English Grammar for Beginners

ENGLISH
GRAMMAR
for
BEGINNERS

Compiled by: HAFIZ ASHFAQ AHMED

English Grammar for Beginners

Language: (‫)زبان‬
Language is a medium of expression. It is in fact a collection of
different sounds. These sounds are called LETTERS. Letters are
meaningless sounds e.g: a b c etc. These are called Alphabets. English
language has 26 Alphabets. These 26 Alphabets are further divided
into two catagories: VOWELS (a,e,i,o,u) and CONSONANTS (other
than a,e,i,o,u). Two or more letters make WORD. Words are
meaningful e.g One, Chair, man etc. Two or more words make a
SENTENCE.
‫زبانااہظراکذرہعیےہ۔ ہیدرتقیقحآوازوںاکومجمہعےہ۔انآوازوںوکرحوفےتہکںیہ۔رحوفےبینعموہ ےتںیہ۔ان‬
‫رحوفوکرحوفادجبیھب اہتاباےہ۔‬
THE SENTENCE: ‫ہلمج‬/‫رقفہ‬
A combination of words which makes complete sense is called a
sentence.
‫وظفلںاکااسیومجمہعوجلمکمباتایبنرکےرقفہباہلمجالہکباےہ۔‬
EXAMPLES:
He goes to school daily. ‫وہروزاہنوکسلتاباےہ۔‬
Do not tell a lie. ‫وھجٹموبول۔‬

PARTS OF SPEECH:
The words used in a sentence are divided into different kinds or
classes according to the work they do in the sentence. these kinds or
classes are called PARTS OF SPEECH. These are:

1. Noun 2. Pronoun 3. Adjective 4. Preposition

5. Verb 6. Adverb 7. Conjunction 8. Interjection

NOUN: (‫)امس‬
Noun is a word we use to name a person, a place or a thing.
‫ )امس)یسکصخشہگجبازیچےکباموکےتہکںیہ۔‬Noun
Ali, lahore, pen, book, dog, courage etc.

Compiled by: HAFIZ ASHFAQ AHMED

English Grammar for Beginners

NUMBER:
There are only two numbers (‫ )یتنگ‬in English, the SINGULAR (one
person or thing) and the PLURAL (more than one person or thing).

SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL

Boy Boys Girl Girls
Toy Toys Book Books
Pen Pens Chair Chairs
Table Tables Desk Desks
Night Nights Day Days
Cow Cows Monkey Monkeys
Donkey Donkeys Horse Horses
Friend Friends Poet Poets
Dog Dogs Cat Cats
Arm Arms Leg Legs
Hand Hands Ticket Tickets
Cap Caps Flower Flowers
Plant Plants Tree Trees
Bird Birds Bat Bats
Racket Rackets Pin Pins
Bangle Bangles Calf Calves
Shirt Shirts Locket Lockets
House Houses Room Rooms
Roof Roofs Wall Walls
Kitchen Kitchens Door Doors
Window Windows Chief Chieves
Hoof Hoofs Dwarf Dwarfs
Proof Proofs Gulf Gulfs
Thief Thieves Wolf Wolfs
Leaf Leaves Calf Calves
Life Lives Knife Knives
Class Classes Bench Benches
Watch Watches Brush Brushes
Dish Dishes Tax Taxes
Box Boxes Bush Bushes
Match Matches Wife Wives
Kiss Kisses Mango Mangoes
Buffalo Buffaloes Volcano Volcanoes
Potato Potatoes Hero Heroes
Negro Negroes Dynamo Dynamos
Piano Pianos Cuckoo Cuckoos

Compiled by: HAFIZ ASHFAQ AHMED

English Grammar for Beginners
Bamboo Bamboos Duty Duties
City Cities Baby Babies
Lady Ladies Story Stories
Army Armies Pony Ponies
Fly Flies Woman Women
Man Men Tooth Teeth
Foot Feet Mouse Mice
Goose Geese Brother Brothers
Child Children Branch Branches
Brother-in-law Brothers-in-law Ox Oxen
Court-Martial Courts-martial Passer- by Passers-by
Mr Messers Miss Misses
Step-father Step-fathers Mrs Mesdames

Following Nouns are used only in the plural:

Trousers Spectacles Scissors
Drwers Measles Mumps
Riches Tidings

Following Nouns are used only in the singular:

