NA

D2
7

Da
tu

Datums
& Coordinate
Systems
Revenge of
the Shift

Objective
Identify different datums
Identify different coordinate systems

Setting The Stage

GPS is rigid collects one way
GIS is flexible designed to share
#1 reason GPS data doesnt line up in
GIS - coordinate system/datum mismatch
How do we fix it? Educate

Coordinate Systems
Latitude and Longitude
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)

Lat / Long Coordinate System

Latitude
90N
Parallels of latitude
north
latitude

0 latitude

equator

south
latitude

Lat / Long Coordinate System

Longitude

Grenwich, England

0 longitude

Meridians of longitude

Prime Meridian

West
Longitude

East
longitude

UTM Coordinate Systems

A plane coordinate system to
relate the coordinates of points
on earths curved surface with
the coordinates of the same
points on a plane or flat surface

Allows projection of a
spherical surface onto a
flat surface

04/23/16

UTM Zones in North America

180 174 168 162 156 150 144 138 132 126 120 114 108 102

04/23/16

96

90

84

78

72

66

60

54

48

Figure of the Earth

Best-fit ellipsoid

(e.g., GRS-80, WGS-84)

Datum and Ellipsoids

Datum - represented by ellipsoid
Reference ellipsoid examples:
Clarke 1866
GRS 80
WGS 84

Common Geographic Datums

NAD27
NAD83
WGS84
ITRF00

NAD27:

Clarke 1866 ellipsoid

origin in Kansas

Datum Origin
on Surface of
Earth

Ellipsoid Model
based on less
precise surveys
04/23/16

NAD27: Leaving Behind

Invented Space Travel
Increasing accuracy of
surveys
Shift from optical surveys to
a mathematical model of
the Earths shape
The result is a specific point
on the
landscape can take
04/23/16

GPS Datum: WGS 84

Origin is at the Earths center of mass (geocentric)

This is the datum used for the NAVSTAR GPS satellites

04/23/16

WGS84:

WGS84 ellipsoid
origin center of earth

The origins of the

WGS84 and
NAD83 ellipsoids
are at the center of
the earths mass,
which makes them
ideal for a GPS
datum
04/23/16

Datum Adjustments
Known as Datum Adjustments or Epochs
WGS84 (G1150) most current version
Original NAD83 = NAD83 (1986)
NAD83 (1992)
NAD83 (2002)

Most Current NAD83

NAD83 (CORS96) (Epoch 2003.00)

Over Time Datums Have Grown

Apart
NAD83
NAD83 = WGS84

~4+ fee
t

WGS84

Differences between Datums

NAD27 NAD83 (1986)

NA
D2
7

Da
tu

33 to 700
feet

Shift Happens - Redmond OR

2005 Example
710 Feet

Differences between Datums

WGS84 = ITRF00
about 2cm

NAD83 (CORS96) WGS84

about 4.3 feet

Reference Frames
Differentially corrected GPS data are
always in terms of the corrections
sources reference frame.
In Arcata we are using CORS station
data and therefore must apply the
correct datum transform between the
GPS data and your GIS

Mapping / Coordinate System

For Arcata BLM Office in Pathfinder
Office

Coordinate System: UTM Zone 10N

Datum: NAD 83 (CONUS) CORS96

Reason Were Using NAD83

(CONUS) CORS96

GIS In NAD83

Using CORS96

CORS
~4+ fee
t

ITRF00

When Do Datums/Coordinate
Systems Matter?
PFO Map View
Coordinate system

Terrasync
Coordinate System

Export Utility
Shape Export
Coordinate System

ArcGIS Catalog
Define Projection

ArcGIS
Data Frame Properties
Coordinate System
Tab

GPS Datum Tips

Summary:
Check, check, check
ASK your GIS Specialist

Good handouts in <cd>/references

Conclusion
Now that youve learned there are
differences it will be important that
you learn how to
Make it Match
Pre-Field Day 2

Datum Transforms
Fridays Test against Truth

You are
here

27

Matching
Datums
I use GPS for
all my
mapping. Im
using
NAD83(1986)

