso/a
garage /'ZDpEj/ garaje
get a haircut /ZCW L 'kCLYJW/ cortarse el pelo
glass /ZoEg/ cristal, vidrio
go bowling /ZLH 'VLHoBn/ ir a jugar a los bolos
go on rides /ZLH Fm 'pOXh/ montar(se) en las atracciones
hairdressers /'kCLXpCgLh/ peluquera
hang out /kn 'PW/ pasar el tiempo / rato
have a look at /kLd L 'oHY LW/ echar un vistazo a
have fun /kDd 'cJm/ divertirse, pasarlo bien
high up /kO 'JU/ arriba
hire /'kOL/ alquilar; contratar
hotel /kN'WCo/ hotel
ice hockey /'Og kFYi/ hockey sobre hielo
ice rink /'Og pBnY/ pista de hielo
ice-skate /'OggYMW/ patinar sobre hielo
ice skating /'Og gYMWBn/ patinaje sobre hielo
indoor /'BmXG/ cubierto/a, interior
Indian Ocean /BmXiLm 'Nim/ Ocano ndico
join /bQm/ unirse

kid /YBX/ nio/a
live /oBd/ en vivo / directo
Maldivian /lGo'XBdiLm/ maldivo/a; maldivo (idioma)
market /'lEYBW/ mercado
meeting /'lAWBn/ reunin, encuentro
Middle East /lBXo 'AgW/ Oriente Medio
move around /lId L'pPmX/ moverse / trasladarse de un
sitio a otro
odd /FX/ raro/a, extrao/a
oil /Qo/ petrleo; petrolfero/a
Olympic-sized /L'oBlUBYgOhX/ de tamao olmpico
order a pizza /GXL L 'UAWgL/ pedir una pizza
outdoor /'PWXG/ descubierto/a, al aire libre, exterior
own /Nm/ propio/a
peculiar /UB'YqIoiL/ extrao/a, raro/a; peculiar
pub /UJV/ pub
rent /pCmW/ alquilar
reservation /pChL'dMim/ reserva
ride /pOX/ atraccin
roof /pIc/ techo, tejado
sky /gYO/ cielo
sorbet /'gGVM/ sorbete
stay at home /gWM LW 'kNl/ quedarse en casa
step /gWCU/ escaln, peldao
store /gWG/ guardar
strange /gWpMmb/ extrao/a, raro/a
take a nap /WMY L 'mDU/ echarse la / una siesta
take photos /WMY 'cNWNh/ hacer fotos
tank /WDnY/ acuario
theme park /'eAl UEY/ parque temtico
underwater (adj) /JmXL'rGWL/ submarino/a, subacutico/a
underwater (adv) /JmXL'rGWL/ debajo del agua
unusual /Jm'qIjHLo/ inusual, poco comn
video game /'dBXiLH ZMl/ videojuego
wait in a queue /rMW Bm L 'YqI/ esperar en una / hacer cola
walk through /rGY 'epI/ atravesar andando
wall /rGo/ pared
weird /rBLX/ raro/a, extrao/a
worker /'rKYL/ trabajador/a
zoo /hI/ zoo, zoolgico
unit 9
actually /'DYWiToi/ en realidad, realmente
ADHD /M XA Ma 'Xi/ TDAH (Trastorno por Dficit de
Atencin con Hiperactividad)
Glossary
alone /L'oNm/ solo/a; nicamente, solo (by women ~: solo
por mujeres)
armour /'ElL/ armadura
aunt /EmW/ ta
Amazon /'DlLhLm/ amazona
be born /VA VGm/ nacer
become /VB'YJl/ llegar a ser, hacerse; convertirse en
boarding school /'VGXBn gYIo/ internado
bow and arrow /VP LmX 'DpN/ arco y flechas
capture /'YUWiL/ apoderarse de
changing /'aMmbBn/ cambiante
commit /YL'lBW/ cometer
cousin /'YJhm/ primo/a
cry /YpO/ llorar; gritar
daughter /'XGWL/ hija
deal with /'XAo rBf/ ocuparse / encargarse de
destroy /XB'gWpQ/ destruir
die /XO/ morir
fact /cYW/ hecho
fall in love /cGo Bm 'oJd/ enamorarse
father-in-law /'cEfLBmoG/ suegro
female /'cAlMo/ mujer
fight /cOW/ luchar
get a job /ZCW L 'bFV/ conseguir un trabajo
get along /ZCW L'oFn/ llevarse bien
get divorced /ZCW XB'dGgX/ divorciarse
get married /ZCW 'lDpiX/ casarse
god /ZFX/ dios
granddaughter /'ZpDmXGWL/ nieta
grandfather /'ZpDmcEfL/ abuelo
grandmother /'ZpDmlJfL/ abuela
grandparents /'ZpDmUSpLmWg/ abuelos
grandson /'ZpDmgJm/ nieto
have children /kDd 'WiBoXpLm/ tener hijos
howl /kPo/ dar alaridos; aullar
human /'kqIlLm/ humano/a
humane /kqI'lCBm/ humano/a, humanitario/a
husband /'kJhVLmX/ marido, esposo
legend /'oCbLmX/ leyenda
male /lCBo/ varn
meet /lAW/ encontrarse; conocerse
moan /lNm/ gemir; quejarse
mother-in-law /'lJfLBmoG/ suegra
move /lId/ mudarse, trasladarse
murder /'lKXL/ asesinato
myth /lBe/ mito
nephew /'mCcqI/ sobrino
niece /mAg/ sobrina

notice /'mNWBg/ darse cuenta de
only /'Nmoi/ solo, solamente
punishment /'UJmBilLmW/ castigo
put down /UHW 'XPm/ dejar, soltar
put off /UHW 'Fc/ aplazar, posponer
put out /UHW 'PW/ sacar; apagar
put up /UHW 'JU/ subir; levantar (~ with: soportar, aguantar)
reader /'pAXL/ lector/a
(be) related to /(VA) pB'oCBWBX WI/ (estar) emparentado/a con,
(ser) pariente de
review /pB'dqI/ resea, crtica
run /pJm/ gobernar
scream /gYpAl/ gritar, chillar
set /gCW/ plat (be ~: desarrollarse, estar ambientado/a)
shout /iPW/ gritar
shriek /ipAY/ chillar
siblings /'gBVoBnh/ hermanos/as
skeleton /'gYCoBWm/ esqueleto
son /gJm/ hijo
stepfather /'gWCUcEfL/ padrastro
stepmother /'gWCUlJfL/ madrastra
stepson /'gWCUgJm/ hijastro
study /'gWJXi/ estudiar
Trojan War /WpNbLm 'rG/ Guerra de Troya
tribe /WpOV/ tribu
trouble /'WpJVo/ problema/s, lo/s (get into ~: meterse en
problemas / los)
turn around /WKm L'pPmX/ darse la vuelta
turn into /WKm 'BmWL/ convertir(se) en
turn out /WKm 'PW/ resultar
uncle /'JnYo/ to
warrior /'rFpiL/ guerrero/a
weep /rAU/ llorar
widow /'rBXN/ viuda (become a ~: enviudar, quedar viuda)
widower /'rBXNL/ viudo
wife /rOc/ mujer, esposa
yell /qCo/ gritar, chillar
ar
Gramm
ix
Append
Introduction
CONTRASTE
present simple / present continuous
El Present Simple expresa hbitos y rutinas, pero el
Present Continuous indica lo que est ocurriendo
mientras se habla.
They usually have lunch at home, but today theyre
eating at a restaurant.
(Normalmente comen en casa, pero hoy estn comiendo
en un restaurante.)
Para formar la 3 persona del singular del Present Simple
la mayora de verbos aaden -s:
like - likes
walk - walks
read - reads
sit - sits
En los siguientes casos, se aade -es en lugar de -s:
- Si acaba en ss, sh, ch o x:
pass - passes
watch - watches
wash - washes
mix - mixes
- Si acaba en o:
do - does
go - goes
- Si acaba en consonante + y, se cambia la y por una i:
study - studies
carry - carries
Para formar el Present Continuous hay que fijarse en estas
reglas ortogrficas para aadir -ing al verbo:
- Si acaba en e muda, se pierde la e:
live - living
- Si es de 1 slaba y acaba en 1 vocal + 1 consonante, se
dobla esta consonante:
run - running
sit - sitting
- Si es de 2 slabas y tiene el acento en la ltima, se dobla
la ltima consonante:
prefer - preferring
begin - beginning
- Si acaba en l, se dobla esa letra:
travel - travelling
- Si acaba en ie, se cambia ie por una y:
lie - lying
die - dying
Los verbos estticos se utilizan para expresar gustos,
deseos, sentimientos y emociones, actividades de la
mente y opiniones, percepcin y posesin y no se suelen
utilizar con el Present Continuous.
love
like
hate
want
think
remember
know
understand
believe
see
hear
smell
taste
feel
gustos, deseos, sentimientos y

