Unit 3
Some substances dissolve to form solutions
faster and more easily than others.
Review
Solution: A homogeneous mixture ie. they
appear as ONE substance
Examples: tap water, vinegar, gold jewelry,
etc.
Solvent
The substance in
which the solute
dissolves
(found in the greatest
amounts)
Ex :water
Situation
A.Brass is used to make
many objects. Brass is a
solution of 35% zinc metal
in a 65% copper metal
B.Hydrogen peroxide is
used to disinfect cuts.
Hydrogen peroxide is a
solution of 3% hydrogen
and 97% water.
Solute
Solvent
Situation
A.Brass is used to make
many objects. Brass is a
solution of 35% zinc metal
in a 65% copper metal
B.Hydrogen peroxide is
used to disinfect cuts.
Hydrogen peroxide is a
solution of 3% hydrogen
and 97% water.
Solute
Solvent
Zinc
Copper
Hydrogen
Water
Situation
C.Dental amalgam is a
metal that is used to fill
cavities. It is a solution of
mercury in tin.
D.Deicing fluid is a cleaner
used to clean car and truck
windshields. It is made up
of a solution of propylene
glycol in water.
Solute
Solvent
Situation
C.Dental amalgam is a
metal that is used to fill
cavities. It is a solution of
mercury in tin.
D.Deicing fluid is a cleaner
used to clean car and truck
windshields. It is made up
of a solution of propylene
glycol in water.
Solute
Solvent
Mercury
Tin
Propylene glycol
Water
Mixing Solutions
Dissolving: To mix completely
ie. the solute dissolves into the solvent.
Some substances are able to dissolve
better than others.
Ability to Dissolve
Soluble: If something is ABLE to
dissolve
Ex: Sugar cube in water
Ability to Dissolve
Insoluble: If something is UNABLE to
dissolve
Ex: Plastic in water
Soluble or Insoluble?
Soluble or Insoluble?
Solvent or Not?
Some materials are good solvents for
some solutes but not others.
For example:Oil
- Oil is insoluble in water but
- Oil is soluble in gasoline.
Solute
Soda
Water
Carbon
Dioxide
State of
Solute
Solvent
Water
State of
Solvent
Solute
State of
Solute
Solvent
State of
Solvent
Soda
Water
Carbon
Dioxide
Gas
Water
Liquid
Solute
Vinegar
Acetic
Acid
State of
Solute
Solvent
Water
State of
Solvent
Solute
State of
Solute
Solvent
State of
Solvent
Vinegar
Acetic
Acid
Liquid
Water
Liquid
Solution
Solute
Salt
water
Salt
State of
Solute
Solvent
Water
State of
Solvent
Solution
Solute
State of
Solute
Solvent
State of
Solvent
Salt
water
Salt
Solid
Water
Liquid
States of Solutes
and Solvents
Solution
Solute
Brass
Zinc
State of
Solute
Solvent
State of
Solvent
Copper
States of Solutes
and Solvents
Solution
Solute
State of
Solute
Solvent
State of
Solvent
Brass
Zinc
Solid
Copper
Solid
Homework
Concentrations of
Solutions
Concentration: The quantity of solute
that is dissolved in a certain quantity
of the solvent.
Can be described qualitatively or
quantitatively.
Quantitative
*Quantity
Using words
Like dilute or
concentrated
Using numbers.
This is especially
important when
safety is an issue!
#2
(a).The water became warmer.
(b).The waters temperature increased
by 5 degree Celsius.
#2
(a).The water became warmer.
Qualitative
(b).The waters temperature increased
by 5 degree Celsius.
Quantitative
#4(a).
The liquid boiled in 5 min.
(b).The liquid took only a few minutes
to boil.
#4(a).
The liquid boiled in 5 min.
Quantitative
(b).The liquid took only a few minutes
to boil.
Qualitative
#5(a).
The mass of this solid is 5g more than
that one.
(b).This solid is heavier than that one.
#5(a).
The mass of this solid is 5g more than
that one.
Quantitative
(b).This solid is heavier than that one.
Qualitative
#6(a).
He drinks eight glasses of water each
day.
(b).He drinks 2L of water each day.
#6(a).
He drinks eight glasses of water each
day.
Qualitative
(b).He drinks 2L of water each day.
Quantitative
Mini - Activity
The two cups below each had hot water
with a tea bag sitting in them.
The time below the cup indicates how
long the tea bag has been in the cup.
Directions:
1.Supposing these were clear cups, use
a brown lead to color how dark you
think the tea would be in each cup.
2.Write: dilute solution or concentrated
solution under the cup you think it
describes.
Question to ponder...
Can a solution that is concentrated be
called unsaturated? Explain
Temperature
The higher the temperature, the more
solute and the faster the solute will
dissolve
Pressure
Gases are more soluble in liquids under
higher pressure
Opened bottle decreases pressure and
bubbles come out of solution
Pressure
As pressure increases, the solubility of a
gas increases.
Homework
Lab
Lab activity!!
Separating
Solutions
Partner activity
how you would separate the following
mixtures...
-
Salt water
Muddy water
Nuts and bolts
Iron filings and sand
Vegetable oil and sand
Vegetable oil and water
Salt and pepper
DISCUSSION QUESTION
Are the components you have
separated still mixtures, or are they
pure? Why or why not?
SEPARATION TECHNIQUES
1.Mechanical Sorting:
Used to separate the parts of a mixture,
often based particle size.
Examples: floatation & magnetism
Flotation
Magnetism
2. FILTRATION:
A common way to separate solid
particles from a mixture
The filters can have holes of varying
sizes...
small to microscopic.
EVAPORATION:
Uses a change of state from a liquid to a
gas.
**The solute and solvent have different
boiling points
Evaporation
PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY:
Used to separate the colored substances
in a mixture such as ink.
Used to separate the solvents in a
mixture.
DISTILLATION:
Uses two changes of state:
- evaporation
- condensation
It allows you to recover BOTH the
solute and solvent from a solution.
bbc
Distillation
SEPARATION TECHNIQUES
IN THE HOME:
- Colanders
- Clothes dryers
- Window screens
- Coffee percolators
- Salad spinners
Any others?
Activity!
Demonstration and mini activities!
Magnetism, filtration, paper
chromatography and Distillation!
Practice Questions