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Grade 7 Science

Unit 3
Some substances dissolve to form solutions
faster and more easily than others.

Chapter 8 and 9.1

Review
Solution: A homogeneous mixture ie. they
appear as ONE substance
Examples: tap water, vinegar, gold jewelry,
etc.

Solutions have 2 parts:


Solute
The substance that
dissolves
(found in less
amounts)
Ex: sugar

Solvent
The substance in
which the solute
dissolves
(found in the greatest
amounts)
Ex :water

For each of the following


situations identify the solute
and the solvent:

Situation
A.Brass is used to make
many objects. Brass is a
solution of 35% zinc metal
in a 65% copper metal
B.Hydrogen peroxide is
used to disinfect cuts.
Hydrogen peroxide is a
solution of 3% hydrogen
and 97% water.

Solute

Solvent

Situation
A.Brass is used to make
many objects. Brass is a
solution of 35% zinc metal
in a 65% copper metal
B.Hydrogen peroxide is
used to disinfect cuts.
Hydrogen peroxide is a
solution of 3% hydrogen
and 97% water.

Solute

Solvent

Zinc

Copper

Hydrogen

Water

Situation
C.Dental amalgam is a
metal that is used to fill
cavities. It is a solution of
mercury in tin.
D.Deicing fluid is a cleaner
used to clean car and truck
windshields. It is made up
of a solution of propylene
glycol in water.

Solute

Solvent

Situation
C.Dental amalgam is a
metal that is used to fill
cavities. It is a solution of
mercury in tin.
D.Deicing fluid is a cleaner
used to clean car and truck
windshields. It is made up
of a solution of propylene
glycol in water.

Solute

Solvent

Mercury

Tin

Propylene glycol

Water

Mixing Solutions
Dissolving: To mix completely
ie. the solute dissolves into the solvent.
Some substances are able to dissolve
better than others.

Ability to Dissolve
Soluble: If something is ABLE to
dissolve
Ex: Sugar cube in water

Ability to Dissolve
Insoluble: If something is UNABLE to
dissolve
Ex: Plastic in water

Soluble or Insoluble?

Soluble or Insoluble?

How are substances soluble or


insoluble?
The Particle Theory of Matter states
that:
** there are attractive forces
between the particles.**

How are substances soluble?


Soluble substances:
The particles must be more attracted
to the solvent particles than to
themselves.

How are substances insoluble?


Insoluble substances:
If the particles of the solute are more
attracted to themselves than to the
solvent particles

Solvent or Not?
Some materials are good solvents for
some solutes but not others.
For example:Oil
- Oil is insoluble in water but
- Oil is soluble in gasoline.

Can solutes and solvents be in


differents states?
Yes! All states of matter:
Solids, Liquids and Gases

States of Solutes and Solvents


Solution

Solute

Soda
Water

Carbon
Dioxide

State of
Solute

Solvent
Water

State of
Solvent

States of Solutes and Solvents


Solution

Solute

State of
Solute

Solvent

State of
Solvent

Soda
Water

Carbon
Dioxide

Gas

Water

Liquid

States of Solutes and Solvents


Solution

Solute

Vinegar

Acetic
Acid

State of
Solute

Solvent
Water

State of
Solvent

States of Solutes and Solvents


Solution

Solute

State of
Solute

Solvent

State of
Solvent

Vinegar

Acetic
Acid

Liquid

Water

Liquid

States of Solutes and Solvents

Solution

Solute

Salt
water

Salt

State of
Solute

Solvent
Water

State of
Solvent

States of Solutes and Solvents

Solution

Solute

State of
Solute

Solvent

State of
Solvent

Salt
water

Salt

Solid

Water

Liquid

States of Solutes
and Solvents

Solution

Solute

Brass

Zinc

State of
Solute

Solvent

State of
Solvent

Copper

**Alloy: Solutions made from two or


more metals.

States of Solutes
and Solvents

Solution

Solute

State of
Solute

Solvent

State of
Solvent

Brass

Zinc

Solid

Copper

Solid

**Alloy: Solutions made from two or


more metals.

Homework

Complete Homework Questions!

Concentrations of
Solutions
Concentration: The quantity of solute
that is dissolved in a certain quantity
of the solvent.
Can be described qualitatively or
quantitatively.

Concentration can be described


two ways:
Qualitative
*Quality

Quantitative
*Quantity

Using words
Like dilute or
concentrated

Using numbers.
This is especially
important when
safety is an issue!

Student Practice... (page 471)


Qualitative or Quantitative? #1
(a).Food coloring made the water blue.

(b).Adding 3 mL of food coloring turned


250 mL of water blue.

Student Practice... (page 471)


Qualitative or Quantitative? #1
(a).Food coloring made the water blue.
Qualitative
(b).Adding 3 mL of food coloring turned
250 mL of water blue.
Quantitative

#2
(a).The water became warmer.
(b).The waters temperature increased
by 5 degree Celsius.

