CHICAGO

STYLE GUIDE

AMERICAN PUBLIC UNIVERSITY SYSTEM

2012 EDITION

WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY KIMBERLEY WEATHERS, PHD | EDITED BY DAVID PEAVLER

INTRODUCTION

The AMU and APUS History and Military Studies Programs
require students to use the University of Chicago Manual of Style
(now in its 16th edition) for citing sources within writing assignments.

First published in 1906, the Chicago method of citation is the
oldest academic citation guide and the preferred method in the field
of history as well as other branches of the Humanities. The Chicago
Manual includes direction for all facets of publishing academic works.
In 1937, the dissertation secretary at the University of Chicago, Kate
Turabian, published a simplified guide to the Chicago Manual of Style
for students. Kate Turabians Manual for Writers of Term Papers,Theses,
and Dissertations is currently in its seventh edition. For that reason,
the Chicago style of citation may also be referred to as Turabian;
they are one in the same. The focus of the guide you are reading is
to demonstrate how to document the typical assignments students
encounter in history courses such as, research papers, discussion
boards, and book reviews, among others.

The Chicago method of citation is more detailed than other
formats such as APA or MLA. This is because the nature of historical
research requires writers to use a wide array of sources that need
to be traced to the exact passage of a book or a letter or another
primary source from an archives. Although footnotes and endnotes
are generally required for work in the humanities, the Author-Date
format for parenthetical references is also included in the Chicago
Manual of Style. Author-Date is traditionally reserved for the physical,
natural, or social sciences. Parenthetical references do not allow
readers to easily pinpoint some material. They also tend to distract
the reader. The AMU and APUS programs require students in upper
level courses to adhere to Chicago guidelines by using footnotes
or endnotes for all written assignments and including a bibliography
on research projects. Some instructors may allow the Author-Date
format.

61

Topic: Prohibition

THESIS CONSTRUCTION
Ideally, in the course of examining the sources you will
discover that they answer your research question: this
answer is your thesis. A thesis in history and the
humanities serves much the same role as a hypothesis
does in research in the sciences.

T HES I S CONSTRUCTION E X AMP LE

Formulation of research questiona

Why did Prohibition fail?

It is an emphatic statement, a thesis statement requires

an argument.
It is testable (by the evidence you bring to bear) .

In the early stages of your research, you will develop

a working thesis, which is to say that the sources will
seem to provide a tentative answer to your question. It
is important, however, to remain flexible until youve
thoroughly examined all of the sources at your disposal

Always ask yourself: does this thesis hold up in the

light of the new evidence I am uncovering?
As in scientific research, historians must be willing
to modify
their theses as the evidence directs them to do so.

The thesis statement will not necessarily give a right

or wrong answer. Instead, it should illuminate a point
that is debateable. The job of the writer is to present
readers with a valid argument.

62

Good Thesis aProhibition failed because the law lacked the

means of enforcement.

Poor Thesis a In this paper, I will examine why Prohibition

failed.

Topic: Womens suffrage

Formulation of research questiona

What were womens voting patterns following passage of the

19th amendment?

Good Thesis a Upon gaining the right to vote, women did not
vote as a bloc, or even in exceptionally large numbers.

Poor Thesis: aThe purpose of this paper is to examine

womens voting patterns.

Topic: Woodrow Wilson and

racism

Formulation of research questiona

Was Woodrow Wilson racist?

Good Thesis a As the first Southerner in the White Hours in

half a century, Woodrow Wilson made white supremacy part of
federal policy.
Poor Thesis a In this paper, I will examine Woodrow
Wilsons attitudes on race.

63

RESEARCHING
Humanities

Primary
Source

Report of scientific
discoveries

EXAMPLE: Newspaper
articles, Journals entries, and
photographs

EXAMPLE: Published
research study results, and
conference proceedings

Second-hand account of
an historical event
Interprets creative work
EXAMPLE: Biographies,
literary criticisms, theater
reviews

Results of experiments
Results of clinical trials
Social and political science
research results
Factual, not interpretive

D
DI

YO U K N O W

..

Secondary sources can

be found in a multitude of
locations but sticking to
library resources will ensure
research reliability and
validity

.
.