emociones
actividades de la mente y opiniones
percepcin
own
posesin
H
e wants a new computer.
(l quiere un ordenador nuevo.)
Do you think hes ill?
(Crees que est enfermo?)
I dont hear you.
(No te oigo.)
They own a house on the beach.
(Ellos tienen una casa en la playa.)
EL Past simpLe
Afirmativa
Negativa
Forma contrada
I shouted
I did not shout
I didnt shout
You shouted
You did not shout
You didnt shout
He shouted
He did not shout
He didnt shout
She shouted
She did not shout
She didnt shout
It shouted
It did not shout
It didnt shout
We shouted
We did not shout
We didnt shout
You shouted
You did not shout
You didnt shout
They shouted
They did not shout They didnt shout
Interrogativa
Respuestas breves
Afirmativa
Negativa
Did I shout ...?
Yes, I did.
No, I didnt.
Did you shout ...?
Yes, you did.
No, you didnt.
Did he shout ...?
Yes, he did.
No, he didnt.
Did she shout ...?
Yes, she did.
No, she didnt.
Did it shout ...?
Yes, it did.
No, it didnt.
Did we shout ...?
Yes, we did.
No, we didnt.
Did you shout ...?
Yes, you did.
No, you didnt.
Did they shout ...? Yes, they did.
No, they didnt.
10
Grammar Appendix
Afirmativa: se forma aadiendo -ed a los verbos regulares
y es igual en todas las personas
I watched TV last night. (Vi la televisin anoche.)
En los siguientes casos, hay que fijarse en estas reglas
ortogrficas para aadir -ed:
- Si acaba en e muda, solo se aade:
dance - danced
arrive - arrived
- Si es de 1 slaba y acaba en 1 vocal + 1 consonante, se
dobla esta consonante:
stop - stopped
plan - planned
- Si es de 2 slabas y tiene el acento en la ltima, se dobla
la ltima consonante:
prefer - preferred
permit - permitted
- Si acaba en l, se dobla esa letra:
travel - travelled
- Si acaba en consonante + y, se cambia la y por una i:
study - studied
try - tried
Pueden ir al principio o al final de la frase, pero se suelen

poner al final.
He slept at Toms house on Saturday.
(l durmi en casa de Tom el sbado.)
Neil Armstrong walked on the moon in 1969.
(Neil Armstrong pis la luna en 1969.)
L os verbos irregulares no siguen ninguna regla, y por eso,

hay que aprender su forma de pasado de memoria. Puedes
consultar la lista de las pginas 23-24.
They were doing They were not doing They werent doing
Negativa: sujeto + did not o didnt + verbo en la forma

base.
She didnt eat ice cream yesterday.
(Ella no comi un helado ayer.)
Interrogativa: Did + sujeto + verbo en la forma base.
Did your friend like his present?
(A tu amigo le gust su regalo?)
Respuestas breves: se pone el pronombre personal sujeto
+ did o didnt.
Did you drink your tea? Yes, I did. / No, I didnt.
(Te bebiste el t? S. / No.)
Los usos del Past Simple

Expresar acciones
pasadas
He enjoyed the party.

(l disfrut de la fiesta.)
The teacher gave us an exam last

Decir qu se hizo en Tuesday.
un momento concreto (El profesor nos puso un examen el
martes pasado.)
Contar historias en
pasado
I had breakfast. Then I went for a

walk.
(Desayun. Luego fui a dar un
paseo.)
Contar cmo eran las

cosas en otro tiempo
In the past, people didnt use

computers.
(En el pasado, la gente no utilizaba
ordenadores.)
Con el Past Simple se suelen usar estas expresiones

temporales: las que llevan ago (hace) al final de la expresin,
last night / week / year (anoche, la semana pasada, el ao
pasado), at + una hora, on + un da o fecha, in + un ao,
in the past (en el pasado), yesterday (ayer), etc.
EL past CONTINUOUS
Afirmativa
I was doing
Negativa
I was not doing
Forma contrada
I wasnt doing
You were doing You were not doing You werent doing
He was doing
He was not doing
He wasnt doing
She was doing
She was not doing
She wasnt doing
It was doing
It was not doing
It wasnt doing
We were doing We were not doing We werent doing

You were doing You were not doing You werent doing
Interrogativa
Respuestas breves
Afirmativa
Negativa
Was I doing?
Yes, I was.
No, I wasnt.
Were you doing?
Yes, you were.
No, you werent.
Was he doing?
Yes, he was.
No, he wasnt.
Was she doing?
Yes, she was.
No, she wasnt.
Was it doing?
Yes, it was.
No, it wasnt.
Were we doing?
Yes, we were.
No, we werent.
Were you doing?
Yes, you were.
No, you werent.
Were they doing?
Yes, they were.
No, they werent.
Afirmativa: sujeto + was / were + un verbo terminado

en -ing.
I was cooking in the kitchen.
(Estaba cocinando en la cocina.)
Las reglas ortogrficas para aadir -ing se encuentran en
la pg.10.
Negativa: sujeto + was / were + not o nt + un verbo
terminado en -ing.
It wasnt raining this morning.
(No estaba lloviendo esta maana.)
Interrogativa: Was / Were + sujeto + un verbo terminado
en -ing.
Were they driving to work?
(Estaban conduciendo hacia el trabajo?)
+ was / were sin contraer en afirmativa o contrado con
la partcula not en negativa.
Was he studying with his friend? Yes, he was. / No, he
wasnt.
(l estaba estudiando con su amigo? S. / No.)
11
Grammar Appendix
Con el Past Continuous se suelen usar las siguientes
expresiones temporales: las que llevan ago (hace) al
final de la expresin, at + una hora, yesterday morning
/ afternoon (ayer por la maana / tarde), last night
(anoche), etc.
Pueden ir al principio o al final de la frase, pero se suelen
poner al final.
We were playing football yesterday afternoon.
(Estbamos jugando al ftbol ayer por la tarde.)
You were doing your homework two hours ago.
(Estabas haciendo los deberes hace dos horas.)
Los usos del Past Continuous

Expresar lo que
estaba ocurriendo
en el pasado
They were taking pictures of

animals at 3 oclock.
(Estaban haciendo fotos de
animales a las 3 en punto.)
Describir dos o ms We were talking on the phone

acciones prolongadas while / as you were reading a
magazine.
y simultneas en el
(Estbamos hablando por telfono
pasado, unidas por
mientras estabas leyendo una
while o as
revista.)
UNIT 1
CONTRASTE
PAST simple / past CONTINUOUS
El Past Simple indica que la accin ocurri y termin en el
tiempo indicado en la frase, mientras que el Past Continuous
habla de acciones prolongadas que estaban ocurriendo
en el pasado.
Jack travelled to China in 1988.
(Jack viaj a China en 1988.)
I was riding a bike yesterday morning.
(Estuve montando en bici ayer por la maana.)
Con el Past Continuous se suelen utilizar las conjunciones
while o as para hablar de acciones simultneas.
While / As we were waiting for my mother, she was
buying some fruit.
(Mientras estbamos esperando a mi madre, ella estaba
comprando algo de fruta.)
Se usa while o when para hablar de una accin
prolongada interrumpida por otra en el pasado.
While Jack was sleeping, the telephone rang.
(Mientras Jack estaba durmiendo, el telfono son.)
I was cleaning the kitchen when he arrived.
(Estaba limpiando la cocina cuando l lleg.)
Con el Past Simple se suele utilizar when y con el Past
Continuous while.
UNIT 2
LOS TIEMPOS VERBALES DE FUTURO
El futuro con will
Afirmativa
Forma contrada
I will play
Ill play
You will play
Youll play
He will play
Hell play
She will play
Shell play
It will play
Itll play
We will play
Well play
You will play
Youll play
They will play
Theyll play
Negativa
Forma contrada
I will not play
I wont play
You will not play
You wont play
He will not play
He wont play
She will not play
She wont play
It will not play
It wont play
We will not play
We wont play
You will not play
You wont play
They will not play
They wont play
Interrogativa
Respuestas breves
Afirmativa
Negativa
Will I play ...?
Yes, I will.
No, I wont.
Will you play ...?
Yes, you will.
No, you wont.
Will he play ...?
Yes, he will.
No, he wont.
Will she play ...?
Yes, she will.
No, she wont.
Will it play ...?
Yes, it will.
No, it wont.
Will we play ...?
Yes, we will.
No, we wont.
Will you play ...?
Yes, you will.
No, you wont.
Will they play ...?
Yes, they will.
No, they wont.
Afirmativa: sujeto + el auxiliar will + verbo en la forma

base. Es igual en todas las personas.
En la conversacin, will se contrae con el sujeto (ll).
He will become a good doctor one day.
(l se convertir en un buen doctor algn da.)
Negativa: sujeto + will not o wont + verbo en la forma
base.
They wont score any goals. (No marcarn ningn gol.)
Interrogativa: Will + sujeto + verbo en la forma base.
Will you help me? (Me ayudars?)
+ will o wont.
Will it be sunny at the weekend? Yes, it will. / No, it
wont. (Har sol el fin de semana? S. / No.)
12
Grammar Appendix
Los usos del futuro con will
Predecir lo que se
cree que ocurrir
I think they will travel to Ireland.