News Innings Mathematics
Physics Politics Mechanics

Gender:
Gender shows the difference of sex.
Masculine Gender: A noun that denotes male animal.
e.g. Boy, Lion
Feminine Gender: A noun that denotes female animal.
e.g. Girl, Lioness
Common Gender: A noun that denoteseither sex.
e.g. Baby, Friend
Neuter Gender: A noun that denotes Lifeless things.
e.g. Apple, Book

Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine

Boy Girl Brother Sister
Bull Cow Cock Hen
Dog Bitch Father Mother
Horse Mare Husband Wife
Man Woman Nephew Niece
Papa Mamma Son Daughter
Uncle Aunt Giant Giantess

Compiled by: HAFIZ ASHFAQ AHMED

English Grammar for Beginners
Author Authoress Host Hostess
Heir Heiress Lion Lioness
Shepherd Shepherdess Poet Poetess
Manager Manageress Actor Actress
Instructor Instructress Hunter Hunteress
Conductor Conductress Tiger Tigress
Negro Negress Waiter Waitress
Traitor Traitress

PRONOUN: (‫)امسریمض‬
A Pronoun is used instead of a noun to avoid repitition of the noun.
‫تابےہباہکامسوکباربارہنانھکلڑپے۔‬
‫امسریمضامسیکہگجاھکل ا‬
e.g. Ali was late. He was ill.
PERSONAL PRONOUN: (‫)امسریمضذایت‬
FIRST PERSON: (the person speaking) ‫ملکتم‬ I & WE
SECOND PERSON: (the person spoken to) ‫احرض‬ YOU
THIRD PERSON: (the person spoken) ‫اغئ‬ HE, SHE, It & THEY

PERSONAL PRONOUN :( Cases)

Nominative Possessive Accusative
I my / mine me
We our / ours us
You your / yours you
He his him
She Her Her
It Its It
They Their Them

RELATIVE PRONOUN:
The word that works as conjunction as well as pronoun is called
relative pronoun. These are: Who, Whose, Whom, Which, That
Who is at the door?
Whose pen is this?
He is the boy whom I met in the party.
Who, is used ofr human beings and which is used for other than
humanbeings while that is used for both.

FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH SUITABLEL PRONOUNS:

1. Naureen and _______ were present. (I, me)

Compiled by: HAFIZ ASHFAQ AHMED

English Grammar for Beginners
2. It was Salma _______ called on you. (whom, who)
3. It might have been ________ . (he, him)
4. Can you write English as well as _______ . (they, them)
5. You are taller than _____ . (he, him)
6. He is better bats man than _______ . (we, us)
7. Nobody but _____ was absent. (she, her)
8. She and _____ are good friends. (I, me)
9. He lost his bat, and we ______ . (our, ours)
10. The bike _______ has been stolen is not his. (which, who)
Answers:
1. I 2. who 3. him 4. they 5. he
6. we 7. she 8. I 9. ours 10. Which

SOME RULES REGARDING THE CORRECT USE OF

VERB
‫(یکدرساحلےکبارےںیمدنچاوصل‬Verb)
‫ وریغہاکذرکوہوتوہہلمجومع ام‬often ‫ با‬always, daily, every day ‫ارگارگنیزیےلمجںیم‬ ‫۔‬1
‫ یکونتیعےکاطمقبلعفیکیلہپافرم‬subject ‫اکوہباےہ۔اسوصرتںیم‬Present Indefinite Tense
‫ اامعتسلںیہنایکتابا۔‬helping verb ‫اامعتسلیکتایتےہ۔اسںیم‬
‫ اکااضہفایک‬es ‫ با‬s ‫ ےکاسھت‬verb ‫ باوادحباموہوتاسےک‬He, She, It ‫( افلع‬subject) ‫ ارگ‬:‫ونٹ‬
‫تاباےہ۔‬
i. He go to school every day. (In-correct)
He goes to school every day. (Correct)
ii. We often writing a letter. (In-correct)
We often write a letter. (Correct)
‫لثم‬
‫ وہ ےتںیہ۔ ا‬Present Indefinite Tense‫اعدتباومعملاظہزرکےنواےلےلمجاعموطررپ‬ ‫۔‬2
i. He drive a taxi. (In-correct)
He drives a taxi. (Correct)
ii. We had smoked. (In-correct)
We smoke. (Correct)
Past Indefinite ‫ وہوتوہہلمج‬last year, last month, last day, ago ‫ارگےلمجںیم‬ ‫۔‬3
‫اکوہباےہ۔‬Tense
i. She (comes) here yesterday. (in-correct)