Secondary
Source

Sciences

Original, first-hand account of an event or time

period
Usually written or made
during or close to the event
or time period
Original, creative writing
or works of art
Factual, not interpretive

Analyzes and interprets

primary sources

OBJECTIVITY
Evidence that runs counter to your thesis always exists. Embrace the
differing viewpoints and use them to demonstrate the competing ideas
about your topic. Ignoring contradictory evidence leads to bias and
inaccurate research. You may find that your initial thesis is incorrect.
That is fine. Some of the most significant information has come from
scholars who ultimately prove their theories wrong. In writing for
history and the humanities, your final thesis will be the result of your
research, not the starting point.
Your Thesis:

The integration of Boone County schools incited

little controversy as a consequence of the countys lily-white racial
demographics.

Then you come across an article detailing opposition to

integration in Boone County schools.

You cant ignore the article.

You can argue that the authors argument was wrong
or shortsighted, e.g., Jeb Clampitts comparison of
Boone county to the national showdown in Little
Rock distorted his perspective

When you come across some protest against integration in
Boone County but you dont think it amounts to much,
you still need to address it i.e., The Hatfield and McCoy
protest of December 1955 was notable, then, as an
exceptional occurrence

Sometimes the exception proves the rule, but you dont
obscure the truth

Analyzes and interprets

research results
Analyzes and interprets
scientific discoveries
EXAMPLE: Publications
about the significance of
study results

GATHERING EVIDENCE
The purpose of studying history is to learn to analyze and
evaluate events critically. Historical research involves the use
of two types of sources, primary and secondary.

A primary source is material that was produced at the time of the event or by
someone who has firsthand knowledge of the event
Secondary sources are the works that describe an event. These include scholarly
journal articles, books written by historians, and biographical works. A good research
paper includes both types of documents but relies most heavily on primary sources.

Many primary documents can be acquired online either in

published volumes such as the Papers of the Presidents, or in
a digital format from archival repositories. Some newspapers,
including the New York Times, are available all the way back to
the nineteenth century.
Secondary sources are available anywhere books are sold,
but the universitys online library has both hard copies and
e-books available, as well as numerous databases of scholarly
journals and other resources. Research should be limited
to the university library as much as possible to ensure that
sources are academically rigorous and meet college standards.

64

65

INTEGRATING RESOURCES

QUOTATIONS
Quotations should never drop in on paragraphs unannounced!
Occasionally you will need only a small fragment of an unoriginal
sentence, or you will find material that is confusing or incorrect. Any
quoted material and some paraphrased material should be introduced
by a signal phrase, that is, an introduction of sorts of the other author.
The first mention of any author should give his or her full name,
followed subsequently by last name only. A paraphrase or summary
of another authors work needs to be set off from the students own
words, particularly when an entire paragraph may be summarized

Integrating resources is the art of actually writing the paper. The

research to support the thesis must be interwoven with your own
words to prove your case. Quotations add flavor to the paper, but
other authors words should not drown out the students voice. For
that reason, it is recommended that attribution to authors of secondary
sources should be limited. It is rare that a quotation from a secondary
source will make a statement better than a student can with his own
words. In this instance, paraphrasing is often the best action.

DI

Any use of
another authors
ideas must be
noted in a citation
and quotation
marks utilized
appropriately!

OU KNOW . .
..
DY

Patchwork
plagiarism and word
for word plagiarism
can both result in
receiving an F in
the course

Note
Ellipsis: The ellipsis mark (three
periods with spaces in between) to
condense a quotation by eliminating
unnecessary words. If the omitted
portion of a quotation is a full sentence,
denote it by placing an extra period in
the ellipsis.

ing Well. .
Writ
..

Example
At the annual meeting of the AMA house of delegates in 1942, a
Kentucky physician rebuked the FSAs critics, claiming that the FSA
is making a notable contribution . . . We will welcome with open
arms in Kentucky the FSA when it comes.3
3 Michael Grey, New Deal Medicine: The Rural Health Programs of the Farm Security Administration, (Johns Hopkins
Univ. Press, 2002), p. 66

Confusing sentences and incorHe had his wife and children, but he just wanted his Diana in every
rect grammar: In some cases, the
sense of the world [word?].4
material to be quoted is confusing or
4Mrs Virginia Hayes Shepherd, Interview May 18, 1937, Library of Virginia, Richmond, quoted in Charles Perdue,
grammatically incorrect. In this case,
et al, eds., Weevils in the Wheat: Interviews with Virginia Ex-Slaves (Indiana University Press, 1980), quoted in Mary
brackets and the term [sic] to indicate a Beth Norton and Ruth M. Alexander, eds., Major Problems in American Womens History, 4th ed., (Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2007), p. 182
grammatical error appears in the original
material.

No more than 10-15% of a

research paper should be
quoted material.