(Creo que viajarn a Irlanda.)
Expresar decisiones Its hot. Ill wear my sandals.
(Hace calor. Me pondr mis
repentinas
sandalias.)
Hacer promesas u
Ill take you home.
ofrecimientos
(Te llevar a casa.)
Con will se suelen usar expresiones temporales como
later (ms tarde), soon (pronto), in an hour (dentro de
una hora), tomorrow (maana), next week / month /
year (la semana / el mes / el ao que viene), etc. Tambin
se usan otras que indican un futuro lejano: in ten years
(en diez aos), in + un ao, one day (algn da), in the
future (en el futuro), etc. Todas pueden ir al principio o al
final de la frase, pero se suelen poner al final.
W
e will arrive in an hour.
(Llegaremos dentro de una hora.)
El futuro con be going to

Afirmativa
Forma contrada
I am going to travel
Im going to travel
You are going to travel
Youre going to travel
He is going to travel
Hes going to travel
She is going to travel
Shes going to travel
It is going to travel
Its going to travel
We are going to travel
Were going to travel
You are going to travel
Youre going to travel
They are going to travel
Theyre going to travel
Negativa y forma contrada

I am not / Im not going to travel
You are not / You arent / Youre not going to travel
He is not / He isnt / Hes not going to travel
She is not / She isnt / Shes not going to travel
It is not / It isnt / Its not going to travel
We are not / We arent / Were not going to travel
You are not / You arent / Youre not going to travel
They are not / They arent / Theyre not going to travel
Interrogativa
Am I going to travel?
Respuestas breves
Afirmativa
Negativa
Yes, I am.
No, Im not.
Are you going to travel? Yes, you are. No, you arent.
Is he going to travel?
Yes, he is.
No, he isnt.
Is she going to travel?
Yes, she is.
No, she isnt.
Is it going to travel?
Yes, it is.
No, it isnt.
Are we going to travel?
Yes, we are.
No, we arent.
Are you going to travel? Yes, you are. No, you arent.
Are they going to travel? Yes, they are. No, they arent.
Afirmativa: sujeto + to be en presente + going to +

verbo en la forma base.
Jack is going to compete in the championship next
summer.
(Jack va a competir en el campeonato el verano que viene.)
Negativa: sujeto + to be en presente + not o nt +
going to + verbo en la forma base.
They arent going to play tennis next Friday.
(No van a jugar al tenis el viernes que viene.)
Interrogativa: to be en presente + sujeto + going to +
verbo en la forma base.
Is she going to join the team?
(Ella va a unirse al equipo?)
Respuestas breves: se pone el pronombre personal
sujeto + el verbo to be, sin contraer en afirmativa o
contrado con la partcula not en negativa.
Are you going to watch the match on Saturday?
Yes, I am. / No, Im not.
(Vas a ver el partido el sbado? S. / No.)
Los usos del futuro con be going to

Hablar de intenciones,
planes o decisiones
Im going to meet them at

the cinema.
(Voy a quedar con ellos en el
cine.)
Expresar lo que va a
suceder porque se ven
indicios de ello
Look at the score! Theyre going

to win.
(Mira el marcador! Van a ganar.)
Con be going to se suelen usar las siguientes

expresiones temporales: later (ms tarde), soon
(pronto), in an hour (dentro de una hora), tomorrow
(maana), next week / month / year (la semana / el mes
/ el ao que viene), etc.
Todas pueden ir al principio o al final de la frase, pero se
suelen poner al final.
Im going to buy a new shirt next week.
(Voy a comprar una camisa nueva la semana que viene.)
They are going to study for the exam later.
(Van a estudiar para el examen ms tarde.)
el Present Continuous con valor de futuro

El Present Continuous expresa lo que est ocurriendo en
el presente, pero tambin se usa para hablar de acciones
fijadas con antelacin que ocurrirn en un futuro prximo.
Expresa algo que suceder con seguridad, no una intencin.
Were playing volleyball tomorrow.
(Jugamos / Jugaremos al voleibol maana.) [ya se ha
decidido]
El Present Continuous con valor de futuro debe ir
acompaado de una expresin temporal que indique
cundo va a ocurrir la accin: soon (pronto), later (ms
tarde), tomorrow (maana), tonight (esta noche), next
week / month / year (la semana / el mes / el ao que
viene), etc.
13
H
e is running a race next weekend.
(l corre / correr una carrera la semana que viene.)
W
e are flying to Paris this evening.
(Volamos / Volaremos a Pars esta noche.)
UNIT 3
EL PRIMER CONDICIONAL
Se usa para hablar de una accin (o resultado) que ocurrir
si se cumple la condicin sealada.
Afirmativa: la condicin (oracin subordinada) se expresa
con if + Present Simple, y el resultado (oracin principal)
suele ir en futuro con will.
Si la condicin va primero, se pone una coma entre la
oracin principal y la subordinada.
If he studies hard, he will get good marks.
(Si l estudia mucho, obtendr buenas notas.)
He will get good marks if he studies hard.
(l obtendr buenas notas si estudia mucho.)
Negativa: se puede negar el verbo en presente, el verbo
en futuro o ambos.
If she doesnt go to the party, I will stay at home.
(Si ella no va a la fiesta, me quedar en casa.)
If she goes to the party, I wont stay at home.
(Si ella va a la fiesta, no me quedar en casa.)
If she doesnt go to the party, I wont stay at home.
(Si ella no va a la fiesta, no me quedar en casa.)
Interrogativa: Will + sujeto + predicado de la oracin
principal + oracin subordinada.
Will they go to the beach if it rains?
(Irn a la playa si llueve?)
sujeto + will o wont.
Will you play the guitar if he sings? Yes, I will. /
No, I wont.
(Tocars la guitarra si l canta? S. / No.)
Se puede usar unless o when en la condicin.
Para expresar que algo ocurrir o no ocurrir si no se
cumple la condicin, la subordinada es introducida por la
conjuncin unless, que equivale a if not (a no ser que,
a menos que, si no).
Unless you concentrate, you will fail the exam.
(Si no te concentras, suspenders el examen.)
Con when hablamos sobre algo que ocurrir con seguridad.
When I arrive home, I will call you.
(Cuando llegue a casa, te llamar.)
Grammar Appendix
EL SEGUNDO CONDICIONAL
Se usa para hablar de acciones hipotticas referidas al
presente, es decir, que es poco probable que ocurran, y
para dar consejo.
Afirmativa: la condicin se expresa con if + Past Simple,
y el resultado con would (o la contraccin d) + el verbo
en la forma base.
If I understood the problem, Id solve it.
(Si entendiera el problema, lo resolvera.)
Si el verbo de la condicin es to be, se suele usar were
en todas las personas del singular y del plural.
If he were rich, hed buy a new car.
(Si l fuese rico, se comprara un coche nuevo.)
Para dar consejos se emplea la frmula If I were.
If I were you, Id send him a text message.
(Si yo fuera t, le enviara un mensaje de texto.)
Negativa: se puede negar la condicin, el resultado o
ambos.
If I didnt have money, I would work hard.
(Si yo no tuviera dinero, trabajara mucho.)
If I had money, I wouldnt work hard.
(Si yo tuviera dinero, no trabajara mucho.)
If I didnt work hard, I wouldnt have money.
(Si yo no trabajara mucho, no tendra dinero.)
Interrogativa: Would + sujeto + predicado de la oracin
principal + oracin subordinada.
Would you ride a camel if you were in the desert?
(Montaras en camello si estuvieras en el desierto?)
sujeto + would o wouldnt.
Would you play the piano if you didnt play the guitar?
Yes, I would. / No, I wouldnt.
(Tocaras el piano si no tocaras la guitarra? S. / No.)
UNIT 4
EL COMPARATIVO DE LOS ADJETIVOS
La forma comparativa
Para comparar dos cosas, animales o personas se utilizan los
adjetivos en grado comparativo.
El comparativo de superioridad (ms... que) se usa para
comparar dos cosas, animales o personas cuando una
supera a la otra en algn aspecto. Para formarlo hay que
fijarse en la longitud del adjetivo:
1. Si tiene 1 slaba, o 2 y termina en y, se considera corto
y se le aade la terminacin -er. Detrs, se pone la
partcula than.
The silver necklace is cheaper than the gold one.
(El collar de plata es ms barato que el de oro.)
14
Grammar Appendix
En los siguientes casos, el adjetivo cambia al aadirle -er:
- Si tiene 1 slaba y acaba en 1 vocal + 1 consonante, se
dobla esa consonante:
thin - thinner
big - bigger
- Si tiene 2 slabas y acaba en consonante + y, se cambia
la y por una i:
heavy - heavier
easy - easier
- Si acaba en l, se duplica esa letra:
cruel - crueller
- Si acaba en e muda, solo se aade -r:
nice - nicer
Para indicar que alguien o algo es inferior que el resto en