Compiled by: HAFIZ ASHFAQ AHMED

English Grammar for Beginners
She came here yesterday. (correct)
ii. I (buy) this car last year. (in-correct)
I bought this car last year. (correct)
‫ ےک‬Past Indefinite Tense‫ اکوقدباایگوہینعیدنباوقاکذرکوہوہیھب‬verb ‫نجولمجںںیم‬ ‫۔‬4
‫لثم‬
‫وہ ےتںیہ۔ ا‬
i. We go to Lahore on Friday. (in-correct)
We went to Lahore on Friday. (correct)
ii. He reaches here in the afternoon. (in-correct)
He reached here in the afternoon. (correct)
‫ ےکاسھتیسکےنیہمبااسل‬next year, next month, next day, tomorrow ‫ارگےلمجںیم‬ ‫۔‬5
‫ یکیلہپافرمےک‬verb ‫ اکوہباےہ۔اسوصرتںیم‬Future Indefinite Tense ‫اکذرکوہوتاعموطررپوہہلمج‬
‫ اگلباتاباےہ۔‬shall ‫ با‬will ‫اسھت‬
i. They learn their lesson tomorrow. (in-correct)
They will learn their lesson tomorrow. (correct)
ii. I construct a house next year. (in-correct)
I shall construct a house next year. (correct)
‫ اکوہباےہاےسیولمجں‬Present Continuous Tense ‫ وہوتوہہلمج‬is, are, am ‫ارگےلمجںیم‬ ‫۔‬6
‫لثم‬
‫ افرماامعتسلوہیتےہ۔ ا‬ing ‫ یک‬verb ‫ ےکاافلظآ ےتںیہ۔اسںیم‬at present ‫ با‬now ‫ںیماعموطررپ‬
i. He is write a letter now. (in-correct)
He is writing a letter now. (correct)
ii. You are learn music at present. (in-correct)
You are learning music at present. (correct)
‫ اکوہباےہ۔اےسیولمجںںیماعم‬Past Continuous Tense ‫ وہوتوہ‬were ‫ با‬was ‫ارگےلمجںیم‬ ‫۔‬7
‫لثم‬
‫ افرماامعتسلوہیتےہ۔ ا‬ing‫ یک‬verb ‫ وریغہےکاافلظاگل ےتںیہ۔انںیم‬at that time ‫ با‬then ‫وطررپ‬
i. I was gone to school then. (in-correct)
I was going to school then. (correct)
ii. We were play tennis. (in-correct)
We were playing tennis. (correct)
‫ اکہلمج‬Future Continuous Tense ‫ وہوت‬shall be ‫ با‬will be ‫ارگارگنیزیےلمجںیم‬ ‫۔‬8
‫ وریغہاافلظ‬tomorrow ‫ با‬next day ‫ افرماامعتسلوہیتےہ۔اےسیولمجںںیمیھب‬ing ‫وہباےہ۔اسںیمیھب‬
‫لثم‬
‫آ ےتںیہ۔ ا‬
i. We shall be take examination tomorrow. (in-correct)

