Action Research:

Concepts and models

Presented by:
Chea Ru Yi,Wahidah, Farah, Ashikin, Hazirah

Tutorial Task
Give

your interpretation of AR based on the six

models.

Discuss:
1.

The similarities and differences amongst the six

models

2.

Which model(s) appeal(s) to you the most. Justify

your choice

Kurt Lewins
model

Focus

3 major steps:
planning, execution,
reconnaissance

Highlight

general idea
can be fixed in
advance
reconnaissance
is merely factfinding
reconnaissance
occur only at the
beginning
implementation

Kemmiss
model

4 major steps:
1) Plan
2) Action
3) Observation
4) Reflection

Reflection
leads on to the
next stage of
planning
The planning
stage is not
separate from
the previous
stage but is
embedded in

Elliots model

1) Initial idea
2) Reconnaissance
3) General Plan (3
action steps)
4) Implementation
5) Monitoring
6) Reconnaissance
7) Revise general
idea

general idea is
allowed to change
reconnaissance
involves analysis &
fact-finding
reconnaissance
occur throughout
the AR process
Needs to monitor
the effects of

Whiteheads
model

Jean Mcniffs
model

5 major steps:
1) Identify an area of practice to
be investigated
2) Imagine the solution
3) Implement the solution
4) Evaluate the solution
5) Change practice

Authentic voice
I
Highly reflective:

What is my concern?
Why am I concerned?
What will I do about it?
How will I gather evidence
to show that I am
influencing the situation?
How will I ensure that any
judgements I make are
accurate?

Iterations
can spin
off from
the main
investigati
on
(outcome
may not be
the
original

Ebbutts
model

use of a series
consecutive
rounds to
provide the
possibility of
incorporating
feedback
within and
between
rounds of
action .
- Provides
possibility of
providing
evaluative
feedback
within and
between the
cycles of
action

Similarities

It is cyclical

Has separate and yet mutually dependent steps

Each of the model is a reflective process

Basically consist of plan, act, observe and reflect

Most appealing model :

Kemmis model

Because it is practical and easy to implement.

There are only 4 major steps. (P-A-O-R) = Direct & easy to follow

Table taken from:

Classroom Management: Creating a Positive Learning Environment by Ming-tak Hue, Wai-shing Li, 2008 (Book)

Most appealing model :

Kemmis model

It is more manageable within a shorter time frame

compared to John Elliots model which has 3 cycles and
McNiffs model which might spin off to another
investigation.

Tutorial Task 2
Work
Using

in groups of 5

the 5 Why Process, identify a

possible problem for your research

What specific problem have you observed?

Why does/doesnt this happen?

Pupils are not interesting in reading.

Why does/doesnt this happen?

Pupils do not practice reading. Therefore, they could not practice more on word recognition on their own.

Why does/doesnt this happen?

Pupils have poor sight words recognition

Why does/doesnt this happen?

Pupils have trouble reading passages that is within their level of proficiency.

As many English words are not pronounced as how they are spelled, pupils have trouble pronouncing those
words and thus find reading is hard.

Why does/doesnt this happen?

Teacher does not emphasize on word attack and word recognition skills. On top of that, maybe teacher
does not carry out reading lesson in a more fun way which is why pupils do not find reading interesting.