algn aspecto se utiliza la estructura the least + adjetivo.
This is the least lively market in the city.
(Este es el mercado menos animado de la ciudad.)
El superlativo puede ir seguido de las preposiciones in, of
y on.
Hes the most intelligent boy in the class.
(l es el chico ms inteligente de la clase.)
Next Friday is the longest day of the year.
(El viernes que viene es el da ms largo del ao.)
Which is the highest mountain on Earth?
(Cul es la montaa ms alta de la Tierra?)
Los adjetivos irregulares
2
. Si el adjetivo tiene 2 slabas o ms, es largo y la
comparativa se forma con more + adjetivo + than.
Paul is more attractive than Jim.
(Paul es ms atractivo que Jim.)
El comparativo de inferioridad se forma con less +
adjetivo + than (menos... que).
Modern jewellery is less elaborate than ancient jewellery.
(La joyera moderna es menos elaborada que la antigua.)
El comparativo de igualdad se forma con
(not) as + adjetivo + as ((no) tan... como).
This picture is as colourful as that one.
(Este cuadro es tan colorido como ese.)
No siguen ninguna regla, y por eso, hay que aprender sus

formas comparativa y superlativa de memoria.
Adjetivo
Comparativo
Superlativo
good
(bueno/a)
better than
the best
bad
(malo/a)
worse than
the worst
far
(lejano/a)
farther / further than the farthest / furthest
little
(poco/a)
less than
the least
La forma superlativa
too, (not) ... enough
Se usa para comparar ms de dos cosas, animales o personas

y decir que una destaca sobre las dems.
Se pone the delante del adjetivo y el adverbio most o la
terminacin -es. Tambin hay que tener en cuenta su
longitud:
- Si es corto, se utiliza the + adjetivo + -est.
These are the lightest clothes in the shop.
(Esta es la ropa ms ligera de la tienda.)
Sigue las mismas reglas que para formar el comparativo
con -er.
big - biggest
sad - saddest
pretty - prettiest
happy - happiest
wide - widest
large - largest
cruel - cruellest
- Si es largo, se utiliza the most + adjetivo.
This beach is the most peaceful place in the world.
(Esta playa es el lugar ms tranquilo del mundo.)
Too va delante del adjetivo e indica que la cualidad

expresada por este es excesiva. Significa demasiado.
This ring is too bright.
(Este anillo es demasiado brillante.)
Not + adjetivo + enough significa no (lo) bastante o
no (lo) suficientemente.
That football player is good enough for our team.
(Ese jugador de ftbol es (lo) bastante / suficientemente
bueno para nuestro equipo.)
She is not old enough to drive.
(Ella no es (lo) bastante / suficientemente mayor para
conducir.)
15
Grammar Appendix
EL COMPARATIVO DE LOS ADVERBIOS
Los adverbios nos dan ms informacin sobre los verbos.
Describen la manera en que hacemos una accin.
She walks slowly.
(Ella camina lentamente.)
Se pueden comparar dos acciones utilizando esta
estructura: more + adverbio + than.
She walks more slowly than her sister.
(Ella camina ms lentamente que su hermana.)
Tambin se pueden comparar dos acciones utilizando:
less + adverbio + than.
I drive less carefully than my father.
(Yo conduzco con menos cuidado que mi padre.)
Con as + adverbio + as se indica que dos acciones se
realizan de la misma forma.
She walks as slowly as her sister.
(Ella camina tan lentamente como su hermana.)
UNIT 5
el PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
Afirmativa
Forma contrada
I have washed
Ive washed
You have washed
Youve washed
He has washed
Hes washed
She has washed
Shes washed
It has washed
Its washed
We have washed
Weve washed
You have washed
Youve washed
They have washed
Theyve washed
Negativa
Forma contrada
I have not washed
I havent washed
You have not washed
You havent washed
Los adverbios irregulares
He has not washed
He hasnt washed
No siguen ninguna regla, y por eso, hay que aprender estos

adverbios y su forma comparativa de memoria.
She has not washed
She hasnt washed
It has not washed
It hasnt washed
Forma
comparativa
We have not washed
We havent washed
You have not washed
You havent washed
faster than
They have not washed
They havent washed
harder than
Interrogativa
Adjetivo
Adverbio
far (lejano/a)
fast (rpidamente,
deprisa)
hard (duramente,
mucho)
high (alto, a gran
altura)
far (lejos)
good (bueno/a)
well (bien)
better than
bad (malo/a)
badly (mal)
worse than
fast (rpido/a)
hard (duro/a;
difcil)
high (alto/a)
higher than
farther / further than
Have I washed ...?
Respuestas breves
Afirmativa
Negativa
Yes, I have.
No, I havent.
Have you washed ...? Yes, you have.
No, you havent.
Has he washed ...?
Yes, he has.
No, he hasnt.
Has she washed ...?
Yes, she has.
No, she hasnt.
Has it washed ...?
Yes, it has.
No, it hasnt.
Have we washed ...?
Yes, we have.
No, we havent.
Have you washed ...? Yes, you have.
No, you havent.
Have they washed ...? Yes, they have. No, they havent.
Afirmativa: sujeto + has / have + un verbo en participio.
La mayora de verbos aaden -ed a la forma base del
verbo para formar el participio.
We have explored this area.
(Hemos explorado esta zona.)
Los verbos irregulares suelen cambiar de forma en el
participio. No siguen ninguna regla, y por eso, hay que
aprenderlos de memoria. Puedes encontrar una lista en
las pginas 23-24.
I have eaten soup and sausages for dinner.
(He comido sopa y salchichas para cenar.)
Negativa: sujeto + has / have + not o nt + un verbo en
participio.
The plane hasnt landed.
(El avin no ha aterrizado.)
16
Grammar Appendix
Interrogativa: Has / have + sujeto + un verbo en
participio.
Have you studied this unit?
(Has estudiado esta unidad?)
sujeto + has / have sin contraer en afirmativa o contrado
con la partcula not en negativa.
Have they received a letter? Yes, they have. / No, they
havent. (Han recibido una carta? S. / No.)
Con el Present Perfect Simple se suelen usar los siguientes
adverbios y expresiones temporales:
ever
never
always
interrogativa:
alguna vez
negativa:
nunca, jams
afirmativa:
nunca
siempre
already afirmativa: ya
just
yet
afirmativa:
acabar de
negativa:
an, todava
interrogativa:
ya
recently recientemente
lately
ltimamente
several
times
varias veces
so far
hasta el
momento
Have you ever trekked through

the jungle?
I havent ever rowed a boat
She has never visited Paris.
Theyve always listened to their
mother.
Weve already discovered the
truth.
I have just cleaned my room.
- La preposicin since, que indica el momento en que

empez la accin. Se traduce como desde.
I havent watched a film since Sunday.
(No he visto una pelcula desde el domingo.)
Los usos del Present Perfect Simple

Acciones que empezaron
en el pasado y an
continan (lleva for o
since y se traduce en
presente)
Acciones pasadas que
afectan al presente o
tienen consecuencias en
el momento actual
She has lived in Germany

since 1998.
(Ella vive en Alemania
desde 1998.)
They have moved to a new
house.
(Ellos se han mudado a una
casa nueva.)
Acciones pasadas sin

especificar cundo
ocurrieron
She has survived the accident.

(Ella ha sobrevivido al
accidente.)
Acciones muy recientes

(lleva just y se traduce
por acabar de +
infinitivo)
He has just fallen on the

ground.
(l se acaba de caer al suelo.)
She hasnt completed her

homework yet.
CONTRASTE
present perfect simple / past simple
Have you found your ring yet?
El Present Perfect Simple indica que lo ocurrido en el pasado

guarda relacin con el presente, aunque no se especifica
cundo sucedi. En cambio, el Past Simple habla de
acciones pasadas que ya no afectan al momento actual e
indica cundo ocurrieron, con expresiones de tiempo tales
como yesterday, last night, etc.
They have parachuted many times.
(Ellos han saltado en paracadas muchas veces.)
She parachuted yesterday.
(Ella salt en paracadas ayer.)
Have they travelled to London

recently?
He hasnt watered the plants
lately.
They have dug for treasure
several times.
Ive done five exercises so far.
H
ay que tener en cuenta que:
- Just, already, always, ever y never se ponen entre el
auxiliar have y el participio del verbo principal.
- Yet se coloca al final de la frase.
- El resto de expresiones pueden ir al principio o al final
de la frase, pero se suelen poner al final.
for / since
Con el Present Perfect Simple tambin se utilizan las
expresiones temporales que comienzan con:
- La preposicin for seguida de un periodo de tiempo que
indica la duracin de la accin. Se traduce como
durante o no se traduce.
Her mother has worked here for 15 years.
(Su madre ha trabajado aqu durante quince aos.)
17
Grammar Appendix
UNIT 6
UNIT 7
los determinantes
LOS MODALES
Con nombres contables en singular.

