GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

CHANDRAPUR
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS
PRESENTED BY -GOPAL KRISHNA MOTI
-UDAY DILIPRAO WANKAR

-SURENDRA M. BUTLE
- VILAS JAIPAL DORLE

STAFF IN CHARGE PROF.AWALE MADAM


1. INTRODUCTION
2. 3-PHASE SYSTEM
3. SIGNIFICANCE OF POSITIVE,NEGATIVEAND ZERO
SEQUENCE COMPONENTS
4. AVERAGE 3-PHAE POWER IN TERMS OF SYMMETRICAL
COMPONENTS
5. SEQUENCE IMPEDANCES
6. FAULT CALCULATION
7. SEQUENCE NETWORK EQUATION
8. SINGLE LINE TO GROUND FAULT
9. SEQUENCE NETWORKS
10. FAULTS ON POWER SYSTEMS
11. REACTORS
12. APPLICATIONS
13. CONCLUSION
14. REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION
IN 1918,DR.C.L.FORTESCUE PRESENTESENTED A PAPER ENTITLEDMETHOD OF SYMMETRICAL CO-ORDINATES APPLIED TO
SOLUTION OF POLYPHASE NETWORKS
AT AIEE.
HE PROVED THAT, A SYSTEM OF n VECTORS OR QUANTITIES MAY BE
RESOLVED, WHEN n IS PRIME, INTO n DIFFERENT SYMETRICAL GROUPS OR
SYSTEMS, ONE OF WHICH CONSISTS OF n EQUAL VECTORS AND THE
REMAINING (n-1) SYSTEM CONSISTS OF n EQUISPACED VECTORS WHICH WITH
FIRST MENTIONED GROUP OF EQUAL VECTORS FORMS AN EQUAL NUMBER
OF SYMMETRICAL n PHASE SYSTEMS.
THE METHOD OF SYMMETRICAL COMPNENT IS A GENERAL ONE APPLICABLE
TO ANY POLYPHASE SYSTEM.
GENERALLY, SYMMETRCAL COMPONENT METHOD IS USED FOR ANALYSIS OF
3-PH SYSTEM AS IT IS MORE FAMILIAR TO ELECRICAL ENGINEERS.

3-PHASE SYSTEM

ANY THREE COPLANAR VECTORS , AND CAN BE EXPRESSED IN TERMS OF THREE

NEW VECTORS , AND BY THREE SILMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS WITH
CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS.
THUS=
--------(1)
---------(2)
---------(3)
EACH OF THE ORIGINAL VECTORS IS REPLACED BY A SET OF THREE VECTORS
MAKING A TOTAL OF NINE VECTORS.
CONDITIONS:1. CALCULATIONS SHOULD BE SIMPLIFIED BY THE USE OF THE CHOSEN
SYSTEM OF COMPONENTS.THIS IS POSSIBLE ONLY IF THE IMPEDANCES(OR
ADMITTANCES)ASSOCIATED WITH THE COMPONENTS OF CURRENT(OR VOLTAGE)
CAN BE OBTAINED READILY BY CALCULATIONS OR TEST.
2. THE SYSTEM OF COMPONENTS CHOSEN SHOULD HAVE PHYSICA SIGNIFICANCE
AND BE AN AID IN DETERMINING POWER SYSTEM PERFORMANCE.

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE

ACCORDING TO FORTESCUE THEOREM, THE THREE UNBALANCED VECTORS , AND

CAN BE REPLACED BY A SET OF THREE BALANCED SYSTEM OF VECTORS.
A BALANCED SYSTEM OF THREE VECTORS IS ONE IN WHICH THE VECTORS ARE
EQUAL IN MAGNITUDE AND ARE EQUI-SPACED.
THE THREE SYMMETRICAL COMPONENT VECTORS REPLACING , AND ARE

POSITIVE SEQUENCE COMPONENTS :- IT HAS THREE VECTORS OF EQUAL

MAGNITUDE BUT DISPLACED IN PHASE FROM EACH OTHER BY AND HAS
THE SAME PHASE SEQUENCE AS THE ORIGINAL VECTORS.

NEGATIVE SEQUENCE COMPONENTS :- IT HAS THREE VECTORS OF EQUAL

MAGNITUDE BUT DISPALCED IN PHASE FROM EACH OTHER BY AND HAS
THE PHASE SEQUENCE OPPOSITE TO THE ORIGINAL VECTORS.

ZERO SEQUENCE COMPONENTS :- IT HAS THREE VECTORS OF EQUAL

MAGNITUDE AND ALSO ARE IN PHASE WITH EACH OTHER.

A. POSITIVE SEQUENCE COMPONENTS

B. NEGATIVE SEQUENCE COMPONENTS

C. ZERO SEQUENCE COMPONENTS

NOTE: a , b , c denote phase sequence

1 , 2 ,0 denote positive , negative and zero
sequence quantities resp.