Introducing Quoted Material: Any

quoted material and some paraphrased
material should be introduced by a signal
phrase. , The first mention of any author
should give his or her full name, followed
subsequently by last name only

The challenge of incorporating this material, then, is often the most

difficult part of writing the paper. The best way to use quoted material
is to weave it into the body of the paper without interrupting the flow.
There are several methods for integrating resources.

A major consideration when including quotations is to maintain
the structure of the sentence where they are included. In this case,
snipping fragments from a longer passage and placing them in quote
marks within a sentence is acceptable.

Ibid: When you have two consecutive

notes from the same source you use
Ibid Use Ibid alone if the page number is the same.

More recently, Rickey Hendricks in her history of Kaiser-Permanente

notes that the miniscule FSA programs were not intended to be
the basis for national health planning. 5
In 1949, Life magazine reported that suddenly and for no plain
reason, American women were seized with an eerie restlessness.6
5 Michael Grey, New Deal Medicine: The Rural Health Programs of the Farm Security Administration, (Johns Hopkins
Univ. Press, 2002), p. 18
6 Stephanie Coontz, Leave it to Beaver and Ozzie and Harriet: American Families in the 1950s, in Nancy Hewitt and
Kirsten Delegard, eds, Women, Families, and Communities: Readings in American History, vol. 2 from 1865, 2nd ed.,
(Pearson Longman, 2008), p. 181

Historian Elizabeth Pleck describes how one Family Service Association translated this psychological approach into patient counseling during the 1950s. Mrs. K. came to the Association because her
husband was an alcoholic who repeatedly abused, both physically
and sexually. The agency felt, however, that it was simplistic to
blame the couples problems on his drinking.7
7 Ibid

66

67

FORMATTING
All written work should contain a strong thesis that is back up by cited supporting
material. In the case of forum responses, the major source will be the course textbook.
Outside research is always welcome, and the standards for forum posts are less
stringent than for research papers, BUT ALL MATERIAL MUST BE CITED. Because
the classroom will not support superscript numbers and footnotes, the note number
may be in line with the rest of the text. However, the citation should follow the
correct Chicago format.

According to Carters domestic policy advisor Stuart Eizenstat,

the pivotal issue lay in the fact that a condition of United Auto
Workers (UAW) support was national health insurance.2 Carter
was not enthusiastic about kowtowing to labor, and even less so
about promoting national health insurance. He decided to do
what was politically expedient, however, and in an address to the
Student National Medical Association, he laid out the guidelines

BL OC K QUOT E EXAMP LE

for his health proposal:

Format

Every citizen must be entitled to the same level
of comprehensive benefits. Benefits should be

insured by a combination of resources: employer

and employee shared payroll taxes, and general tax

revenues. As President, I would want to give our

people the most rapid improvement in individual

health care the nation can afford, accommodating

first those who need it most, with the understanding

that it will be a comprehensive program in the end.3

Description

Font
Page Size

Standard 8.5 x 11 inch

Margins

Set the top, left, right and bottom to 1.5 inch

Spacing

All text should be double spaced EXCEPT the following

Block Quotes

Table titles and figure captions

front mater (table of contents)

Footnotes or endnotes

Bibliographies

Carter would not ensure all of labors demands but

he managed to pass the litmus test of a minimum program by

promising universality, comprehensiveness, and a mandatory

system.4 Indeed, Leonard Woodcock, the president of the UAW,

helped write the speech, a fact Carter eagerly pointed out to

UAW delegates.5

Date Style

Use mm (Spelled out) dd, yyyy (4 July 1776 would read July 4, 1776.).

3 Jimmy Carter, Address on National Health Policy before the Student National Medical Association, Washington, D.C., April 16, 1976, from Butler
4 Eizenstat quoted in Halpern

Use one space after periods and colons.

Left-align the document, leaving the right side of the text uneven (do not fully
justify the text).
Indent the first line of a paragraph 0.5 from the left margin; the easiest way to do
this is to use the tab key, since most word processing programs have the default tab
set at 0.5

Text formatting

2 quoted in Martin Halpern, Jimmy Carter and the UAW: Failure of an Alliance, Presidential Studies Quarterly, Summer 1996, p. 755
Files, National Health Insurance, (4/16/76-4/17/76), Jimmy Carter Library, Atlanta, Georgia

Use a professional-looking font that is easy to read, such as Times New Roman, Arial,
or Calibri
Use 12-point font size.
Footnotes should be 10-point font

5 Halpern; Adam Clymer, Edward M. Kennedy: A Biography, (New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc.), 1999, p. 246

For m
intext ore on
c
refer t itations
op
_____ age

Note the in Chicago

Turabian the number
of words is irrelevant
and the number of
lines determines a
block quote

68

69

CITATION-FOOTNOTES
All notes should be:

o
uniquely numbered,
o single-spaced,

o
separated by a single blank line in

between entries.
The first line should be indented, as in a paragraph, and aligned to
the left.