Se usan delante de un nombre que no es conocido
a / an
por el hablante.
a guitar, an ambulance
un/a
Con nombres contables en plural y no contables.

some unos/as, algunos/as There are some concerts this
algo de, un poco de month.
(o no se traduce)
Weve got some chocolate.
Frases negativas e interrogativas:
Con nombres contables en plural y no contables.
any
ningn/una
nada de
(o no se traduce)
algn/una
algunos/as
algo de
(o no se traduce)
We havent got any hip-hop

CDs.
He hasnt got any butter.
Do you play any musical
instruments?
Have you got any time for
me?
LOS CUANTIFICADORES
Con nombres contables en plural y no
a lot of
contables.
mucho/a/os/as
un montn de A lot of students play football.
There is a lot of food.
many
muchos/as
much
mucho/a
Con nombres contables en plural.

Many people like pop music.
Con nombres no contables en frases
negativas y interrogativas.
I havent got much work.
Was there much noise?
a few
Con nombres contables en plural.
unos pocos/as
The plane landed a few hours late.
algunos/as
a little
un poco de
Con nombres no contables.

I have got a little money for you.
How many ...? Con nombres contables en plural.

Cuntos/as...? How many MP4 players have you got?
Con nombres no contables.
Cuando va con el verbo to be sirve para
How much ...?
preguntar el precio de una cosa.
Cunto/a...?
How much time do you need?
How much is the hairdryer?
Can / Cant
Afirmativa
Negativa
Forma contrada
I can sail
I cannot sail
I cant sail
You can sail
You cannot sail
You cant sail
He can sail
He cannot sail
He cant sail
She can sail
She cannot sail
She cant sail
It can sail
It cannot sail
It cant sail
We can sail
We cannot sail
We cant sail
You can sail
You cannot sail
You cant sail
They can sail
They cannot sail
They cant sail
Interrogativa
Respuestas breves
Afirmativa
Negativa
Can I sail?
Yes, I can.
No, I cant.
Can you sail?
Yes, you can.
No, you cant.
Can he sail?
Yes, he can.
No, he cant.
Can she sail?
Yes, she can.
No, she cant.
Can it sail?
Yes, it can.
No, it cant.
Can we sail?
Yes, we can.
No, we cant.
Can you sail?
Yes, you can.
No, you cant.
Can they sail?
Yes, they can.
No, they cant.
Afirmativa: sujeto + can + verbo en la forma base.

He can speak German very well.
(l sabe hablar alemn muy bien.)
I can come to your party.
(Puedo venir a tu fiesta.)
You can watch TV now.
(Puedes ver la televisin ahora.)
Negativa: sujeto + cannot o cant + verbo en la forma
base.
They cannot do any magic tricks.
(Ellos no saben / pueden hacer trucos de magia.)
Interrogativa: Can + sujeto + verbo en la forma base.
Can they write good stories?
(Saben / Pueden escribir buenas historias?)
sujeto + can o cant.
Can you pick a flower? Yes, I can. / No, I cant.
(Puedes coger una flor? S. / No.)
Estas expresiones se utilizan para hablar sobre cantidad.
18
Grammar Appendix
Los usos de can / cant
Habilidad o capacidad
She can sing beautifully.
para hacer algo:
(Ella sabe cantar maravillosamente.)
saber
You can break the mirror.
Posibilidad de hacer
Be careful.
algo: poder
(Pues romper el espejo. Ten
cuidado.)
Pedir permiso o un
Can you put the eggs in the fridge?
favor a alguien con
Yes, I can.
quien se tiene
(Puedes poner los huevos en la
confianza: poder
nevera? S.)
Could / Couldnt

sujeto + could o couldnt.
Could you carry the bags? Yes, I could. / No, I couldnt.
(Podras llevar las bolsas? S. / No.)
Los usos de could / couldnt

Habilidad para
hacer algo en el
pasado
Sam could speak at the age of two.

(Sam saba hablar a los dos aos.)
Posibilidad para
hacer algo en el
pasado
They couldnt see the beach from

the window.
(No pudieron ver la playa desde la
ventana.)
Permisos o
peticiones (de forma Could I have a glass of water?
ms educada que
(Podra tomar un vaso de agua?)
con can)
Afirmativa
Negativa
Forma contrada
I could ski
I could not ski
I couldnt ski
You could ski
You could not ski
You couldnt ski
He could ski
He could not ski
He couldnt ski
She could ski
She could not ski
She couldnt ski
Afirmativa
Negativa
It could ski
It could not ski
It couldnt ski
I must sweep
I mustnt sweep
We could ski
We could not ski
We couldnt ski
You must sweep
You mustnt sweep
You could ski
You could not ski
You couldnt ski
He must sweep
He mustnt sweep
They could ski
They could not ski They couldnt ski
She must sweep
She mustnt sweep
Respuestas breves
It must sweep
It mustnt sweep
Afirmativa
Negativa
We must sweep
We mustnt sweep
Could I ski?
Yes, I could.
No, I couldnt.
You must sweep
You mustnt sweep
Could you ski?
Yes, you could.
No, you couldnt.
They must sweep
They mustnt sweep
Could he ski?
Yes, he could.
No, he couldnt.
Could she ski?
Yes, she could.
No, she couldnt.
Could it ski?
Yes, it could.
No, it couldnt.
Could we ski?
Yes, we could.
No, we couldnt.
Could you ski?
Yes, you could.
No, you couldnt.
Could they ski?
Yes, they could.
No, they couldnt.
Interrogativa
Afirmativa: sujeto + could + verbo en la forma base.

I could play basketball when I was seven.
(Yo saba jugar al baloncesto cuando tena siete aos.)
In the past, mirrors could make people feel ill.
(En el pasado, los espejos podan hacer que la gente se
sintiera enferma.)
Negativa: sujeto + could not o couldnt + verbo en la
forma base.
They couldnt play outside because it was raining.
(No podan jugar fuera porque estaba lloviendo.)
Interrogativa: Could + sujeto + verbo en la forma base.
Could he sail on Friday?
(l pudo navegar el viernes?)
Must / Mustnt
Afirmativa: sujeto + must + verbo en la forma base.

I must play the piano three times a week.
(Debo tocar el piano tres veces a la semana.)
Negativa: sujeto + must not o mustnt + verbo en la
forma base.
People mustnt feed animals in the zoo.
(La gente no debe dar de comer a los animales en el zoo.)
You mustnt tell me his secret.
(No debes contarme su secreto.)
Interrogativa: Must + sujeto + verbo en la forma base.
En este caso, must expresa obligacin o necesidad,
aunque este verbo modal no se suele usar en la forma
interrogativa.
Must we speak to the doctor?
(Debemos hablar con el doctor?)
sujeto + must o mustnt.
Must I call the police? Yes, you must. / No, you mustnt.
(Debo llamar a la polica? S. / No.)
19
Grammar Appendix
Los usos de should / shouldnt
El uso de must
Obligacin, necesidad o
conveniencia de hacer algo:
deber
I must work harder.

(Debo trabajar mucho ms.)
El uso de mustnt
Prohibicin de hacer algo
porque no est permitido
o no es conveniente o
correcto
You mustnt eat in the

classroom.
(No debes comer en la
clase.)
Should / Shouldnt
Afirmativa
Negativa
I should buy
I shouldnt buy
You should buy
You shouldnt buy
He should buy
He shouldnt buy
She should buy
She shouldnt buy
It should buy
It shouldnt buy
We should buy
We shouldnt buy
You should buy
You shouldnt buy
They should buy
They shouldnt buy
Interrogativa
Respuestas breves
Dar consejos
She should bring a coat. Its cold.

(Debera traer un abrigo. Hace fro.)
Decir lo que se
debera o no hacer
You shouldnt eat too many sweets.