SIGNIFICANCE OF POSITIVE, NEGATIVE AND ZERO SEQUENCE

COMPONENTS

IF A SET OF POSITIVE SEQUENCE VOLTAGES IS APPLIED TO THE STATOR

WINDING OF THE ALTERNATOR,THE DIRECTION OF ROTATION OF THE
STATOR FIELD IS THE SAME AS THAT OF ROTOR.

IF A SET OF NEGATIVE SEQUENCE VOLTAGES IS APPLIED TO THE STATOR

WINDING OF THE OF THE ALTERNATOR, THE DIRECTION OF ROTATION
OF STATOR FIELD IS OPPOSITE TO THAT OF ROTOR.

THE ZERO SEQUENCE VOLTAGES ARE SINGLE PHASE VOLTAGES AND,

THEREFORE THEY GIVE RISE TO AN ALTERNATING FIELD IN SPACE.

PHASE VOLTAGES IN TERMS OF THE SYMMETRICAL

COMPONENTS OF PHASE A

RELATION BETWEEN ORIGINAL UNBALANCED VECTORS AND THEIR

CORRESPONDING SYMM. COMPONENTS :-

---------(4)
---------(5)
---------(6)

CONSIDER OPERATOR WHICH HAS MAGNITUDE UNITY AND ROTATION

THROUGH .
IMPORTANT RELATIONS:-

= 1 = -0.5+j0.866
= -1 =-0.5-j0.866
=1 ,
= ,
++1=0

CONT.

RELATION BETWEEN THE SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS OF PHASE b AND

c IN TERMS OF SYMM.COMPONENTS OF PHASE a

POSITIVE SEQUENCE VECTORS :-

NEGATIVE SEQUENCE VECTORS:-

ZERO SEQUENCE VECTORS :-

CONT.

SUSTITUTING THE VALUES OF SYMM.COMPONENTS IN EQU.(4),(5) & (6) , WE

GET,

----------(7)
=+ ---------(8)

= + -------(9)

SIMILARLLY, RELATION BETWEEN PHASE CURRENTS IN TERMS OF THE

SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS OF CURRENTS TAKING PHASE a , IS GIVEN
AS FOLLOWS:-

----------(10)
=+ ---------(11)
= + -------(12)

CONT.

TO FIND THE SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS :

TO FIND POSITIVE SEQUENCE COMPONENT -MULTIPLY
EQU.(7), (8) & (9) BY 1 , , AND ADDING THEM , WE GET,

=--------(13)

TO FIND NEGATIVE SEQUENCE COMPONENT -MULTIPLY

EQU.(7), (8) & (9) BY 1 , , AND ADDING THEM , WE GET

=--------(14)

TO FIND ZERO SEQUENCE COMPONENT -ADD EQU.(7), (8) & (9) , WE GET

=--------(15)

CONT.

SIMILLARLY SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS ARE GIVEN AS :--

=-------(16)
=--------(17)
=--------(18)

AVERAGE 3-PHASE POWER IN TERMS OF SYMMETRICAL

COMPONENTS:THE AVERAGE POWER ,
P= +

= ++
=((+ .+)
+ ( + ) .( +
TAKE EACH TERM ON RHS ,EXPAND AND REARRANGE THE EQUATION, WE GET,

P = 3]

SEQUENCE IMPEDANCES

THE SEQUENCE IMPEDANCES OF AN EQUIPMENT OR A COMPONENT OF POWER SYSTEM

ARE THE POSITIVE , NEGATIVE AND ZERO SEQUENCE IMPEDANCES.
POSITIVE
SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE ( :- IT IS THE IMPEDANCE OFFERED BY THE

EQUIPMENT TO THE FLOW OF POSITIVE SEQUENCE CURRENTS.

NEGATIVE SEQUENCE IMPEDANCES( :- IT IS THE IMPEDANCE OFFERED BY THE
EQUIPMENT TO THE FLOW OF NEGATIVE SEQUENCE CURRENTS.
ZERO SEQUENCE IMPEDANCES(:- IT IS THE IMPEDANCE OFFERED BY THE EQUIPMENT
TO THE FLOW OF ZERO SEQUENCE CURRENTS.

FOR 3 PH ,SYMM. STATIC CIRCUIT WTHOUT INTERNAL VOLTAGES LIKE

TRANSFORMER AND TRANSMISION LINE, THE IMPEDANCES TO THE CURRENTS OF
ANY SEQ. ARE THE SAME IN THREE PHASE.

ALSO CURRENTS OF PARTICULAR SEQUENCE WILL PRODUCE DROP OF THE SAME

SEQUENCE ONLY.