Carter believed that bringing health care inflation under control, would
by itself, improve his chance of enacting a national health plan. He
also feared that if national health insurance went into effect without
any controls on pricing, increased demands for services would prove
inflationary. 27

Commentary should be written in proper English and in complete

sentences.

costs were uniquely severe, but also, uniquely controllable. He

pointed out that his cost control bill could help fulfill another of his

The bibliography is the final component of the research paper. It

should include all sources that have been consulted for research, even
if they were not all used within the text of the paper. The bibliography
page is numbered consecutively with the rest of the paper.

The title Bibliography should appear centered on the top line
of the paper. Entries in the bibliography are alphabetized by author. If
there is no author, use the first word in the title that is not A, An, or
The.

campaign promises as well: [It] offers us one of our best opportunities

to bring down the rate of overall inflation.28 The Hospital Cost Control
Act sought to cap overall hospital costs, (at nine percent in fiscal year
1978), with costs decreasing annually until an entirely new system for
paying hospitals would come into effect, presumably with the enactment
of national health insurance. Carter also proposed to curb new con-

FO OT NOTE E XAMP LE

Bibliographic
entries

In introducing his legislation, Carter declared that hospital

Notes

1. Indentation. Entries in the bibliography should be reverseindented. That means that the first line is flush to the left margin and
all subsequent lines are indented five spaces.
2. Punctuation. Most of the components of bibliographic entries are
ended with periods, whereas in notes they are separated by commas.
3. Finally, bibliographic entries only contain page numbers for journal
or magazine articles, and include the entire page range. Notes
contain single page numbers on all entries (except web pages) so that
the reader can locate a specific point or quotation within the source.
Entries are single-spaced with a blank line between each citation.

70

struction costs to $2.5 billion nationwide, depending on population and

the number of existing hospital beds in a given area. These controls only
applied to in-patient services at acute care hospitals. 29 The administration continually revamped the bill according to arguments made during
congressional debate, but the basic factors remained the same.

Not surprisingly, efforts to curtail hospital costs met with

vehement opposition, from industry lobbies as well as from members of

Congress. The administrations national health plan was not contingent
on the enactment of hospital cost controls. 30
27 Stuart Eizenstat, Interview with the Author, August 5, 2001, Washington, D.C.
28 Text of Presidential Message on Hospital Cost Containment, March 6, 1979, Congressional Quarterly
Almanac, 1979, p. 14-E
29 Hospital Cost Control, Congressional Quarterly Almanac, 1977, p. 500-01

30 Joseph A. Califano, Jr., Telephone interview with the author, November, 2001; Mongan, M.D.,
Interview with the author, Nov. 5, 2001, Boston, Mass.; Davis interview
229

71

If pages numbers are not avaliable, you may

identify the location of a cited passage by adding
a descriptve locator following the word Under

Author, Title, Journal Title Volume#,

Issue# (Date: mm yyyy, or month or
season, yyyy): page# [OR under
heading title,] URL (accessed date
Month date, yyyy).

ART ICLES

Brian Uzzi and Jarrett Spiro,

Collaboration and
Creativity: The Small World
Problem, American
Journal of Sociology 111,
no. 2 (September 2005),
under Milgrams Small
World Theory, http:/
www,journalsuchicago
edu/AJS.html (accessed
December 19, 2005).

MAGAZINE ARTICLE

REVIEW ARTICLES

Author, Magazine Title, volume or issue

number (Date: mm dd yyyy), page
#-page#.

Author first name middle initial. Last name,

review of Title of the book or Article, by
Author of the orginal book or article,
Journal name Volume number, no. issue
number (day Month yyyy): Pages

NOTES FORMAT
Shirley Temple Black, Dont Sit
at Home and Be Afraid,
McCalls, February 1973, 82.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
FORMAT
Black, Shirley Temple. Dont Sit
at Home and Be Afraid.
McCalls, February 1973, 82.

JOURNAL ARTICLES

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE

Author, Title, Journal Title Volume#,

Issue# (Date: mm yyyy, or month or
season, yyyy): page#.