(No deberas comer demasiados
caramelos.)
Have to / Dont have to

Afirmativa
Negativa
I have to go
I dont have to go
You have to go
You dont have to go
He has to go
He doesnt have to go
She has to go
She doesnt have to go
It has to go
It doesnt have to go
We have to go
We dont have to go
You have to go
You dont have to go
They have to go
They dont have to go
Interrogativa
Respuestas breves
Afirmativa
Negativa
Do I have to go?
Yes, I do.
No, I dont.
Do you have to go?
Yes, you do.
No, you dont.
Does he have to go?
Yes, he does.
No, he doesnt.
Afirmativa
Negativa
Should I buy?
Yes, I should.
No, I shouldnt.
Should you buy?
Yes, you should. No, you shouldnt.
Does it have to go?
Yes, it does.
No, it doesnt.
Should he buy?
Yes, he should.
No, he shouldnt.
Do we have to go?
Yes, we do.
No, we dont.
Should she buy?
Yes, she should.
No, she shouldnt.
Do you have to go?
Yes, you do.
No, you dont.
Should it buy?
Yes, it should.
No, it shouldnt.
Do they have to go?
Yes, they do.
No, they dont.
Should we buy?
Yes, we should.
No, we shouldnt.
Should you buy?
Yes, you should. No, you shouldnt.
Should they buy? Yes, they should. No, they shouldnt.

Afirmativa: sujeto + should + verbo en la forma base.
You should go to the dentist tomorrow.
(Deberas ir al dentista maana.)
Negativa: sujeto + should not o shouldnt + verbo en
la forma base.
She shouldnt believe in superstitions.
(Ella no debera creer en supersticiones.)
Interrogativa: Should + sujeto + verbo en la forma
base.
Should I be angry? (Debera estar enfadada?)
sujeto + should o shouldnt.
Should we take an umbrella with us? Yes, you should. /
No, you shouldnt.
(Deberamos coger un paraguas? S. / No.)
Does she have to go? Yes, she does. No, she doesnt.
Afirmativa: sujeto + have / has to + verbo en la forma

base. Significa tener que y como must, expresa la
obligacin o necesidad de hacer algo. La diferencia es que
must solo se puede utilizar en Present Simple y por eso,
en el resto de tiempos, se usa have to.
We have to put the chicken in the oven.
(Tenemos que poner el pollo en el horno.)
Negativa: sujeto + dont / doesnt + have to + verbo en
la forma base. Significa no tener que / por qu.
You dont have to help me. I can do it alone.
(No tienes por qu ayudarme. Puedo hacerlo solo.)
Interrogativa: Do / Does + sujeto + have to + verbo en
la forma base.
Do they have to come with you?
(Tienen que venir contigo?)
sujeto + do / does o dont / doesnt.
Does she have to study for the exam? Yes, she does. /
No, she doesnt.
(Ella tiene que estudiar para el examen? S. / No.)
20
Grammar Appendix
El uso de have to
I have to bring my sister to the
Obligacin o necesidad party.
de hacer algo
(Tengo que llevar a mi hermana a
la fiesta.)
El uso de dont have to

You dont have to buy me
Ausencia de
obligacin o necesidad anything.
(No tienes que comprarme nada.)
- When se usa cuando el antecedente es una clusula

temporal. Se puede sustituir por that.
He took this photo on the day when we went to the
theme park.
(Hizo esta foto el da en que fuimos al parque temtico.)
- Whose se usa cuando el antecedente es una persona.
Expresa posesin.
Shes got a friend whose father is Irish.
(Ella tiene un amigo cuyo padre es irlands.)
UNIT 9
UNIT 8
LA VOZ PASIVA
LOS PRONOMBRES RELATIVOS
La voz pasiva en presente
Introducen una oracin subordinada.

I dont like salads which / that have got onions in them.
(No me gustan las ensaladas que tienen cebolla.)
La oracin subordinada da informacin sobre un
antecedente. Los pronombres relativos siempre van
detrs del antecedente al que hacen referencia y
pueden hacer de sujeto o de complemento, aunque en
este ltimo caso es frecuente omitirlos en la conversacin.
Los pronombres relativos son who, which, that, where,
when y whose:
- Who se usa cuando el antecedente es una persona.
Se puede sustituir por that.
These are the girls who / that I met at the caf.
(Estas son las chicas que me encontr en la cafetera.)
- Which se usa para referirse a cosas o animales.
Se puede sustituir por that.
I was wearing a new skirt which / that was quite long.
(Llevaba una falda nueva que era bastante larga.)
He has got a dog which / that eats vegetables.
(l tiene un perro que come verduras.)
- That se usa para referirse a personas, cosas o animales.
T he penguins that I saw at the zoo were swimming.
(Los pinginos que vi en el zoo estaban nadando.)
The woman that was sitting at the desk was beautiful.
(La mujer que estaba (sentada) en el escritorio era
guapa.)
Afirmativa
Negativa
I am accepted
Im not accepted
You are accepted
You arent accepted
He is accepted
He isnt accepted
She is accepted
She isnt accepted
It is accepted
It isnt accepted
We are accepted
We arent accepted
You are accepted
You arent accepted
They are accepted
They arent accepted
Interrogativa
Respuestas breves
Afirmativa
Negativa
Am I accepted?
Yes, I am.
No, Im not.
Are you accepted?
Yes, you are.
No, you arent.
Is he accepted?
Yes, he is.
No, he isnt.
Is she accepted?
Yes, she is.
No, she isnt.
Is it accepted?
Yes, it is.
No, it isnt.
Are we accepted?
Yes, we are.
No, we arent.
Are you accepted?
Yes, you are.
No, you arent.
Are they accepted?
Yes, they are.
No, they arent.
- Where se usa cuando el antecedente es un lugar.

W
e went shopping at a market where you can find
everything.
(Fuimos de compras a un mercado donde puedes
encontrar de todo.)
21
Grammar Appendix
La voz pasiva en pasado
Afirmativa
Negativa
I was accepted
I wasnt accepted
You were accepted
You werent accepted
He was accepted
He wasnt accepted
She was accepted
She wasnt accepted
It was accepted
It wasnt accepted
We were accepted
We werent accepted
You were accepted
You werent accepted
They were accepted
They werent accepted
Interrogativa
Was I accepted?
Respuestas breves
Afirmativa
Negativa
Yes, I was.
No, I wasnt.
Were you accepted? Yes, you were.
No, you werent.
Was he accepted?
Yes, he was.
No, he wasnt.
Was she accepted?
Yes, she was.
No, she wasnt.
Was it accepted?
Yes, it was.
No, it wasnt.
Were we accepted?
Yes, we were.
No, we werent.
Were you accepted? Yes, you were.
No, you werent.
Were they accepted? Yes, they were. No, they werent.

Afirmativa: sujeto + to be como auxiliar en el tiempo
correspondiente + el participio del verbo principal.
Ben Stiller is known in many countries.
(Ben Stiller es conocido en muchos pases.)
T hey were given new computers.
(Se les dieron nuevos ordenadores.)
E n las oraciones de pasiva, la accin es ms importante
que el sujeto. Si se quiere mencionar quin realiza la
accin, se pone al final de la frase precedido de la
preposicin by.
The Lightning Thief was written by Rick Riordan.
(El ladrn del rayo fue escrito por Rick Riordan.)
Negativa: sujeto + to be como auxiliar en el tiempo
correspondiente + not o nt + el participio del
verbo principal.
They arent expected to fly to London next week.
(No se espera que vuelen a Londres la semana que viene.)
T his meal wasnt prepared at home.
(Esta comida no se prepar en casa.)
Interrogativa: to be como auxiliar en el tiempo
correspondiente + sujeto + el participio del verbo
principal.
Are these biscuits sold in the supermarket?
(Se venden estas galletas en el supermercado?)
Was the film based on the novel?
(La pelcula estaba basada en la novela?)

sujeto + to be como auxiliar en el tiempo correspondiente,
sin contraer en afirmativa o contrado con la partcula not
en negativa.
Was he chosen for president? Yes, he was. /
No, he wasnt.
(l fue escogido presidente? S. / No.)
Los usos de la voz pasiva

Destacar la accin y no
el sujeto que la realiza
Clothes are washed in a

washing machine.
(La ropa se lava en una
lavadora.)
Cuando el sujeto que

realiza la accin es obvio, The glass was broken.
desconocido o no se
(El vaso se rompi.)
quiere nombrar
Cmo pasar una frase activa a pasiva