HOWEVER, FOR STATIC CIRCUIT, POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SEQUENCE IMPEDANCES

ARE EQUAL. ZERO SEQUENCE IMPEDANCES INCLUDES THE IMPEDANCE PATH
THROUGH GROUND.

CONT.

IN SYMMETRICAL ROTATING MACHINE, THE IMPEDANCE MET BY

ARMATURE CURRENTS OF A GIVEN SEQUENCE ARE EQUAL IN 3-PH.

BUT BY DEFINITION OF IT WILL DEPEND UPON THE PHASE ORDER OF

THE SEQUENCE CURRENT RELATIVE TO DIRECTION OF ROTATION OF
ROTOR.

HENCE, IN GENERAL, POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SEQUENCE IMPEDANCES

ARE UNEQUAL.

IN FACT, FOR A ROTATING MACHINE, POSITIVE SEQ. IMPEDANCE VARIES,

HAVING MINIUM VALUE IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING FAULT AND THEN
INCREASES WITH THE TIME UNTILL STEADY STATE CONDITIONS ARE
REACHED WHEN THE POSITIVE SEQUENCE IMPEDANCES CORRESPONDS
TO SYNCHRONOUS IMPEDANCE.

THUS FOR SYMMETRICAL SYSTEM, THERE IS NO MUTUTAL COUPLING

BETWEEN THE SEQUENCE NETWORKS.

FAULT CALCULATIONS
FAULTS CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS :1.
2.

SHUNT FAULTS (SHORT CIRCUIT)

SERIES FAULTS (OPEN CONDUCTOR)

1. SHUNT FAULTS :-A. IT INVOLVES POWER CONDUCTOR OR CONDUCTORS TO GROUND OR

SHORT CIRCUIT FAULT.
B. SHUNT TYPE OF FAULTS ARE CLASSIFIED AS
1. LINE TO GROUND FAULT
2. LINE TO LINE FAULT
3. DOUBLE LINE TO GROUND FAULT
4. 3 PH FAULT.
2. SERIES FAULTS :-A. WHEN CIRCUITS ARE CONTROLLED BY FUSES OR ANY DEVICE WHICH
DOES NOT OPEN ALL THREE PHASES OF THE CIRCUIT MAY BE OPENED WHILE OTHER
PHASES OR PHASE IS CLOSED,THEN CALLED AS SERIES TYPE OF FAULT.
B. SERIES TYPES OF FAULT ARE CLASSIFIED AS:1. ONE OPEN CONDUCTOR FAULT.
2. TWO OPEN CONDUCTOR FAULT.

VOLTAGE OF THE NEUTRAL :- THE VOLTAGE OF THE NEUTRAL WHEN IT S GROUNDED THROUGH
SOME IMPEDANCE OR ISOLATED, WILL NOT BE AT GROUND POTENTIAL
UNDET UNBALANCED CONDITIONS SUCH AS UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS.

THE POTENTIAL OF THE NEUTRAL IS GIVEN AS

WHERE, = NEUTRAL GROUNDING IMPEDANCE.
NEGATIVE SIGN DENOTES CURENT FLOW FROM THE GROUND TO
NEUTRAL OF THE SYSTEM.

FOR 3 PHASE SYSTEM,

=
= ()+(+ )+( + )
=3
THEREFORE,
SINCE THE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SEQUENCE COMPONENTS ARE
ABSENT THROUGH NEUTRAL.

SEQUENCE NETWORK EQUATIONS

THESE EQU. ARE DERIVED FOR AN UNLOADED ALTERNATOR WITH NEUTRAL

SOLIDLY GROUNDED, ASSUMING BALANCED SYSTEM.

1.POSITIVE SEQUENCE VOLTAGE IS GIVEN BY

2.NEGATIVE SEQUENCE VOLTAGE IS GIVEN BY= 0=
3.ZERO SEQUENCE VOLTAGES IS GIVEN BY
=
=+
=
where,

CONT.

THUS CORRSONDING SEQUENCE NETWORKS FOR THE ULOADED

ALTERNATOR ARE SHOWN BELOW ;

SINGLE LINE TO GROUND FAULT

1.LET
THE FAULT TAKES PLACE ON PHASE A.

2. THE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ARE-

CONT.
THE SEQUENCE NETWORK EQUATIONS ARE :-

=
=
THE SOLUTION FOR THESE EQUATION WILL GIVE SIX UNKNOWNS ,, AND ,
AND .
WE HAVE,

=
=
=
SUBSTITUTING THE VALUES OF AND IN ABOVE EQUATIONS WE GET,
==.= /3

CONT.
THE EQUATION CAN BE WRITTEN IN TERMS OF SYMMETRICAL
COMPONENTS ,

NOW, SUBSTITUTUING THE VALUES OF ,,FROM THE SEQUENCE

NETWORK EQUATION, WE GET,
=0
SINCE,
==
WE GET,

=0

CONT.