Compiled by: HAFIZ ASHFAQ AHMED

English Grammar for Beginners
We shall be taking examination tomorrow. (correct)
ii. She will be knit a sweater. (in-correct)
She will be knitting a sweater. (correct)
Present ‫ وریغہآتاںیئوتہلمج‬had ‫ با‬have ‫ با‬has ‫ارگارگنیزیےلمجںیموقےکنیعتےکریغب‬ ‫۔‬9
‫لثم‬
‫ یکرسیتیافرماامعتسلوہیتےہ۔ ا‬verb ‫ اکوہاتکسےہ۔انںیمہشیمہ‬Past Perfect ‫با‬Perfect
i. I have wrote a letter. (in-correct)
I have written a letter. (correct)
ii. The Headmaster has making a speech. (in-correct)
The Headmaster has made a speech. (correct)
iii. He had came home before the sun set. (in-correct)
He had come home before the sun set. (correct)
‫ با‬had been ‫ با‬has been ‫ با‬have been ‫۔ ارگےلمجںیملعفےکوقبادمتےکنیعتےکاسھت‬10
Past Perfect ‫ با‬Present Perfect Continuous ‫آتاےئوتہلمج‬will have been
‫ یکیلہپافرمےکاسھت‬verb ‫ اکوہباےہانےکدعب‬Future Perfect Continuous‫با‬Continuous
‫ اکاامعتسلوہباےہ۔‬for ‫ با‬since ‫اامعتسلرک ےتںیہاےسیولمجںںیماعموطررپ‬ing
i. We have been lived here for the two years. (in-correct)
We have been living here for two years. (correct)
ii. She has been plucks flowers since morning. (in-correct)
She has been plucking flowers since morning. (correct)
iii. We had been played tennis since ten o' clock. (in-correct)
We had been playing tennis since ten o' clock. (correct)
‫ وریغہادمادیلعفوہوتہیلبقتسملمکماکہلمجوہاگ۔‬shall have ‫ با‬will have ‫۔ ارگارگنیزیےلمجںیم‬11
‫ وریغہےکاافلظ‬by now ‫ با‬by the next year, by the next month ‫اےسیےلمجںیماعموطررپ‬
‫لثم‬
‫ یکرسیتیافرماامعتسلوہیگ۔ ا‬verb ‫آ ےتںیہ۔اسںیم‬
i. The birds will have flying in the air by now. (in-correct)
The birds will have flown in the air by now. (correct)
ii. We shall have prepare for the examination by the next year. (in-
correct)
We shall have prepared for the examination by the next year.
(correct)
Should, Can, Could, Must, Ought to, May, Do, Does, ‫۔ جیسکےلمجںیم‬12
‫ یکیلہپافرماامعتسلیکتایتےہ۔‬verb ‫وریغہےکاافلظوہںوتانںیم‬Did, To, Let, Might, Would
‫لثما‬

Compiled by: HAFIZ ASHFAQ AHMED

English Grammar for Beginners
i. We should went to the river for a walk. (in-correct)
We should go to the river for a walk. (correct)
ii. He ought to obeys his parents. (in-correct)
He ought to obey his parents. (correct)
iii. Let me (gone). (in-correct)
Let me go. (correct)
‫ یکدورسیاحلاامعتسل‬verb ‫۔ ارگرقفےاکالہپہصحمیضوہوتدورساہصحیھبمیضںیموہاگ۔ینعیاسںیمیھب‬13
‫ یکیلہپاحلیہاامعتسلوہیگ۔‬verb ‫ومعملبارمسورواجوہوت‬،‫تقیقح‬،‫وہیگارگدورسےےصحںیماعریگملدصاق‬
i. I said that I take tea. (in-correct)
I said that I took tea. (correct)
ii. She said to me that she knits a sweater. (in-correct)
She said to me that she knitted a sweater. (correct)
iii. He said that the earth was round. (in-correct)
He said that the earth is round. (correct)
had ‫ ےکدعب‬subject‫ واےلےصحںیم‬If ‫۔ ارگاکمیکرشطمیضںیمبایئتاریہوہوترشطواےلےصحںیمینعی‬14
‫ یک‬verb ‫ ےکاسھت‬would have ‫ یکرسیتیاحلاامعتسلیکتایتےہ۔ہکبجدورسےےصحںیم‬verb ‫اور‬
‫رسیتیاحلاامعتسلیکتایتےہ۔لثما‬
i. If he worked hard, he would have passed. (in-correct)
If he had worked hard, he would have passed. (correct)
ii. If he had run fast, he had caught the train. (in-correct)
If he had run fast, he would have caught the train (correct)
‫وریغہآراہوہوترشط‬،‫ےگےگ‬،‫یگیگ‬،‫اگ‬،‫۔ ارگاکمیکرشطلبقتسمںیمبایئتاریہوہینعیاردورقفےںیمدودہعف”اگ‬15
‫ اامعتسلرک ےتںیہ۔‬Future Indefinite ‫ اوردورسےںیم‬Present Indefinite ‫واےلےصحںیم‬
i. If she come to me, I shall help her. (in-correct)
If she comes to me, I shall help her. (correct)
ii. If he goes there, he meet his father. (in-correct)
If he goes there, he will meet his father. (correct)

Compiled by: HAFIZ ASHFAQ AHMED