#2
(a).The water became warmer.
Qualitative
(b).The waters temperature increased
by 5 degree Celsius.
Quantitative

#3(a).We needed just over a dozen


floor tiles for our model room.
(b).We needed 14 floor tiles for our
model room.

#3(a).We needed just over a dozen


floor tiles for our model room.
Qualitative
(b).We needed 14 floor tiles for our
model room.
Quantitative

#4(a).
The liquid boiled in 5 min.
(b).The liquid took only a few minutes
to boil.

#4(a).
The liquid boiled in 5 min.
Quantitative
(b).The liquid took only a few minutes
to boil.
Qualitative

#5(a).
The mass of this solid is 5g more than
that one.
(b).This solid is heavier than that one.

#5(a).
The mass of this solid is 5g more than
that one.
Quantitative
(b).This solid is heavier than that one.
Qualitative

#6(a).
He drinks eight glasses of water each
day.
(b).He drinks 2L of water each day.

#6(a).
He drinks eight glasses of water each
day.
Qualitative
(b).He drinks 2L of water each day.
Quantitative

Dilute vs. Concentrated


Dilute:
A small amount of dissolved solute in
the solvent.
Concentrated:
There is a large amount of dissolved
solute in a solvent

Mini - Activity
The two cups below each had hot water
with a tea bag sitting in them.
The time below the cup indicates how
long the tea bag has been in the cup.

Directions:
1.Supposing these were clear cups, use
a brown lead to color how dark you
think the tea would be in each cup.
2.Write: dilute solution or concentrated
solution under the cup you think it
describes.

Think about it!


If we keep adding solute, eventually it
will stop dissolving
Think: if you keep adding salt,
eventually there will be too much to
dissolve
What do we call this?

Saturated vs. Unsaturated


Saturated: Is when no more solute
will dissolve at a certain temperature
Draw in the beakers below what
happens when a solution is saturated:

Saturated vs. Unsaturated


Saturated: Is when no more solute
will dissolve at a certain temperature
Draw in the beakers below what
happens when a solution is saturated:

Saturated vs. Unsaturated


Unsaturated: Is when solute is able to
dissolve at a certain temperature
Draw in the beakers below what
happens when a solution is unsaturated:

Saturated vs. Unsaturated


Unsaturated: Is when solute is able to
dissolve at a certain temperature
Draw in the beakers below what
happens when a solution is saturated:

Question to ponder...
Can a solution that is concentrated be
called unsaturated? Explain

Factors affecting solubility

Factors affecting the Rate of


dissolving
Factors that affect the rate of
dissolving include:
1. Surface area of the solute
2. Temperature
3. Pressure

Surface area of solute


The smaller the solute particles, the
quicker they will dissolve

Temperature
The higher the temperature, the more
solute and the faster the solute will
dissolve

Temperature and solubility


As temperature increases, the solubility
of a solid increases
BUT
As temperature increases, the solubility
of a gas decreases.

Pressure
Gases are more soluble in liquids under
higher pressure
Opened bottle decreases pressure and
bubbles come out of solution

Pressure
As pressure increases, the solubility of a
gas increases.

Homework

Complete Homework Questions!

Lab

Lab activity!!

Section 9.1 - Last section!

Separating
Solutions

Partner activity
how you would separate the following
mixtures...
-

Salt water
Muddy water
Nuts and bolts
Iron filings and sand
Vegetable oil and sand
Vegetable oil and water
Salt and pepper

DISCUSSION QUESTION
Are the components you have
separated still mixtures, or are they
pure? Why or why not?

SEPARATION TECHNIQUES
1.Mechanical Sorting:
Used to separate the parts of a mixture,
often based particle size.
Examples: floatation & magnetism

Flotation

Magnetism

2. FILTRATION:
A common way to separate solid
particles from a mixture
The filters can have holes of varying
sizes...
small to microscopic.

EVAPORATION:
Uses a change of state from a liquid to a
gas.
**The solute and solvent have different
boiling points

Evaporation

PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY:
Used to separate the colored substances
in a mixture such as ink.
Used to separate the solvents in a
mixture.

DISTILLATION:
Uses two changes of state:
- evaporation
- condensation
It allows you to recover BOTH the
solute and solvent from a solution.

bbc

Distillation

SEPARATION TECHNIQUES
IN THE HOME:
- Colanders
- Clothes dryers
- Window screens
- Coffee percolators
- Salad spinners
Any others?

Activity!
Demonstration and mini activities!
Magnetism, filtration, paper
chromatography and Distillation!

Practice Questions

Unit Review Practice Questions

Chapter 8 & 9.1 Assignment

Due next class!

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