IT IS CLEAR THAT, TO SIMULATE A L-G FAULT ALL THE SEQUENCE

NETWORKS ARE REQUIRED AND SINCE THE CURRENTS ARE ALL EQUAL IN
MAGNITUDE AND PHASE ANGLE, THEREFORE,THE THREE SEQUENCE
NETWORKS MUST BE CONNECTED IN SERIES.

IN
CASE OF LINE TO GROUND FAULT,

IF THE NEUTRAL IS NOT GROUNDED THE ZERO SEQUENCE

IMPEDANCE ,BECOMES INFINITE. THEREFORE,

HENCE, = ==0
THIS MEANS THAT,FOR THIS SYSTEM,THE FAULT CURRENT =0

LINE TO LINE FAULT

1.THE LINE TO LINE-LINE FAULT TAKES PLACE ON PHASE B AND C .
2. THE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ARE :=0

FOR LINE-LINE FAULT,THE ZERO SEQUENCE COMPONENT OF CURRENT IS

ABSENT AND POSITIVE SEQUENCE COMPONENT OF CURRENT IS EQUAL IN

MAGNITUDE BUT OPPOSITE IN PHASE TO NEGATIVE SEQUENCE
COMPONENT OF CURRENT, I.E.

IN
LINE-LINE FAULT, ZERO SEQUENCE COMPONENT OF CURRENT IS ABSENT.

=0

ALSO,
POSITIVE SEQUENCE COMPONENT OF VOLTAGE EQUALS THE NEGATIVE
SEQUENCE COMPONENT OF VOLTAGE.THEREFORE THE SEQUENCE NETWORK
ARE CONNECTED IN PARALLEL.

=-

INTERCONECTION OF SEQUENCE NETWORKS FOR L-L FAULT

IS SHOWN BELOW:-

DOUBLE LINE TO GROUND FAULT

1.DOUBLE LINE TO GROUND FAULT TAKES PLACE ON PHASE B AND C.
2.THE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ARE

=0,0,

3. THE SEQUENCE NETWORK IS SHOWN BELOW:-

 L-L-G FAULT, POSITIVE SEQUENCE,NEGATIVE SEQUENCE AND

IN
ZERO SEQUENCE VOLTAGES ARE SAME.

ALSO,

SUBSTITUTING VALUES OF AND FROM EQU.

REARRANGING THE TERMS,WE GET,

 IT IS CLEAR THAT, ALL THE THREE SEQUENCE NETWORKS ARE

REQUIRED TO SIMULATE L-L-G FAULT.
ALSO, THE NEG. AND ZERO SEQ. NETWORKS ARE CONNECTED IN
PARALLEL.
THE SEQUENCE NETWORK INTERCONNECTION NETWORK IS
SHOWN BELOW:-

3-PHASE FAULT
1. THE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ARE--

=
2. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

3.SINCE,

| |= |

4.TAKE AS REFERRENCE. WE GET

AND
5. USING THE RELATION,

=
=
=

6. WE GET,

= , =0 AND =0
7. IN THIS SYSTEM, ZERO AND NEG.SEQ.COMPONENT OF CURRENT
ARE ABSENT.
8. THE POSITIVE SEQUENCE COMPONENT OF CURRENT IS EQUAL
TO PHASE CURRENT.
9. SIMILLARY,

FROM THE ANALYSIS OF THE VARIOUS FAULTS,THE OBSERVATIONS ARE

MADE.

1. THE POSITIVE SEQUENCE CURRENTS ARE PRESENT ON ALL TYPES OF

FAULT.
2. NEGATIVE SEQUENCE CURRENTS ARE PRESENT IN ALL
UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS.
3. ZERO SEQUENCE CURRENTS ARE PRESENT WHEN THE NEUTRAL OF THE
SYSTEM IS GROUNDED AND THE FAULT ALSO INVOLVES THE GROUND,
AND MAGNITUDE OF THE NEUTRAL CURRENT IS EQUAL TO .

SEQUENCE NETWORK
1. THE ZERO SEQUENCE NETWORK IS SIMILAR TO POSITIVE SEQUENCE
NETWORK EXCEPT FOR THE FACT THAT SINCE NO NEGATIVE SEQUENCE
VOLTAGES ARE GENENRATED,THE SOURCE OF EMF IS ABSENT.
2. THE GENERAL CIRCUIT :-

 THERE ARE TWO SERIES AND SHUNT SWITCHES.

ONE SERIES AND ONE SHUNT SWITCH ARE FOR BOTH THE SIDES
SEPARATELY.
THE SERIES SWITCH OF PARTICULAR SIDE IS CLOSED IF IT IS STAR
GROUNDED AND THE SHUNT SWITCH IS CLOSED IF THAT SIDE IS
DELTA CONNECTED,OTHERWISE OPEN.

TH

Y
K
N
A

U
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