These types of citations are listed in the notes,

but the Chicago Manual indicates without
pagination because of variations from different
editions. In addition, such resources are not
included in the bibliography. Please note that
newspaper articles will not always have title and/
or page numbers. The format calls for:

NOTES FORMAT
Karen Kapinski, Caring for the
Lost Historian, Journal of
Social Activism 15 (March
1991): 101.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
FORMAT
Kapinski, Karen. Caring for the
Lost Historian. Journal of
Social Activism15 (March
1991): 101-124.

NOTES FORMAT
James K. Rockland, review of
The American Dream, by
Jonathan Davies, History
Journal 12, no. 1 (22 April
2000): 32.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
FORMAT
Rockland, James K. Review of
The American Dream, by
Jonathan Davies. History
Journal 12, no. 1 (22 April
2000): 32-33.

ART ICLES

JOURNAL ARTICLES
ONLINE

Author, Title, Newspaper Title, mm dd

yyyy.

NOTES FORMAT
John Moyers, The Hunt for
Osama, Washington Post,
June14, 2005.

SOURCES QUOTED
FROM ANOTHER
SOURCE
Author, Title, Journal Title Volume#,
Issue# (Date: mm yyyy, or month or
season, yyyy): page#.

NOTES FORMAT
Susan Bates, in Marian Segal,
Breast Cancer: Woman is
Partner in Choosing
Treatment, FDA Consumer,
(September 1991): p. 19
BIBLIOGRAPHY
FORMAT
Segal, Marian. Breast Cancer:
Woman Is Partner in
Choosing Treatment. FDA
Consumer, (September
1991) p: 19-23.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
FORMAT
Moyers, John. The Hunt for
Osama. Oh Washington
Post. 14 June 2005.

72

NEWSPAPER-SPECIAL
FORMAT ISSUES
Regular columns and letters to the editor are
formatted differently than

REGULAR COLUMNS

Author name, article title, Column name,

Newspaper name, Month date, yyyy.

Gretchen Morgenson, applying

a Discount Earnings News,
Market Watch, New York
Times, April 23, 2000.
LETTERS TO THE
EDITOR
Author name, letter to the editor,
Newspaper name, Month date, yyyy.

Virginia J. Davis, letter to the

editor, Chicago Tribune, July
29,2005.

SPECIAL ISSUES AND

SUPPLEMENTS
If the special issue has a title and editor of its
own, include both in the citations. Add the
words special issue before the journal title
and follow it with a period. Supplements are
numbered, often, with an S as part of the page
numbers. Use a comma between the volume
number and supplement number.

Author or editor (if editor add ed. after

the comma following the editorss
name), Title, Special Issue, Journal
Name,Volume, no. issue number (yyyy).

Good, Thomas, ed. Non

subject-matter Outcomes of
Schooling. Special issue,
Elementary School Journal 99,
no. 5 (1999).

73

BOOKS

Authors first and last name, Title (Place of

Publication: Publisher,Year),
page numbers.

NOTES FORMAT
Philip B. Kurland and Ralph
Lerner, eds., The Founders
Constitution (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press,
1987), accessed February 28,
2010, http://press-pubs
uchicago.edu.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
FORMAT
Kurland, Philip B. and Ralph
Lerner, eds. The Founders
Constitution. Chicago:
University of Chicago
Press, 1987. accessed 28
February 2010, http://press
pubs.uchicago.edu/

EDITED OR
TRANSLATED VOLUME

MULTIPLE AUTHORS

NOTES FORMAT
Edmund Rostand, Cyrano
de Bergerac, trans. Anthony
Burgess,(Milwaukee, WI:
Applause Books, 2000), p. 45
BIBLIOGRAPHY
FORMAT
Rostand, Edmund. Cyrano de
Bergerac. Translated by
Anthony Burgess. Milwaukee,
WI: Applause Books, 2000.

Author also comes first and is typically the

government agency [Note: requires sufficient
depth to clearly indicate the office within its
hierarchy],

Author (if editor add ed. after the comma

following the editorss name), Book Title
(Place of publication: Publisher, year),
Accessed Month date, yyyy, URL

NOTES FORMAT
Fred Stielow, Creating Virtual
Libraries (New York: Neal
Schuman Publishers,
1999), 68.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
FORMAT
Stielow, Fred. Creating Virtual
Libraries. New York: Neal
Schuman Publishers, 1999.

Author of Original Text, Text Tile, trans.