Se pone to be en el mismo tiempo que tena el verbo
principal en activa, y este verbo en participio.
Activa: They clean the building every morning.
Pasiva: The building is cleaned every morning.
Se pone como sujeto el primer complemento que haya
detrs del verbo en la voz activa, ya sea el directo o el
indirecto.
Activa: My brothers share a bedroom.
Pasiva: A bedroom is shared by my brothers.
Si el complemento es un pronombre personal, se cambia
por su correspondiente forma de sujeto.
Activa: My friends told me the secret.
Pasiva: I was told the secret.
Se pasa el sujeto de la oracin activa al final de la pasiva
precedido de la preposicin by.
Activa: My aunt bought a pair of jeans.
Pasiva: A pair of jeans was bought by my aunt.
Si el sujeto es un pronombre personal, se cambia por el
pronombre objeto correspondiente.
Activa: They care for my grandmother.
Pasiva: My grandmother is cared for by them.
Las expresiones temporales que se emplean en la voz
pasiva son las mismas que en la activa.
Si el verbo est en presente: every day / week / year,
once / twice a year, on + da de la semana en plural, o
adverbios como usually, sometimes, etc.
Si el verbo est en pasado: last night / week, at + una
hora, in + un ao, on + un da o fecha, in the past,
yesterday, etc.
22
r
IrregublaList
Ver
BASE FORM (V1)
PAST SIMPLE (V2)
PAST PARTICIPLE (V3)
be /VA/
beat /VAW/
become /VB'YJl/
begin /VB'ZBm/
bend /VCmX/
bet /VCW/
bite /VOW/
bleed /VoAX/
blow /VoLH/
break /VpMY/
bring /VpBn/
build /VBoX/
burn /VKm/
buy /VO/
catch /Ya/
choose /aIh/
come /YJl/
cost /YFgW/
cut /YJW/
dig /XBZ/
do /XI/
draw /XpG/
dream /XpAl/
drink /XpBnY/
drive /XpOd/
eat /AW/
fall /cGo/
feed /cAX/
feel /cAo/
fight /cOW/
find /cOmX/
fly /coO/
forget /cL'ZCW/
forgive /cL'ZBd/
freeze /cpAh/
get /ZCW/
give /ZBd/
go /ZN/
grow /ZpN/
hang /kn/
have /kd/
hear /kBL/
hide /kOX/
hit /kBW/
hold /kNoX/
hurt /kKW/
keep /YAU/
know /mN/
lay /oCB/
lead /oAX/
was/were /rFh/rK/
beat /VAW/
became /VB'YMl/
began /VB'Zm/
bent /VCmW/
bet /VCW/
bit /VBW/
bled /VoCX/
blew /VoI/
broke /VpLHY/
brought /VpGW/
built /VBoW/
burnt/burned /VKmW/VKmX/
bought /VGW/
caught /YGW/
chose /aLHh/
came /YMl/
cost /YFgW/
cut /YJW/
dug /XJZ/
did /XBX/
drew /XpI/
dreamt/dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/
drank /XpnY/
drove /XpLHd/
ate /CBW/
fell /cCo/
fed /cCX/
felt /cCoW/
fought /cGW/
found /cPmX/
flew /coI/
forgot /cL'ZFW/
forgave /cL'ZMd/
froze /cpLHh/
got /ZFW/
gave /ZMd/
went /rCmW/
grew /ZpI/
hanged/hung /knX/kJn/
had /kX/
heard /kKX/
hid /kBX/
hit /kBW/
held /kCoX/
hurt /kKW/
kept /YCUW/
knew /mqI/
laid /oCBX/
led /oCX/
been /VAm/
ser, estar
beaten /'VAWm/
golpear
become /VB'YJl/
llegar a ser, convertirse
begun /VB'ZJm/
empezar
bent /VCmW/
doblar(se)
bet /VCW/
apostar
bitten /'VBWm/
morder
bled /VoCX/
sangrar
blown /VoLHm/
soplar
broken /'VpLHYLm/
romper
brought /VpGW/
traer
built /VBoW/
construir
burnt/burned /VKmW/VKmX/
quemar
bought /VGW/
comprar
caught /YGW/
coger, agarrar
chosen /'aLHhm/
elegir
come /YJl/
venir
cost /YFgW/
costar
cut /YJW/
cortar
dug /XJZ/
cavar
done /XJm/
hacer
drawn /XpGm/
dibujar
dreamt/dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/
soar
drunk /XpJnY/
beber
driven /'XpBdm/
conducir
eaten /AWm/
comer
fallen /'cGoLm/
caer(se)
fed /cCX/
alimentar
felt /cCoW/
sentir(se)
fought /cGW/
luchar, pelear
found /cPmX/
encontrar
flown /coLHm/
volar
forgotten /cL'ZFWm/
olvidar
forgiven /cL'ZBdm/
perdonar
frozen /'cpLHhm/
congelar(se)
got /ZFW/ conseguir; llegar
given /ZBdm/
dar
gone /ZFm/
ir
grown /ZpNm/
crecer; cultivar
hanged/hung /knX/kJn/
colgar
had /kX/
tener; haber
heard /kKX/
or
hidden /'kBXm/
esconder(se)
hit /kBW/
golpear, pegar
held /kCoX/
sujetar
hurt /kKW/ herir, hacer dao; doler
kept /YCUW/
guardar, mantener
known /mNm/
saber, conocer
laid /oCBX/
poner; extender
led /oCX/
guiar, conducir
CASTELLANO
23
BASE FORM (V1)
PAST SIMPLE (V2)
PAST PARTICIPLE (V3)
CASTELLANO
learn /oKm/
leave /oAd/
lend /oCmX/
let /oCW/
lie /oO/
lie /oO/ (regular verb)
light /oOW/
lose /oIh/
make /lCBY/
mean /lAm/
meet /lAW/
pay /UM/
put /UHW/
read /pAX/
ride /pOX/
ring /pBn/
rise /pOh/
run /pJm/
say /gM/
see /gA/
sell /gCo/
send /gCmX/
set /gCW/
shake /iMY/
shine /iOm/
shoot /iIW/
show /iLH/
shut /iJW/
sing /gBn/
sink /gBnY/
sit /gBW/
sleep /goAU/
smell /glCo/
speak /gUAY/
spell /gUCo/
spend /gUCmX/
stand /gWmX/
steal /gWAo/
stick /gWBY/
sweep /grAU/
swim /grBl/
take /WMY/
teach /WAa/
tear /WCL/
tell /WCo/
think /eBnY/
throw /epN/
understand /JmXC'gWmX/
wake up /rMY 'JU/
wear /rCL/
win /rBm/
write /pOW/
learnt/learned /oKmW/oKmX/
left /oCcW/
lent /oCmW/
let /oCW/
lay /oCB/
lied /oOX/
lit /oBW/
lost /oFgW/
made /lCBX/
meant /lCmW/
met /lCW/
paid /UMX/
put /UHW/
read /pCX/
rode /pLHX/
rang /pn/
rose /pLHh/
ran /pm/
said /gCX/
saw /gG/
sold /gLHoX/
sent /gCmW/
set /gCW/
shook /iHY/
shone /iFm/
shot /iFW/
showed /iLHX/
shut /iJW/
sang /gn/
sank /gnY/
sat /gW/
slept /goCUW/
smelt/smelled /glCoW/glCoX/
spoke /gULHY/
spelt/spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/
spent /gUCmW/
stood /gWHX/
stole /gWLHo/
stuck /gWJY/
swept /grCUW/
swam /grl/
took /WHY/
taught /WGW/
tore /WG/
told /WLHoX/
thought /eGW/
threw /epI/
understood /JmXC'gWHX/
woke up /rLHY 'JU/
wore /rG/
won /rJm/
wrote /pLHW/
learnt/learned /oKmW/oKmX/
left /oCcW/
lent /oCmW/
let /oCW/
lain /oCBm/
lied /oOX/
lit /oBW/
lost /oFgW/
made /lCBX/
meant /lCmW/
met /lCW/
paid /UMX/
put /UHW/
read /pCX/
ridden /'pBXm/
rung /pJn/
risen /'pBhm/
run /pJm/
said /gCX/
seen /gAm/
sold /gLHoX/
sent /gCmW/
set /gCW/
shaken /'iMYLm/
shone /iFm/
shot /iFW/
shown /iLHm/
shut /iJW/
sung /gJn/
sunk /gJnY/
sat /gW/
slept /goCUW/
smelt/smelled /glCoW/glCoX/
spoken /gULHYLm/
spelt/spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/
spent /gUCmW/
stood /gWHX/
stolen /'gWLHoLm/
stuck /gWJY/
swept /grCUW/
swum /grJl/
taken /'WMYLm/
taught /WGW/
torn /WGm/
told /WLHoX/
thought /eGW/
thrown /epNm/
understood /JmXC'gWHX/
woken up /rLHYLm 'JU/
worn /rGm/
won /rJm/
written /'pBWm/
aprender
dejar; irse, salir
prestar
permitir, dejar
tumbarse, echarse
mentir
encender
perder
hacer, fabricar
significar, querer decir
conocer a; quedar con
pagar
poner
leer
montar
llamar (por telfono)
elevarse, alzarse
correr
decir
ver
vender
enviar
colocar
agitar
brillar
disparar
mostrar, ensear
cerrar
cantar
hundirse
sentarse
dormir
oler
hablar
deletrear
gastar; pasar (tiempo)
estar de pie
robar
pegar
barrer
nadar
coger; llevar
ensear
romper, desgarrar
decir, contar
pensar
tirar; lanzar
comprender, entender
despertar(se)
llevar puesto; ponerse
ganar
escribir
24
Writing
Guide
ANTES DEESCRIBIR >> Brainstorming
REPASALOESCRITO >> Checking your work
Asegrate de que comprendes el tema sobre el que vas a

escribir.
LAS MAYSCULAS
Haz una lista de ideas relacionadas con ese tema y anota

todas las que se te ocurran sin preocuparte por la
gramtica ni por la ortografa.
Se escriben con mayscula:
Luego lee esa lista de ideas y elige las importantes.
(Capital letters)
los nombres y ttulos de las personas:
Mrs Sandra Bennett, Dr Perry, Ray Mears
History of Tennis
los nombres de lugares como ciudades, pases,

continentes, edificios famosos, museos, etc.: London,
Italy, Asia, the Eiffel Tower, the Guggenheim Museum
Major Walter Wingfield invented the game in 1873.
las nacionalidades: English, Chinese, Peruvian
He gave it the name Spharistike.
los das: Saturday, Tuesday, Friday
People play tennis on tennis courts.
los meses: January, July, October
The first world tennis competition at Wimbledon

was in 1877.
la primera palabra de una oracin: My sister is 13 years old.
In 1877, there were 22 players and 200 spectators.
los idiomas: French, Thai, Arabic
People wear tennis shoes when they play tennis.