Im using
WGS84

Revenge of
4.3 Shift
the
ft

31

Objective
Overview of
Matching Datums
and Coordinate
Systems in
Pathfinder Office
and Data Transfer

32

Taking GIS out in the Field

Rasters
Vectors
All require a projection (coordinate
system) defined ahead of time

33

Matching Data Steps

Know what it is Metadata helps
Tell Pathfinder Office the correct
Datum and Coordinate System

34

When Do Datums/Coordinate
Systems Matter?
PFO Map View
Coordinate system

Terrasync
Coordinate System

Export Utility
Shape Export
Coordinate System

ArcGIS Catalog
Define Projection

ArcGIS
Data Frame Properties
Coordinate System
Tab

35

Todays Background Image

Humboldt Campus Map
PDF obtained from Website
Converted to TIFF
Co-registered 12 control points
between Ortho
~ Depending on accuracy of Ortho,
maybe +/- 20 meters in horizontal
accuracy
36

Coordinate System
and Datum

Coordinate System: UTM Zone 10N

Datum: NAD 83 (CONUS)
37

Next Step
Data Transfer background imagery
to the GeoCE device

38

You are
here

39

Datum
Transforms
Getting it Right in
Pathfinder Office

43

Objective
Identify the proper reference frame
for different differential sources
Learn how to apply the correct
datum transformation inside PFO

44

Prior to this Presentation

You occupied Truth
Collected at least one
Point feature

Now we can compare!

45

Mapping Grade GPS Accuracy

Verification of accuracy is essential
to gain confidence
We have to ensure we transform
the data correctly to GIS

46

Accuracy Slides

Using Real Data.

Today is Your Chance to Test

First Some
Background

48

NAD83 Developed Using WGS84

The origins of the

WGS84 and
NAD83 ellipsoids
are at the center of
the earths mass,
which makes them
ideal for a GPS
datum
04/23/16

Over Time Datums Have Grown

Apart
NAD83
NAD83 = WGS84

~4+ fee
t

WGS84

50

Datum Adjustments
Known as Datum Adjustments or
Epochs
WGS84 (G1150) most current
version
Most Current NAD83
NAD83 (CORS96) (Epoch 2003.00)
51

Differences between Datums

WGS84 = ITRF00
about 2cm

NAD83 (CORS96) WGS84

about 4.3 feet

52

Reference Frames
CORS Post Process = ITRF00
Autonomous GPS = WGS84 = ITRF00
WAAS = ITRF00

NDGPS (Radio DGPS) = NAD83

(CORS96)
OMNISTAR (Satellite DGPS) = NAD83
(CORS96)

53

NAD 83 (CORS96) to WGS-84 (G1150)

This is essentially the
CORS or WAAS
Reference Frame
WGS-84 (G1150)
= ITRF 00 (2001.0)

4.2 ft

TRUTH

NAD 83 (2003.0)
Anchorage

54

Reference
Locate this support doc and follow along
2nd to last reference in Notebook

SprtNote_PFO-GPSA_NAD83Datum.pdf

55

This Training Used Scenario 2

56

Since our Reference Frame is

CORS
Our GPS data is corrected against
a source that is in WGS84 or
ITRF00
And our GIS is in NAD83
We therefore define an ITRF00 to
NAD83 Transform
57

Export Out as NAD83 (CONUS)

CORS96
The reason behind our class
standard

58

To Keep Shifts at Bay

Verify reference frame of differential
source

59

To Keep Shifts at Bay

Apply the correct datum
transform before the
Export depending on
your GIS needs

60

Summary
Identified the proper reference frame
for different differential sources
Learned how to apply the correct
datum transformation inside PFO
Keep Shifts at Bay by verifying and
using the right transform
61

If You Use WAAS?

Since WAAS is ITRF use NAD
1983 (Conus) CORS96

62

If You Use Coast Guard Beacon?

Since NDGPS is already in NAD83
(CORS96) use NAD 1983 (Conus)

No need to apply a
transform.

63

You are
here

64