Translators name, (Place of publication:
publisher, year), page

GOVERNMENT
DOCUMENTS

SINGLE AUTHOR-ONLINE BOOK

Author (gov agency), committee, Title

(Place of publication: publisher, year),
page number.

NOTES FORMAT
Congress, Senate, Committee of
Foreign Relations, U.S.
Scholarship Program for
Developing Countries
(Washington, DC: GPO,
1984), 7.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
FORMAT
Congress. Senate. Committee
of Foreign Relations.
U.S. Scholarship Program for
Developing Countries.
Washington, DC: GPO,
1984.

OTHER

SINGLE AUTHOR-BASIC FORMAT FOR

PRINT BOOK

First author and Second Author, Book Title:

Subtitle (please of publication: Publisher, year),
page number

NOTES FORMAT
Geoffrey C. Ward and Ken
Burns, The War: An Intimate
History, 19411945 (New
York: Knopf, 2007), 52.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
FORMAT
Ward, Geoffrey C., and Ken
Burns. The War: An Intimate
History, 19411945. New
York: Knopf, 2007.
FOUR OR MORE
AUTHORS
Dana Barnes et al., Plastics:
Essays on American
Corporate Ascendance in
the 1960s . . .

74

MEDIA/VIDEO
Author, Media Title Program Title, Season
number, episode number, Director,
aired Month day, year (Place of
production: company, year), Format

NOTES FORMAT
Michael Curtis and Gregory S.
Malins, The One with the
Princess Leia Fantasy,
Friends, season 3, episode 1,
directed by Gail Mancuso,
aired September 19, 1996
(Burbank, CA: Warner Home
Video, 2003), DVD.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
FORMAT
Curtis, Michael and Gregory S.
Malins. The One with the
Princess Leia Fantasy.
Friends. Season 3, episode
1. Directed by Gail Mancuso.
Aired September 19, 1996.
Burbank, CA: Warner Home
Video, 2003. DVD.

THESES OR
DISSERTATIONS

INTERVIEW BY
AUTHOR

Author, Paper title: Subtitle, (place of

publication: publisher Ph.D.
diss., year), page.

Interviewee (position, Company), interview

with the position, date of interview.

NOTES FORMAT
Frederick J. Stielow, Isolation
and Development on a Gulf
Coast Island: Grand Isle,
Louisiana, 1760-1962,
(Bloomington, IN: Indiana
University Ph.D. diss.,
1977), 186.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
FORMAT
Stielow, Frederick J. Isolation
and Development on a Gulf
Coast Island: Grand Isle,
Louisiana, 1760-1962. Ph.D.
diss. Indiana University,
1977.

NOTES FORMAT
Andrew Macmillan (principal
adviser, Investment Center
Division, FAO), interview
with the author, September
1998.*
BIBLIOGRAPHY
FORMAT
*Unpublished interviews do not
need to be entered into the
Bibliography.

75

WEBSITE

E-MAIL MESSAGE

Author (gov agency), committee, Title

(Place of publication: publisher, year),
page number.

Author, e-mail message to author, Month

day, year.

OTH ER

NOTES FORMAT
Evanston Public Library Board
of Trustees, Evanston Public
Library Strategic Plan, 2000
2010: A Decade of
Outreach, Evanston Public
Library, accessed June 1,
2005, http://www.epl.org
library/strategic-plan-00.html
BIBLIOGRAPHY
FORMAT
Evanston Public Library Board
of Trustees. Evanston Public
Library Strategic Plan, 2000
2010: A Decade of
Outreach. Evanston Public
Library. Accessed June 1,
2005. http://www.epl.org
library/strategic-plan-00.html

NOTES FORMAT
Elizabeth Vetter, e-mail message
to author, October 16, 2009.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
FORMAT
*Personal communications are
not included in the bibliography.

WEBLOG

PODCAST

Author, weblog title (blog), Entry date

Month day, year, URL

Author, Podcast Segment title, Podcast

title, URL

NOTES FORMAT
Rick Shenkman, Which Poll Do
You Believe? (blog),
October 31, 2009, http:/
HowStupidBlog.com.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
FORMAT
Shenkman, Rick. How Stupid
Are We? (blog). http://
HowStupidBlog.com.

NOTES FORMAT
Ken Rudin, Dissatisfaction
Builds Ahead of Midterm
Elections, NPR
People, http://www.npr
org/emplates/story/story
php?storyId=130744808.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
FORMAT
Rudin, Ken. Dissatisfaction
Builds Ahead of Midterm
Elections. NPR People.
http://www.npr.org
templates/story/story
php?storyId=130744808.

76