Spencer Gore won the first competition.
las palabras importantes de los ttulos de libros y

pelculas, canciones, festividades y juegos de ordenador:
In 1884, women started competing in Wimbledon.
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
el pronombre personal I: I paint and I play the guitar.
Avatar
California Dreamin
Escribe un prrafo >> Writing a paragraph

Un prrafo se divide en tres partes:
Christmas
Tomb Raider II
La introduccin o primera oracin (opening sentence),

que presenta el tema.
LA PUNTUACIN
El desarrollo o cuerpo (body of the paragraph), que

ampla la idea principal con informacin importante.
E
l punto (.) va al final de las oraciones afirmativas y
negativas.
Mary is 14 years old.
La conclusin o ltima oracin (closing sentence), que

resume el tema y repite la idea principal con otras
palabras.
I love music.
I use my MP4 player on the way to
school. I use my pocket money to
download songs from the Internet
onto my MP4 player and I listen to it
all the time. I like many singers and
bands: Beyonc, Kesha, U2 and the
Beatles, too.
When there is good music, Im happy.
opening sentence
body of paragraph
(Punctuation)
L a coma (,) se usa para separar palabras o ideas.

Normalmente no se pone delante de and.
I had chicken, chips and an apple for lunch today.
E l signo de interrogacin (?) se pone solo al final de
las preguntas.
Do you like sport?
El signo de exclamacin (!) tambin se pone solo al final
de la frase y sirve para expresar una emocin o un
sentimiento y para hacer hincapi en algo.
I love football!
closing sentence
25
Writing Guide
EL ORDEN DE LAS PALABRAS: SUJETO - VERBO
(Word order: Subject Verb)
los conectores de secuencia

(Connectors of Sequence)
El sujeto de la oracin se pone delante del verbo.

David walks to school.
s v
David is riding a new bike.
s v
Cuando contamos una serie de hechos usamos estas

palabras para mostrar el orden en que ocurrieron:
Pero en las preguntas va detrs del verbo o entre el auxiliar

y el verbo principal.
Where is my diary?
v s
Does David walk to school?
aux s v
after that (luego, despus de eso)
EL ORDEN DE LAS PALABRAS: los adjetivos

(Word order: Adjectives)
Normalmente van delante de los sustantivos.
warm sweater
adj
n
first (primero, en primer lugar)

then (luego, entonces)
next (a continuacin)
finally (finalmente, para terminar)
I had a fun day on Saturday. First, I made pancakes for
breakfast and my family loved them. Then, we watched
some old video films of my family. They were very funny.
Next, we went to the beach and had a picnic. After that,
we visited my grandparents and played Monopoly together.
Finally, in the evening I went to a party with my friends.
Saturday was a great day.
LAS CONJUNCIONES
(Linking Words)
Y tambin detrs del verbo to be.

The sweater is warm.

v adj
Si hay dos adjetivos delante de un nombre, suelen ir en
este orden: tamao y color.
He was wearing a long purple coat.
Son palabras que unen dos o ms ideas. Las ms comunes

son:
b
ut (pero) une dos ideas contradictorias entre s.
David likes travelling but he doesnt like flying.
EL ORDEN DE LAS PALABRAS: los ADVERBIOS

(Word order: Adverbs)
Los adverbios de intensidad y de modo van detrs del verbo.
Los de intensidad van delante de los de modo.
Anna is sitting very quietly.
a
nd (y) une dos oraciones o ideas.
I sailed to Greece and I flew to Australia last year.
o
r (o) une dos ideas distintas.
We walk to school or we take a bus.
b
ecause (porque) expresa la razn o causa de algo.
Janice doesnt go on a motorboat because she doesnt
like water.
LAS preposiCionEs DE TIEMPO
adverb of degree adverb of manner
(Prepositions of Time)
Los adverbios de frecuencia van delante del verbo en las

oraciones afirmativas.
He usually takes the bus to school.

adv v
Se usan distintas preposiciones delante de las horas y los

periodos de fiesta, los das y las fechas, los meses, las
estaciones, los aos y las partes del da. Es muy importante
que sepas utilizar la correcta en cada caso. Presta atencin
a estos ejemplos:
Pero si el verbo es to be, el adverbio va detrs.

She is never lazy.

v adv
at
+ horas:
at two oclock
+ festividades:
at Christmas
on + das de la semana: on Sunday

+ fechas:
on 10th May
on Christmas Day
in
+ meses:
in June
+ estaciones:
in winter
+ aos:
in 2010
+ partes del da:
in the evening
Excepciones:

at the weekend
at night
26
Writing Guide
las conjunciones causales y
consecutivas
(Connectors of Cause and Effect)
Las conjunciones causales se usan para expresar la causa
por la que algo ocurri.
La conjuncin ms comn es because.
He cant come because his sister is ill.
Las conjunciones consecutivas se usan para expresar el
efecto causado por algo. La ms comn es so.
The baby was hungry, so my mother gave him his food.
LOS ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS Y LOS PRONOMBRES

(Referencing)
S irven para hacer referencia a los nombres mencionados
anteriormente y no repetirlos.
My school is in this village. It is next to the supermarket.
I went to the party with my friends. I had fun with them.
Cindys CDs are on the table. Those are her CDs.
la eleccin de palabras
(Word Choice)
Aade adjetivos para mejorar tu redaccin y hacerla ms
interesante.
We went to see a frightening film at the new cinema.
27

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Lista de Vocabulario 2 Eso Sin Soluciones

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Glossary

Advanced Real English 2

funny /'cJmi/ gracioso/a

Advanced Real English 2 B Burlington Books

maiden name /'lCBXm mMl/ apellido de soltera

Advanced Real English 2 B Burlington Books

melt /lCoW/ derretir(se), fundir(se)

Advanced Real English 2 B Burlington Books

quiz /YrBh/ hacer preguntas, preguntar

Advanced Real English 2 B Burlington Books

exhausted /BZ'hGgWBX/ exhausto/a, agotado/a

Advanced Real English 2 B Burlington Books

join /bQm/ unirse

Advanced Real English 2 B Burlington Books

niece /mAg/ sobrina

Advanced Real English 2 B Burlington Books

gustos, deseos, sentimientos y

actividades de la mente y opiniones

I did not shout

You did not shout

You didnt shout

He did not shout

She did not shout

She didnt shout

It did not shout

We did not shout

You did not shout

You didnt shout

They did not shout They didnt shout

Did I shout ...?

Did you shout ...?

Yes, you did.

No, you didnt.

Did he shout ...?

Did she shout ...?

Yes, she did.

No, she didnt.

Did it shout ...?

Did we shout ...?

Did you shout ...?

Yes, you did.

No, you didnt.

Did they shout ...? Yes, they did.

No, they didnt.

Advanced Real English 2 B Burlington Books

Pueden ir al principio o al final de la frase, pero se suelen

L os verbos irregulares no siguen ninguna regla, y por eso,

Negativa: sujeto + did not o didnt + verbo en la forma

Los usos del Past Simple

He enjoyed the party.

The teacher gave us an exam last

I had breakfast. Then I went for a

Contar cmo eran las

In the past, people didnt use

Con el Past Simple se suelen usar estas expresiones

He was not doing

She was doing

She was not doing

She wasnt doing

It was not doing

We were doing We were not doing We werent doing

Were you doing?

Yes, you were.

No, you werent.

L os verbos irregulares no siguen ninguna regla, y por eso,

Negativa: sujeto + did not o didnt + verbo en la forma

Con el Past Simple se suelen usar estas expresiones

Afirmativa: sujeto + was / were + un verbo terminado

Afirmativa: sujeto + el auxiliar will + verbo en la forma

Afirmativa: sujeto + to be en presente + going to +