(7th Ed)
Chapter 7
States of Consciousness
James A. McCubbin, PhD
Clemson University
Worth Publishers
Waking Consciousness
Consciousnes
s
our
awareness of
ourselves and
our
environments
Circadian Rhythm
the biological clock
regular bodily rhythms that occur
on a 24-hour cycle, such as of
wakefulness and body temperature
Premenstrual
Syndrome
3
Recalled mood is
worse than
earlier reported
Negative mood
score
Premenstrual
Actual
Menstrual Intermenstrual
Menstrual phase
Recalled mood
Sleep
periodic, natural, reversible loss of
consciousness
Delta Waves
large, slow waves
of deep sleep
Hallucinations
false sensory
experiences
Stages in a Typical
Nights Sleep
Sleep
stages
Awake
1
2
3
REM
4
0
4
Hours of sleep
Stages in a Typical
Nights Sleep
Minutes
of
Stage 4
and
REM
Decreasing
Stage 4
25
20
15
Increasing
REM
10
5
0
Hours of sleep
Sleep Deprivation
Effects of Sleep
Loss
fatigue
impaired
concentration
depressed
immune system
greater
vulnerability to
accidents
Sleep Deprivation
Accident
frequency
Less sleep,
more accidents
More sleep,
fewer accidents
2,800
2,700
4,200
2,600
4000
2,500
3,800
2,400
3,600
Sleep Disorders
Insomnia
persistent problems in falling or
staying asleep
Narcolepsy
uncontrollable sleep attacks
Sleep Apnea
temporary cessation of breathing
momentary reawakenings
Sleep
stages
Awake
1
2
3
REM
4
0
Hours of sleep
occur within 2
or 3 hours of
falling asleep,
usually during
Stage 4
high arousal-appearance of
being terrified
Dreams: Freud
Dreams
sequence of images, emotions, and
thoughts passing through a sleeping
persons mind
hallucinatory imagery
discontinuities
incongruities
delusional acceptance of the content
difficulties remembering
Dreams: Freud
Sigmund Freud--The
Interpretation of Dreams (1900)
wish fulfillment
discharge otherwise unacceptable
feelings
Manifest Content
remembered story line
Latent Content
underlying meaning
Dreams
As Information Processing
helps facilitate memories
REM Rebound
REM sleep increases following
REM sleep deprivation
Hypnosis
Hypnosis
a social interaction in which one person
(the hypnotist) suggests to another (the
subject) that certain perceptions,
feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will
spontaneously occur
Posthypnotic Amnesia
supposed inability to recall what one
experienced during hypnosis
induced by the hypnotists suggestion
Hypnosis
Unhypnotize
d persons
can
also
do this
Hypnosis
Orne & Evans (1965)
control group instructed to pretend
unhypnotized subjects performed the
same acts as the hypnotized ones
Posthypnotic Suggestion
suggestion to be carried out after the
subject is no longer hypnotized
used by some clinicians to control
undesired symptoms and behaviors
Hypnosis
Dissociation
a split in consciousness
allows some thoughts and behaviors to
occur simultaneously with others
Hidden Observer
Hilgards term describing a hypnotized
subjects awareness of experiences, such
as pain, that go unreported during
hypnosis
Explaining Hypnosis
Drugs and
Consciousness
Psychoactive Drug
a chemical substance that alters
perceptions and mood
Physical Dependence
physiological need for a drug
marked by unpleasant withdrawal
symptoms
Psychological Dependence
a psychological need to use a drug
for example, to relieve negative emotions
Dependence and
Addiction
Big
effect
Drug
effect
Tolerance
diminishing effect
with regular use
Response to
first exposure
Withdrawal
After repeated
exposure, more
drug is needed
to produce
same effect
Little
effect
Small
Large
Drug dose
discomfort and
distress that
follow
discontinued use
Psychoactive Drugs
Depressants
drugs that reduce neural activity
slow body functions
alcohol, barbiturates, opiates
Stimulants
drugs that excite neural activity
speed up body functions
caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine
Psychoactive Drugs
Hallucinogens
psychedelic (mindmanifesting) drugs that
distort perceptions and
evoke sensory images in
the absence of sensory
input
LSD
Psychoactive Drugs
Barbiturates
drugs that depress the
activity of the central
nervous system, reducing
anxiety but impairing
memory and judgement
Psychoactive Drugs
Opiates
opium and its derivatives
(morphine and heroin)
opiates depress neural
activity, temporarily
lessening pain and anxiety
Psychoactive Drugs
Amphetamines
drugs that stimulate
neural activity, causing
speeded-up body functions
and associated energy and
mood changes
Psychoactive Drugs
Ecstasy (MDMA)
synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen
both short-term and long-term health risks
LSD
lysergic acid diethylamide
a powerful hallucinogenic drug
also known as acid
THC
the major active ingredient in marijuana
triggers a variety of effects, including mild
hallucinations
Psychoactive Drugs
60
50
Alcohol
40
Marijuana/
hashish
30
20
10
Cocaine
0
1975 77 79
81
83
85
87 89
Year
91 93
95
97 99
Perceived Marijuana
Risk
100%
Percent
of
twelfth
graders
90
80
70
60
50
40
Used marijuana
30
20
10
0
75
77
79 81 83
85
87 89 91 93
Year
95 97 99
Near-Death Experiences
Near-Death
Experience
an altered state of
consciousness
reported after a
close brush with
death
often similar to
drug-induced
hallucinations
Near-Death Experiences
Dualism
the presumption that mind and
body are two distinct entities
that interact
Monism
the presumption that mind and
body are different aspects of
the same thing